875:
49:
70:
295:. A proglottid can copulate with itself, with other proglottids in the same worm, or with proglottids in other worms, and hypodermic fertilization sometimes occurs. When a gravid proglottid that is distended with an embryo reaches the end of the strobila, it detaches and passes out of the host intact with feces, with or without some tissue degeneration. In the order
356:), the second host is usually a fish, but can be another invertebrate or vertebrate. After the scolex has differentiated and matured in the larval stage, growth will stop until a vertebrate eats the intermediate host, and then the strobila develops. Adult tapeworms often have a high final host specificity, with some species only found in one host vertebrate.
855:. Infection occurs through swallowing or antiperistaltic contractions during regurgitation carrying eggs or gravid proglottids to the stomach. At this point, larvae hatch when exposed to enzymes and penetrate the intestinal wall, travelling through the body through blood vessels to tissues like the brain, the eye, muscles, and the nervous system (called
901:
When a larva becomes established in tissue, it develops into a "bladderworm" or "hydatid" and can cause various cancer-like cysts that may rupture and interact with nearby organs. Most cases are asymptomatic, and the mortality rate is low, but various complications from these interactions may lead to
926:
While light infections are usually asymptomatic, autoinfection through eating the eggs of worms in the intestines is possible, and it can lead to hyperinfection. Humans can also become hyperinfected through ingesting grain products contaminated by infected insects. Infections involving more than two
897:
Eggs hatch in the gastrointestinal tract after the consumption of contaminated food, after which the larvae travel to the liver through portal circulation. Here, the larvae are trapped and usually develop into hydatid cysts. While the liver is the first filter for trapping them, the lungs act as the
284:
cells. Yolk cells travel in a duct system to the oviduct, where, in a modified region, the ovum is enclosed in a shell with yolk cells. After the gonads and their ducts have finished maturing, the female reproductive organs begin to mature. The oviduct develops a vagina and enlarges into the uterus,
259:
region, with each proglottid developing one or two sets of sexual organs that differentiate at different times in a species-specific pattern, usually male-first. Thus, moving in the posterior direction of the continuously maturing proglottid chain, there are proglottids with mature male reproductive
230:
organ with specific systems for fastening itself to materials: rostrum, acetabula, suckers, bothria, grooves, and hooks. The small neck region, directly behind the scolex, consists of an undifferentiated tissue region of proglottid proliferation, leading into a zone of increasing and continuous
982:
The most common symptom is a painful, slowly growing nodule in the subcutaneous tissues, which may migrate. Infection in the eye area can cause pain, irritation, edema, and excess watering. When the orbital tissues become infected, the swelling can cause blindness. An infected bowel may become
242:
over the tegument at the shared body wall surface. In addition to the body wall, several other systems are common to the whole length of the tapeworm, including excretory canals, nerve fibers, and longitudinal muscles. The excretory system is responsible for osmoregulation and consists of
338:
or hexacanth, forms through cleavage. In the order
Pseudophyllidea, it remains enclosed in a ciliated embryophore. The embryo continues to develop in other host species, with two intermediate hosts generally needed. It gains entry to its first intermediate host by being eaten.
866:, producing inflammatory reactions and clinical issues when they die, sometimes causing serious or fatal damage. In the eye, the parasites can cause visual loss, and infection of the spine and adjacent leptomeninges can cause paresthesias, pain, or paralysis.
942:(also known as the "broad tapeworm" or "fish tapeworm") and related species. Humans become infected by eating raw, undercooked, or marinated fish acting as a second intermediate or paratenic host harboring metacestodes or plerocercoid larvae.
894:, also called hydatid disease. Humans (usually children) become infected by direct contact with dogs and eating food contaminated with dog feces. Common sites of infection are the liver, the lungs, muscles, bones, kidneys, and the spleen.
194:
Adult
Eucestoda have a white-opaque dorso-ventrally flattened appearance, and are elongated, ranging in length from a few millimeters (about ¼") to 25 meters (80'). Almost all members, except members of the orders
979:. Humans become infected by drinking contaminated water, eating raw or poorly cooked infected flesh, or from using poultices of raw infected flesh (usually raw pork or snake) on skin or mucous membranes.
945:
Clinical symptoms are due to the large size of the tapeworm, which often reaches a length exceeding 15 m (49 ft). The most common symptom is pernicious anemia, caused by the absorption of
276:, an eversible copulatory organ that usually has a hypodermic system of spines and a holdfast system of hooks. The main specialized female reproductive organs are an ovary that produces eggs and a
272:
An atrium on the lateral margin of each proglottid contains the openings to both the male and female genital ducts. Follicular testes produce sperm, which are carried by a system of ducts to the
243:
blind-ending flame bulbs communicating through a duct system. The nervous system, often referred to as a "ladder system," is a system of longitudinal connectives and transverse ring commissures.
927:
thousand worms can cause many different gastrointestinal symptoms and allergic responses. Common symptoms include chronic urticaria, skin eruption, and phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis.
2087:
Waeschenbach, A.; Webster, B. L.; Littlewood, D. T. (2012). "Adding resolution to ordinal level relationships of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) with large fragments of mtDNA".
2002:
1982:
Esteban, J. G., Munoz-Antoli, C., and R. Toledo. "Human
Infection by a "Fish Tapeworm," Diphyllobothrium latum, in a Non-Endemic Country." Infection. 2014. p. 191–194
2258:
874:
2003:"Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudophyllidea (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea"
1973:
Kim, Bong Jin, et al. "Heavy
Hymenolepis nana Infection Possibly Through Organic Food: Report of a Case." The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2014. p. 85–87
923:
through eating infected arthropods, ingesting eggs in water inhabited by arthropods, or from dirty hands. This is a common and widespread intestinal worm.
231:
proglottid differentiation. As such, the main and largest section of the body, the strobila, consists of a chain of increasingly mature proglottids. These
2042:"Systematics of the Eucestoda: advances toward a new phylogenetic paradigm, and observations on the early diversification of tapeworms and vertebrates"
898:
second filter site, trapping most of the larvae that are not trapped by the liver. Some larvae escape from the lungs to cause cysts in other tissues.
2245:
1906:
824:. It is due to eating contaminated undercooked beef or pork. There are generally no or only mild symptoms. Symptoms may occasionally include
322:) can reproduce asexually through budding, which initiates a metagenesis of alternating sexually and asexually reproducing generations.
207:
with repeated sets of reproductive organs down the body length, and almost all members, except members of the order
Dioecocestidae, are
2271:
2041:
1930:
334:
continues through metamorphosing in different larval stages inside different hosts. The initial six-hooked embryo, known as an
2250:
2150:
Usharani, A., et al. "Case
Reports of Hydatid Disease." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2013. p. 63–66.
463:
2137:
Infection
Possibly Through Organic Food: Report of a Case." The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2014. pp. 85–87.
919:, otherwise known as the "dwarf tapeworm," while humans are used as final hosts. Humans become infected and develop
2237:
208:
69:
260:
organs, then proglottids with mature female reproductive organs, and then proglottids with fertilized eggs in the
2263:
1964:
Usharani, A., et al. "Case
Reports of Hydatid Disease." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2013. p. 63–66
769:
531:
409:
385:
31:
596:
763:
656:
568:
525:
549:
757:
626:
614:
519:
299:, the uterus has a pore and the proglottid sheds the shelled embryo, only becoming detached when exhausted.
238:
Members of the
Eucestoda have no mouth or digestive tract, and instead absorb nutrients through a layer of
2309:
2159:
701:
425:
379:
727:
1445:
707:
561:
555:
348:
632:
431:
1027:), are indicated in italics and parentheses, the life-cycle sequence (where known) shown by arrows as
745:
507:
2276:
2219:
2206:
1024:
668:
638:
437:
292:
589:
48:
650:
608:
582:
2140:
Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Eucestoda
Classification." Encyclopedia of Parasitology. 2008. pp. 495–497.
2123:
Dunn, J., and Philip E. S. Palmer. "Sparganosis." Seminars in Roentgenology. 1998. pp. 86–88.
720:
2299:
2069:
1192:
1016:
935:
856:
775:
537:
469:
227:
219:(segments) that show a characteristic body differentiation pattern into scolex (head), neck, and
64:
2120:
Bale, James F. "Cysticercosis." Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2000. pp. 355–360.
1035:. Alternatives, generally for different species within an order, are shown in square brackets.
204:
2104:
2061:
2022:
1902:
1294:
1012:
1000:
820:
501:
489:
457:
1871:
2304:
2096:
2053:
2014:
1344:
1113:
915:
273:
200:
178:
1736:
Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Eucestoda Classification." Encyclopedia of Parasitology. 2008. p. 495-497
1991:
Dunn, J., and Philip E.S. Palmer. "Sparganosis." Seminars in Roentgenology. 1998. p. 86–88
1529:
1504:
1369:
1170:
1008:
751:
513:
403:
397:
296:
137:
2197:
2126:
Esteban, J. G., Munoz-Antoli, C., and R. Toledo. "Human Infection by a "Fish Tapeworm,"
2232:
1922:
1842:
1547:
1479:
1429:
1395:
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1260:
1145:
1004:
920:
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161:
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304:
239:
220:
2211:
226:
The scolex, located at the anterior end, is a small (usually less than 1 mm)
2018:
160:
of vertebrates, living in the digestive tract or related ducts. Examples are the
2191:
2100:
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1242:
968:
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825:
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353:
310:
277:
252:
2182:
2057:
1175:
910:
815:
674:
575:
335:
216:
157:
153:
145:
346:, the first intermediate host is an arthropod, and except for in the case of
1717:"Tapeworm infection - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"
1020:
984:
844:
811:
807:
343:
81:
2108:
2065:
2026:
1872:"CDC - Taeniasis - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"
1816:
2176:
688:
331:
256:
232:
183:
101:
1901:(8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 348–351.
1003:
and other DNA, and morphological analysis and continues to be revised. "
251:
The reproductive systems develop progressively along the differentiated
17:
862:
At these sites, the parasites lodge and form cysts, a condition called
141:
111:
952:
by the worm. Other symptoms include various intestinal issues, slight
1899:
Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology
890:, playing no role in the worm's biological cycle. This can result in
261:
149:
91:
2153:
1533:(crustaceans?/cephalopods?/teleosts? → seabirds/cetaceans/pinnipeds)
873:
2224:
995:
The evolutionary history of the Eucestoda has been studied using
330:
A tapeworm can live from a few days to over 20 years. Eucestoda
281:
2157:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1745:
Rohde, Klaus. "Eucestoda." AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Ryerson
1732:
1730:
2130:, in a Non-Endemic Country." Infection. 2014. pp. 191–194.
1449:(crustaceans → inverts/verts → fishes/amphibians/reptiles)
1264:(fishes/crustaceans/molluscs → bony fishes/selachians)
1400:(copepods → fishes/decapods/cephalopods → selachians)
886:
Humans become accidental hosts to worms of the genus
352:
spp. (which can attain sexual maturity in freshwater
285:
where fertilization and embryonic development occur.
2166:
832:. Segments of tapeworm may be seen in the stool.
264:, a condition commonly referred to as "gravid."
30:"Tapeworm" redirects here. For other uses, see
235:processes are not well understood at present.
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
8:
1897:Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy Jr., John (2009).
1866:
1864:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
2154:
1923:"Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376"
1298:(crustaceans → teleost fishes/amphibians)
818:by adult tapeworms belonging to the genus
148:). Larvae have six posterior hooks on the
47:
38:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1708:
1551:(mammals → mammals, or insects → birds)
302:Some members of the Eucestoda (such as
2007:International Journal for Parasitology
1953:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
1011:" has been broken up into two orders,
983:perforated. Brain infection can cause
152:(head), in contrast to the ten-hooked
2089:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1023:often mirrors that of the parasites (
7:
182:, the definitive hosts of which are
2001:Kuchta, Roman; et al. (2008).
1522:
1497:
1472:
1421:
1414:
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1131:
1106:
1080:
1073:
1048:
1038:
1933:from the original on 15 March 2014
878:Nomenclature framework for Cystic
25:
1246:(elasmobranchs inc. rays, sharks)
1951:Bale, James F. "Cysticercosis."
870:Echinococcosis (hydatid disease)
342:Except for members of the order
68:
1007:" is seen to be paraphyletic; "
1765:"Encyclopedia of Parasitology"
1091:(crustaceans → fishes/turtles)
1:
2133:Kim, Bong Jin, et al. "Heavy
2019:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.08.005
987:, hematomas, and abscesses.
938:is caused by infection with
2143:Rohde, Klaus. "Eucestoda."
2101:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.020
1843:"CDC - Taeniasis - Biology"
770:Mesocestoides leptothylacus
532:Mesocestoides leptothylacus
485:Spirometra erinacea euopaei
464:Echinococcus multilocularis
453:Spirometra erinacea euopaei
410:Mesocestoides leptothylacus
386:Spirometra erinacea euopaei
136:, is the larger of the two
2326:
913:are intermediate hosts of
597:Proteocephalus ambloplites
140:of flatworms in the class
132:, commonly referred to as
29:
1927:World Health Organization
1545:
1527:
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1111:
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1085:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1046:
291:formation is a result of
215:consist of a few to 4000
209:protandral hermaphrodites
65:Scientific classification
63:
55:
46:
41:
32:Tapeworm (disambiguation)
2040:Hoberg, Eric P. (1999).
657:Anoplocephala perfoliata
360:Common infective species
2058:10.1023/a:1006099009495
2046:Systematic Parasitology
1348:(molluscs → selachians)
975:larvae of the tapeworm
627:Schistocephalus solidus
615:Schistocephalus solidus
550:Caryophyllaeus laticeps
144:(the other subclass is
2147:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
2128:Diphyllobothrium latum
1483:(crustaceans → fishes)
940:Diphyllobothrium latum
902:debilitating illness.
883:
481:Diphyllobothrium latum
449:Diphyllobothrium latum
380:Diphyllobothrium latum
1446:Onchoproteocephalidea
1196:(copepods → mammals)
1174:(freshwater fishes →
877:
708:Raillietina tetragona
556:Glaridacris catostomi
27:Subclass of flatworms
1721:bestpractice.bmj.com
1117:(amphipods → fishes)
702:Davainea proglottina
639:Hymenolepis diminuta
438:Hymenolepis diminuta
316:Taenia multiceps sp.
156:. All tapeworms are
1149:(annelids → fishes)
728:Hymenolepis carioca
651:Anoplocephala magna
609:Ligula intestinalis
1323:(lamniform sharks)
1193:Diphyllobothriidea
1033:→ definitive host)
1029:(intermediate host
1017:Diphyllobothriidea
936:Diphyllobothriasis
931:Diphyllobothriasis
884:
857:neurocysticercosis
798:Medical importance
776:Dipylidium caninum
538:Dipylidium caninum
470:Dipylidium caninum
172:, and pigs as the
2287:
2286:
2160:Taxon identifiers
1955:. 2000. p. 355360
1929:. February 2013.
1908:978-0-07-302827-9
1817:"CDC - Taeniasis"
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1025:Fahrenholz's rule
1013:Bothriocephalidea
971:is caused by the
795:
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764:E. multilocularis
633:Rodentolepis nana
604:Fish-Eating Birds
320:Mesocestoides sp.
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
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1345:Lecanicephalidea
1338:
1313:
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1229:
1164:
1139:
1132:
1114:Spathebothriidea
1107:
1081:
1074:
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916:Hymenolepis nana
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213:caryophyllideans
201:Spathebothriidea
179:Moniezia expansa
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1801:"AccessScience"
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1530:Tetrabothriidea
1508:(mammals/birds)
1505:Mesocestoididae
1460:
1370:Rhinebothriidea
1275:
1216:
1207:
1171:Haplobothriidea
1032:
1019:. Hosts, whose
1009:Pseudophyllidea
993:
966:
950:
933:
908:
872:
838:
805:
800:
669:Moniezia expans
526:E. multilocaris
362:
328:
297:Pseudophyllidea
270:
249:
192:
170:definitive host
168:) with a human
102:Platyhelminthes
67:
57:Taenia saginata
35:
28:
23:
22:
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11:
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2255:
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2170:
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2095:(3): 834–847.
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1548:Cyclophyllidea
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1516:
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1396:Tetraphyllidea
1391:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1320:Litobothriidea
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1261:Trypanorhyncha
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1146:Caryophyllidea
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1005:Tetraphyllidea
992:
989:
965:
962:
948:
932:
929:
921:hymenolepiasis
907:
906:Hymenolepiasis
904:
892:echinococcosis
880:Echinococcosis
871:
868:
847:caused by the
837:
834:
830:abdominal pain
804:
801:
799:
796:
793:
792:
784:
780:
779:
736:
732:
731:
698:
694:
693:
665:
661:
660:
647:
643:
642:
623:
619:
618:
605:
601:
600:
590:Phyllobothrium
546:
542:
541:
478:
474:
473:
446:
442:
441:
376:
372:
371:
368:
361:
358:
327:
324:
280:that produces
269:
266:
248:
245:
211:. Most except
197:Caryophyllidea
191:
190:Body structure
188:
174:secondary host
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2322:
2311:
2310:Endoparasites
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2145:AccessScience
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1822:
1818:
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1804:
1798:
1796:
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1774:
1772:
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1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
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1535:
1534:
1531:
1525:
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1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:Gyrocotylidea
1051:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:mitochondrial
998:
997:ribosomal RNA
990:
988:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
943:
941:
937:
930:
928:
924:
922:
918:
917:
912:
905:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
881:
876:
869:
867:
865:
864:cysticercosis
860:
858:
854:
853:pork tapeworm
850:
846:
842:
841:Cysticercosis
836:Cysticercosis
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
802:
797:
791:
789:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
765:
760:
759:
758:E. granulosus
754:
753:
748:
747:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
699:
696:
695:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
652:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
611:
610:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
583:Rhinobothrium
579:
577:
572:
570:
569:Triaenophorus
565:
563:
558:
557:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
521:
520:E. granulosus
516:
515:
510:
509:
504:
503:
502:T. pisiformis
498:
497:
492:
491:
490:T. hydatigena
486:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:
458:T. pisiformis
454:
450:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
411:
406:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
392:Taenia solium
388:
387:
382:
381:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
365:
359:
357:
355:
351:
350:
345:
340:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
258:
254:
246:
244:
241:
236:
234:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
187:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
166:Taenia solium
163:
162:pork tapeworm
159:
158:endoparasites
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2167:
2144:
2134:
2127:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2013:(1): 49–55.
2010:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1898:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1875:
1851:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1741:
1720:
1711:
1666:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1528:
1507:
1503:
1482:
1478:
1448:
1444:
1427:
1399:
1393:
1372:
1368:
1347:
1343:
1322:
1318:
1297:
1293:
1263:
1259:
1245:
1241:
1195:
1191:
1173:
1169:
1148:
1144:
1116:
1112:
1090:
1088:Amphilinidea
1086:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1028:
994:
991:Subdivisions
981:
976:
973:plerocercoid
967:
958:eosinophilia
954:leukocytosis
944:
939:
934:
925:
914:
909:
900:
896:
888:Echinococcus
887:
885:
861:
843:is a tissue
839:
819:
806:
786:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
746:T. multiceps
744:
738:
726:
721:Choanataenia
719:
714:Amoebotaenia
712:
706:
700:
687:
680:
673:
667:
655:
649:
637:
631:
625:
613:
607:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
554:
548:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
508:T. multiceps
506:
500:
494:
488:
484:
480:
468:
462:
456:
452:
448:
436:
430:
424:
420:
416:Rodentolepis
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
347:
341:
329:
319:
315:
309:
305:Echinococcus
303:
301:
287:
271:
250:
247:Reproduction
240:microtriches
237:
225:
193:
177:
165:
133:
129:
128:
121:
56:
36:
2192:Wikispecies
2052:(1): 1–12.
1882:16 December
1876:www.cdc.gov
1853:16 December
1847:www.cdc.gov
1827:16 December
1821:www.cdc.gov
1373:(stingrays)
1243:Diphyllidea
969:Sparganosis
964:Sparganosis
826:weight loss
814:within the
788:Cittotaenia
752:T. serialis
682:Thysaniezia
514:T. serialis
426:Hymenolepis
404:T. asiatica
398:T. saginata
354:oligochaeta
332:ontogenesis
326:Life stages
278:vitellarium
268:Proglottids
253:proglottids
233:cytological
217:proglottids
2294:Categories
1703:References
1102:Eucestoda
985:granulomas
977:Spirometra
911:Arthropods
849:young form
816:intestines
783:Lagomorphs
675:Avitellina
576:Eubothrium
562:Archigetes
413:(rarely),
367:Final host
349:Archigetes
336:oncosphere
293:copulation
154:Cestodaria
146:Cestodaria
138:subclasses
118:Subclass:
42:Eucestoda
2300:Eucestoda
2212:Eucestoda
2198:Eucestoda
2168:Eucestoda
1667:tapeworms
1021:phylogeny
947:vitamin B
845:infection
812:infection
808:Taeniasis
803:Taeniasis
664:Ruminants
344:Taeniidae
311:Sparganum
184:ruminants
134:tapeworms
130:Eucestoda
122:Eucestoda
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
2225:58967273
2183:Q1280912
2177:Wikidata
2109:22406529
2066:10613542
2027:17950292
1937:18 March
1931:Archived
1059:(fishes)
697:Chickens
689:Stilesia
564:sieboldi
370:Species
257:strobila
228:holdfast
221:strobila
205:polyzoic
98:Phylum:
92:Animalia
78:Domain:
18:Tapeworm
2305:Cestoda
2074:6288037
1043:Cestoda
882:surgery
851:of the
740:T. ovis
622:Rodents
496:T. ovis
421:Vampiro
255:of the
142:Cestoda
112:Cestoda
108:Class:
2277:104909
2107:
2072:
2064:
2025:
1905:
1176:bowfin
956:, and
821:Taenia
810:is an
646:Horses
419:(syn.
375:Humans
318:, and
274:cirrus
262:uterus
203:, are
176:, and
150:scolex
59:adult
2272:WoRMS
2251:57309
2238:16181
2070:S2CID
735:Foxes
2264:6200
2259:NCBI
2246:ITIS
2105:PMID
2062:PMID
2023:PMID
1939:2014
1903:ISBN
1884:2019
1855:2019
1829:2019
1015:and
545:Fish
477:Dogs
445:Cats
432:nana
282:yolk
199:and
2220:EoL
2207:ADW
2097:doi
2054:doi
2015:doi
859:).
828:or
790:sp.
723:sp.
716:sp.
691:sp.
684:sp.
677:sp.
612:,
592:sp.
585:sp.
578:sp.
571:sp.
529:,
423:-,
289:Egg
2296::
2274::
2261::
2248::
2235::
2222::
2209::
2194::
2179::
2103:.
2093:63
2091:.
2068:.
2060:.
2050:42
2048:.
2044:.
2021:.
2011:38
2009:.
2005:.
1925:.
1874:.
1863:^
1845:.
1819:.
1806:^
1770:^
1750:^
1729:^
1719:.
1432:"
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960:.
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2076:.
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2029:.
2017::
1941:.
1911:.
1886:.
1857:.
1831:.
1723:.
1428:"
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1178:)
1031:1
164:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
