279:. The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins. The salt was dug from the ground and cut into thick slabs, two of which were loaded onto each camel. The salt was taken south across the desert to Oualata and sold. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. Ibn Battuta mentions that the value increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital. In spite of the meanness of the village, it was awash in Malian gold. Ibn Battuta did not enjoy his visit; he found the water brackish and the village full of flies. He goes on to say, "For all its squalor,
425:). They are separated by a distance of 3 km. The larger more westerly settlement extended over an area of approximately 400 m by 200 m. All the houses, except the mosque, were aligned in a northwest to southeast direction, perpendicular to the prevailing wind. The houses in the more easterly settlement were aligned in the same manner and occupied an area of 200 m by 180 m. The reason for the dual settlements is not known but could be connected with Taghaza's service both as a salt mine and as a stopping point on an important trans-Saharan trade route.
47:
201:
1903:
1927:
54:
412:
stopped at
Taghaza on his journey across the Sahara from Timbuktu. He was travelling with a large caravan that included 1,400 camels transporting slaves, gold, ivory, gum and ostrich feathers. At that date the ruins of houses constructed of salt bricks were still clearly visible.
1251:
271:. According to Ibn Battuta, there were no trees, only sand and the salt mines. Nobody lived in the village other than the Musafa slaves who dug for the salt and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the
319:
he mentions that the location of the mines, 20 days journey from a source of food, meant that there was a risk of starvation. At the time of Leo's visit, Oualata was no longer an important terminus for the
385:
responded instead with a generous gift of 47 kg of gold. In 1586 a small
Saadian force of 200 musketeers again occupied Taghaza and the Tuareg moved to yet another site – probably
992:
1962:
1457:
1423:
1787:
1271:
Kaba, Lansiné (1981), "Archers, musketeers, and mosquitoes: The
Moroccan invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay resistance (1591-1612)",
1361:
1350:
1261:
1240:
961:
405:, situated 150 km (93 mi) to the southeast and thus nearer to Timbuktu, took its place as the region's key salt producer.
315:
240:
near the ocean and that the ramparts, walls and roofs of the buildings were made of salt which was mined by slaves of the Masufa, a
441:
176:
which lies 150 km (93 mi) to the southeast. Salt from the
Taghaza mines formed an important part of the long distance
1739:
1212:
Travels through
Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824-1828 (2 Vols)
1952:
1451:
81:
393:. This provided the pretext for Ahmad al-Mansur to send an army of 4,000 mercenaries across the Sahara led by the Spaniard
1463:
324:
and salt was instead taken south to
Timbuktu. Like Ibn Battuta before him, Leo complained about the brackish well water.
46:
1947:
1818:
377:
shifted the production to another mine called
Taghaza al-ghizlan (Taghaza of the gazelles). On his succession in 1578
244:
tribe, and exported to the Sudan by a caravan that came once a year. A similar description had been given earlier by
1917:
977:
Wilks,Ivor. Wangara, Akan, and
Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.).
1416:
452:
1957:
1334:. The original text of Pory's 1600 English translation together with an introduction and notes by the editor.
1473:
354:
to wrestle control of the mines from the
Songhai during the 16th century. In around 1540 the Saadian Sultan
1813:
1734:
1009:
421:
At
Taghaza there are ruins of two different settlements, one on either side of the ancient salt lake (or
204:
Trade routes of the Western Sahara Desert c. 1000-1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading:
1762:
1701:
1233:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents
172:
for West Africa up to the end of the 16th century when it was abandoned and replaced by the salt-pan at
1381:. Page 329 has a map showing the sabkha and the two settlements. Page 486 has plans of the settlements.
1906:
1782:
1606:
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1409:
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The salt mines became known in Europe not long after Ibn Battuta's visit as Taghaza was shown on the
1596:
451:. The average high temperature in July is 48.2 °C (118.8 °F), which is 0.8°C higher than
447:). It is one of the driest places on earth and one of the hottest during summer, only being behind
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The Taghaza mines are first mentioned by name (as Taghara) in around 1275 by the geographer
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in 1068 for the salt mines at a place that he called Tantatal, situated twenty days from
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to cede the Taghaza mines. The Askia responded by sending men to raid a town in the
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led to the collapse of their empire. After the conquest Taghaza was abandoned and
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389:. Finally, a new demand by Ahmad al-Mansur in 1589–90 was met with defiance by
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arrived in Taghaza after a 25-day journey from Sijilmasa on his way across the
1777:
1591:
1561:
1556:
1506:
1478:
1392:
Monod, Théodore (1938), "Teghaza, La ville en sel gemme (sahara occidental)",
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briefly occupied Taghaza and killed the Askia's representative. However the
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learned in 1455 that Taghaza salt was taken to Timbuktu and then on to
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189:
1926:
1292:
942:, p. 414 note 5. The location of the Malian capital is uncertain.
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306:. It was then carried "a great distance" to be bartered for gold.
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of 1375 on the trans-Saharan trade route linking Sijilmasa and
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but obtained information from a traveller who had visited the
981:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 9.
180:. The salt pan is located 857 km (533 mi) south of
344:
970 km (600 mi) across the Sahara. Al-Sadi in his
188:(in Mali) and 731 km (454 mi) north-northeast of
184:(in Morocco), 787 km (489 mi) north-northwest of
1356:. First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press,
1401:
1372:(in French), Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique Noire,
923:
921:
1915:
1370:
Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age
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chronicles the efforts of the Moroccan rulers of the
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At some point Taghaza came under the control of the
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1801:
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1492:
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236:. He wrote that the town was situated south of the
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366:as a warning and demonstration of Songhai power.
1320:, Brown, Robert, editor, London: Hakluyt Society
285:of qintars of gold dust are traded in Taghaza."
939:
912:
897:
885:
873:
853:
1343:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
1318:The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols)
1417:
1005:
8:
991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
381:asked for the tax revenues from Taghaza but
252:. It is possible these were the same mines.
1256:(2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, p. 89,
397:. The defeat of the Songhai in 1591 at the
1424:
1410:
1402:
470:
275:, camel meat and millet imported from the
21:
908:
906:
467:and only 0.1°C cooler than Chenachène.
979:Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas
16:Abandoned salt-mining settlement in Mali
1922:
1458:International Salt Co. v. United States
1396:(in French) (3025 15-May-1938): 289–296
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336:which had its capital at the city of
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1788:List of countries by salt production
1250:Hunwick, John O. (2000), "Taghaza",
1081:
1341:; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000),
149:
33:
14:
1345:, New York: Marcus Weiner Press,
164:in the desert region of northern
1925:
1902:
1901:
1253:Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume 10
956:. London: Picador. p. 281.
313:spent 3 days in Taghaza. In his
168:. It was an important source of
52:
45:
1963:Former populated places in Mali
1740:Salt and cardiovascular disease
1214:, London: Colburn & Bentley
255:In 1352 the Moroccan traveller
53:
228:who spent most of his life in
1:
1120:. Caillié uses the spelling
408:In 1828 the French explorer
160:-mining centre located in a
954:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
940:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
913:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
898:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
886:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
874:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
854:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
663:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
523:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1979:
1273:Journal of African History
806:
473:
1899:
1452:In the American Civil War
1285:10.1017/S0021853700019861
807:Source: Climate-Data.org
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474:Climate data for Teghaza
358:asked the Songhai leader
77:
40:
1758:Salt Industry Commission
316:Descrittione dell’Africa
1368:Mauny, Raymond (1961),
1316:Leo Africanus (1896),
1148:, p. 369 Fig. 67.
952:Battutah, Ibn (2002).
221:
1953:History of the Sahara
900:, p. 399 note 3.
856:, pp. 176, 178;
203:
1783:Open-pan salt making
1607:Monosodium glutamate
1322:. Internet Archive:
463:, 0.3°C higher than
196:Early Arabic sources
1160:, pp. 485–487.
1088:, pp. 309–310.
593:Daily mean °C (°F)
322:trans-Saharan trade
178:trans-Saharan trade
93: /
1622:Potassium chloride
1474:In Chinese history
1185:. Climate-Data.org
1183:"Climate: Teghaza"
1006:Leo Africanus 1896
438:hot desert climate
371:Muhammed al-Shaykh
222:
156:) is an abandoned
1913:
1912:
1850:Salting the earth
1845:Salt in the Bible
1819:San Francisco Bay
1627:Potassium nitrate
1339:Levtzion, Nehemia
1235:, Leiden: Brill,
811:
810:
399:Battle of Tondibi
369:In 1556-7 Sultan
328:Sixteenth century
192:(in Mauritania).
139:
138:
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1948:Taoudénit Region
1930:
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1537:Calcium chloride
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1229:Hunwick, John O.
1216:. Google books:
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1632:River reed salt
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379:Ahmad al-Mansur
347:Tarikh al-Sudan
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1134:329–330 Vol. 2
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433:Taghaza has a
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334:Songhai Empire
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102:23.600; -5.000
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1263:90-04-11211-1
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1242:90-04-11207-3
1238:
1234:
1230:
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1213:
1209:
1208:Caillié, René
1205:
1204:
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1184:
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963:9780330418799
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903:
899:
894:
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888:, p. 76.
887:
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879:
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867:
864:, p. 89.
863:
859:
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841:
837:
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829:
827:
826:Saadi Dynasty
824:
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799:
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789:
784:
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769:
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739:
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735:precipitation
731:
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477:
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458:
454:
453:Furnace Creek
450:
446:
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428:
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411:
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396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
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367:
365:
361:
360:Askia Ishaq I
357:
356:Ahmad al-Araj
353:
352:Saadi dynasty
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:Leo Africanus
307:
305:
301:
297:
295:
291:
290:Catalan Atlas
286:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
267:to visit the
266:
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115:
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78:Coordinates:
69:
48:
31:
23:
19:Place in Mali
1866:Mineral lick
1751:and industry
1567:Fleur de sel
1456:
1393:
1369:
1342:
1317:
1276:
1272:
1252:
1232:
1211:
1187:. Retrieved
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1130:Caillié 1830
1125:
1121:
1114:Caillié 1830
1109:
1098:Caillié 1830
1093:
1086:Hunwick 1999
1077:
1070:Hunwick 1999
1065:
1058:Hunwick 1999
1053:
1046:Hunwick 1999
1041:
1034:Hunwick 1999
1029:
1022:Hunwick 1999
1017:
1001:
978:
972:
953:
947:
935:
893:
881:
869:
862:Hunwick 2000
849:
737:mm (inches)
457:Death Valley
444:
432:
420:
410:René Caillié
407:
383:Askiya Dawud
368:
345:
331:
314:
308:
298:
287:
280:
273:Dar'a valley
254:
223:
153:
141:
140:
1824:In Pakistan
1809:In Cheshire
1768:Salt mining
1730:Salted fish
1652:Salammoniac
1612:Moshio salt
1517:Asín tibuok
1132:, pp.
1008:, pp.
821:Judar Pasha
395:Judar Pasha
364:Draa valley
342:Niger River
269:Mali Empire
257:Ibn Battuta
100: /
1942:Categories
1778:Sink works
1702:Food usage
1592:Kala namak
1527:Black lava
1479:Salt March
1201:References
1170:Mauny 1961
1158:Mauny 1961
1146:Mauny 1961
1118:128 Vol. 2
1116:, p.
1102:106 Vol. 2
1100:, p.
928:Mauny 1961
858:Mauny 1961
836:Chenachène
461:California
449:Chenachène
435:hyper-arid
226:al Qazwini
1871:Road salt
1802:By region
1773:Salt well
1577:Himalayan
1484:Salt road
1394:La Nature
1189:March 28,
1082:Kaba 1981
987:cite book
831:Taoudenni
465:Taoudenni
403:Taoudenni
250:Sijilmasa
182:Sijilmasa
174:Taoudenni
170:rock salt
124:Time zone
1907:Category
1814:In Ghana
1749:Commerce
1672:Sel gris
1667:Seasoned
1662:Sea salt
1617:Pickling
1512:Alberger
1332:Volume 3
1328:Volume 2
1324:Volume 1
1309:41500711
1301:11632225
1231:(1999),
1222:Volume 2
1218:Volume 1
1210:(1830),
815:See also
733:Average
628:(101.7)
568:(110.3)
563:(116.2)
558:(118.8)
553:(114.3)
548:(106.3)
543:(100.9)
387:Taoudeni
294:Timbuktu
246:Al-Bakri
186:Timbuktu
162:salt pan
152:) (also
1833:Culture
1715:Salting
1710:Brining
1687:Truffle
1587:Jugyeom
1582:Iodised
1522:Bittern
1447:History
1440:History
1378:6799191
1126:Trarzas
728:(66.8)
723:(49.5)
718:(59.4)
713:(69.4)
708:(80.1)
703:(83.5)
698:(84.6)
693:(78.8)
688:(72.0)
683:(65.1)
678:(59.5)
673:(52.2)
668:(47.8)
658:(82.6)
653:(63.3)
648:(73.0)
643:(84.4)
638:(95.2)
633:(99.9)
623:(96.4)
618:(89.1)
613:(82.9)
608:(74.3)
603:(68.2)
598:(62.6)
588:(98.4)
583:(77.2)
578:(86.9)
573:(99.3)
538:(89.1)
533:(84.2)
528:(77.4)
429:Climate
340:on the
282:qintars
265:Oualata
238:Maghreb
190:Oualata
154:Teghaza
142:Taghaza
113:Country
85:23°36′N
60:Taghaza
26:Taghaza
1918:Portal
1692:Túltul
1677:Smoked
1602:Kosher
1572:Garlic
1552:Cyclic
1547:Curing
1542:Celery
1532:Butter
1502:Abraum
1376:
1360:
1349:
1307:
1299:
1293:181298
1291:
1260:
1239:
1128:. See
1122:Trasas
960:
802:(0.3)
792:(0.0)
787:(0.0)
782:(0.2)
777:(0.1)
772:(0.0)
747:(0.0)
479:Month
442:Köppen
423:sabkha
375:Tuareg
261:Sahara
242:Berber
216:, and
206:Bambuk
146:Arabic
88:5°00′W
30:Arabic
1642:Onion
1562:Flake
1557:Dairy
1507:Alaea
1494:Types
1305:S2CID
1289:JSTOR
842:Notes
518:Year
417:Ruins
277:Sudan
234:Sudan
150:تاغزة
129:UTC+0
34:تاغزة
1932:Food
1647:Rock
1433:Salt
1374:OCLC
1358:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1297:PMID
1258:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1191:2020
993:link
958:ISBN
797:(0)
767:(0)
762:(0)
757:(0)
752:(0)
742:(0)
726:19.3
716:15.2
711:20.8
706:26.7
701:28.6
696:29.2
691:26.0
686:22.2
681:18.4
676:15.3
671:11.2
656:28.1
651:17.4
646:22.8
641:29.1
636:35.1
631:37.7
626:38.7
621:35.8
616:31.7
611:28.3
606:23.5
601:20.1
596:17.0
586:36.9
581:25.1
576:30.5
571:37.4
566:43.5
561:46.8
556:48.2
551:45.7
546:41.3
541:38.3
536:31.7
531:29.0
526:25.2
515:Dec
512:Nov
509:Oct
506:Sep
503:Aug
500:Jul
497:Jun
494:May
491:Apr
488:Mar
485:Feb
482:Jan
304:Mali
230:Iraq
218:Akan
214:Lobi
210:Bure
166:Mali
158:salt
117:Mali
68:Mali
1891:Tax
1281:doi
1124:or
721:9.7
666:8.8
445:BWh
338:Gao
263:to
133:GMT
1944::
1330:,
1326:,
1303:,
1295:,
1287:,
1277:22
1275:,
1220:,
1084:;
989:}}
985:{{
920:^
905:^
800:11
459:,
455:,
296:.
212:,
208:,
148::
32::
1920::
1425:e
1418:t
1411:v
1398:.
1364:.
1312:.
1283::
1267:.
1246:.
1224:.
1193:.
1136:.
1104:.
1012:.
995:)
966:.
795:0
790:1
785:1
780:4
775:3
770:1
765:0
760:0
755:0
750:0
745:1
740:0
440:(
220:.
144:(
135:)
131:(
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