756:
and only founded Thurii after the expulsion of the
Sybarites. Modern scholarship corroborates Strabo's account and identifies two expeditions. In 446/445 BC Athens sent its expedition to reinforce the existing population of Sybaris. In the summer of 445 BC the collision between the two groups led to the downfall of the Sybarites. In 444/443 BC the Athenians and other new colonists then turned the city into a new foundation called Thurii. The city received a new democratic constitution which made provisions for ten tribes, but which did not include the Sybarites.
63:
70:
648:
719:. It is thought that Poseidonia had a major share in this because the coins of the new city have a great resemblance to those of Poseidonia. Possibly a treaty of friendship between Sybaris, its allies and the Serdaioi (an unknown people) dates to this new foundation, because Poseidonia was the guarantor of this treaty. Ultimately the Sybarites were again driven off by the Krotoniates from their new city in 446/445 BC.
5573:
47:
5583:
5593:
444:
549:. This resulted in the conquest of Siris in the middle of the sixth century BC. In the second half of the sixth century BC Sybaris started minting its first coins, of which the oldest have been dated to approximately 530 BC. These coins employed the Achaean weight standard which was shared with the other Achaean colonies Kroton,
366:. The rivers are now known as the Crati and Coscile. Today the Coscile feeds into the Crati about 5 km from its mouth, which passes just south of the archaeological site of the city. When Sybaris was still populated the Coscile pursued a direct course into the Gulf of Taranto, probably at a short distance to the north.
781:, but would still take three days for a journey of one day. The roads to villas in the countryside were roofed over and canals transported wine from vineyards to cellars near the sea. A fragment of the comedian Metagenes he quotes has a Sybarite boasting about literal rivers of food flowing through the city.
806:
Krotoniate army had their flute players make music the horses of the
Sybarites ran over to the Krotoniates along with their riders. Strabo gives the "luxury and insolence" of the Sybarites as the reason for their defeat. Claudius Aelianus attributes the fall of Sybaris to its luxury and the murder of a
586:
numbered 100,000. The army sizes given by
Diodorus (shared with Strabo) must have been even more exaggerated than the population size. Even though they were greatly outnumbered, the Krotoniates won the battle and took no prisoners, killing most of the Sybarites. After their victory they plundered and
454:
Sybaris amassed great wealth and a huge population as a result of its fertile farming land and its policy of admitting aliens to its citizenry. It was the largest Greek city in Italy and may have had 300,000 inhabitants although others give a figure of 100,000. The circumference of the city was fifty
372:
The city lay close to sea level and the plain surrounded by the two rivers was subject to periodic flooding so that today
Sybaris lies some 6 m below the surface and below groundwater level. A disastrous flood in 2013 filled the excavated site and covered it with silt. Even in 2023 powerful pumps are
755:
in the early spring of 445 BC, for it would not have made sense to ask for help while Sparta and Athens were still at war with each other. While
Diodorus identifies only one expedition for the foundation of Thurii, Strabo writes that the Athenian and other Greek colonists first lived in Sybaris
852:
Due to these reasons only a few parts of the city have been excavated: the Stombi quarter and minor test pits in the Parco del
Cavallo area. On the latter site were found wonderfully decorated architectural elements from an as yet unidentified temple. The large number of finds from so small an area
813:
Vanessa Gorman gives no credence to these accounts because grave sins followed by divine retribution were stock elements of fiction at the time. Furthermore, she and Robert Gorman point to
Athenaeus as the origin of the embellished accounts rather than the historians he cited. He altered details of
743:
not far from the site of
Sybaris. Soon a conflict arose between the Sybarites and the other colonists of Thurii over the privileges the Sybarites enjoyed. Practically all of the Sybarites were killed by the other colonists, who were more numerous and powerful. Some of the Sybarites managed to flee
768:
period denounced the
Sybarites. Aelianus, Strabo and especially Athenaeus saw the destruction of Sybaris as divine vengeance upon the Sybarites for their pride, arrogance, and excessive luxury. Athenaeus is the richest source for anecdotes about the Sybarites. According to him they invented the
670:
After its destruction the surviving inhabitants took refuge at their colonies Laüs and
Scidrus. It is assumed some also fled to Poseidonia, because in the early fifth century Poseidonia's coins adopted the Achaean weight standard and the bull seen on Sybarite coins. A. J. Graham thinks it was
805:
by attracting the athletes to their own public games with greater prizes. The most direct link between luxury and corruption is evident in Athenaeus' anecdote about the defeat of the Sybarites: to amuse themselves the Sybarite cavalrymen trained their horses to dance to flute music. When the
578:). He persuaded the Sybarites to exile the 500 richest citizens and confiscate their wealth. The exiled citizens took refuge at the altars of Kroton. Telys demanded the Krotoniates return the exiles under threat of war. The Krotoniates were inclined to surrender the exiles to avoid war, but
714:
Regardless of the results of the siege of 476 BC, it seems the Sybarites had to leave their city at some point between that year and 452/451 BC. Diodorus writes that the Sybarites refounded their city at its former site in 452/451 BC under the leadership of a
818:
and was a popular belief in his time, at the turn of the 2nd century AD. Peter Green likewise argues that these accounts are most likely the inventions of moralists. He points out the vast natural wealth of the city was the more likely reason it was attacked by Kroton.
679:. Sybaris was not completely destroyed, as Diodorus and Strabo claimed, but became a dependent "ally" of Kroton. "Alliance" coins show the tripod symbol of Kroton on one side and the bull symbol of Sybaris on the other side. Literary evidence from
784:
Not only does Athenaeus provide a great deal of examples to show the decadence of Sybarites, but he also argues that their excessive luxury and sins led to their doom. According to Athenaeus ambassadors of the Sybarites (one of whom was named
694:
for help. Hiero put his brother Polyzelos in command of an army to relieve the Sybarites, expecting that he would be killed by the Krotoniates. Polyzelos suspected this, refused to lead the campaign and took refuge with the tyrant
593:
questions the veracity of the account given by Diodorus Siculus. It would have been illogical for Telys to banish his opponents first and then to demand their return. He argues that the elements of the story resemble fictional
561:
One of the first documented intellectual property laws similar to modern patent laws is thought to have been enacted in the 6th century BC in Sybaris, to protect culinary creations of chefs or bakers for a period of 1 year.
844:
The location of the city which had been buried over time by more than 6 m of alluvial sediment from the Crati river was found only after a massive core drilling project from the early 1960s. It also lies below present
2603:
Ferranti, Luigi; Pagliarulo, Rossella; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Randisi, Andrea (2011). ""Punishment for the Sinner": Holocene episodic subsidence and steady tectonic motion at ancient Sybaris (Calabria, southern Italy)".
306:, feasts, and excesses, to the extent that "sybarite" and "sybaritic" have become bywords for opulence, luxury, and outrageous pleasure-seeking. Sybaris also ruled over smaller colonies throughout the area, and had an
507:
makes the claim that his entourage consisted of a thousand slaves, fishermen, bird-catchers and cooks. However, his information must be false because he claims to cite Herodotus, who does not mention such a number.
298:
10 years later. Sybaris amassed great wealth thanks to its fertile land and busy port so that it was known as the wealthiest colony of the Greek Archaic world. Its inhabitants became famous among the
335:
The ruins of Sybaris/Thurii/Copia became forgotten as they were buried by sediment from the Crati river. The ruins were rediscovered and excavated from 1932. Today they can be found southeast of
814:
the original accounts, disguised his own contributions as those of past historians and invented new information to fit his argument that luxury leads to catastrophe. This concept was called
359:
The city was situated close to the sea and lay between the Crathis and Sybaris rivers (from which the city derives its name). Most modern research places the city on a coastal ridge near a
587:
razed Sybaris. According to Strabo either two months or nine days elapsed between the battle and the sack. Most likely the Sybarites executed Telys and his supporters during this time.
836:, alludes to Aelianus' anecdote about Smindyrides. It mentions a Sybarite sleeping on a bed of rose petals, but unable to get to sleep because one of the petals was folded over.
801:
as attributing the divine wrath to the murder of supporters of Telys on the altars of the gods. Herakleides supposedly mentioned that the Sybarites attempted to supplant the
412:
who were eventually expelled by the more numerous Achaeans. The Achaean colonisation was the second great migratory wave from Greece towards the West after that of the
5622:
2720:
629:
taken from the site did not find such river deposits directly above the former city, and the burial of Sybaris more likely resulted from natural processes such as
2680:
245:
797:, who would have written that the Sybarites invoked the anger of Hera when they murdered thirty ambassadors from Kroton and left them unburied. He also cites
321:
The city of Sybaris was destroyed in about 510 BC by its neighbour Kroton and its population driven out, but its colonies in the area continued to exist.
5627:
4320:
480:. Poseidonia was founded in approximately 600 BC, In the second half of the 7th century BC the Sybarites took over from the Oenotrians the sanctuary of
5642:
5637:
427:) is uncertain as Strabo is the only source and it might be a corruption of is or is. Further complicating the issue is the appearance of the letters
911:. This letter is transliterated as "W" in English, but resembles the English letter "F", which is the reason why the text is also transliterated as
1372:
699:. Diodorus makes no further mention of Hiero's plan to relieve Sybaris, indicating that the Sybarites were defeated again. However, according to
464:
Sybaris was also a dominant power in the region and ruled over 4 tribes and 25 cities. Sybaris extended its dominion across the peninsula to the
1056:
826:, in which the words "sybarite" and "sybaritic" have become bywords for opulent luxury and outrageous pleasure seeking. One story, mentioned in
491:
Descriptions of the wealth and luxury of Sybaris are plentiful in the ancient literature. Smindyrides was a prominent citizen who is claimed by
2663:
2555:
2515:
2438:
2390:
2318:
2299:
2249:
2230:
2178:
2159:
2133:
2111:
2071:
2025:
1997:
1974:
1914:
1445:
1258:
1196:
1169:
3708:
832:
527:. Here Athenaeus distorts the information too: he treats the story as genuine rather than hearsay and attributes it to the real Aristotle.
62:
582:
convinced them to protect the suppliants. As a consequence the Sybarites marched with 300,000 men upon the Krotoniates, whose army led by
2713:
1140:
416:, concentrating instead on the Ionian coast (Metapontum, Poseidonia, Sibaris, Kroton). The Achaeans were motivated, like others of the
5652:
4330:
4020:
3713:
3647:
3718:
3693:
5527:
4276:
3703:
3698:
2400:
Papadopoulos, John K. (2002). "Minting Identity: Coinage, Ideology and the Economics of Colonization in Akhaina Magna Graecia".
2338:
2309:
Hansen, Mogens Herman (2004). "The Concept of the Consumption City Applied to the Greek Polis". In Nielsen, Thomas Heine (ed.).
598:. The version of Herodotus is more brief and doesn't involve Pythagoras, but does claim that the Krotoniates received help from
4170:
4030:
4025:
3302:
5554:
4195:
2706:
605:
Strabo claims that the Krotoniates diverted the course of the river Crathis to submerge Sybaris. The Crati transports coarse
369:
The city lay on the widest plain in modern Calabria that was renowned for its fertility and the origin of the city's wealth.
5106:
123:
5647:
2189:
435:. This has been interpreted as a confirmation of Strabo's account because Poseidonia is thought to be a colony of Sybaris.
5549:
4599:
4115:
4035:
3733:
3443:
1726:
793:, who prophesied that war and internal conflict awaited them if they would honour man more than the gods. Later he cites
5522:
4051:
3505:
869:
1336:
574:
government of the city was overthrown in 510/509 BC by a popular leader named Telys (Herodotus describes him as a
495:
to have surpassed all other men in refined luxury. Diodorus describes him as the wealthiest suitor for the daughter of
4577:
4185:
4061:
3723:
3677:
3632:
3408:
3097:
690:
Diodorus Siculus mentions that Kroton besieged Sybaris again in 476/475 BC. The Sybarites appealed to the tyrant
5116:
777:
to ensure that cooks could exclusively profit from their signature dishes for a whole year. They always travelled in
989:
5238:
5111:
4244:
4239:
4215:
4125:
3642:
2740:
2055:
5596:
5539:
4495:
4298:
4283:
4205:
4140:
3609:
3460:
3355:
2829:
2763:
1276:
5632:
4293:
4256:
4190:
3856:
3743:
2633:
Kleibrink, Marianne (2001). "The Search for Sybaris: An Evaluation of Historical and Archaeological Evidence".
457:
328:
built partially on top of the older city. Thurii was also destroyed in 193 BC but the Romans built the city of
20:
2525:
Wonder, John W. (2012). "The Italiote League: South Italian Alliances of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC".
1057:
https://www.gruppoarcheologicokr.it/ercole-miscello-apollo-pizio-e-la-fondazione-di-crotone/#footnote_10_6157
5657:
5576:
4700:
4500:
4485:
4288:
4271:
4251:
4220:
4120:
4056:
3672:
3657:
3627:
3588:
3465:
3317:
2819:
1985:
1960:
1944:
1812:
550:
401:
5534:
4537:
4308:
4266:
4200:
4165:
3617:
3601:
3297:
3238:
3087:
3082:
2121:
752:
260:
898:, who is the most important primary source for information on Sybaris. These years ran from July to June.
5586:
4815:
4805:
4795:
4780:
4470:
4210:
4180:
4135:
4130:
3761:
3728:
3530:
3435:
3421:
3077:
2948:
2912:
2693:
2381:
Lewis, David Malcolm (1992). "The Thirty Year's Peace". In Lewis, David Malcolm; Boardman, John (eds.).
2015:
1964:
802:
774:
745:
546:
521:
496:
315:
849:
level. It was also found that the later cities of Thurii and Copia were built partially above Sybaris.
1043:
941:
Rethinking Collapse: the Fall of Sybaris (ca. 510 BC) and the Transformation of Greek Colonial Space
5058:
5052:
5038:
4522:
4480:
4452:
4337:
4150:
3380:
3176:
2613:
2385:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 5. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
2081:
676:
618:
488:
as their acropolis, located 15 km to the northwest, where they regularly celebrated large festivals.
329:
520:
mentions that it was said he dedicated a very expensive cloak as a votive offering at the temple of
5189:
5159:
4547:
4442:
4437:
3874:
3189:
3102:
3072:
3026:
2789:
2584:
2173:. Translated from Italian by the J. Paul Getty Trust. Los Angeles, California: Getty Publications.
857:
798:
700:
691:
663:
614:
503:
in a ship of fifty oars manned by his own slaves and surpassed even Cleisthenes himself in luxury.
485:
340:
311:
93:
5582:
2339:"Water for Athena: Votive Gifts at Lagaria (Timpone della Motta, Francavilla Marittima, Calabria)"
5406:
5303:
5209:
4853:
4770:
4658:
4160:
3984:
3500:
3480:
3337:
3208:
3092:
2887:
2814:
2473:
2465:
2417:
2369:
2361:
2209:
2035:
1928:
942:
530:
417:
1405:
915:. By about the eighth century BC, the letter digamma had disappeared in many Greek dialects, so
2688:
860:
in nearby Francavilla Marittima where the highland site dominates the Crati river plain below.
5481:
5068:
4617:
4465:
4417:
4261:
4230:
4175:
4092:
3969:
3841:
3662:
3495:
3448:
3388:
3262:
3244:
3220:
3202:
3112:
3107:
2758:
2659:
2551:
2511:
2434:
2386:
2314:
2295:
2245:
2226:
2174:
2155:
2129:
2107:
2067:
2039:
2021:
1993:
1970:
1940:
1910:
1856:
1840:
1694:
1634:
1626:
1598:
1590:
1574:
1550:
1518:
1470:
1462:
1419:
1380:
1071:
1027:
957:
786:
696:
509:
1881:
1534:
1490:
1253:
1213:
1156:
1124:
324:
It was replaced by a new colony under Athenian leadership in 444/43 BC which became the city
5617:
5411:
4943:
4908:
4725:
4582:
4460:
4347:
4342:
3667:
3622:
3453:
3360:
2976:
2809:
2794:
2784:
2642:
2621:
2534:
2494:
2457:
2409:
2353:
2287:
2275:
2201:
2051:
1956:
1796:
1792:
1566:
1320:
1190:
1164:
895:
891:
823:
716:
647:
517:
287:
268:
214:
179:
5451:
1880:
Scavi archeologici dell'Istituto di Archeologia Classica a Francavilla Marittima, Calabria
1776:
1760:
1744:
1714:
1710:
1352:
1292:
420:, by the lack of cultivatable land in their mountainous region and by population pressure.
5426:
5184:
4972:
4785:
4527:
4393:
4325:
3652:
3250:
3232:
3140:
3117:
2991:
2902:
2862:
2799:
2085:
1439:
512:
even alleges that Smyndirides could not sleep on a bed of rose petals because it gave him
276:
2617:
751:
The request for help from the Sybarites must have been made after the conclusion of the
5308:
5248:
5243:
5199:
4980:
4928:
4918:
4898:
4888:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4107:
4087:
3475:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3256:
3056:
3031:
2943:
2804:
2729:
856:
Other evidence about the city comes indirectly via the discovery of a sanctuary on the
827:
735:
to help them reoccupy their city. With the help of Athens and some other cities in the
684:
675:
to have occurred between the Poseidonians and the Sybarites, possibly in the form of a
590:
583:
465:
210:
727:
What happened next is again uncertain. According to Diodorus, the Sybarites requested
5611:
5544:
5461:
5436:
5126:
5048:
4730:
4673:
4572:
4562:
4532:
4514:
4388:
3540:
3322:
3214:
3170:
3132:
2971:
2892:
2477:
2421:
2373:
2060:
764:
Unlike Herodotus, Diodorus and earlier ancient Greek writers, later authors from the
461:(over 6 miles (9.7 km)) and the area approximately 500 hectares (1,200 acres).
111:
2213:
5361:
5313:
5179:
5033:
4903:
4542:
4378:
3884:
3846:
3545:
2011:
765:
46:
2625:
5381:
5273:
5253:
5086:
5081:
4589:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4475:
4432:
3979:
3889:
3879:
3766:
3756:
3520:
2897:
2872:
2357:
2101:
1055:
Giuseppe Celsi: Ercole, Miscello, Apollo Pizio e la fondazione di Crotone, 2020
846:
770:
736:
680:
626:
405:
2292:
Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas
2066:. Aristotle. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1909:. Aristotle. Vol. 21. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
5318:
5288:
5283:
5268:
5154:
5121:
4790:
4760:
4427:
4155:
3989:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3801:
3786:
3776:
3751:
3127:
2882:
2837:
2658:. University Museum Monographs. Vol. 29. University Museum Publications.
2498:
2486:
2461:
2433:. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Vol. 11. Blackwell Publishing.
2413:
2205:
794:
579:
534:
2538:
2279:
138:
125:
19:
This article is about the ancient city of Magna Graecia. For other uses, see
5293:
5219:
5204:
5174:
5169:
5101:
5025:
5010:
4995:
4938:
4838:
4490:
4422:
3994:
3974:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3899:
3894:
3864:
3811:
3771:
3550:
3416:
3370:
3350:
3157:
2981:
2852:
2313:. Historia Einzelschriften. Vol. 180. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
2007:
1924:
1902:
708:
672:
571:
504:
492:
2487:"Sybaris-Thuri-Copia trilogy: three delta coastal sites become land-locked"
2260:
815:
2330:
Johnson's English Dictionary, as Improved by Todd and Abridged by Chalmers
332:
on the same grid as Thurii, and parts of these cities are visible today.
5343:
5333:
5323:
5298:
5164:
5096:
5076:
5043:
5005:
4948:
4863:
4848:
4705:
4695:
4612:
4607:
4004:
3999:
3959:
3954:
3929:
3909:
3836:
3791:
3781:
3637:
3535:
3470:
3398:
3006:
778:
655:
636:
633:
622:
424:
344:
303:
294:
settlers and the Achaeans also went on to found the nearby great city of
280:
97:
2646:
671:
plausible that the number of refugees was large enough for some kind of
5486:
5476:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5401:
5391:
5376:
5371:
5258:
5146:
5136:
5015:
4990:
4985:
4958:
4953:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4810:
4775:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4710:
4363:
4145:
3806:
3796:
3555:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3490:
3485:
3365:
3312:
3226:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2365:
2190:"The Tryphê of the Sybarites: A Historiographical Problem in Athenaeus"
908:
707:
Polyzelos was successful in relieving the siege of Sybaris and fled to
704:
659:
630:
599:
595:
542:
538:
513:
477:
473:
469:
443:
432:
409:
360:
295:
291:
183:
2469:
666:
and the bull symbol on the reverse, suggesting a link with Poseidonia.
5456:
5386:
5366:
5328:
5194:
5000:
4893:
4830:
4820:
4765:
4383:
4368:
3964:
3949:
3924:
3919:
3904:
3565:
3560:
3327:
3307:
3051:
3041:
3036:
2907:
2867:
2857:
2842:
2337:
Kleibrink, Marianne; Jacobsen, Jan Kindberg; Handberg, Søren (2004).
2097:
1990:
Books 11-12.37.1: Greek History 480-431 B.C., the Alternative Version
888:
822:
This association of Sybaris with excessive luxury transferred to the
790:
740:
732:
728:
651:
610:
575:
500:
481:
447:
413:
397:
363:
336:
325:
299:
89:
24:
2124:(1934). "Res Rustica". In Hooper, W. D.; Ash, Harrison Boyd (eds.).
2106:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2020:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1969:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
275:) was an important ancient Greek city situated on the coast of the
5466:
5441:
5338:
5278:
5263:
5131:
5091:
4843:
4755:
4750:
4720:
4715:
4690:
4373:
3914:
3869:
3821:
3393:
3345:
3046:
3016:
2963:
2938:
2877:
2847:
2585:"Geology versus myth: the Holocene evolution of the Sybaris Plain"
2223:
Miletos, the Ornament of Ionia: A History of the City to 400 B.C.E
646:
442:
348:
101:
2698:
687:
who apparently moved to Sybaris after its subjugation by Kroton.
5471:
5446:
5396:
4883:
4873:
807:
606:
533:
mentions an alliance of Sybaris with the other Achaean colonies
524:
5511:
4653:
4082:
3586:
2933:
2753:
2702:
2290:(2008). "Foundation Stories". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.).
2169:
Cerchiai, Luca; Jannelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto, eds. (2004).
943:
https://francavilla.philhist.unibas.ch/it/rethinking-collapse/
450:
of Sybaris with characteristic bull symbol, c. 550–510 BC
392:
617:
and if Strabo's claim is true, that material would have been
1933:
The Deipnosophists; or, Banquet of the learned, of Athenaeus
625:
above the city when the river submerged it. An analysis of
1882:
https://francavilla.philhist.unibas.ch/it/ricerca-e-scavi/
1237:
373:
continuously needed to remove groundwater from the site.
1431:
1429:
1182:
1180:
907:
The Greek text on the coins contains the archaic letter
516:. Another Sybarite who is known by name is Alcimenes. A
2128:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1209:
237:
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Calabria
2654:
Rainey, Froelich G.; Lerici, Carlo M., eds. (1967).
2485:
Stanley, Jean-Daniel; Bernasconi, Maria Pia (2009).
2448:
Rutter, N. K. (1970). "Sybaris—Legend and Reality".
2244:. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
5352:
5229:
5218:
5145:
5067:
5024:
4971:
4829:
4681:
4672:
4598:
4513:
4451:
4406:
4356:
4307:
4229:
4106:
4044:
4013:
3855:
3742:
3686:
3608:
3434:
3407:
3379:
3336:
3284:
3126:
3065:
2962:
2828:
2777:
2550:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
2044:
Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus
468:, where it is thought to have founded its colonies
241:
233:
225:
220:
206:
198:
190:
175:
170:
162:
154:
117:
107:
85:
2431:A History of the Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC
2059:
711:later when he was accused of plotting revolution.
1868:
1788:
1502:
1316:
973:
2294:. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 383–426.
1836:
1686:
1674:
1658:
1646:
1630:
1622:
1594:
1586:
1570:
1546:
1458:
1332:
1272:
1095:
961:
853:gives an idea of the magnificence of the city.
408:. The Achaeans were accompanied by a number of
2311:Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis
2188:Gorman, Robert J.; Gorman, Vanessa B. (2007).
2714:
1689:, pp. 192–194, footnotes 51, 54 and 57;
1257:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFHerodotus1920 (
1168:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFHerodotus1920 (
423:The authenticity of the name of the founder (
8:
2171:The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily
1992:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
1824:
1444:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHerodotus1920 (
1392:
1356:
1304:
1225:
1195:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHerodotus1920 (
30:
2261:"On the Origin of the Western Greek Poleis"
2225:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
286:The city was founded around 720 BC by
5508:
5226:
4678:
4669:
4650:
4410:
4313:
4103:
4079:
3596:
3583:
3290:
2959:
2930:
2774:
2750:
2721:
2707:
2699:
2152:Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism
923:because the two i's would be run together.
45:
29:
1772:
1756:
1740:
1706:
1435:
1348:
1288:
1249:
1186:
1160:
1039:
2242:Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece
439:Prosperity in the 7th and 6th century BC
2694:Coins of Sybaris on Magna Graecia Coins
1852:
1482:
1238:Kleibrink, Jacobsen & Handberg 2004
934:
880:
166:Approximately 500 ha (1,200 acres)
5623:8th-century BC establishments in Italy
2510:. New York City, New York: Routledge.
1808:
1662:
1610:
1562:
1514:
1466:
1465:, 12.9.1–12.10.1, footnote 46 and 48;
1376:
1368:
1152:
1136:
1120:
1023:
953:
386:Sybaris was founded in 720 BC by
2548:Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans
1935:. Vol. 3. London: Henry G. Bohn.
1690:
1530:
1486:
1083:
985:
887:This article frequently makes use of
7:
5122:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1649:, pp. 192–195, 12.10.2–12.11.2.
1067:
833:A Dictionary of the English Language
1210:Cerchiai, Jannelli & Longo 2004
14:
5628:Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia
2689:Coins of Sybaris on WildWinds.com
2656:The Search for Sybaris, 1960–1965
570:Diodorus Siculus writes that the
51:Remains of the theatre of Sybaris
5643:Former populated places in Italy
5638:Archaeological sites in Calabria
5591:
5581:
5572:
5571:
2402:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
68:
61:
5592:
2194:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
69:
16:Important city of Magna Graecia
2508:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
1984:——— (2010).
723:Final expulsion in 445 BC
643:Continued struggle with Kroton
1:
3193:
3180:
3161:
3144:
2332:. Boston: Perkins and Marvin.
1869:Stanley & Bernasconi 2009
1503:Stanley & Bernasconi 2009
974:Stanley & Bernasconi 2009
773:and pioneered the concept of
4321:Funeral and burial practices
3506:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2626:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.014
2574:Bullitt, Orville H. (1969).
2154:. Harvard University Press.
2100:(1924). Jones, H. L. (ed.).
1677:, pp. 192, footnote 50.
870:List of ancient Greek cities
499:. He sailed from Sybaris to
2578:. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
2506:Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2013).
2358:10.1080/0043824042000192669
2221:Gorman, Vanessa B. (2001).
1905:(1932). Rackham, H. (ed.).
748:shortly after 444 BC.
654:of Sybaris, c. 452–446 BC.
5674:
4245:Greek Revival architecture
2056:On Marvellous Things Heard
264:
18:
5653:National museums of Italy
5567:
5518:
5507:
4668:
4649:
4413:
4316:
4102:
4078:
3653:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3599:
3595:
3582:
3461:Antigonid Macedonian army
3293:
2958:
2929:
2773:
2749:
2736:
2499:10.4000/mediterranee.3190
2462:10.1017/S0017383500017836
2414:10.1017/S0959774302000021
2206:10.1017/S0075426900001609
2058:". In Hett, W. S. (ed.).
1949:Ælian his Various History
739:they founded the city of
56:
44:
35:
2606:Quaternary International
2539:10.1525/CA.2012.31.1.128
2328:Johnson, Samuel (1830).
2280:10.2143/AWE.10.0.2141822
2259:Greco, Emanuele (2011).
2150:Burkert, Walter (1972).
2046:. London: Henry G. Bohn.
1825:Gorman & Gorman 2007
1729:Testimonia and Fragments
1357:Gorman & Gorman 2007
1305:Gorman & Gorman 2007
1098:, p. 189, 12.9.1–2.
21:Sybaris (disambiguation)
2268:Ancient West & East
1951:. London: Thomas Dring.
3687:Artists & scholars
3602:List of ancient Greeks
3239:Second Athenian League
3088:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2913:Ancient Greek colonies
2546:Zhmud, Leonid (2012).
2429:Rhodes, P. J. (2006).
2240:Graham, A. J. (1999).
1789:Claudius Aelianus 1665
1317:Claudius Aelianus 1665
964:, p. 189, 12.9.2.
810:at the altar of Hera.
667:
451:
272:
4806:Sybaris on the Traeis
3531:Sacred Band of Thebes
3271:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
2785:Cycladic civilization
2583:Cucci, Luigi (2005).
2383:The Fifth Century B.C
1837:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1687:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1675:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1659:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1647:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1631:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1623:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1595:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1587:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1571:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1547:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1459:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1333:Pseudo-Aristotle 1936
1273:Diodorus Siculus 1939
1109:Periodos to Nicomedes
1096:Diodorus Siculus 2010
1003:Periodos to Nicomedes
962:Diodorus Siculus 2010
775:intellectual property
746:Sybaris on the Traeis
650:
566:Subjugation by Kroton
497:Cleisthenes of Sicyon
446:
318:about 10 km distant.
316:Francavilla Marittima
246:ArcheoCalabriaVirtual
226:Excavation dates
139:39.71667°N 16.49389°E
4331:mythological figures
4052:Ancient Greek tribes
3177:Peloponnesian League
2592:Annals of Geophysics
2090:De mirabilibus mundi
1827:, p. 47–54, 59.
1420:"davison legal blog"
4443:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4438:Theatre of Dionysus
4062:Ancient Macedonians
3678:Tyrants of Syracuse
3190:Amphictyonic League
2790:Minoan civilization
2647:10.2143/BAB.76.0.76
2618:2011QuInt.232...56F
2527:Classical Antiquity
1422:. 4 September 2019.
894:which were used by
858:Timpone della Motta
753:Thirty Years' Peace
692:Hiero I of Syracuse
486:Timpone della Motta
341:Province of Cosenza
312:Timpone della Motta
135: /
94:Province of Cosenza
32:
5117:Menestheus's Limin
4771:Pandosia (Lucania)
4659:Greek colonisation
4021:Athenian statesmen
3782:Diogenes of Sinope
3643:Kings of Macedonia
3633:Kings of Commagene
3501:Macedonian phalanx
3481:Hellenistic armies
3229:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
3093:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2815:Hellenistic Greece
2576:Search for Sybaris
2040:Watson, John Selby
1966:Library of History
1086:, p. 238–239.
668:
557:Ancient patent law
452:
418:Greek colonisation
144:39.71667; 16.49389
77:Shown within Italy
5648:Cassano all'Ionio
5605:
5604:
5563:
5562:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5069:Iberian Peninsula
5001:Lipara/Meligounis
4967:
4966:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4618:Cypriot syllabary
4509:
4508:
4418:Athenian Treasury
4402:
4401:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
3663:Ptolemaic dynasty
3623:Archons of Athens
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3449:Athenian military
3430:
3429:
3263:League of Corinth
3245:Thessalian League
3221:Chalcidian League
3203:Acarnanian League
3113:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2665:978-0-934718-21-9
2557:978-0-19-928931-8
2517:978-1-136-78800-0
2440:978-0-631-22564-5
2392:978-0-521-23347-7
2346:World Archaeology
2320:978-3-515-08438-3
2301:978-90-04-15576-3
2288:Hall, Jonathan M.
2251:978-0-7190-5739-7
2232:978-0-472-11199-2
2180:978-0-89236-751-1
2161:978-0-674-53918-1
2144:Secondary sources
2135:978-0-674-99313-6
2113:978-0-674-99201-6
2073:978-0-674-99338-9
2027:978-0-674-99133-0
1999:978-0-292-71277-5
1976:978-0-674-99375-4
1941:Claudius Aelianus
1916:978-0-674-99291-7
1393:Papadopoulos 2002
1226:Papadopoulos 2002
976:, p. 76, 82.
697:Theron of Acragas
510:Claudius Aelianus
254:
253:
5665:
5595:
5594:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5509:
5227:
4726:Heraclea Lucania
4679:
4670:
4651:
4411:
4343:Twelve Olympians
4314:
4104:
4080:
3668:Seleucid dynasty
3648:Kings of Paionia
3597:
3584:
3454:Scythian archers
3361:Graphe paranomon
3291:
3198:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3166:
3163:
3153:
3149:
3146:
2960:
2931:
2810:Classical Greece
2795:Mycenaean Greece
2775:
2751:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2685:
2681:Official website
2669:
2650:
2629:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2561:
2542:
2521:
2502:
2481:
2444:
2425:
2396:
2377:
2343:
2333:
2324:
2305:
2283:
2265:
2255:
2236:
2217:
2184:
2165:
2139:
2117:
2093:
2086:Mommsen, Theodor
2077:
2065:
2052:Pseudo-Aristotle
2047:
2031:
2017:The Persian Wars
2003:
1980:
1961:Oldfather, C. H.
1957:Diodorus Siculus
1952:
1936:
1920:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:, p. 75–76.
1866:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1754:
1748:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1584:
1578:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1359:, p. 48–49.
1346:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1307:, p. 39–40.
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1107:Pseudo-Scymnus,
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1006:
1001:Pseudo-Scymnus,
999:
993:
983:
977:
971:
965:
951:
945:
939:
905:
896:Diodorus Siculus
885:
824:English language
791:oracle of Delphi
789:) consulted the
553:and Metapontum.
518:Pseudo-Aristotle
404:in the northern
266:
250:
215:Classical Greece
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
72:
71:
65:
49:
33:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5633:Ancient Troezen
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5559:
5514:
5491:
5354:
5348:
5231:
5222:
5214:
5185:Melaina Korkyra
5141:
5063:
5020:
4973:Aeolian Islands
4963:
4825:
4683:
4664:
4663:
4637:
4594:
4505:
4447:
4398:
4352:
4303:
4225:
4216:Wedding customs
4098:
4097:
4066:
4057:Thracian Greeks
4040:
4031:Olympic victors
4009:
3851:
3738:
3682:
3673:Kings of Sparta
3658:Kings of Pontus
3628:Kings of Athens
3604:
3591:
3570:
3466:Army of Macedon
3426:
3403:
3375:
3332:
3280:
3253:(370–c. 230 BC)
3251:Arcadian League
3235:(c. 400–188 BC)
3233:Aetolian League
3227:Boeotian League
3209:Hellenic League
3196:
3183:
3173:(c. 650–404 BC)
3164:
3158:Italiote League
3151:
3147:
3141:Doric Hexapolis
3131:
3122:
3118:Seleucid Empire
3061:
2954:
2953:
2917:
2824:
2800:Greek Dark Ages
2769:
2768:
2745:
2732:
2727:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2653:
2632:
2602:
2587:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2567:Further reading
2564:
2558:
2545:
2524:
2518:
2505:
2484:
2450:Greece and Rome
2447:
2441:
2428:
2399:
2393:
2380:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2308:
2302:
2286:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2239:
2233:
2220:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2149:
2146:
2136:
2120:
2114:
2096:
2080:
2074:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2006:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1955:
1945:Stanley, Thomas
1939:
1923:
1917:
1901:
1898:
1896:Primary sources
1892:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1585:
1581:
1577:, footnote 185.
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1009:
1000:
996:
984:
980:
972:
968:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
902:
899:
882:
878:
866:
842:
762:
725:
645:
568:
559:
441:
384:
379:
357:
277:Gulf of Taranto
248:
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
52:
40:
38:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5671:
5669:
5661:
5660:
5658:Ruins in Italy
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5579:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:Megara Hyblaea
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Hybla Gereatis
4896:
4891:
4889:Heraclea Minoa
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4633:Attic numerals
4630:
4628:Greek numerals
4625:
4623:Greek alphabet
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:Musical system
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4236:
4234:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Mathematicians
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Kings of Argos
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Cretan archers
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3275:Achaean League
3272:
3269:Euboean League
3266:
3260:
3257:Epirote League
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3205:(c. 500–31 BC)
3200:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3137:
3135:
3133:Confederations
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3057:Lissus (Crete)
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Archaic Greece
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:Ancient Greece
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2675:External links
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2651:
2630:
2612:(1–2): 56–70.
2600:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2543:
2533:(1): 128–151.
2522:
2516:
2503:
2493:(112): 75–86.
2482:
2456:(2): 168–176.
2445:
2439:
2426:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2218:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2126:On Agriculture
2118:
2112:
2094:
2078:
2072:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2004:
1998:
1981:
1975:
1953:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1845:
1843:, footnote 43.
1829:
1817:
1801:
1781:
1773:Athenaeus 1854
1765:
1757:Athenaeus 1854
1749:
1741:Athenaeus 1854
1733:
1719:
1707:Athenaeus 1854
1699:
1679:
1667:
1665:, p. 133.
1651:
1639:
1615:
1613:, p. 173.
1603:
1579:
1555:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1495:
1475:
1451:
1436:Herodotus 1920
1425:
1411:
1397:
1385:
1361:
1349:Athenaeus 1854
1341:
1325:
1309:
1297:
1289:Athenaeus 1854
1281:
1265:
1250:Herodotus 1920
1242:
1230:
1218:
1202:
1187:Herodotus 1920
1176:
1161:Herodotus 1920
1145:
1129:
1113:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1060:
1048:
1040:Aristotle 1932
1032:
1007:
994:
978:
966:
946:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:
906:
900:
886:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
865:
862:
841:
838:
828:Samuel Johnson
761:
758:
724:
721:
644:
641:
591:Walter Burkert
567:
564:
558:
555:
466:Tyrrhenian Sea
440:
437:
383:
380:
378:
375:
356:
353:
252:
251:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
211:Archaic Greece
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
87:
83:
82:
76:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5670:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5598:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5510:
5506:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Hemeroscopion
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:Magna Graecia
4671:
4667:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Arcadocypriot
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4501:Zeus, Olympia
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Hera, Olympia
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Mount Olympus
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:Sacred places
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Olympic Games
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Homosexuality
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Seleucid army
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:Delian League
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:Ionian League
3169:
3159:
3156:
3152: 560 BC
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Magna Graecia
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:Godley, A. D.
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:, p. 82.
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1406:"altlawforum"
1401:
1398:
1395:, p. 38.
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:, p. 63.
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 30.
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
922:
919:would become
918:
914:
910:
904:
901:
897:
893:
890:
884:
881:
875:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
859:
854:
850:
848:
839:
837:
835:
834:
829:
825:
820:
817:
811:
809:
804:
803:Olympic Games
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
767:
759:
757:
754:
749:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
640:
638:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
459:
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:
389:
381:
376:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
261:Ancient Greek
258:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
120:
116:
113:
112:Magna Graecia
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
64:
55:
48:
43:
34:
26:
22:
5392:Dionysopolis
5362:Abonoteichos
5314:Pantikapaion
4904:Hybla Heraea
4800:
4240:Architecture
4196:Prostitution
3885:Aristophanes
3744:Philosophers
3714:Philosophers
3546:Spartan army
3277:(280–146 BC)
3265:(338–322 BC)
3259:(370–168 BC)
3247:(374–196 BC)
3241:(378–355 BC)
3223:(430–348 BC)
3217:(478–404 BC)
3211:(499–449 BC)
2898:Peloponnesus
2820:Roman Greece
2684:(in Italian)
2655:
2641:(1): 33–70.
2638:
2634:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2575:
2547:
2530:
2526:
2507:
2491:Méditerranée
2490:
2453:
2449:
2430:
2405:
2401:
2382:
2352:(1): 43–67.
2349:
2345:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2271:
2267:
2241:
2222:
2197:
2193:
2170:
2151:
2125:
2102:
2089:
2061:
2043:
2016:
1989:
1986:Green, Peter
1965:
1948:
1932:
1929:Yonge, C. D.
1906:
1876:
1864:
1853:Johnson 1830
1848:
1832:
1820:
1804:
1784:
1768:
1752:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1670:
1654:
1642:
1618:
1606:
1582:
1558:
1553:, 11.48.1–5.
1542:
1526:
1510:
1498:
1483:Burkert 1972
1478:
1454:
1414:
1400:
1388:
1364:
1344:
1328:
1312:
1300:
1284:
1268:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1205:
1148:
1132:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1035:
1002:
997:
981:
969:
949:
937:
920:
916:
912:
903:
892:archon years
883:
855:
851:
843:
831:
821:
812:
783:
763:
750:
744:and founded
726:
713:
689:
685:Pythagoreans
669:
627:core samples
604:
589:
569:
560:
541:against the
529:
490:
463:
456:
453:
431:on coins of
428:
422:
400:, a city in
391:
387:
385:
371:
368:
358:
334:
323:
320:
307:
285:
256:
255:
249:(in Italian)
5540:Place names
5452:Salmydessus
5274:Kalos Limen
5254:Chersonesus
5244:Borysthenes
4949:Tauromenion
4761:Metapontion
4523:Proto-Greek
4476:Erechtheion
4471:Athena Nike
4433:Philippeion
4262:Mathematics
4233:and science
4116:Agriculture
3980:Stesichorus
3890:Bacchylides
3880:Archilochus
3767:Antisthenes
3757:Anaximander
3729:Seven Sages
3719:Playwrights
3699:Geographers
3694:Astronomers
3521:Pezhetairos
3148: 1100
3128:Federations
3027:Megalopolis
2964:City states
2939:City states
2062:Minor Works
1839:, pp.
1809:Gorman 2001
1727:METAGENES,
1693:, pp.
1663:Wonder 2012
1661:, 12.22.1;
1633:, pp.
1629:, 11.90.4;
1611:Rutter 1970
1597:, pp.
1593:, 11.90.3;
1573:, pp.
1563:Rhodes 2006
1549:, pp.
1515:Graham 1999
1467:Strabo 1924
1461:, pp.
1377:Wilson 2013
1369:Justin 1853
1153:Strabo 1924
1137:Strabo 1924
1121:Hansen 2004
1024:Strabo 1924
954:Strabo 1924
847:groundwater
840:Archaeology
799:Herakleides
771:chamber pot
737:Peloponnese
683:attests of
681:Aristoxenus
637:alluviation
410:Troezenians
406:Peloponnese
202:445 BC
194:720 BC
142: /
118:Coordinates
5612:Categories
5442:Polemonion
5319:Phanagoria
5289:Kimmerikon
5284:Kerkinitis
5269:Hermonassa
5259:Dioscurias
5155:Aspalathos
5102:Kalathousa
5077:Akra Leuke
5006:Phoenicusa
4791:Scylletium
4776:Poseidonia
4696:Brentesion
4583:Pamphylian
4578:Macedonian
4496:Samothrace
4481:Hephaestus
4428:Long Walls
4407:Structures
4348:Underworld
4294:Technology
4257:Literature
4191:Philosophy
4156:Euergetism
4045:By culture
3990:Thucydides
3832:Pythagoras
3827:Protagoras
3817:Parmenides
3802:Heraclitus
3787:Empedocles
3777:Democritus
3762:Anaximenes
3752:Anaxagoras
3704:Historians
3197: 595
3184: 550
3165: 800
3150: – c.
3078:Cappadocia
2883:Ionian Sea
2873:Hellespont
2838:Aegean Sea
1855:, p.
1811:, p.
1691:Lewis 1992
1637:, 12.10.2.
1625:, p.
1601:, 12.10.2.
1589:, p.
1565:, p.
1533:, p.
1531:Zhmud 2012
1517:, p.
1489:, p.
1487:Zhmud 2012
1379:, p.
1212:, p.
1123:, p.
1084:Greco 2011
1070:, p.
986:Varro 1934
930:References
795:Phylarchus
717:Thessalian
662:is on the
580:Pythagoras
572:oligarchic
535:Metapontum
470:Poseidonia
433:Poseidonia
390: [
382:Foundation
302:for their
292:Troezenian
279:in modern
234:Management
221:Site notes
184:Troezenian
158:Settlement
130:16°29′38″E
5528:in Epirus
5477:Trapezous
5422:Mesambria
5407:Eupatoria
5377:Apollonia
5372:Anchialos
5334:Theodosia
5304:Nymphaion
5294:Myrmekion
5264:Gorgippia
5220:Black Sea
5205:Tragurion
5190:Nymphaion
5175:Epidauros
5170:Epidamnos
5160:Apollonia
5137:Zacynthos
5059:Ptolemais
5053:Apollonia
5026:Cyrenaica
5016:Therassía
5011:Strongyle
4991:Ereikousa
4914:Leontinoi
4854:Apollonia
4731:Hipponion
4528:Mycenaean
4491:Parthenon
4423:Lion Gate
4326:Mythology
4289:Sculpture
4252:Astronomy
4186:Pederasty
4161:Festivals
4146:Education
4026:Lawgivers
3995:Timocreon
3975:Sophocles
3970:Simonides
3945:Philocles
3940:Panyassis
3935:Mimnermus
3900:Herodotus
3895:Euripides
3865:Aeschylus
3812:Leucippus
3772:Aristotle
3551:Strategos
3417:Synedrion
3371:Ostracism
3351:Areopagus
3303:Free city
3098:Macedonia
2982:Byzantion
2888:Macedonia
2853:Cyrenaica
2830:Geography
2764:Geography
2478:163611919
2422:162404730
2408:: 21–55.
2374:162707534
2200:: 38–60.
2103:Geography
2054:(1936). "
2008:Herodotus
1925:Athenaeus
1903:Aristotle
1068:Hall 2008
677:sympolity
673:synoecism
619:deposited
596:tragedies
505:Athenaeus
493:Herodotus
396:] of
355:Geography
308:acropolis
283:, Italy.
199:Abandoned
186:colonists
127:39°43′0″N
5577:Category
5555:Theatres
5482:Tripolis
5417:Kerasous
5412:Heraclea
5344:Tyritake
5299:Nikonion
5210:Thronion
5132:Salauris
5087:Emporion
5044:Berenice
5034:Balagrae
4986:Euonymos
4959:Tyndaris
4944:Syracuse
4939:Selinous
4909:Kamarina
4864:Casmenae
4849:Akrillai
4766:Neápolis
4701:Caulonia
4682:Mainland
4613:Linear B
4608:Linear A
4538:Dialects
4515:Language
4309:Religion
4267:Medicine
4201:Religion
4166:Folklore
4151:Emporium
4126:Clothing
4121:Calendar
4005:Xenophon
4000:Tyrtaeus
3985:Theognis
3960:Polybius
3955:Plutarch
3930:Menander
3910:Hipponax
3837:Socrates
3792:Epicurus
3638:Diadochi
3536:Sciritae
3496:Hetairoi
3471:Ballista
3436:Military
3399:Gerousia
3389:Ekklesia
3356:Ecclesia
3338:Athenian
3286:Politics
3199:–279 BC)
3186:–366 BC)
3167:–389 BC)
3103:Pergamon
3073:Bithynia
3066:Kingdoms
3007:Pergamon
2949:Military
2944:Politics
2741:Timeline
2214:15569550
2084:(1895).
2038:(1853).
2010:(1922).
1959:(1939).
1943:(1665).
1927:(1854).
1907:Politics
889:Athenian
864:See also
808:lutenist
779:chariots
703:and two
656:Poseidon
634:overbank
623:sediment
551:Caulonia
522:Lacinian
514:blisters
414:Euboeans
345:Calabria
304:hedonism
281:Calabria
98:Calabria
86:Location
5618:720s BC
5597:Outline
5550:Temples
5487:Zaliche
5467:Thèrmae
5457:Sesamus
5427:Odessos
5402:Cytorus
5397:Cotyora
5147:Illyria
5112:Mainake
5107:Kypsela
4996:Hycesia
4954:Thermae
4934:Segesta
4924:Messana
4879:Helorus
4859:Calacte
4839:Akragas
4801:Sybaris
4786:Rhegion
4741:Krimisa
4691:Alision
4600:Writing
4573:Locrian
4563:Epirote
4533:Homeric
4466:Artemis
4453:Temples
4394:Olympia
4364:Eleusis
4299:Theatre
4284:Pottery
4211:Warfare
4206:Slavery
4141:Economy
4136:Cuisine
4131:Coinage
4108:Society
4093:Culture
4088:Society
4036:Tyrants
3875:Alcaeus
3857:Authors
3807:Hypatia
3797:Gorgias
3734:Writers
3556:Toxotai
3526:Sarissa
3516:Peltast
3511:Phalanx
3491:Hoplite
3486:Hippeis
3409:Macedon
3381:Spartan
3366:Heliaia
3313:Proxeny
3022:Larissa
3017:Kerkyra
3012:Eretria
3002:Miletus
2997:Ephesus
2992:Corinth
2987:Chalcis
2908:Taurica
2778:Periods
2759:History
2635:Babesch
2614:Bibcode
2366:4128302
2088:(ed.).
2082:Solinus
2042:(ed.).
2014:(ed.).
1988:(ed.).
1963:(ed.).
1947:(ed.).
1931:(ed.).
1890:Sources
1841:189–190
1695:141–142
1635:191–192
1599:191–192
1575:108–109
1551:107–108
1463:190–191
1277:8.18–19
1254:6.127.1
1044:5.1303a
909:digamma
709:Acragas
705:scholia
701:Timaeus
664:obverse
660:trident
658:with a
652:Noummos
631:fluvial
615:channel
613:in its
611:pebbles
600:Dorieus
545:colony
484:on the
478:Scidrus
448:Noummos
377:History
361:wetland
339:in the
288:Achaean
269:Italian
265:Σύβαρις
257:Sybaris
242:Website
207:Periods
191:Founded
180:Achaean
176:Builder
171:History
37:Σύβαρις
31:Sybaris
5587:Portal
5535:People
5523:Cities
5462:Sinope
5447:Rhizos
5437:Phasis
5387:Bathus
5382:Athina
5367:Amisos
5329:Tanais
5324:Pityus
5249:Charax
5200:Pharos
5195:Orikon
5092:Helike
5082:Alonis
5049:Cyrene
4981:Didyme
4894:Himera
4869:Catana
4831:Sicily
4821:Thurii
4816:Terina
4781:Pixous
4736:Hydrus
4711:Croton
4543:Aeolic
4461:Aphaea
4384:Dodona
4369:Delphi
4338:Temple
4014:Others
3965:Sappho
3950:Pindar
3925:Lucian
3920:Ibycus
3905:Hesiod
3842:Thales
3610:Rulers
3589:People
3566:Xyston
3561:Xiphos
3422:Koinon
3328:Tyrant
3318:Stasis
3308:Koinon
3108:Pontus
3083:Epirus
3052:Sparta
3042:Rhodes
3037:Megara
3032:Thebes
2977:Athens
2903:Pontus
2868:Epirus
2858:Cyprus
2843:Aeolis
2662:
2554:
2514:
2476:
2470:642759
2468:
2437:
2420:
2389:
2372:
2364:
2317:
2298:
2248:
2229:
2212:
2177:
2158:
2132:
2110:
2098:Strabo
2070:
2036:Justin
2024:
1996:
1973:
1913:
1471:6.1.13
1191:6.21.1
1165:6.21.1
1141:5.4.13
1028:6.1.13
958:6.1.13
816:tryphé
787:Amyris
760:Legacy
741:Thurii
733:Athens
729:Sparta
576:tyrant
543:Ionian
539:Kroton
531:Justin
501:Sicyon
482:Athena
458:stadia
425:oekist
402:Achaea
398:Helice
364:lagoon
337:Sibari
326:Thurii
300:Greeks
296:Kroton
273:Sibari
108:Region
90:Sibari
39:Sibari
25:Sibari
5545:Stoae
5513:Lists
5432:Oinòe
5355:coast
5353:South
5339:Tyras
5309:Olbia
5279:Kepoi
5232:coast
5230:North
5223:basin
5165:Aulon
5127:Rhode
5039:Barca
4929:Naxos
4884:Henna
4844:Akrai
4811:Taras
4796:Siris
4756:Medma
4751:Locri
4716:Cumae
4706:Chone
4684:Italy
4590:Koine
4568:Ionic
4558:Doric
4553:Attic
4374:Delos
4272:Music
3915:Homer
3870:Aesop
3822:Plato
3724:Poets
3394:Ephor
3346:Agora
3323:Tagus
3298:Boule
3047:Samos
2972:Argos
2878:Ionia
2863:Doris
2848:Crete
2588:(PDF)
2474:S2CID
2466:JSTOR
2418:S2CID
2370:S2CID
2362:JSTOR
2342:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2210:S2CID
2122:Varro
1777:12.19
1761:12.21
1745:12.18
1715:12.20
1711:12.17
1353:12.58
1293:6.105
1157:6.1.1
876:Notes
766:Roman
547:Siris
349:Italy
330:Copia
314:near
229:1960s
102:Italy
5472:Tium
5239:Akra
5180:Issa
4874:Gela
4746:Laüs
4721:Elea
4379:Dion
4231:Arts
4221:Wine
3847:Zeno
3444:Wars
2660:ISBN
2598:(6).
2552:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1797:3.43
1793:1.19
1446:help
1440:5.44
1373:20.2
1321:9.24
1259:help
1197:help
1170:help
1111:340f
990:1.44
917:Wiis
913:Fiis
731:and
609:and
607:sand
584:Milo
537:and
525:Hera
476:and
474:Laüs
429:Wiis
290:and
182:and
163:Area
155:Type
23:and
4176:Law
2643:doi
2622:doi
2610:232
2535:doi
2495:doi
2458:doi
2410:doi
2354:doi
2276:doi
2202:doi
2198:127
1857:907
1813:106
1627:173
1591:173
1519:114
1381:443
1072:411
1005:360
830:'s
621:as
602:.
393:sic
310:at
213:to
5614::
3194:c.
3181:c.
3162:c.
3145:c.
2639:76
2637:.
2620:.
2608:.
2596:48
2594:.
2590:.
2531:31
2529:.
2489:.
2472:.
2464:.
2454:17
2452:.
2416:.
2406:12
2404:.
2368:.
2360:.
2350:36
2348:.
2344:.
2274:.
2272:10
2270:.
2266:.
2208:.
2196:.
2192:.
1795:,
1791:,
1775:,
1759:,
1743:,
1713:,
1709:,
1569:;
1567:75
1535:97
1491:96
1485:;
1469:,
1438:,
1428:^
1375:;
1371:,
1355:;
1351:,
1337:96
1335:,
1319:,
1291:,
1275:,
1252:,
1214:62
1189:,
1179:^
1163:,
1159:;
1155:,
1139:,
1125:34
1042:,
1026:,
1010:^
988:,
960:;
956:,
921:Is
639:.
472:,
388:Is
351:.
347:,
343:,
271::
267:;
263::
100:,
96:,
92:,
5055:)
5051:(
3192:(
3179:(
3160:(
3154:)
3143:(
3130:/
2722:e
2715:t
2708:v
2668:.
2649:.
2645::
2628:.
2624::
2616::
2560:.
2541:.
2537::
2520:.
2501:.
2497::
2480:.
2460::
2443:.
2424:.
2412::
2395:.
2376:.
2356::
2323:.
2304:.
2282:.
2278::
2254:.
2235:.
2216:.
2204::
2183:.
2164:.
2138:.
2116:.
2092:.
2076:.
2030:.
2002:.
1979:.
1919:.
1859:.
1815:.
1799:.
1779:.
1763:.
1747:.
1717:.
1697:.
1537:.
1521:.
1493:.
1473:.
1448:)
1442:.
1408:.
1383:.
1339:.
1323:.
1295:.
1279:.
1263:.
1261:)
1216:.
1199:)
1193:.
1174:.
1172:)
1143:.
1127:.
1074:.
1046:.
1030:.
992:.
259:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
