38:
185:. First, "iodised paper" was made by brushing one side of a sheet of high-quality writing paper with a solution of silver nitrate, drying it, dipping it in a solution of potassium iodide, then drying it again. At this stage, the balance of the chemicals was such that the paper was practically insensitive to light and could be stored indefinitely. When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution consisting of silver nitrate,
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236:, was normally used for that purpose. It was simpler and less expensive, and Talbot himself considered the appearance of salted paper prints to be more attractive. The longer exposure required to make a salted print was at worst a minor inconvenience when making a contact print by sunlight. Calotype negatives were often impregnated with wax to improve their transparency and make the grain of the paper less conspicuous in the prints.
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In addition, the calotype produced a less clear image than the daguerreotype. The use of paper as a negative meant that the texture and fibers of the paper were visible in prints made from it, leading to an image that was slightly grainy or fuzzy compared to daguerreotypes, which were usually sharp
532:
Impressed by light: British photographs from paper negatives, 1840–1860. Accompanies the exhibition 'Impressed by light – British photographs from paper negatives, 1840–1860' held at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, September 24 – December 30, 2007; at the National Gallery of Art,
193:, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera. Development was effected by brushing on more of the "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution while gently warming the paper. When development was complete, the calotype was rinsed, blotted, then either stabilized by washing it in a solution of
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his processes in
England and beyond. Unlike Talbot, Daguerre who had been granted a stipend by the French state in exchange for making his process publicly available, did not patent his invention. In Scotland, where the English patent law was not applicable at the time, members of the
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in 1839. Talbot was, however, the first to apply it to a paper-based process and to a negative-positive process, thereby pioneering the various developed-out negative-positive processes which have dominated non-electronic photography up to the present.
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had to be produced in the camera, which could be done in a minute or two if the subject was in bright sunlight. The paper, shielded from further exposure to daylight, was then removed from the camera and the latent image was chemically
294:, the Calotype Society was organized in London around 1847 attracting a dozen enthusiasts. In 1853, twelve years after the introduction of paper-negative photography to the public, Talbot's patent restriction was lifted.
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and commonly called "hypo", which dissolved the silver iodide and allowed it to be entirely washed out, leaving only the silver particles of the developed image and making the calotype completely insensitive to light.
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and on the
European continent outside France in the 1850s, especially among the amateur calotypists, who prized the aesthetics of calotypes and also wanted to differentiate from commercial photographers, until the
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process, i.e., the paper had to be exposed in the camera until the image was fully visible. A very long exposure—typically an hour or more—was required to produce an acceptable
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during the 1820s involved the chemical development of a latent image, as did the widely used daguerreotype process introduced to the public by Niépce's partner and successor
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combining the sharpness of a daguerreotype with the replicability of a calotype later in the nineteenth century. British photographers also brought the calotype to
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Despite their flexibility and the ease with which they could be made, calotypes did not displace the daguerreotype. In part, this was the result of Talbot having
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Talbot is sometimes erroneously credited with introducing the principle of latent image development. The bitumen process used in private experiments by
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Although calotype paper could be used to make positive prints from calotype negatives, Talbot's earlier silver chloride paper, commonly called
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Photography: The importance of its applications in preserving pictorial records. Containing a practical description of the
Talbotype process.
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639:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007. Available online, including a biographical dictionary of 500 calotypists.
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381:"Daguerreotypes – Time Line of the Daguerreian Era – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (Library of Congress)"
659:, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on calotype.
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Washington, D.C., February 3 – May 4, 2008; and at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, May 26 – September 7, 2008.
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130:, which darkened in proportion to its exposure to light. This early "photogenic drawing" process was a
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and other
Scottish early photographers successfully adopted the paper-negative photo technology. In
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511:"Photographic Processes: Calotypes (Prints and Photographs Reading Room, Library of Congress)"
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W H Fox Talbot: Scientist, photographer, classical scholar 1800 – 1877: A further assessment.
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Impressed by Light: British
Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860: Exhibition Overview
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Talbot made his first successful camera photographs in 1835 using paper sensitised with
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into a fully visible image. This major improvement was introduced to the public as the
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process introduced in 1839), in which only an extremely faint or completely invisible
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in a condition such that it would only slightly discolour when exposed to light, or "
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limit the ability of this early process to record low contrast details and textures.
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423:, Henry Fox Talbot: "Improvement in Photographic Pictures" filing date Jun 26, 1847
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Nature
Exposed: Photography as Eyewitness in Victorian Science by Jennifer Tucker
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London: Hering & Remington; Peterborough, T. Chadwell & J. Clarke, 1855.
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Hutchins, Laura A.; May, Robert E. (2011). "The
Preservation of Finger Ridges".
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274:; medium: calotype print, size: 19.60 x 14.50 cm; from the collection of the
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Impressed by Light: British
Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860.
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Primitive
Photography: A Guide to Making Cameras, Lenses, and Calotypes.
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Basic Photography — a manual for the training of fashion photographers.
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Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860
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The Duleep Singhs: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah
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Photography: including the Daguerreotype, Calotype & Chrysotype
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William Henry Fox Talbot pioneer of photography and man of science.
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New York: Dover Publications, 1978. Translated by Edward Epstean.
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All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860
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Transcript of the opening speech, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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410:. NIJ and International Association for Identification.
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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
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302:that were made from them—remained popular in the
141:In late 1840, Talbot worked out a very different
535:New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.
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665:Photographic Exhibitions in Britain, 1839–1865
595:. Boston: Gootine, London Scholar Press, 1980.
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593:Fox Talbot & the invention of photography
82:Paper texture effects in calotype photography
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221:original negative image from which multiple
2242:Conservation and restoration of photographs
298:and clear. Nevertheless, calotypes—and the
1979:Comparison of digital and film photography
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2199:Photographs considered the most important
549:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 24.
442:The Origins of Photojournalism in America
588:. London: H. Renshaw, 1842, 2nd edition.
372:
633:Taylor, Roger, with Larry J. Schaaf.
530:Taylor, Roger, with Larry J. Schaaf.
7:
145:process (a concept pioneered by the
2194:Museums devoted to one photographer
650:The Calotype Society (flickr group)
1741:Timeline of photography technology
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2325:Photography in the United Kingdom
630:Frankfurt/M.: Jentzen oHG, 1992.
582:The Calotype familiarly explained
446:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
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577:London: Hutchinson Benham, 1977.
217:The calotype process produced a
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466:Roger Taylor, Guest curator of
319:, where, for example, in 1848,
499:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
438:Carlebach, Michael L. (1992).
327:, took the first image of the
276:National Galleries of Scotland
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1791:Painted photography backdrops
1723:Golden triangle (composition)
998:35 mm equivalent focal length
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177:, created by the reaction of
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1501:Intentional camera movement
404:The Finger print Sourcebook
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2189:Most expensive photographs
1546:Multi-exposure HDR capture
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34:Early photographic process
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670:1705 records for calotype
2123:Digital image processing
225:could be made by simple
70:William Henry Fox Talbot
47:William Henry Fox Talbot
1796:Photography and the law
612:Lassam, and Seabourne.
600:History of Photography.
288:Edinburgh Calotype Club
205:" in a hot solution of
2143:Gelatin silver process
1167:Science of photography
1152:Photographic processes
1130:Perspective distortion
329:Maharajah Duleep Singh
278:
173:in calotype paper was
68:introduced in 1841 by
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1601:Schlieren photography
1140:Photographic printing
1063:Exposure compensation
545:Bance, Peter (2004).
513:. Loc.gov. 2011-08-30
311:enabled both to make
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29:hot metal typesetting
1385:Straight photography
1023:Chromatic aberration
598:Eder, Josef Maria.
211:hyposulphite of soda
169:The light-sensitive
106:), "beautiful", and
66:photographic process
27:For "hot type", see
2252:photographic plates
1937:Digital photography
1115:Hyperfocal distance
1028:Circle of confusion
619:Marshall, F. A. S.
323:, a surgeon in the
300:salted paper prints
207:sodium thiosulphate
53:1843 calotype print
1756:Autochrome Lumière
1751:Analog photography
1576:Pigeon photography
1365:Social documentary
844:discontinued films
662:Research database
609:Focal Press, 2002.
573:Aronold, H. J. P.
325:East India Company
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265:Hill & Adamson
55:
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2108:Collodion process
2044:Chromogenic print
2031:Color photography
1541:Multiple exposure
1516:Lo-fi photography
1043:Color temperature
351:Collodion process
309:collodion process
195:potassium bromide
166:process in 1841.
118:), "impression".
16:(Redirected from
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2163:Print permanence
2113:Cross processing
2071:CMYK color model
2056:Color management
2009:Foveon X3 sensor
2004:Three-CCD camera
1648:Miniature faking
1606:Sabattier effect
1218:Astrophotography
1073:Zebra patterning
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171:silver halide
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147:daguerreotype
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93:Ancient Greek
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78:silver iodide
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48:
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30:
19:
2264:Polaroid art
2158:K-14 process
2153:Instant film
2148:Gum printing
2103:C-41 process
2088:Photographic
1989:Image sensor
1984:Film scanner
1765:
1638:Sun printing
1571:Print toning
1358:space selfie
1328:Pictorialism
1258:Ethnographic
1238:Conservation
1110:Guide number
1105:Focal length
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515:. Retrieved
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385:. Retrieved
375:
296:
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238:
234:salted paper
233:
231:
216:
210:
168:
163:
159:
151:latent image
142:
140:
132:printing-out
131:
125:
88:
86:
76:coated with
64:is an early
61:
57:
56:
2269:Stereoscopy
2133:E-6 process
2128:Dye coupler
2061:color space
1974:Digiscoping
1967:camera back
1882:Philippines
1811:Visual arts
1801:Glass plate
1786:Heliography
1685:Composition
1660:Ultraviolet
1616:Stereoscopy
1611:Slow motion
1596:Scanography
1511:Kite aerial
1451:Contre-jour
1343:Post-mortem
1333:Pornography
1313:Neues Sehen
1248:Documentary
1182:Zone System
1157:Reciprocity
1083:Film format
1013:Backscatter
991:Terminology
861:beauty dish
760:rangefinder
725:light-field
706:Photography
605:Greene, A.
321:John McCosh
272: 1844
219:translucent
191:gallic acid
187:acetic acid
122:The process
2314:Categories
2259:Lomography
2090:processing
2039:Print film
1955:comparison
1922:Uzbekistan
1872:Luxembourg
1832:Bangladesh
1781:Dufaycolor
1761:Box camera
1718:Simplicity
1675:Zoom burst
1670:Xerography
1665:Vignetting
1655:Time-lapse
1643:Tilt–shift
1536:Mordançage
1526:Luminogram
1491:Holography
1486:High-speed
1466:Fill flash
1446:Burst mode
1424:Techniques
1405:Vernacular
1400:Underwater
1395:Toy camera
1375:Still life
1303:Monochrome
1293:High-speed
1243:Cloudscape
1233:Conceptual
1135:Photograph
1120:Lens flare
1100:Film speed
982:Zone plate
928:wide-angle
913:long-focus
556:0750934883
517:2013-08-18
387:2013-08-18
367:References
252:Popularity
2209:Norwegian
2173:Stop bath
2118:Developer
1746:Ambrotype
1708:Lead room
1631:Slit-scan
1566:Photogram
1561:Panoramic
1471:Fireworks
1456:Cyanotype
1298:Landscape
943:telephoto
891:reflector
886:monolight
881:lens hood
866:cucoloris
802:safelight
713:Equipment
383:. Loc.gov
346:Ambrotype
223:positives
164:talbotype
156:developed
87:The term
62:talbotype
18:Talbotype
2288:Category
1994:CMOS APS
1892:Slovenia
1820:Regional
1766:Calotype
1703:Headroom
1581:Redscale
1496:Infrared
1441:Brenizer
1415:Wildlife
1338:Portrait
1283:Forensic
1273:Fine-art
1208:Aircraft
1198:Abstract
1078:F-number
1058:Exposure
1033:Clipping
1008:Aperture
876:hot shoe
797:enlarger
792:Darkroom
485:, p. 20.
335:See also
283:patented
160:calotype
136:negative
89:calotype
72:, using
58:Calotype
2299:Outline
2235:Related
1927:Vietnam
1912:Ukraine
1847:Denmark
1827:Albania
1806:Tintype
1733:History
1698:Framing
1591:Rollout
1556:Panning
1506:Kirlian
1410:Wedding
1288:Glamour
1268:Fashion
1253:Eclipse
1223:Banquet
1145:Albumen
955:Monopod
933:fisheye
901:softbox
750:pinhole
740:instant
730:digital
361:Tintype
292:England
2297:
2286:
2219:street
2214:Polish
1907:Turkey
1902:Taiwan
1887:Serbia
1877:Norway
1852:Greece
1837:Canada
1431:Afocal
1390:Street
1370:Sports
1353:Selfie
1308:Nature
1263:Erotic
1228:Candid
1203:Aerial
1191:Genres
1093:medium
970:Tripod
938:swivel
851:Filter
829:holder
824:format
720:Camera
553:
450:
2224:women
2182:Lists
2138:Fixer
2021:Pixel
1950:D-SLR
1897:Sudan
1867:Korea
1862:Japan
1857:India
1842:China
1626:Strip
1551:Night
1531:Macro
1436:Bokeh
1380:Stock
1348:Ruins
1088:large
918:prime
896:snoot
856:Flash
834:stock
809:Drone
770:still
755:press
745:phone
735:field
408:(PDF)
317:India
263:, by
203:fixed
181:with
115:typos
109:τύπος
103:kalos
97:καλός
74:paper
45:, by
2247:film
1962:MILC
1461:ETTR
1318:Nude
1278:Fire
1177:Sync
975:head
923:zoom
908:Lens
871:gobo
819:base
814:Film
785:view
551:ISBN
448:ISBN
189:and
1999:CCD
780:toy
775:TLR
765:SLR
162:or
60:or
2316::
584:,
497:,
470:,
428:^
331:.
269:c.
267:,
138:.
80:.
51:c.
49:,
698:e
691:t
684:v
559:.
520:.
456:.
390:.
112:(
100:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
