1072:
567:
1114:
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1030:
383:(half-dome recesses in a wall). Twelve silver-covered marble columns of approximately 4.94 meters from base to capital were arranged on three sides of a rectangular ground plan around the altar. A horizontal entablature rested upon these. Three doors allowed entry to the apse, the central one larger than the other two. Though earlier scholars have proposed that all columns and all doors were in a single line parallel to the apse, modern reconstructions show the central portal facing out to the nave with the smaller doors each located on the other sides of the rectangular plan.
1002:
1058:
295:
988:
974:
1044:
1128:
1178:
190:. The third part was the entrance court. This architectural tradition for the two main parts can be seen carried forward in Christian churches and is still most demonstratively present in Eastern Orthodox churches where the iconostatsis divides the altar, the Holy of Holies containing the consecrated Eucharist – the manifestation of the New Covenant, from the larger portion of the church accessible to the faithful. In Orthodox Christian tradition, with the exception of churches at women's
1016:
99:
485:
508:. As late as the 10th century, a simple wooden chancel barrier separated the apse from the nave in the rock-cut churches, though by the late 11th century, the templon had become standard. This may have been because of the veneration and imitation of the Great Church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, though the columnar form of chancel barrier does predate Hagia Sophia.
130:; the backdrop of a classical Greek stage), copying the multiple columns punctuated by a large door in the middle and two smaller doors to each side. The statues on top of the backdrop would thus be analogous to the icons of the saints looking down. The similarities, however, are probably only visual. Although classical drama was performed in
563:(large icons) also played a major part in the decoration of the medieval templon, either as monumental images placed on the piers flanking the templon or as portable images in front of the screen. Proskynetaria of both these types still exist in Cyprus, from Lagoudera, now in the Archbishop's Palace in Nicosia, and in St Neophytos.
535:
images according to liturgical practice. Several epistyles of this form have been excavated throughout the empire, none earlier than the 12th century, indicating a change from busts on the architrave to scenic decoration. This new scenic style is representative of the increasing liturgification in
152:
of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. These, too, had three main divisions: a central door leading to the altar, smaller flanking passages, and a distribution of parts similar to a templon. The Torah screen was probably not the direct prototype of the templon; it probably derives from the imitation of the
348:
also erected a pure silver chancel screen during the reign of
Charlemagne. The 9th century Basilica of St. Mary Major had a screen of six purple marble columns topped with an architrave of white marble, from which hung veils. A lower barrier of silver columns projected outward from the screen.
325:, built around 463. The chancel barrier surrounded the altar in a π shape, with one large door facing the nave and two smaller doors on the other sides. Twelve piers held chancel slabs of about 1.6 meters in length. The height of the slabs is not known. The chancel barrier was not merely a low
20:
378:
Hagia Sophia’s templon surrounded, according to Paulus, "such space as was reserved in the eastern arch of the great church for the bloodless sacrifices". That is, it stretched the length of the eastern semidome, including the apse but excluding the
89:
were hung from the beams, curtains were placed in between the colonnettes, and the templon became more opaque. In modern
Orthodox churches, it is common for the openings of the templa to be constructed specifically to contain icons.
547:"the shutting of the doors and the closing of the curtain over them". The most widespread image on the medieval templon seems to have been the Deesis. Its popularity arose from not only its simplicity and elegance, suggesting the
590:, were produced. They for most part had a fixed program of icon decoration with three levels: the Local, the Deesis, and the Festival tiers. Early Russian versions were at chest height, and called "thoraxis" in Greek.
344:, these curtains were also painted and embroidered with sacred images in France, and noted the presence of chancel screens in the apse of the Church of St. Pancras near Rome, and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
1071:
581:
Sometime between the 11th and 14th centuries, icons and proskynetaria began to be placed in the intercolumnar openings on the templon. After the reconquest in 1261, carving on the medieval templon approached
429:
In any case, the majority of templa followed the same basic design. They were usually carved of monochrome marble, though some, like Hagia Sophia's, were covered in precious metals and others used
555:, but also because it could be easily adapted to the patron's tastes with the addition of secondary scenes and characters, as in the Saint Catherine's Monastery where scenes from the life of
262:
However, it has also been suggested that the name templon derives not from the pagan temples but from the
Christian idea of the shrine where God was worshipped, or more specifically the
511:
The templon began to change forms to the medieval templon with the attachment of icons and painted scenes to the architrave. Some of the best preserved of these images are from the
1099:
1113:
1085:
452:, which uncovered a marble templon whose epistyle is covered with busts of saints. There is evidence that icons were hung from the columns of the templon prior to
1622:
633:
This is a list of known churches which retain their templon. Some have had icons placed inside, and others are modern reconstructions of the original
Templon.
1029:
1133:
1057:
1001:
359:
Though there is some architectural and archaeological evidence of early templa, the first and most detailed description of a templon comes from a poem by
1119:
921:
1077:
803:
444:, initially with carved busts. This continued from the time of Justinian into the middle Byzantine period, as shown from a 10th-century excavation in
386:
In between the columns were slabs of marble covered in silver about 1.00 to 1.10 meters tall. On them had been carved the monograms of
Justinian and
1127:
1063:
973:
847:
936:
906:
414:. The carvings on the architrave were deeply tied to the liturgy. Another templon roughly contemporary to Hagia Sophia's is that of the church to
1612:
566:
106:(theater screen) portraying a three-doored temple facade, posited in the early 20th century as a possible origin for the design of the templon.
227:"; how and why it came to have its present meaning is unclear. The most obvious explanation is that the form of the templon resembles a pagan
1043:
987:
602:
489:
426:
was probably carved over the other door of the templon of Hagia Sophia, since he features prominently in liturgical writings of the church.
1021:
807:
667:
504:
The templon gradually replaced all other forms of chancel barriers in
Byzantine churches in the 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries except in
138:
was first being developed, the plays and their architecture had lost their importance and could not have influenced
Christian ritual.
270:
is a direct and late borrowing of the Greek architectural term, and it is rarely found outside the academic usage; besides the Greek
1570:
1550:
1492:
1387:
1322:
1276:
1213:
1105:
886:
527:(Christ enthroned, flanked by Mary and St. John the Baptist) located in the middle between the Transfiguration and the Raising of
1091:
856:
329:(a short wall); remains of colonnettes have been found, suggesting that the barrier carried an architrave on top of the columns.
1403:
1607:
1537:
512:
539:
During most of the Middle
Byzantine period, the space between the colonnettes was not filled with icons but with curtains.
1015:
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714:
1585:
724:
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778:
618:
468:. Important portable and colossal icons were also placed in front of the templon, as in the 11th-century church of
134:, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, during the 5th and 6th century when the first templa appear, when Christian
294:
114:
chancel barriers. Classical stage architecture is one possible source. At certain times during
Byzantine history,
81:(a beam resting on top of columns). Three doors, a large central one and two smaller flanking ones, lead into the
411:
464:
of
Constantinople from 806 to 815 describes portable icons hung from columns and the gate of the templon in his
178:
was kept. This room was separated from the larger part of the main building's interior by a large curtain, the "
1035:
684:
141:
A much more plausible theory is that the templon models, in both form and content, the decorative wall of the
1365:
Sacred Archæology A Popular Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Art and Institutions, from Primitive to Modern Times
1237:. "A Sarcophagus of the Sidamara Type ... and the Influence of Stage Architecture upon the Art of Antioch."
1049:
793:
419:
298:
375:, January 6, 563, celebrating the reinauguration of the church after the reconstruction of the great dome.
1380:
The Rome of Pope Paschal I Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824
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heavily influenced painting and sculpture. Architects then, influenced by stage backdrops dating back to
62:
The solid templon first appeared in Christian churches around the 5th century and is still found in many
593:
The full height iconostasis became standard in the 15th century, and probably owes more to 14th-century
440:
of God, the Virgin, and the saints. Figurative decoration on the templon was mainly concentrated on the
314:
252:
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looks like the architrave on a temple, and the carved disks on the architrave are analogous to the
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than anything else. The first ceiling-high, five-leveled Russian iconostasis was designed for the
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The Church Builder, an Illustrated Quarterly Journal of Church extension in England and Wales
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Photos of existing templon within churches. Some have had icons placed between the columns.
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445:
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of the temple (the floor of a temple). The colonnettes arranged in the π shape resemble the
1508:
Epstein, A. W. (1981). "The Middle-Byzantine Sanctuary Barrier: Templon or Iconostasis?".
1146:
703:
661:
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Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature Supplement · Volume 1
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436:. The slabs were often carved with vegetal or animal patterns and the architraves with
171:
131:
36:
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19:
1601:
1460:. Trans. H.B. Dewing and Glanville Downey, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1940.
993:
979:
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85:. The templon did not originally obscure the view of the altar, but as time passed,
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523:. The late 12th-century templon beam shows twelve canonical feast scenes, with the
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353:
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over a side door, since the crypt of the saint was within the enclosed sanctuary.
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395:
390:, even though Theodora had been dead for several years, as well as a many-armed
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194:, only men with good cause may enter the altar portion behind the iconostasis.
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churches. Initially it was a low barrier probably not much different from the
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532:
461:
240:
236:
213:
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119:
82:
678:
1439:
Xydis, Stephen G. "The Chancel Barrier, Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia."
77:
It is usually composed of carved wood or marble colonnettes supporting an
1428:
The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building
1293:
the Online Version of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language
900:
740:
641:
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318:
179:
157:
418:, rebuilt by Justinian as a domed crucifix. There was an inscription to
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244:
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Barriers called templons in Greek were also used on occasions when the
135:
115:
52:
340:, sometimes with columns or arches bearing curtains. According to St.
201:
appeared in public, to segregate the Imperial retinue from the crowd.
23:
A reconstruction of the templon of St. Paul's and Peter's basilica in
575:
524:
433:
399:
380:
228:
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24:
1473:. Oxford University Press, Accessed 23 March 2004. www.groveart.com.
1404:"Was the Aksa Mosque built over the remains of a Byzantine church?"
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was allowed to enter the Holy of Holies, and only once a year on
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875:
232:
166:
A direct comparison can also be made to the layout of the great
70:
of many Western churches. It eventually evolved into the modern
48:
352:
Many fragments of a marble templon have been discovered on the
110:
The templon most likely has an independent origin from that of
1485:
Caves of God: The Monastic Environment of Byzantine Cappadocia
1315:
The Early Churches of Constantinople: Architecture and Liturgy
1198:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
1171:
313:. Archaeological evidence for an early templon comes from the
746:
Templon is a unique design, an extension of the church walls.
235:(semicircle where the altar is located) are analogous to the
332:
The enclosure around the altar was in early times called an
1352:. London, Oxford, Cambridge: Rivingtons. 1876. p. 154.
1469:
Kavan, Katrina. "Screen: Early Christian and Byzantine."
739:
Transfiguration of our Savior Church, Christianoupoli,
559:
appear on either side of the Deesis on a templon beam.
402:. On either side of Him were medallions of angels, the
1563:
The Millennium: Christianity and Russia, A.D. 988–1988
1269:
The Millennium: Christianity and Russia, A.D. 988–1988
734:
Templon is a modern reconstruction, filled with icons.
694:
Templon is a modern reconstruction, filled with icons.
170:. The most sacred and innermost portion, known as the
586:. From this period, the first wood-carved templa, or
394:
in the center. On the center of the architrave was a
266:. In almost all modern European languages, the word
367:in Constantinople. It was composed near the end of
1545:. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991. 2023–4,
1510:Journal of the British Archaeological Association
1317:. Pennsylvania State University Press, PA, 1971,
658:Hosios Loukas Monastery - Church of the Theotokos
536:Byzantine representational art after iconoclasm.
1565:; p.109-110; 1990; St Vladimir's Seminary Press;
1382:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149.
1271:; p.108-110; 1990; St Vladimir's Seminary Press;
278:, having the same architectural meaning, is the
47:churches consisting of a barrier separating the
1106:Church of St. Nicholas Orphanos in Thessaloniki
1588:Contains a photo of a rebuilt "modern" templon
715:St. John the Forerunner Monastery - Katholikon
247:that surround all four sides of a temple, the
597:mysticism and the wood-carving genius of the
8:
1258:. Columbia University Press, New York, 1940.
1134:Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St Luke, Glasgow
1120:Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki
613:in 1405, and soon copied by his assistant
488:Five-panel Deesis row, Iconostasis of the
74:, still found in Orthodox churches today.
1363:Mackenzie Edward Charles Walcott (1868).
1214:Learn how and when to remove this message
1064:Church of St. Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi
274:, another direct descendant of the Latin
531:, linking the scene of Lazarus with the
16:Nave–altar barrier in Byzantine churches
1561:Maria Cheremeteff in Leong, Albert ed.;
1267:Maria Cheremeteff in Leong, Albert ed.;
1227:
980:Hosios Loukas - Church of the Theotokos
969:
500:, 1405 – the first five-row Iconostasis
153:Torah screen in the altar of a typical
1594:Hosios Loukas, Phokis, Boeotia, Greece
1334:John McClintock, James Strong (1885).
1078:Church of St. George, Staro Nagoričane
1426:Lethaby, W. R. and Swainson, Harold.
1022:Church of the Holy Apostles in Athens
677:St. Leontius Monastery - Katholikon,
371:’s reign and was probably recited on
122:, consciously imitated the classical
7:
1623:Eastern Christian liturgical objects
1586:Cyprus's Centre of Cultural Heritage
700:Hosios Loukas Monastery - Katholikon
1408:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1092:Church of St. Eleftherios in Athens
946:Templon has been filled with icons.
931:Templon has been filled with icons.
916:Templon has been filled with icons.
881:Templon has been filled with icons.
866:Templon is a modern reconstruction.
835:Templon has been filled with icons.
813:Templon has been filled with icons.
788:Templon has been filled with icons.
773:Templon has been filled with icons.
761:Templon is a modern reconstruction.
709:Templon has been filled with icons.
1471:The Grove Dictionary of Art Online
1430:. Macmillan and Co., London, 1894.
1036:Church of St. Panteleimon in Ohrid
14:
1289:"tâmplă - definiție și paradigmă"
819:Kaisariani Monastery - Katholikon
808:Staro Nagoričane, North Macedonia
336:, and their railings were called
315:Cathedral of St. John at Stoudios
309:are also known in archaeology as
39:τέμπλον meaning "temple", plural
1176:
1126:
1112:
1098:
1084:
1070:
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1042:
1028:
1014:
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1592:Templon of Saint Luke of Stiris
1239:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1008:Church of St. Christine of Lena
1538:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1458:Procopius. Vol. VII: Buildings
1050:Church of St. Mary in Cosmedin
766:Theotokos Peribleptos Church,
629:Churches with existing templon
1:
1613:Byzantine sacred architecture
897:Decani Monastery - Katholikon
852:Gorno Nerezi, North Macedonia
603:Cathedral of the Annunciation
490:Cathedral of the Annunciation
1541:. Ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan,
1487:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
887:St. Nicholas Orphanos Church
1447:, No. 1 (March 1947). 1–24.
513:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1639:
994:Hosios Loukas - Katholikon
619:Cathedral of the Dormition
1378:Caroline Goodson (2010).
1522:10.1179/jba.1981.134.1.1
1367:. L. Reeve. p. 133.
1254:Swift, Emerson Howland.
840:Transfiguration Church,
1185:This article cites its
679:Vodoča, North Macedonia
420:St. John the Theologian
299:Santa Maria in Cosmedin
1608:Architectural elements
1483:Kostof, Spiro (1972).
1338:. Harper. p. 124.
1162:Tribune (architecture)
857:St. Eleftherios Church
848:St. Panteleimon Church
768:Ohrid, North Macedonia
729:Ohrid, North Macedonia
689:Ohrid, North Macedonia
685:St. Panteleimon Church
584:sculpture in the round
578:
570:A columnar templon at
551:and the threat of the
501:
388:Theodora (6th century)
302:
231:. The steps up to the
107:
28:
937:Prophet Elijah Church
828:St. Nicholas Church,
752:Nea Moni - Katholikon
648:St. Christine of Lena
569:
487:
317:in Constantinople, a
297:
101:
22:
1313:Matthews, Thomas F.
941:Thessaloniki, Greece
926:Thessaloniki, Greece
922:Holy Apostles Church
911:Thessaloniki, Greece
907:St. Catherine Church
891:Thessaloniki, Greece
872:Porta Panagia Church
794:St. Mary in Cosmedin
783:Thessaloniki, Greece
668:Holy Apostles Church
611:Theophanes the Greek
498:Theophanes the Greek
424:St. John the Baptist
1618:Church architecture
541:Nicholaos Andidorum
416:St. John of Ephesus
361:Paul the Silentiary
264:Temple in Jerusalem
216:in Greek, from the
176:Ark of the Covenant
168:Temple of Jerusalem
1235:Strzygowski, Josef
952:St Mark's Basilica
638:Torcello Cathedral
579:
572:St Mark's Basilica
549:efficacy of prayer
502:
410:, and finally the
303:
180:veil of the temple
108:
43:) is a feature of
29:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1191:does not provide
804:St. George Church
725:St. Sophia Church
543:describes in his
470:Saint Panteleimon
286:, "iconostasis".
64:Eastern Christian
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323:John the Baptist
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174:, was where the
27:(ancient Gerasa)
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704:Distomo, Greece
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662:Distomo, Greece
642:Torcello, Italy
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854:
845:
844:(12th century)
838:
837:
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830:Serres, Greece
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615:Andrey Rublyov
607:Moscow Kremlin
494:Moscow Kremlin
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356:in Jerusalem.
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199:Roman Emperors
172:Holy of Holies
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561:Proskynetaria
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557:St Eustratios
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553:Last Judgment
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1407:
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1292:
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1256:Hagia Sophia
1255:
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1204:October 2011
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354:Temple Mount
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346:Pope Leo III
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283:
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165:
143:Torah screen
140:
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1534:"Templon."
1456:Procopius.
1295:. dexonline
1157:Rood screen
798:Rome, Italy
652:Lena, Spain
588:iconostases
517:Mount Sinai
412:Virgin Mary
369:Justinian I
257:entablature
192:monasteries
184:High Priest
72:iconostasis
68:altar rails
1602:Categories
1413:2023-02-20
1168:References
545:Protheoria
506:Cappadocia
454:iconoclasm
442:architrave
431:polychrome
249:architrave
237:stereobate
188:Yom Kippur
150:synagogues
128:proscenium
124:proskenion
79:architrave
625:in 1408.
595:Hesychast
533:Holy Week
480:Evolution
462:Patriarch
241:stylobate
214:loan word
205:Etymology
120:Sophocles
83:sanctuary
55:near the
53:sanctuary
51:from the
45:Byzantine
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1141:See also
623:Vladimir
599:Russians
408:Apostles
404:Prophets
396:repoussé
373:Epiphany
338:cancelli
319:basilica
280:Romanian
102:A Greek
1445:Vol. 29
1243:Vol. 27
1187:sources
963:Gallery
617:in the
529:Lazarus
492:in the
450:Phrygia
446:Sebaste
434:marbles
381:exedrae
327:parapet
276:templum
272:templon
268:templon
255:on the
253:metopes
245:columns
221:templum
210:Templon
136:liturgy
126:(Latin
116:theater
94:Origins
33:templon
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525:Deesis
474:Nerzei
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301:, Rome
284:tâmplă
229:temple
225:temple
161:temple
155:Syrian
147:Jewish
41:templa
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25:Jerash
521:Egypt
438:busts
392:cross
282:word
218:Latin
212:is a
158:pagan
112:Latin
87:icons
57:altar
37:Greek
1567:ISBN
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