291:
484:
776:
1970s, a gene pool was established to preserve the tamaraw's numbers. However, the project was not successful, as only one offspring, named "Kali", was produced. As of 2011, Kali is the only surviving animal in the gene pooling project. The project was also not improved as the
Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau showed that the tamaraws were already breeding in the wild. Cloning was not implemented for conservation as the Department of Environment and Natural Resource argued that such measures would diminish the genetic diversity of the species.
629:
541:
38:
108:
240:
66:
839:
473:). The face is the same color as the body. Most of the members of the species also have a pair of gray-white strips that begins from the inner corner of the eye to the horns. The nose and lips have black skin. The ears are 13.5 cm (5.3 in) long from notch to tip with white markings on the insides.
775:
was also established in 1979. The organization has successfully bred a tamaraw, nicknamed "Kali", in captivity in 1999. In 2001, Republic Act 9147, or the
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act was enacted to protect the tamaraw and other endemic species from hunting and sale. During the
457:
is seen in the species, although males are reported to have thicker necks. The tamaraw has a typical shoulder height of 100–105 cm (39–41 in). The length of the body is 2.2 m (7.2 ft), while the tail adds a further 60 cm (24 in). Reported weights have ranged from 180 to
548:
As a rare, endemic mammal on a relatively secluded island, the ecology of the tamaraw is largely unknown. Individuals of the species are reclusive and shy away from humans. In addition, the small sizes of the species' subpopulations, already spread thin throughout their fragmented range (in 1986,
313:, which is classified as a subspecies of the water buffalo. In contrast to the carabao, the tamaraw has a number of distinguishing characteristics; it is slightly hairier, has light markings on its face, is not gregarious, and has shorter horns that are somewhat V-shaped. It is the second-largest
526:
population on
Mindoro was placed at around 10,000 individuals in the early 1900s. Less than 50 years later in 1949, the population had dwindled to around 1000 individuals. By 1953, fewer than 250 animals were estimated to be alive. These population estimates continually grew smaller until the
640:
is a solitary creature. Adults of the species do not occur in herds or smaller packs, and are often encountered alone. Only juveniles exhibit the typical bovine herding behavior and clan hierarchy often seen in water buffalo. Males and females are known to associate all year round, but this
615:
The tamaraw is known to live for about 20 years, with an estimated lifespan of about 25. The adult female tamaraw gives birth to one offspring after a gestation period around 300 days. There is an interbirth interval of two years, although one female has been sighted with three
768:. The act specifically prohibited killing, hunting, and even merely wounding tamaraws, with an exception noted for self-defense (if one were to be attacked by an agitated individual) or for scientific purposes. The penalties were harsh enough to include a hefty fine and imprisonment.
808:
As of April 2019, according to June Pineda, Tamaraw
Conservation Program coordinator of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the latest count at Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park in Occidental Mindoro showed 466 to 494 tamaraws, lower than 2018’s 523 animals.
802:. Thus, international commercial trade in the species or any derivatives of which, such as meat or horns, is considered illegal. While commercial trade in the species is prohibited, exchange for noncommercial reasons, such as scientific research, is allowed.
564:
areas. It is typically found in thick brush, near open-canopied glades, where it may feed on grasses. Since human habitation and subsequent forest fragmentation of their home island of
Mindoro, the habitat preferences of the tamaraw have somewhat expanded to
641:
interaction lasts only a few hours. This solitary behavior may be an adaptation to its forest environment. Adult males are often solitary and apparently aggressive, while adult females can be alone, accompanied by a bull, or their young of different ages.
480:. The horns have flat surfaces and are triangular at their base. Due to the regular rubbing, the tamaraw's horns have a worn outer surface, but with rough inner sides. The horns are reported to be 35.5 to 51.0 cm (14.0 to 20.1 in) long.
333:
on the island of
Mindoro, coupled with the discovery of fossil bubalids in other islands around the archipelago, indicates that the family was once widespread throughout the Philippines. In fact, fossil finds in the 20th century have shown that
283:. The tamaraw was originally found all over Mindoro, from sea level up to the mountains (2000 m above sea level), but because of human habitation, hunting, and logging, it is now restricted to only a few remote grassy plains and is now a
1999:
531:
publication of their 1969 Red Data Book, where the tamaraw population was noted to be an alarmingly low 100 head. This head count rose to 120 animals in 1975. Current estimates place the wild tamaraw population from 30 to 200 individuals.
656:
507:. However, as antimalarial medicine was developed, more people settled on the island. The increase in human activity has drastically reduced tamaraw population. By 1966, the tamaraw's range was reduced to three areas: Mount Iglit,
731:
Many factors have contributed to the decline of the tamaraw population. Over the course of the century, the increase of the human population on
Mindoro has exposed the island's sole tamaraw population to severe
744:
epidemic among the tamaraw population then numbering in the thousands. Hunting of tamaraws for food and sustenance has also taken a toll on the species' numbers. The most major factor threatening survival of
691:
began in 1965, when it was classified as status inadequately known by the IUCN. Enough data were gathered on the tamaraw population by 1986, and the IUCN conservation monitoring center declared the species
2007:
771:
In 1979, an executive order was signed creating a committee specifically geared towards the conservation of the tamaraw; it was referred to as a "source of national pride" in the said order. The
712:
indicated that the species' range was less than 500 km, and is known to exist in less than five independent locations. A noticed continuing decline in the population fulfilled sub-criterion
647:
Reports of aggression when cornered are unsubstantiated. Tamaraw Threat posture involves lowering the head, and shifting its horns into a vertical position, accompanied by head shaking.
2056:
887:, an evolution of the Tamaraw AUV. It was widely patronized by taxi operators, and was immediately turned into a staple mode of transportation much like a cross of the taxi and the
7175:
872:. In line with the Tamaraw Conservation Month, the proclamation aimed to remind the people of Mindoro the importance of the conservation of the tamaraw and its environment.
904:
764:
population, various
Philippine laws and organizations have been created towards the conservation of the species. In 1936, Commonwealth Act No. 73 was enacted by the then-
7015:
561:
528:
1222:
Wall, David A.; Scott K. Davis; Bruce M. Read (May 1992). "Phylogenetic
Relationships in the Subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) Based on Ribosomal DNA".
7080:
7210:
1344:
298:
2029:
7205:
7185:
2087:
6989:
503:
The tamaraw was first documented in 1888 on the island of
Mindoro. Before 1900, most people avoided settling on Mindoro due to a virulent strain of
7028:
2267:
1044:
465:. The limbs are short and stocky. White markings are seen in the hooves and the inner lower fore legs. These markings are similar to those of the
1936:
2443:
830:
efforts were spurred towards the latter half of the 20th century. The IUCN has described this as still going on in their 2006 Red List report.
2397:
1375:
2194:
2064:
290:
757:, logging, and agriculture. These factors reduced the population of thousands during the early 1900s to less than 300 individuals in 2007.
780:
516:
279:
in the Philippines, and is the only endemic Philippine bovine. It is believed, however, to have once also thrived on the larger island of
7190:
805:
The 2002 Presidential Proclamation 273 set October as a "Special Month for the Conservation and Protection of the Tamaraw in Mindoro.".
7200:
1276:
794:, where it has been since the species was first put on the list on January 7, 1975. With the listing, CITES recognizes the species as
728:
criteria. This was due to estimates that the population would decline by 20% in five years or within the timespan of two generations.
724:
population at the time figured significantly lower than this. In 2000, the tamaraw was relisted on the Red List under the more severe
491:
1080:
2369:
1809:
1764:
1606:
912:
7054:
2245:
733:
46:
7072:
7033:
2263:
1040:
2330:
1966:
2795:
2168:
676:
70:
1146:
Burton, J. A.; S. Hedges; A. H. Mustari (2005). "The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa
3584:
483:
696:. Throughout succeeding surveys conducted in 1988, 1990, 1994 and 1996, the species remained listed on the Red List as
7067:
1596:
2864:
2436:
1890:"Creating a presidential committee for the conservation of the tamaraw, defining its powers and for other purposes"
7085:
1352:
772:
549:
about 51 individuals were found in a 20-km area), make contact with any more than a solitary individual a rarity.
7195:
5841:
2786:
2777:
720:
essentially required that a population be composed of less than 250 mature individuals; individual counts of the
449:, and a small, horned head at the end of a short neck. It is smaller and stockier compared to the water buffalo (
2006:. United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre. A-119.009.004.003. Archived from
1702:
1621:
418:
The name tamaraw has other variants, such as tamarau, tamarou, and tamarao. The term tamaraw may have come from
107:
862:
858:, the tamaraw is also considered a national symbol of the Philippines. An image of the animal is featured on a
843:
512:
17:
6935:
5628:
822:
While not as heavily exploited as other large, endangered mammals, the tamaraw population was subject to some
7150:
6908:
6277:
5790:
5670:
3566:
3226:
2707:
1438:
765:
6870:
3328:
3034:
2953:
896:
859:
847:
868:
In 2004, Proclamation No. 692 was enacted to make October 1 a special working holiday in the province of
7119:
3733:
2962:
2846:
2429:
908:
795:
628:
540:
284:
212:
37:
6478:
5508:
569:. Within their mountainous environment, tamaraws will usually be found not far from sources of water.
6976:
6917:
6785:
6551:
6542:
6487:
6112:
6076:
6049:
5457:
5448:
4893:
4884:
3250:
3109:
3052:
2998:
1940:
827:
591:
314:
2295:
2220:
2138:
1682:
6731:
6433:
6424:
6172:
6040:
6013:
5949:
5610:
5490:
5439:
3118:
3025:
2616:
1889:
1472:
1181:
Beyer, H. O. (1957). "New finds of fossil mammals from the Pleistocene strata of the Philippines".
617:
586:
55:
2112:
1404:
993:
599:, feeding during the daytime hours; however, daytime human activities have recently forced select
6818:
6809:
6103:
5228:
4954:
4431:
4422:
4141:
3575:
3043:
2855:
2837:
2716:
2317:
1969:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Archived from
1714:
1706:
1664:
1640:
1524:
1498:
1396:
1326:
1239:
1106:
1076:
869:
737:
693:
373:
229:
102:
7124:
6181:
6121:
6085:
6031:
6004:
5995:
5619:
5601:
5535:
1203:
Bohlken, H. (1958). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Wildrinden (Tribus Bovini Simpson, 1945)".
7020:
2171:(Press release). Government of the Republic of the Philippines. August 13, 2004. Archived from
7106:
6953:
6451:
6442:
6130:
6058:
5986:
5817:
5799:
5652:
4602:
3997:
3988:
3840:
3742:
3521:
3488:
3431:
3301:
2828:
2689:
2365:
1805:
1760:
1602:
754:
454:
1915:
7180:
7111:
6922:
6845:
6599:
6590:
6469:
6310:
6301:
6094:
5766:
5757:
5705:
5696:
5544:
5517:
5430:
5210:
4818:
4244:
4235:
4225:
4198:
3919:
3788:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2753:
2744:
2680:
2607:
2598:
2307:
1885:
1698:
1656:
1572:
1514:
1386:
1318:
1231:
1163:
1126:
988:
1685:; Michael R. Cottam; Donald W. Kaufman (July 2000). "Wallowing Behavior of American Bison (
1284:
7093:
7046:
6575:
6566:
6514:
6505:
6286:
5143:
5134:
4611:
4207:
3259:
3169:
3007:
2819:
2698:
2671:
2662:
1855:
1476:
305:
Contrary to common belief and past classification, the tamaraw is not a subspecies of the
239:
644:
Similar to other bovines the tamaraw wallows in mud pits, maybe to avoid biting insects.
6775:
6713:
6343:
6334:
5859:
5808:
5729:
5720:
5661:
5499:
5201:
5023:
5014:
4569:
4536:
4518:
4006:
3816:
3691:
3530:
2518:
2490:
2358:
2142:
508:
476:
Both sexes grows short, black horns in a V-shaped manner compared to C-shaped horns of
357:. Recent genetic analysis studies of the family members further strengthen this view.
341:
As a member of the family Bovidae, the tamaraw's close affinity to the water buffalo (
7169:
7041:
6400:
6382:
6268:
6205:
6196:
5255:
4990:
4963:
4734:
4644:
4635:
4620:
4485:
4449:
4404:
4341:
4332:
3849:
3807:
3700:
3666:
3656:
3557:
3539:
3202:
3151:
3061:
2625:
1799:
1754:
1434:
1330:
1167:
979:
920:
880:
684:
306:
75:
1718:
1528:
970:
345:) has been validated many times in the past. It was once considered a subspecies of
6794:
6763:
6653:
6325:
6139:
6067:
5940:
5883:
5874:
5592:
5526:
5288:
5246:
5161:
4972:
4692:
4683:
4545:
4476:
4365:
4356:
4098:
3867:
3548:
3503:
3470:
3241:
3133:
3100:
3016:
1306:
900:
750:
668:
604:
6958:
441:
has the appearance of a typical member of its family. It has a compact, heavyset,
338:
was once found on the northern Philippine island of Luzon during the Pleistocene.
7137:
7059:
7002:
6902:
6415:
6163:
5325:
5279:
5270:
5219:
5171:
5032:
4874:
4467:
4458:
4286:
4080:
4071:
4061:
3955:
3798:
3608:
3599:
3512:
3355:
3277:
3160:
3085:
3076:
2453:
1970:
892:
838:
159:
2172:
384:). A little over a decade after, the tamaraw was elevated to species status as
6022:
5922:
5747:
5339:
4761:
4743:
4494:
4189:
4174:
4165:
4132:
3909:
3715:
3632:
3623:
3398:
3389:
3268:
3193:
2734:
2555:
2421:
1577:
1560:
1519:
1502:
799:
741:
596:
6893:
2416:
1131:
1110:
6722:
6643:
6496:
6367:
6358:
5832:
5406:
5397:
5382:
5373:
5237:
4809:
4593:
4527:
4413:
3928:
3724:
3413:
3337:
3217:
2768:
2653:
2643:
2537:
2528:
1995:
1645:"Population and Social Characteristics of the Tamarao (Bubalus mindorensis)"
779:
A small subpopulation of tamaraws has been found within the confines of the
675:
stands as an extremely vulnerable species. Currently, it is classified as a
620:. The calf stays for 2–4 years with its mother before becoming independent.
566:
487:
370:
119:
6689:
1374:
Custodio, Carlo C.; Myrissa V. Lepiten; Lawrence R. Heaney (May 17, 1996).
1015:
2379:
Momongan, V. G.; G. I. Walde (1993). "Behavior of the endangered tamaraw (
2282:
Callo, R. A. (1991). "The tamaraw population: decreasing or increasing?".
7098:
6945:
6887:
6631:
6259:
5931:
5643:
5481:
5421:
5086:
4785:
4317:
4262:
4150:
3979:
3455:
3446:
3422:
3310:
3184:
2934:
2810:
2506:
2484:
2472:
1322:
1109:; Lawrence R. Heaney; John J. Flynn; Angel P. Bautista (August 3, 2006).
916:
139:
6968:
1856:"An act to prohibiting the killing, hunting, wounding or taking away of
1543:
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
655:
7145:
6994:
6836:
6671:
6532:
6391:
5781:
5568:
5559:
5472:
5358:
5349:
5321:
5077:
4945:
4860:
4856:
4827:
4752:
4440:
4313:
4274:
3858:
3775:
3681:
2944:
2894:
2589:
2321:
1710:
1668:
1400:
1243:
937:
888:
855:
823:
664:
578:
504:
442:
423:
310:
276:
272:
268:
189:
179:
169:
1283:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 1993. Archived from
7007:
6930:
6680:
6249:
6154:
5977:
5967:
5583:
5095:
4935:
4917:
4908:
4794:
4716:
4668:
4659:
4117:
4108:
4043:
4034:
4024:
3946:
3479:
3292:
3142:
2478:
2466:
1655:(3). The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation: 263–266.
1257:
Groves, C. P. (1969). "Systematics of the anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae)".
876:
582:
318:
149:
129:
6864:
2312:
2299:
1660:
1644:
1391:
1235:
2398:"The Philippines Is Rallying Behind Its Disappearing Dwarf Buffalo"
1689:) in Tallgrass Prairie: an Examination of Alternate Explanations".
700:. The relisting of the species in 1996 fulfilled the IUCN criteria
399:. The tamaraw's scientific name was updated into its present form,
7132:
6704:
6662:
6237:
5907:
5898:
5192:
5119:
5110:
5041:
4770:
4725:
4584:
4509:
4389:
4380:
3891:
3882:
3374:
3365:
2574:
2565:
1962:
837:
791:
716:, given the condition of the population's sole habitat. Criterion
654:
627:
539:
515:. By 2000, their range was further reduced to only two areas: the
482:
391:
Later research and analyses of relationships determined the genus
289:
280:
92:
86:
2088:"Habitat loss, poaching blamed for decline in tamaraw population"
2030:"Tamaraws no longer on brink of extinction, say conservationists"
1937:"Philippines : Endangered Tamaraws breed in the wilds again"
1309:(2005). "The History of Faunal Terms in Austronesian Languages".
5850:
5180:
5068:
5050:
4707:
4560:
3964:
3831:
3647:
2921:
2882:
1780:
1750:
1732:
1542:
932:
680:
466:
446:
6981:
6868:
6760:
6628:
6234:
5317:
4852:
4309:
3771:
2917:
2503:
2425:
891:. The FX later saw a new generation model known locally as the
687:
of endangered species. Awareness of the conservation status of
6460:
5059:
5005:
3937:
3319:
1115:(Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines"
1087:. Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
875:
During the wake of the Asian utility popularity in the 1990s,
461:
Adults have a dark brown to grayish color and more hair than
1183:
Bulletin of the National Research Council of the Philippines
1703:
10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0159:WBOABB]2.0.CO;2
895:
The tamaraw is also the mascot of the varsity teams of the
2298:; Myrissa V. Lepiten; Lawrence R. Heaney (May 17, 1996).
1866:. National Assembly of the Philippines. October 23, 1936
1189:. National Research Council of the Philippines: 220–238.
792:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
854:
Though the national animal of the Philippines is the
6877:
6835:
6807:
6783:
6774:
6702:
6651:
6642:
6588:
6564:
6540:
6531:
6413:
6380:
6356:
6323:
6299:
6257:
6248:
6194:
6152:
5975:
5966:
5920:
5896:
5872:
5830:
5779:
5755:
5746:
5718:
5694:
5687:
5641:
5581:
5557:
5470:
5419:
5395:
5371:
5347:
5338:
5268:
5169:
5160:
5132:
5108:
5003:
4943:
4934:
4906:
4882:
4873:
4807:
4783:
4705:
4681:
4657:
4633:
4582:
4558:
4507:
4402:
4378:
4354:
4330:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4233:
4224:
4187:
4163:
4130:
4106:
4097:
4069:
4060:
4032:
4023:
3977:
3917:
3908:
3880:
3829:
3796:
3787:
3713:
3679:
3645:
3621:
3597:
3501:
3468:
3444:
3411:
3387:
3363:
3354:
3290:
3239:
3215:
3182:
3131:
3098:
3074:
2942:
2933:
2893:
2881:
2808:
2766:
2742:
2733:
2651:
2642:
2587:
2563:
2554:
2526:
2517:
1429:
1427:
1425:
2357:
1125:(5). American Society of Mammalogists: 1037–1051.
905:University Athletic Association of the Philippines
380:, a subspecies of the then-water buffalo species (
2360:Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rain forest
2004:UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species
1230:(2). American Society of Mammalogists: 262–275.
309:, nor is it a subspecies of the slightly larger
1759:. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN.
1547:1969 IUCN 1969 Red Data Book. Vol. 1 - Mammalia
422:, which is a probable alternative name for the
2306:(520). American Society of Mammalogists: 1–5.
1844:. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN.
1739:. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN.
529:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2437:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1385:(520). American Society of Mammalogist: 1–5.
1198:
1196:
994:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3127A50737640.en
736:pressures. In the 1930s, the introduction of
267:) is a small buffalo belonging to the family
8:
2364:. Chicago, Illinois: Field Museum, Chicago.
1697:(1). The University of Notre Dame: 159–167.
1635:
1633:
1351:. wildcattleconservation.org. Archived from
1081:"The Tamaraw: Mindoro's endangered treasure"
969:Boyles, R.; Schutz, E.; de Leon, J. (2016).
7176:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
2113:"Philippines Independence Day Celebrations"
1590:
1588:
6865:
6780:
6771:
6757:
6648:
6639:
6625:
6537:
6254:
6245:
6231:
5972:
5752:
5691:
5344:
5335:
5314:
5166:
4940:
4879:
4870:
4849:
4327:
4306:
4230:
4103:
4066:
4029:
3914:
3793:
3784:
3768:
3360:
2939:
2930:
2914:
2739:
2648:
2560:
2523:
2514:
2500:
2444:
2430:
2422:
2356:Heaney, L. R.; J. C. Regalado Jr. (1998).
2343:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
2055:goodnewspilipinas.com (October 11, 2008).
636:Unlike the closely related water buffalo,
321:in the country, next only to the carabao.
238:
64:
36:
27:
2311:
1576:
1518:
1390:
1130:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
992:
826:pressure from subsistence hunters before
2195:"Overall Chronological Table: 1971-1980"
1842:2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1827:1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
1801:1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
1785:1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
1756:1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
1737:1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
781:Mt. Iglit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary
365:The tamaraw was originally described as
2268:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1622:Ageing, longevity, and life history of
1045:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
948:
585:shoots, although it is known to prefer
376:in 1888. In 1958, it was described as
2057:"Saving the Tamaraws from extinction"
1825:Groombridge, B.; Baillie, J. (1996).
1111:"Fossil remains of a new, diminutive
740:cattle on the island caused a severe
7:
7151:F94DAAB8-6CB1-44E2-A244-A5AAA8F1978B
1205:Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie)
923:, were also named after the bovine.
7211:Critically endangered biota of Asia
1751:IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre
1733:IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre
980:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2143:"Bubalus mindorensis, Philippines"
1561:"Major effort to save the tamaraw"
679:and has been so since 2000 by the
458:300 kg (400 to 660 lb).
299:National Museum of Natural History
14:
2246:"10 awesome Boracay alternatives"
1281:Mammal Species of the World (MSW)
913:Philippine Basketball Association
7206:Taxa named by Pierre Marie Heude
7186:Endemic fauna of the Philippines
1168:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00048.x
879:Motors Philippines released the
581:that feeds on grasses and young
106:
2796:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2086:Virola, Madonna (May 9, 2019).
818:Economical and commercial value
517:Mounts Iglit–Baco National Park
361:Etymology and taxonomic history
47:Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park
3585:Central American red brocket (
2396:Bittel, Jason (May 21, 2019).
1:
1896:. Republic of the Philippines
1598:Walker's Mammals of the World
677:critically endangered species
4292:Large subfamily listed below
4280:Large subfamily listed below
4268:Large subfamily listed below
1860:, commonly known as tamaraw"
1804:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
1549:. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
865:released from 1983 to 1994.
773:Tamaraw Conservation Project
659:An illustration of a tamaraw
567:lower-altitude grassy plains
445:body, four legs that end in
2787:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2778:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1829:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
1787:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
1691:American Midland Naturalist
1601:. JHU Press. p. 1149.
7227:
7191:Mammals of the Philippines
2201:. Toyota Motor Corporation
1840:Hilton-Taylor, C. (2000).
760:Due to the decline of the
755:infrastructure development
562:tropical highland forested
492:Philippine National Museum
403:(sometimes referred to as
395:to be a part of the genus
15:
7201:Mammals described in 1888
6770:
6756:
6723:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6714:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6638:
6624:
6278:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6244:
6230:
5334:
5313:
4869:
4848:
4326:
4305:
3783:
3767:
3567:Amazonian brown brocket (
2929:
2913:
2900:Large family listed below
2888:Large family listed below
2865:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2513:
2499:
2461:
2381:Bubalus mindorensis huede
1595:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
1578:10.1017/S0030605300022821
1520:10.1017/S0030605300014472
1503:"Increase in the tamaraw"
522:Initial estimates of the
513:Sablayan Penal Settlement
246:
237:
218:
211:
103:Scientific classification
101:
84:
62:
53:
44:
35:
30:
4964:Domestic water buffalo (
3329:Central Asian red deer (
2954:Bornean yellow muntjac (
2147:EcoPort Picture Databank
2119:. 123independenceday.com
1798:Groombridge, B. (1994).
1627:. Accessed March 5, 2007
1447:www.ultimateungulate.com
1132:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-018R.1
790:is on Appendix I of the
607:to avoid human contact.
536:Ecology and life history
378:Anoa bubalis mindorensis
355:Anoa bubalis mindorensis
18:Tamaraw (disambiguation)
5842:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5629:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3734:Yucatan brown brocket (
2963:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2847:Philippine mouse-deer (
1916:"Republic Act No. 9147"
1894:Executive Order No. 544
1864:Commonwealth Act No. 73
1477:"Animal Info - Tamaraw"
915:. The Tamaraw Falls in
766:Philippine Commonwealth
6552:White-lipped peccary (
6488:Philippine warty pig (
6113:Yellow-backed duiker (
6077:Black-fronted duiker (
6050:White-bellied duiker (
5671:Przewalski's gazelle (
4894:Four-horned antelope (
3692:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3251:Visayan spotted deer (
3110:European fallow deer (
3053:Northern red muntjac (
2999:Southern red muntjac (
2417:Haribon's tamaraw page
2169:"Proclamation No. 692"
1148:Bubalus depressicornis
897:Far Eastern University
860:Flora and Fauna Series
851:
848:Flora and Fauna Series
660:
633:
595:). They are naturally
545:
495:
434:Anatomy and morphology
302:
7120:Paleobiology Database
6732:Wild Bactrian camel (
6434:Bornean bearded pig (
6425:Palawan bearded pig (
6014:White-legged duiker (
5440:Red-fronted gazelle (
3119:Persian fallow deer (
3035:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2708:Himalayan musk deer (
2617:Reticulated giraffe (
2300:"Bubalus mindorensis"
2264:"Bubalus mindorensis"
2010:on September 30, 2007
2000:"Bubalus mindorensis"
1376:"Bubalus mindorensis"
1277:"Bubalus mindorensis"
1079:(February 21, 2005).
1041:"Bubalus mindorensis"
841:
834:In Philippine culture
796:critically endangered
658:
631:
544:Close-up of a tamaraw
543:
511:, and areas near the
486:
293:
285:critically endangered
259:Mindoro dwarf buffalo
71:Critically Endangered
6819:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6479:Oliver's warty pig (
6104:Red-flanked duiker (
5509:Erlanger's gazelle (
5229:Harnessed bushbuck (
4955:Wild water buffalo (
4432:East Caucasian tur (
4423:West Caucasian tur (
3576:Little red brocket (
3044:Truong Son muntjac (
2856:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2838:Greater mouse-deer (
2717:Siberian musk deer (
2402:Earth Island Journal
2341:Animal Diversity Web
2284:Canopy International
1886:Marcos, Ferdinand E.
1581:. / EISSN 1365-3008.
1531:. / EISSN 1365-3008.
1323:10.1353/ol.2002.0016
1224:Journal of Mammalogy
1119:Journal of Mammalogy
1016:"Appendices | CITES"
987:: e.T3127A50737640.
813:Importance to humans
798:and threatened with
632:A small family group
592:Saccharum spontaneum
589:and wild sugarcane (
325:Evolutionary history
16:For other uses, see
6936:bubalus-mindorensis
6923:Bubalus_mindorensis
6909:Bubalus mindorensis
6879:Bubalus mindorensis
6452:Celebes warty pig (
6443:Visayan warty pig (
6059:Red forest duiker (
5791:Günther's dik-dik (
5653:Mongolian gazelle (
5458:Heuglin's gazelle (
5449:Thomson's gazelle (
4603:Long-tailed goral (
3998:Mountain reedbuck (
3989:Southern reedbuck (
3841:East African oryx (
3743:White-tailed deer (
3522:Small red brocket (
3489:South Andean deer (
3432:Siberian roe deer (
3423:European roe deer (
3260:Philippine sambar (
3227:Père David's deer (
2829:Lesser mouse-deer (
2690:Kashmir musk deer (
2334:Bubalus mindorensis
1858:Bubalus mindorensis
1624:Bubalus mindorensis
1441:Bubalus mindorensis
1437:(January 2, 2007).
1347:bubalus mindorensis
1311:Oceanic Linguistics
1287:on October 19, 1996
973:Bubalus mindorensis
401:Bubalus mindorensis
297:(Inside Philippine
264:Bubalus mindorensis
247:Range map in green
222:Bubalus mindorensis
204:B. mindorensis
56:Conservation status
6600:Collared peccary (
6470:Flores warty pig (
6311:Giant forest hog (
6173:Maxwell's duiker (
6095:Ruwenzori duiker (
6041:Jentink's duiker (
5950:Sharpe's grysbok (
5706:Tibetan antelope (
5611:Bright's gazelle (
5545:Goitered gazelle (
5518:Mountain gazelle (
5491:Cuvier's gazelle (
5431:Mongalla gazelle (
4819:Pyrenean chamois (
4245:Tibetan antelope (
4199:Black wildebeest (
3026:Reeves's muntjac (
2990:Sumatran muntjac (
2981:Gongshan muntjac (
2754:Water chevrotain (
2681:Alpine musk deer (
2608:Southern giraffe (
2599:Northern giraffe (
2385:Asia Life Sciences
2329:Gesch, P. (2004).
2296:Custodio, Carlo C.
2199:75 Years of Toyota
2141:(April 29, 2003).
1683:McMillan, Brock R.
1643:(September 1986).
1355:on October 8, 2007
1150:and mountain anoa
870:Occidental Mindoro
852:
663:Being an entirely
661:
634:
624:Behavioral ecology
603:individuals to be
546:
496:
494:of Natural History
374:Pierre Marie Heude
303:
23:Species of buffalo
7161:
7160:
7107:Open Tree of Life
6871:Taxon identifiers
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6831:
6830:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6576:Chacoan peccary (
6527:
6526:
6515:Javan warty pig (
6506:Timor warty pig (
6313:H. meinertzhageni
6287:Togian babirusa (
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6182:Walter's duiker (
6122:Abbott's duiker (
6086:Ogilby's duiker (
6032:Harvey's duiker (
5996:Brooke's duiker (
5962:
5961:
5742:
5741:
5683:
5682:
5620:Peter's gazelle (
5602:Grant's gazelle (
5536:Speke's gazelle (
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5186:
5156:
5155:
5144:African buffalo (
4975:B. depressicornis
4930:
4929:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4612:Himalayan goral (
4434:C. cylindricornis
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4257:
4256:
4220:
4219:
4208:Blue wildebeest (
4142:Common tsessebe (
4093:
4092:
4056:
4055:
4019:
4018:
3931:K. ellipsiprymnus
3904:
3903:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3703:P. mephistophiles
3659:P. mephistophiles
3350:
3349:
3046:M. truongsonensis
3008:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2877:
2876:
2820:Java mouse-deer (
2729:
2728:
2699:Black musk deer (
2672:Dwarf musk deer (
2663:Anhui musk deer (
2638:
2637:
2601:G. camelopardalis
2550:
2549:
2383:) in captivity".
2304:Mammalian Species
2225:feudiliman.edu.ph
2175:on August 3, 2007
2036:. October 3, 2008
1943:on March 18, 2012
1475:(March 5, 2005).
1383:Mammalian Species
842:The tamaraw on a
577:The tamaraw is a
471:B. depressicornis
455:sexual dimorphism
275:to the island of
251:
250:
96:
79:
7218:
7196:Fauna of Mindoro
7154:
7153:
7141:
7140:
7128:
7127:
7115:
7114:
7102:
7101:
7089:
7088:
7076:
7075:
7063:
7062:
7050:
7049:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7023:
7011:
7010:
6998:
6997:
6985:
6984:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6949:
6948:
6939:
6938:
6926:
6925:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6866:
6781:
6772:
6758:
6649:
6640:
6626:
6538:
6344:Common warthog (
6335:Desert warthog (
6255:
6246:
6232:
6131:Weyns's duiker (
6005:Peters' duiker (
5987:Aders's duiker (
5973:
5860:Royal antelope (
5818:Salt's dik-dik (
5809:Silver dik-dik (
5800:Kirk's dik-dik (
5753:
5730:Saiga antelope (
5692:
5631:N. soemmerringii
5500:Dorcas gazelle (
5345:
5336:
5329:
5315:
5202:Mountain nyala (
5185:
5184:
5176:
5167:
5122:P. nghetinhensis
5024:European bison (
5015:American bison (
4941:
4880:
4871:
4864:
4850:
4726:Domestic sheep (
4570:Himalayan tahr (
4537:Mainland serow (
4519:Japanese serow (
4328:
4321:
4307:
4231:
4104:
4067:
4030:
4007:Bohor reedbuck (
3915:
3894:A. nasomaculatus
3817:Sable antelope (
3794:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3531:Merida brocket (
3361:
3302:Thorold's deer (
3154:A. calamianensis
3037:M. rooseveltorum
2983:M. gongshanensis
2940:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2740:
2649:
2628:G. tippelskirchi
2561:
2524:
2515:
2501:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2405:
2392:
2375:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2325:
2315:
2291:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2250:
2249:
2248:. April 4, 2018.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2067:on July 12, 2014
2063:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1939:. Archived from
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1888:(July 9, 1979).
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1571:: 126 pp. 1989.
1557:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1410:on March 4, 2016
1409:
1403:. Archived from
1394:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1152:Bubalus quarlesi
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1073:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
996:
966:
786:As of May 2007,
386:Anoa mindorensis
367:Anoa mindorensis
329:The presence of
242:
224:
111:
110:
90:
73:
68:
67:
40:
28:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7149:
7144:
7136:
7131:
7123:
7118:
7110:
7105:
7097:
7094:Observation.org
7092:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7045:
7040:
7032:
7027:
7019:
7014:
7006:
7001:
6993:
6988:
6980:
6975:
6967:
6965:
6957:
6952:
6944:
6942:
6934:
6929:
6921:
6916:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6873:
6863:
6850:
6827:
6803:
6766:
6740:
6698:
6634:
6608:
6584:
6560:
6523:
6490:S. philippensis
6427:S. ahoenobarbus
6409:
6401:Red river hog (
6376:
6352:
6319:
6295:
6269:Buru babirusa (
6240:
6214:
6206:Common duiker (
6190:
6148:
5958:
5916:
5892:
5868:
5826:
5775:
5738:
5714:
5679:
5664:P. picticaudata
5637:
5577:
5553:
5547:G. subgutturosa
5466:
5415:
5391:
5367:
5330:
5319:
5297:
5264:
5256:Cape bushbuck (
5249:T. strepsiceros
5178:
5177:
5175:
5152:
5128:
5104:
4999:
4991:Mountain anoa (
4926:
4920:B. tragocamelus
4902:
4896:T. quadricornis
4865:
4854:
4836:
4803:
4779:
4735:Bighorn sheep (
4701:
4677:
4653:
4645:Mountain goat (
4629:
4621:Chinese goral (
4578:
4554:
4539:C. sumatraensis
4503:
4486:Siberian ibex (
4450:Domestic goat (
4398:
4374:
4350:
4342:Barbary sheep (
4322:
4311:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4253:
4216:
4183:
4159:
4126:
4089:
4052:
4015:
3973:
3900:
3876:
3850:Scimitar oryx (
3825:
3808:Roan antelope (
3779:
3773:
3751:
3709:
3701:Northern pudu (
3675:
3667:Southern pudu (
3657:Northern pudu (
3641:
3617:
3593:
3558:Pygmy brocket (
3540:Dwarf brocket (
3497:
3464:
3440:
3407:
3383:
3346:
3286:
3235:
3211:
3178:
3152:Calamian deer (
3127:
3121:D. mesopotamica
3094:
3070:
3064:M. vuquangensis
3062:Giant muntjac (
2972:Fea's muntjac (
2925:
2919:
2901:
2889:
2873:
2804:
2762:
2725:
2683:M. chrysogaster
2634:
2626:Masai giraffe (
2583:
2546:
2509:
2495:
2457:
2450:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2378:
2372:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2328:
2313:10.2307/3504276
2294:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2139:Breithaupt, Jan
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2117:National Symbol
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1976:on July 9, 2007
1973:
1965:(May 3, 2007).
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
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1884:
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1797:
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1748:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1661:10.2307/2388495
1641:Kuehn, David W.
1639:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1499:Kuehn, David W.
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1392:10.2307/3504276
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
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1274:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1236:10.2307/1382056
1221:
1220:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1107:Croft, Darin A.
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
968:
967:
950:
946:
929:
909:Toyota Tamaraws
836:
820:
815:
653:
626:
613:
575:
573:Trophic ecology
555:
538:
501:
436:
363:
327:
233:
226:
220:
207:
105:
97:
80:
69:
65:
58:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7224:
7222:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7168:
7167:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7142:
7129:
7116:
7103:
7090:
7077:
7064:
7051:
7038:
7025:
7012:
6999:
6986:
6973:
6963:
6950:
6940:
6927:
6914:
6899:
6883:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:C. liberiensis
6815:
6813:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6795:Hippopotamus (
6791:
6789:
6778:
6776:Hippopotamidae
6768:
6767:
6761:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6729:
6725:C. dromedarius
6720:
6710:
6708:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6687:
6678:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6646:
6636:
6635:
6629:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6572:
6570:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6512:
6508:S. timoriensis
6503:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6461:Domestic pig (
6458:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6341:
6337:P. aethiopicus
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6289:B. togeanensis
6284:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6252:
6242:
6241:
6235:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6140:Zebra duiker (
6137:
6128:
6119:
6115:C. silvicultor
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6068:Black duiker (
6065:
6056:
6052:C. leucogaster
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5947:
5941:Cape grysbok (
5938:
5928:
5926:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5884:Klipspringer (
5880:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5815:
5811:M. piacentinii
5806:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5673:P. przewalskii
5668:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5593:Dama gazelle (
5589:
5587:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5542:
5533:
5527:Rhim gazelle (
5524:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5488:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5446:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:A. marsupialis
5379:
5377:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5342:
5332:
5331:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5289:Common eland (
5286:
5276:
5274:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5253:
5247:Greater kudu (
5244:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5060:Domestic yak (
5057:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5011:
5009:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4988:
4984:B. mindorensis
4979:
4973:Lowland anoa (
4970:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4853:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4693:Nilgiri tahr (
4689:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4546:Taiwan serow (
4543:
4534:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4477:Iberian ibex (
4474:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4366:Arabian tahr (
4362:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4310:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4004:
4000:R. fulvorufula
3995:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3868:Arabian oryx (
3865:
3856:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:O. virginianus
3740:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3664:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:O. bezoarticus
3605:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3551:M. gouazoubira
3549:Gray brocket (
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3304:C. albirostris
3298:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:E. cephalophus
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3017:Leaf muntjac (
3014:
3010:M. puhoatensis
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:T. williamsoni
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:M. moschiferus
2714:
2710:M. leucogaster
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2674:M. berezovskii
2669:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2519:Antilocapridae
2511:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2491:Laurasiatheria
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2411:External links
2409:
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2406:
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2370:
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2326:
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2279:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2237:
2212:
2186:
2160:
2130:
2104:
2078:
2047:
2034:GMANews Online
2021:
1987:
1954:
1928:
1907:
1877:
1847:
1832:
1817:
1810:
1790:
1772:
1765:
1742:
1724:
1674:
1629:
1614:
1607:
1584:
1552:
1534:
1490:
1473:Massicot, Paul
1459:
1435:Huffman, Brent
1421:
1366:
1336:
1298:
1268:
1249:
1214:
1192:
1173:
1138:
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1057:
1032:
1007:
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945:
942:
941:
940:
935:
928:
925:
835:
832:
819:
816:
814:
811:
788:B. mindorensis
762:B. mindorensis
747:B. mindorensis
722:B. mindorensis
689:B. mindorensis
673:B. mindorensis
652:
649:
638:B. mindorensis
625:
622:
612:
609:
601:B. mindorensis
574:
571:
558:B. mindorensis
554:
551:
537:
534:
524:B. mindorensis
509:Mount Calavite
500:
497:
439:B. mindorensis
435:
432:
362:
359:
336:B. mindorensis
331:B. mindorensis
326:
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49:, Philippines
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3:
2:
7223:
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6900:
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6806:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6737:
6735:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6716:C. bactrianus
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6605:
6603:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6517:S. verrucosus
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6463:S. domesticus
6459:
6457:
6455:
6454:S. celebensis
6450:
6448:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6383:Potamochoerus
6379:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6280:B. celebensis
6276:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6229:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6164:Blue duiker (
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6079:C. nigrifrons
6075:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6061:C. natalensis
6057:
6055:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6007:C. callipygus
6003:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5934:R. campestris
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5886:O. oreotragus
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5529:G. leptoceros
5525:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5433:E. albonotata
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5409:A. cervicapra
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5312:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5280:Giant eland (
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5258:T. sylvaticus
5254:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5220:Lesser kudu (
5218:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5035:B. domesticus
5033:Bali cattle (
5031:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4847:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4737:O. canadensis
4733:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4684:Nilgiritragus
4680:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4647:O. americanus
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4572:H. jemlahicus
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4468:Nubian ibex (
4466:
4464:
4462:
4459:Alpine ibex (
4457:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Pantholopinae
4223:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4177:A. buselaphus
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4081:Grey rhebok (
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Aepycerotinae
4022:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3956:Nile lechwe (
3954:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Hippotraginae
3786:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3635:B. dichotomus
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3609:Pampas deer (
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3569:M. nemorivaga
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3513:Red brocket (
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3482:H. antisensis
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3322:C. canadensis
3318:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3271:R. timorensis
3267:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3229:E. davidianus
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3196:R. duvaucelii
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:Bawean deer (
3159:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3086:Tufted deer (
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3019:M. putaoensis
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:M. crinifrons
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2858:T. versicolor
2854:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2665:M. anhuiensis
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2619:G. reticulata
2615:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:(2): 241–350.
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2371:9780914868194
2367:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2226:
2222:
2221:"FEU Diliman"
2216:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1811:9782831701943
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1766:9782880329358
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1608:0-8018-5789-9
1604:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1513:(5): 453 pp.
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1479:. Animal Info
1478:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Blust, Robert
1302:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Mammal Review
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
995:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
974:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
949:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
924:
922:
921:Puerto Galera
918:
914:
910:
907:, and of the
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Toyota Kijang
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
861:
857:
849:
845:
840:
833:
831:
829:
825:
817:
812:
810:
806:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
777:
774:
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
734:anthropogenic
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
685:IUCN Red List
682:
678:
674:
671:land mammal,
670:
666:
657:
650:
648:
645:
642:
639:
630:
623:
621:
619:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
572:
570:
568:
563:
559:
552:
550:
542:
535:
533:
530:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
456:
452:
448:
447:cloven hooves
444:
440:
433:
431:
429:
428:Bos javanicus
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:water buffalo
300:
296:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
245:
241:
236:
231:
225:
223:
217:
214:
213:Binomial name
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
100:
94:
88:
83:
77:
72:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
19:
7163:
6878:
6820:
6808:
6797:H. amphibius
6796:
6786:Hippopotamus
6784:
6764:Whippomorpha
6733:
6724:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6682:
6673:
6664:
6652:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6445:S. cebifrons
6444:
6435:
6426:
6414:
6402:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6357:
6346:P. africanus
6345:
6336:
6326:Phacochoerus
6324:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6279:
6271:B. babyrussa
6270:
6258:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6175:P. maxwellii
6174:
6166:P. monticola
6165:
6153:
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6106:C. rufilatus
6105:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6033:
6024:
6023:Bay duiker (
6016:C. crusalbum
6015:
6006:
5997:
5988:
5976:
5968:Cephalophini
5951:
5943:R. melanotis
5942:
5933:
5921:
5909:
5897:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5853:N. moschatus
5852:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5793:M. guentheri
5792:
5780:
5769:D. megalotis
5768:
5756:
5731:
5719:
5708:P. hodgsonii
5707:
5695:
5672:
5663:
5655:P. gutturosa
5654:
5642:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5558:
5546:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5511:G. erlangeri
5510:
5501:
5492:
5484:G. bennettii
5483:
5471:
5459:
5451:E. thomsonii
5450:
5442:E. rufifrons
5441:
5432:
5420:
5408:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5290:
5282:T. derbianus
5281:
5269:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5213:T. eurycerus
5212:
5203:
5194:
5170:
5162:Tragelaphini
5145:
5133:
5121:
5109:
5097:
5088:
5080:B. javanicus
5079:
5070:
5062:B. grunniens
5061:
5052:
5044:B. frontalis
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4944:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4830:R. rupicapra
4829:
4821:R. pyrenaica
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4763:
4762:Snow sheep (
4754:
4745:
4744:Dall sheep (
4736:
4727:
4718:
4706:
4695:N. hylocrius
4694:
4682:
4671:O. moschatus
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4495:Walia ibex (
4487:
4479:C. pyrenaica
4478:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4443:C. falconeri
4442:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4403:
4392:B. taxicolor
4391:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4247:P. hodgsonii
4246:
4234:
4209:
4200:
4190:Connochaetes
4188:
4176:
4175:Hartebeest (
4164:
4152:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4099:Alcelaphinae
4083:P. capreolus
4082:
4070:
4045:
4033:
4008:
3999:
3991:R. arundinum
3990:
3978:
3966:
3958:K. megaceros
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3918:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3809:
3797:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3693:
3680:
3668:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3633:Marsh deer (
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3515:M. americana
3514:
3502:
3490:
3481:
3471:Hippocamelus
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3425:C. capreolus
3424:
3412:
3400:
3399:Water deer (
3388:
3376:
3364:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3270:
3262:R. mariannus
3261:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3203:Eld's deer (
3195:
3194:Barasingha (
3183:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3055:M. vaginalis
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2956:M. atherodes
2955:
2943:
2866:
2857:
2849:T. nigricans
2848:
2839:
2830:
2822:T. javanicus
2821:
2809:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2767:
2756:H. aquaticus
2755:
2743:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2652:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2588:
2577:O. johnstoni
2576:
2564:
2540:A. americana
2539:
2527:
2489:Superorder:
2483:Infraclass:
2454:Artiodactyla
2401:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2359:
2345:. Retrieved
2340:
2333:
2332:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2256:Bibliography
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:the original
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2146:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2092:Inquirer.net
2091:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2061:Inquirer.net
2060:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
2003:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1967:"Appendices"
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:the original
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1863:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1755:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1623:
1617:
1597:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1440:
1412:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1382:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1349:Heude, 1888"
1346:
1339:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1280:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1162:(1): 25–50.
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1077:Fuentes, Art
1048:. Retrieved
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
1000:November 13,
998:. Retrieved
984:
978:
972:
901:FEU Tamaraws
884:
874:
867:
853:
828:conservation
821:
807:
804:
787:
785:
783:on Mindoro.
778:
770:
761:
759:
751:habitat loss
746:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:. Criterion
705:
701:
697:
688:
672:
662:
651:Conservation
646:
643:
637:
635:
614:
611:Life history
600:
590:
576:
557:
556:
547:
523:
521:
519:and Aruyan.
502:
499:Distribution
477:
475:
470:
462:
460:
450:
438:
437:
427:
419:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
385:
382:Anoa bubalis
381:
377:
366:
364:
354:
351:Anoa bubalis
350:
346:
342:
340:
335:
330:
328:
317:terrestrial
304:
294:
263:
262:
258:
254:
252:
221:
219:
203:
202:
190:
160:Artiodactyla
25:
7003:iNaturalist
6903:Wikispecies
6674:L. guanicoe
6533:Tayassuidae
6497:Wild boar (
6436:S. barbatus
6394:P. larvatus
6370:P. salvania
6368:Pygmy hog (
6302:Hylochoerus
6155:Philantomba
6043:C. jentinki
6025:C. dorsalis
5978:Cephalophus
5862:N. pygmaeus
5820:M. saltiana
5758:Dorcatragus
5732:S. tatarica
5622:N. petersii
5560:Litocranius
5460:E. tilonura
5407:Blackbuck (
5383:Springbok (
5326:Antilopinae
5324:(subfamily
5271:Taurotragus
5238:Sitatunga (
5231:T. scriptus
5222:T. imberbis
5179:(including
5172:Tragelaphus
4993:B. quarlesi
4875:Boselaphini
4859:(subfamily
4764:O. nivicola
4605:N. caudatus
4594:Red goral (
4585:Naemorhedus
4548:C. swinhoei
4528:Red serow (
4510:Capricornis
4488:C. sibirica
4425:C. caucasia
4416:C. aegagrus
4414:Wild goat (
4368:A. jayakari
4357:Arabitragus
4316:(subfamily
4287:Antilopinae
4210:C. taurinus
4153:D. pygargus
4046:A. melampus
3967:K. vardonii
3929:Waterbuck (
3870:O. leucoryx
3799:Hippotragus
3727:O. hemionus
3725:Mule deer (
3624:Blastocerus
3533:M. bricenii
3491:H. bisulcus
3458:R. tarandus
3434:C. pygargus
3356:Capreolinae
3338:Sika deer (
3280:R. unicolor
3269:Rusa deer (
3172:A. porcinus
2992:M. montanus
2789:M. kathygre
2538:Pronghorn (
2529:Antilocapra
2205:January 18,
2097:October 19,
1025:January 14,
919:Villaflor,
863:1 peso coin
844:1-peso coin
587:cogon grass
490:tamaraw in
488:Taxidermied
413:mindorensis
176:Subfamily:
7170:Categories
6810:Choeropsis
6692:L. vicugna
6578:C. wagneri
6481:S. oliveri
6472:S. heureni
6208:S. grimmia
6197:Sylvicapra
6184:P. walteri
6097:C. rubidis
6088:C. ogilbyi
6034:C. harveyi
5998:C. brookei
5952:R. sharpei
5932:Steenbok (
5923:Raphicerus
5875:Oreotragus
5748:Neotragini
5697:Pantholops
5613:N. notatus
5571:L. walleri
5520:G. gazella
5493:G. cuvieri
5482:Chinkara (
5374:Antidorcas
5361:A. clarkei
5350:Ammodorcas
5340:Antilopini
5240:T. spekeii
5204:T. buxtoni
5195:T. angasii
5087:Wild yak (
5071:B. indicus
5026:B. bonasus
4966:B. bubalis
4909:Boselaphus
4885:Tetracerus
4755:O. gmelini
4623:N. griseus
4596:N. baileyi
4561:Hemitragus
4530:C. rubidus
4521:C. crispus
4470:C. nubiana
4333:Ammotragus
4236:Pantholops
4166:Alcelaphus
4151:Bontebok (
4144:D. lunatus
4133:Damaliscus
4120:B. hunteri
4009:R. redunca
3910:Reduncinae
3861:O. gazella
3810:H. equinus
3736:O. pandora
3716:Odocoileus
3600:Ozotoceros
3456:Reindeer (
3401:H. inermis
3390:Hydropotes
3313:C. elaphus
3311:Red deer (
3253:R. alfredi
3170:Hog deer (
3028:M. reevesi
3001:M. muntjak
2831:T. kanchil
2798:M. meminna
2745:Hyemoschus
2735:Tragulidae
2692:M. cupreus
2610:G. giraffa
2556:Giraffidae
2507:Ruminantia
2071:October 4,
2040:October 4,
1649:Biotropica
1443:: Tamaraw"
1414:October 4,
1317:: 89–140.
1259:Beaufortia
1211:: 113–202.
944:References
885:Tamaraw FX
824:harvesting
800:extinction
742:rinderpest
738:non-native
698:endangered
694:endangered
478:B. bubalis
463:B. bubalis
453:). Little
451:B. bubalis
369:by French
347:B. bubalis
343:B. bubalis
89:Appendix I
6762:Suborder
6672:Guanaco (
6644:Camelidae
6630:Suborder
6602:D. tajacu
6591:Dicotyles
6567:Catagonus
6554:T. pecari
6499:S. scrofa
6403:P. porcus
6392:Bushpig (
6260:Babyrousa
6236:Suborder
6133:C. weynsi
6124:C. spadix
5989:C. adersi
5910:O. ourebi
5844:N. batesi
5833:Neotragus
5802:M. kirkii
5604:N. granti
5569:Gerenuk (
5538:G. spekei
5502:G. dorcas
5359:Dibatag (
5146:S. caffer
5111:Pseudoryx
5098:B. taurus
5078:Banteng (
5053:B. gaurus
4982:Tamaraw (
4828:Chamois (
4810:Rupicapra
4797:P. nayaur
4773:O. vignei
4753:Mouflon (
4452:C. hircus
4441:Markhor (
4344:A. lervia
4109:Beatragus
4035:Aepyceros
3859:Gemsbok (
3852:O. dammah
3694:P. carlae
3587:M. temama
3578:M. rufina
3542:M. chunyi
3524:M. bororo
3414:Capreolus
3340:C. nippon
3331:C. hanglu
3218:Elaphurus
3163:A. kuhlii
3077:Elaphodus
2945:Muntiacus
2780:M. indica
2769:Moschiola
2701:M. fuscus
2644:Moschidae
2505:Suborder
2465:Kingdom:
2347:March 17,
2290:(4): 4–9.
2273:March 17,
2153:March 29,
2149:. EcoPort
2123:March 29,
2014:August 3,
1996:UNEP-WCMC
1980:August 3,
1900:March 18,
1870:March 18,
1687:Bos bison
1483:March 18,
1345:"Tamaraw
1331:145547822
1291:March 17,
1091:March 17,
1050:March 17,
1020:cites.org
903:) in the
618:juveniles
605:nocturnal
388:in 1969.
371:zoologist
198:Species:
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
7133:Species+
7073:14200702
7021:10685951
6943:BioLib:
6888:Wikidata
6734:C. ferus
6690:Vicuña (
6683:L. pacos
6681:Alpaca (
6665:L. glama
6632:Tylopoda
6142:C. zebra
6070:C. niger
5644:Procapra
5422:Eudorcas
5398:Antilope
5135:Syncerus
5096:Cattle (
5089:B. mutus
5017:B. bison
4957:B. arnee
4918:Nilgai (
4795:Bharal (
4786:Pseudois
4746:O. dalli
4728:O. aries
4719:O. ammon
4717:Argali (
4669:Muskox (
4636:Oreamnos
4614:N. goral
4497:C. walie
4381:Budorcas
4318:Caprinae
4263:Caprinae
4118:Hirola (
4062:Peleinae
4044:Impala (
3949:K. leche
3947:Lechwe (
3843:O. beisa
3819:H. niger
3480:Taruca (
3447:Rangifer
3377:A. alces
3278:Sambar (
3205:R. eldii
3185:Rucervus
3143:Chital (
2935:Cervinae
2922:Cervidae
2883:Cervidae
2811:Tragulus
2485:Eutheria
2479:Mammalia
2473:Chordata
2471:Phylum:
2467:Animalia
2230:March 1,
2179:July 28,
1947:March 8,
1921:March 5,
1783:(1990).
1753:(1988).
1735:(1986).
1719:86223655
1545:(1969).
1529:86084317
1501:(1977).
1452:July 28,
1359:July 12,
927:See also
917:Barangay
560:prefers
405:Bubalus
287:species.
271:. It is
166:Family:
150:Mammalia
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
31:Tamaraw
7181:Bubalus
7146:ZooBank
7060:1006271
6995:7349281
6894:Q622878
6846:Cetacea
6837:Cetacea
6705:Camelus
6663:Llama (
6543:Tayassu
6359:Porcula
5908:Oribi (
5899:Ourebia
5782:Madoqua
5767:Beira (
5688:Saigini
5595:N. dama
5473:Gazella
5322:Bovidae
5320:Family
5291:T. oryx
5211:Bongo (
5193:Nyala (
5120:Saola (
5042:Gayal (
4946:Bubalus
4861:Bovinae
4857:Bovidae
4855:Family
4771:Urial (
4461:C. ibex
4390:Takin (
4314:Bovidae
4312:Family
4275:Bovinae
4201:C. gnou
3980:Redunca
3892:Addax (
3776:Bovidae
3774:Family
3682:Pudella
3669:P. pudu
3560:M. nana
3375:Moose (
3145:A. axis
3112:D. dama
2974:M. feae
2920:Family
2895:Bovidae
2840:T. napu
2654:Moschus
2590:Giraffa
2575:Okapi (
2477:Class:
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