503:. A strip search found nothing suspicious on his person, and despite being whipped by Prussian soldiers, he refused to betray his mission. Brought before the local Prussian commander, General Zoegli, he again refused to talk and was imprisoned. After 24 hours of captivity, Tarrare relented and explained the scheme to his captors. He was chained to a latrine, and eventually, 30 hours after being swallowed, the wooden box emerged. Zoegli was furious when the documents, which Tarrare had said contained vital intelligence, transpired only to be de Beauharnais's dummy-message, and Tarrare was taken to a
466:
fell asleep; Courville noted that
Tarrare's belly became taut and inflated like a large balloon. On another occasion, Tarrare was presented with a live cat. He tore the cat's abdomen open with his teeth and drank its blood, and proceeded to eat the entire cat aside from its bones, before vomiting up its fur and skin. Following this, hospital-staff offered Tarrare a variety of other animals including snakes, lizards and puppies, all of which were eaten; he also swallowed an entire eel without chewing, having first crushed its head with his teeth.
368:). He was described as having unusually soft fair hair and an abnormally wide mouth (roughly four inches between his jaws when his mouth was fully extended), in which his teeth were heavily stained and on which the lips were almost invisible. When he had not eaten, his skin hung so loosely that he could wrap the fold of skin from his abdomen around his waist. When full, his abdomen distended "like a huge balloon". The skin of his cheeks were wrinkled and hung loosely, and when stretched out, he could hold twelve eggs or apples in his mouth.
51:
124:
383:, which was said to be "fetid beyond all conception". Despite his large intake of food, he did not appear either to vomit excessively or to gain weight. Aside from his eating habits, his contemporaries saw no apparent signs of mental illness or unusual behaviour in him, other than an apathetic temperament with "a complete lack of force and ideas".
325:, weighing as much as Tarrare himself, in a single day. By this time, his parents could not provide for him and had forced him to leave home. For some years after this, he toured the country with a roaming band of thieves and prostitutes, stealing and begging for food, before gaining employment as a warm-up act to a travelling
495:; he was told that the documents were of great military significance, but in reality, de Beauharnais had merely written a note asking the colonel to confirm that the message had been received successfully, and if so, to return a reply of any potentially useful information about Prussian troop movements.
490:
Following this successful demonstration, Tarrare became employed officially as a spy of the Army of the Rhine. Although
General de Beauharnais was convinced of Tarrare's physical capacity to carry messages internally, he was concerned about his mental state and initially reluctant to entrust him
465:
near the hospital's gates; although generally hospital-staff restrained
Tarrare in the presence of food, on this occasion, Courville allowed him to reach the table undisturbed. Tarrare ate the entire meal of two large meat-pies, plates of grease and salt and four gallons of milk, and then immediately
569:
hospital contacted Percy to notify him that a patient of theirs wished to see him. It was
Tarrare, now bedridden and weak. Tarrare told Percy that he had swallowed a golden fork two years earlier, which he believed was now lodged inside him and causing his current weakness. He hoped that Percy could
507:
and the noose placed around his neck. (Some sources state that
General Zoegli never retrieved the box, as Tarrare had the presence of mind to recover and eat the stool containing it before it could be seized by the Prussians.) At the last minute, Zoegli relented, and Tarrare was taken down from the
479:
with a suggestion that
Tarrare's unusual abilities and behaviour could be put to military use. A document was placed inside a wooden box which was in turn fed to Tarrare. Two days later, the box was retrieved from his excrement, with the document still in legible condition. Courville proposed to
241:
and became the subject of a series of medical experiments to test his eating capacity, in which, among other things, he ate a meal intended for 15 people in a single sitting, ate live cats, snakes, lizards, and puppies, and swallowed eels whole without chewing. Despite his unusual diet, he was
581:
The corpse rotted quickly; the surgeons of the hospital refused to dissect it. Tessier, however, wanted to find out how
Tarrare's intestines differed from those of a normal person; he was also curious as to whether the gold fork was lodged inside him. At the autopsy, Tarrare's
418:. However, military rations were insufficient to satisfy his appetite. He carried out tasks for other soldiers in return for a share of their rations and scavenge on the dungheap for scraps, but this was not enough to satisfy him. He was admitted to the military hospital at
556:
After some time, a 14-month-old child disappeared from the hospital, and
Tarrare was immediately suspected of having consumed the toddler. Percy was unable or unwilling to defend him, and the hospital staff chased Tarrare from the hospital, to which he never returned.
474:
After several months that he spent as an experimental case, military authorities began to press for
Tarrare to be returned to active duty. Dr. Courville was keen to continue his investigations into Tarrare's eating habits and digestive system, and approached
352:. He made a full recovery and offered to demonstrate his act by eating his surgeon's watch and chain; M. Giraud, the surgeon, was unimpressed by the offer and warned him that if he did so, he would cut Tarrare open to recover the items.
498:
Tarrare crossed
Prussian lines under cover of darkness, disguised as a German peasant. Unable to speak German, he soon attracted the attention of local residents, who alerted the Prussian authorities, and he was captured outside
194:
and eating habits. Able to eat vast amounts of meat, he was constantly hungry; his parents could not provide for him and he was turned out of the family home as a teenager. He travelled to France in the company of a band of
265:
Chastened by this experience, he agreed to submit to any procedure that might cure his appetite. The procedures failed, and doctors could not keep him on a controlled diet; he snuck out of the hospital to scavenge for
233:, where even quadrupling the standard military ration was unable to satisfy his large appetite. He ate any available food from gutters and rubbish heaps but his condition still deteriorated through hunger. He was
487:. Having swallowed the box successfully, Tarrare was given a wheelbarrow filled with 30 pounds (14 kg) of raw bull's lungs and liver as a reward, which he immediately ate in front of the assembled generals.
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516:
Following this incident, Tarrare was desperate to avoid further military service, and returned to the hospital, telling Percy that he would attempt any possible cure for his appetite. Percy treated him with
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for the French army, with the intention that he would swallow documents, pass through enemy lines, and recover them from his stool once safely at his destination. On his first mission, he was captured by
1419:
375:; he was described as stinking "to such a degree that he could not be endured within the distance of 20 paces". This smell became noticeably worse after he had eaten; his eyes and cheeks became
537:
outside butchers' shops and to fight stray dogs for carrion in gutters, alleys and rubbish heaps. He was also caught several times within the hospital drinking from patients undergoing
329:. Tarrare drew a crowd by eating corks, stones, and live animals, and by swallowing an entire basketful of apples one after the other. He ate ravenously and was particularly fond of
480:
de Beauharnais that Tarrare could thus serve as a military courier, carrying documents securely through enemy territory with no risk of them being found if he were searched.
386:
The cause of Tarrare's behaviour is not known. While there are other documented cases of similar behaviour from the period, none of the subjects other than Tarrare were
533:, but this also failed to suppress his appetite. Efforts to keep him on any kind of controlled diet failed; he would sneak out of the hospital to scavenge for
586:
was found to be abnormally wide, and when his jaws were opened surgeons could see down a broad canal into the stomach. His body was found to be filled with
394:
can induce an extreme appetite, rapid weight loss, profuse sweating, heat intolerance, and fine hair. Bondeson (2006) speculates that Tarrare had a damaged
379:, a visible vapour rose from his body, and he became lethargic, during which time he belched noisily and his jaws made swallowing motions. He had chronic
491:
with significant military documents. Tarrare was ordered as his first assignment to carry a message to a French colonel imprisoned by the Prussians near
1291:
1020:
242:
underweight and, except for his eating habits, he showed no signs of mental illness other than what was described as an apathetic temperament.
340:
to work as a street performer. He appears to have been successful in general, but on one occasion, the act went wrong and he suffered severe
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As Tarrare's real name is unknown, it is impossible to determine his date of birth; doctors estimated his age as 26 at his death in 1798.
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434:. Military surgeons could not understand his appetite; Tarrare was ordered to remain in the military hospital to take part in
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451:"The dogs and cats fled in terror at his aspect, as if they had anticipated the kind of fate he was preparing for them"
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314:, around 1772. His date of birth is unrecorded and it is not even known if Tarrare was his real name or nickname.
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1354:. Doctor Percy's original paper on Tarrare's medical history. (The date of this paper was Brumaire XIII of the
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Tarrare was called on by Beauharnais to demonstrate his abilities before a gathering of the commanders of the
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529:-pills were likewise unsuccessful. Following these failures, Percy fed Tarrare large quantities of soft-
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in gutters and refuse containers, ate the scraps of food left by other patients, and crept into the
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Despite his unusual diet, Tarrare was slim and of average height. At the age of 17, he weighed only
50:
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549:. Other doctors believed that Tarrare was mentally ill and pressed for him to be transferred to a
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Courville and Percy decided to test Tarrare's capacity for food. A meal had been prepared for 15
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with a case of extreme exhaustion. He was granted quadruple rations but remained hungry; he
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1358:, which would be sometime from late October to early November 1804 in modern reckoning.)
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His body was hot to the touch and he sweated heavily; he constantly had a foul body-
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find some way to remove it. Percy, however, recognised that he had advanced
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1235:
Freaks: The Pig-Faced Lady of Manchester Square & Other Medical Marvels
249:
decided to put Tarrare's abilities to military use, and employed him as a
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scaffold, given a severe beating, and released near the French lines.
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1091:
T. Bradley, Samuel Fothergill & William Hutchinson, ed. (1819),
948:
T. Bradley, Samuel Fothergill & William Hutchinson, ed. (1819),
640:, a French entertainer known as Monsieur Mangetout (Mr. "Eat-All").
390:
and there have been no modern documented cases resembling Tarrare.
716:
T. Bradley, Samuel Fothergill and William Hutchinson, ed. (1819),
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and filling most of his abdominal cavity. No fork was ever found.
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534:
398:; it is known that injuries to the amygdala in animals can induce
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were abnormally large, and his stomach was enormous, covered in
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attempted to drink the blood of other patients in the hospital
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and thieves before becoming the warm-up act for a travelling
215:, and a whole basketful of apples. He then took this act to
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experiments designed by Dr. Courville (surgeon to the
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in gutters, rubbish heaps and outside butchers' shops, and
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French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
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574:. A month later, Tarrare began to experience continuous
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and died shortly afterward, following a lengthy bout of
190:, was a French showman, soldier and spy noted for his
1420:
Spies of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
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that recounts Tarrare's life in fictionalized form.
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286:. After being suspected of eating a one-year-old
1344:Percy, Pierre-François (OctoberâNovember 1804),
1281:(15th ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers
1086:
1084:
1082:
1027:(151), London: Dennis Publishing, archived from
186: 1772 â 1798), sometimes spelled
59:'s original paper on Tarrare's medical history,
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676:Some sources give Courville's name as Comville.
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1290:(2nd ed.), London: John W. Parker /
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565:Four years later, in 1798, M. Tessier of
1255:The Two-Headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels
348:hospital, where he was treated with powerful
8:
258:forces, severely beaten, and subjected to a
756:Gould, George M.; Pyle, Walter L. (1896),
344:. Members of the crowd carried him to the
321:and by his teens could eat a quarter of a
49:
38:
1350:Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie
1292:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
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521:without success; further treatments with
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23:. For the opera by Antonio Salieri, see
1302:(2 ed.), London: Richard Bentley,
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660:
262:before being returned to French lines.
759:Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine
477:General Alexandre de Beauharnais
177:
7:
1113:
991:
805:
786:
446:, surgeon-in-chief of the hospital.
19:For the 19th-century racehorse, see
1097:London Medical and Physical Journal
954:London Medical and Physical Journal
722:London Medical and Physical Journal
14:
1300:Curiosities of Medical Experience
627:List of incidents of cannibalism
122:
1019:Bondeson, Jan (October 2001),
1:
1352:(in French) (9), Paris: 90â99
1237:, Stroud: Tempus Publishing,
470:Service as a military courier
183:
80:
578:, dying shortly afterwards.
203:. In this act, he swallowed
1410:People from Lyon Metropolis
1346:"MĂ©moire sur la polyphagie"
1436:
1356:French Republican Calendar
1286:Lord, Perceval B. (1839),
412:War of the First Coalition
336:In 1788, Tarrare moved to
317:As a child, Tarrare had a
227:War of the First Coalition
166:War of the First Coalition
29:
18:
1298:Millingen, J. G. (1839),
1277:Good, John Mason (1864),
416:French Revolutionary Army
231:French Revolutionary Army
140:French Revolutionary Army
61:MĂ©moire sur la polyphagie
48:
1261:Cornell University Press
1103:, London: J. Souter: 204
960:, London: J. Souter: 205
728:, London: J. Souter: 203
356:Appearance and behaviour
247:Alexandre de Beauharnais
30:Not to be confused with
16:French showman and eater
410:On the outbreak of the
1251:Bondeson, Jan (2004),
1233:Bondeson, Jan (2006),
453:
342:intestinal obstruction
310:Tarrare was born near
294:with a case of severe
1279:The Study of Medicine
444:Pierre-François Percy
424:scavenged for garbage
414:, Tarrare joined the
229:, Tarrare joined the
219:where he worked as a
146:Years of service
130:French First Republic
57:Pierre-François Percy
650:Notes and references
541:, and attempting to
225:At the start of the
1390:French entertainers
576:exudative diarrhoea
440:9th Hussar Regiment
430:'s room to eat the
300:exudative diarrhoea
1288:Popular Physiology
644:Jacques de Falaise
545:in the hospital's
420:Soultz-sous-ForĂȘts
282:in the hospital's
485:Army of the Rhine
221:street performer.
171:
170:
108:(aged 25â26)
1427:
1385:French cannibals
1353:
1340:
1324:Blakemore, A. K.
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1021:"The Cat Eaters"
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406:Military service
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366:45 kg; 7 st 2 lb
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274:while they were
192:unusual appetite
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157:Extreme appetite
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512:Attempted cures
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392:Hyperthyroidism
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280:eat the corpses
179:[taÊaÊ]
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21:Tarrare (horse)
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1216:Blakemore 2023
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1031:on 21 May 2009
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994:, p. 113.
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982:, p. 198.
980:Millingen 1839
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921:
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878:Millingen 1839
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859:, p. 305.
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632:Charles Domery
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551:lunatic asylum
543:eat the bodies
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866:
862:
858:
857:Bondeson 2006
853:
850:
846:
845:Bondeson 2004
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
811:
808:, p. 80.
807:
802:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:Bondeson 2004
768:
765:
761:
760:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
718:"Polyphagism"
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
690:
683:
673:
670:
664:
661:
654:
649:
645:
642:
639:
638:Michel Lotito
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
616:
612:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
568:
560:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
509:
506:
502:
496:
494:
488:
486:
481:
478:
469:
467:
464:
458:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:physiological
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:huge appetite
315:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
261:
257:
252:
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243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
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175:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
120:
116:
112:
103:
99:
95:
79:
75:
71:
69:Other name(s)
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
1400:French spies
1375:1770s births
1362:
1349:
1330:, Scribner,
1327:
1299:
1287:
1278:
1254:
1234:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1049:
1037:
1029:the original
1024:
1014:
987:
957:
953:
852:
767:
758:
725:
721:
672:
663:
610:
609:
580:
572:tuberculosis
564:
555:
539:bloodletting
523:wine-vinegar
515:
497:
489:
482:
473:
460:
454:
450:
409:
385:
370:
359:
335:
316:
309:
296:tuberculosis
276:bloodletting
264:
244:
235:hospitalised
224:
213:live animals
187:
173:
172:
106:(1798-00-00)
60:
36:
1380:1798 deaths
1328:The Glutton
611:The Glutton
596:gallbladder
531:boiled eggs
197:prostitutes
1415:Polyphagia
1369:Categories
567:Versailles
428:apothecary
400:polyphagia
362:100 pounds
346:HĂŽtel-Dieu
331:snake meat
306:Early life
292:Versailles
239:exhaustion
118:Allegiance
111:Versailles
1114:Lord 1839
992:Lord 1839
806:Good 1864
787:Lord 1839
684:Citations
463:labourers
432:poultices
388:autopsied
381:diarrhoea
377:bloodshot
350:laxatives
327:charlatan
201:charlatan
149:1792â1794
1326:(2023),
621:See also
519:laudanum
493:Neustadt
396:amygdala
256:Prussian
245:General
113:, France
96:, France
527:tobacco
505:gallows
323:bullock
288:toddler
278:and to
251:courier
237:due to
174:Tarrare
136:Service
85: (
55:Doctor
43:Tarrare
1334:
1306:
1267:
1241:
600:ulcers
590:, his
584:gullet
547:morgue
501:Landau
442:) and
284:morgue
209:stones
127:
63:(1805)
32:Tarare
1308:15518
655:Notes
592:liver
561:Death
535:offal
456:Percy
373:odour
338:Paris
268:offal
217:Paris
205:corks
188:Tarar
92:near
72:Tarar
1332:ISBN
1304:OCLC
1265:ISBN
1239:ISBN
594:and
525:and
312:Lyon
104:1798
101:Died
94:Lyon
87:1772
83:1772
77:Born
588:pus
162:War
1371::
1348:,
1263:,
1154:^
1121:^
1101:42
1099:,
1095:,
1061:^
1023:,
999:^
966:^
958:42
956:,
952:,
924:^
885:^
864:^
813:^
794:^
779:^
734:^
726:42
724:,
720:,
692:^
402:.
333:.
302:.
211:,
207:,
184:c.
182:;
81:c.
1218:.
364:(
176:(
89:)
34:.
27:.
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