750:
822:
834:
505:
786:
421:
738:
798:
726:
774:
762:
622:. Brizio believed that the Ligures, at some early point, took to erecting pile dwellings, although why they should have abandoned their previously unprotected hut-settlements for elaborate fortifications is unclear. While Brizio did not envision invading peoples until long after the Terramare period, the pile dwellings, ramparts and moats at Terramare sites have usually seemed more akin to military defenses, than the prevention of inundation during regular flooding; for instance, Terramare buildings usually stood on hills. There are other difficulties of a similar character with Brizio's theory.
569:
45:
1217:
confrontò con la pianta degli accampamenti militari romani e delle antiche città , fondate con rito etrusco. La sostennero con fortuna il
Pigorini, aggiungendo le scoperte di Castellazzo, e W. Helbig. La teoria ebbe il favore della grande maggioranza dei dotti, primi i linguisti, che videro in essa un appoggio archeologico all'idea della derivazione della lingua italica dal Ceppo indo-ario, come allora si diceva. Dissentirono E. Brizio, G. Sergi, G. Patroni, C. A. De Cara.
3185:
1056:
810:
3174:
428:
The
Terramare, in spite of local differences, is of typical form; each settlement is trapezoidal, with streets arranged in a quadrangular pattern. Some houses are built upon piles even though the village is entirely on dry land and some are not. There is currently no commonly accepted explanation for
1216:
Teoria terramaricola. - Venne enunciata in modo compiuto da
Gaetano Chierici fino dal 1871; importantissimo è anche il suo scritto del 1881. Egli anche asserì l'attribuzione delle terramare agl'Italici perché ritenne che tutte, senza eccezione, avessero la "quadratura orientata", e quindi le
580:
in the eastern
Mediterranean, are still not entirely clear. It seems possible that in the face of an incipient overpopulation (between 150,000 and 200,000 individuals were calculated) and depletion of natural resources, a series of drought periods led to a deep economic crisis, famine, and
585:. Around 1150 BC the Terramare were completely abandoned, with no settlements replacing them. The plains, especially in the area of Emilia, were abandoned for several centuries, and only in the Roman era did they regain the density of population reached during the Terramare period.
433:. In the Middle Bronze Age they are no larger than 2 ha (4.9 acres) placed at an average density of 1 per 25 km (9.7 sq mi). In the Late Bronze Age many sites have been abandoned and the ones that were not are larger, up to 60 ha (150 acres).
408:, a Terramare site. They were the first to perceive that the settlements were prehistoric. Starting from Gaetano Chierici's theory that the pile dwellings further north represented an ancestral Roman population, Pigorini developed a theory of
749:
821:
833:
1119:
600:, but were forced, by a series of famines of which they could not understand the reason, nor to which find a solution, to leave their once-fertile land and move to the south, where they merged with the Aborigines.
512:
The occupations of the
Terramare people as compared with their Neolithic predecessors may be inferred with comparative certainty. They remained hunters, but also had domesticated animals; they were fairly skilful
785:
429:
the piles. The whole is protected by an earthwork strengthened on the inside by buttresses, and encircled by a wide moat supplied with running water. In all over 60 villages are known, almost entirely from
737:
576:
Around 1200 BC a serious crisis began for the
Terramare culture that within a few years led to the abandonment of all the settlements; the reasons for this crisis, roughly contemporaneous with the
389:
in 1860. He was investigating peat bogs and old lake sites in north Italy but did some investigations of the marnier, recognizing them finally as habitation, not funerary, sites similar to the
504:
90:
374:
deposit. It may be any color but in agricultural lands it is most typically black, giving rise to the "black earth" identification of it. The population of the terramare sites is called the
725:
797:
420:
773:
496:
figures, chiefly of animals (though human figures are found at
Castellazzo), are interesting as being practically the earliest specimens of plastic art found in Italy.
2244:
761:
2276:
2907:
2259:
1382:
1317:
1286:
1077:
313:
3209:
2871:
1801:
3224:
3005:
3214:
2912:
2477:
3219:
1689:
3155:
2318:
1183:
2952:
2227:
2035:
697:
385:
rites. They were called terramare and marnier by the farmers of the region, who mined the soil for fertilizer. Scientific study began with
2144:
1068:
2281:
472:, etc. Also remarkable is the finding of a large number of stone moulds, needed to obtain the bronze objects. There are also objects of
3000:
2585:
2212:
2045:
1806:
1025:
994:
657:
More recently, Italian archeologist Andrea
Cardarelli has proposed re-evaluations of contemporaneous Greek accounts, such as that of
2232:
2207:
2050:
1407:
156:
588:
It has been suggested that the memory of the fate of the
Terramare culture may have lasted for centuries, until it was recorded by
2604:
1885:
1771:
2181:
2728:
2640:
2487:
2482:
2313:
1310:
2676:
2264:
1741:
1477:
1249:
2927:
2758:
2645:
2176:
2171:
2323:
2686:
2625:
2610:
2462:
1776:
1527:
1168:"The Collapse of the Terramare Culture and growth of new economic and social System during the late Bronze Age in Italy"
608:
Significant differences of opinion have arisen as to the origin and ethnographic relations of the
Terramare population.
568:
31:
1646:
1616:
1422:
895:
381:
These sites prior to the second half of the 19th century were commonly believed to have been used for Gallic and Roman
3030:
2748:
2594:
2376:
2286:
2186:
2072:
2040:
1725:
283:
306:
3229:
3085:
2713:
2533:
2440:
2413:
2348:
2222:
1756:
1682:
1577:
1303:
658:
589:
299:
44:
3115:
2881:
2804:
2768:
1786:
1751:
1746:
1462:
1372:
210:
3130:
3120:
3100:
3070:
3025:
2723:
2565:
2497:
2467:
2447:
2328:
2004:
1969:
1766:
870:
855:
629:
577:
430:
243:
110:
1611:
1207:
3010:
2773:
2630:
2600:
2575:
2492:
2452:
2391:
2290:
2055:
2025:
633:
2708:
2696:
2472:
2457:
2149:
1791:
628:(1842–1925) proposed that a population derived from the Terramare culture was a dominant component of the
339:
3015:
2942:
2922:
2836:
2785:
2543:
2523:
2333:
1927:
1895:
1781:
1761:
1675:
1562:
711:
185:
2866:
2681:
2570:
2548:
2202:
2100:
1984:
1852:
1492:
409:
231:
206:
809:
3234:
3150:
3140:
3095:
2861:
2826:
2821:
2538:
2159:
2095:
2015:
1487:
1417:
1377:
1357:
386:
259:
226:
181:
168:
148:
3125:
3110:
3090:
2947:
2888:
2841:
2763:
2620:
2590:
2580:
2555:
2528:
2435:
2428:
2364:
2120:
2115:
1832:
1641:
1636:
1387:
1094:"Stone moulds from Terramare (Northern Italy): Analytical Approach and Experimental Reproduction"
942:
860:
687:
397:
214:
202:
172:
164:
160:
1017:
1011:
3075:
3065:
2937:
2851:
2816:
2743:
2733:
2511:
2381:
2295:
2125:
2105:
2079:
2067:
1862:
1857:
1842:
1822:
1552:
1502:
1452:
1397:
1392:
1362:
1179:
1021:
990:
582:
518:
279:
275:
255:
251:
222:
189:
140:
121:
65:
3145:
2967:
2917:
2898:
2893:
2846:
2753:
2691:
2671:
2659:
2615:
2418:
2398:
2386:
2249:
2217:
2130:
1847:
1710:
1702:
1626:
1621:
1567:
1532:
1497:
1482:
1432:
1412:
1402:
1367:
1352:
1061:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
934:
850:
643:
541:
489:
355:
287:
271:
267:
263:
247:
197:
152:
144:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3035:
2932:
2856:
2718:
2237:
2135:
2020:
1920:
1827:
1557:
1472:
1457:
1442:
347:
218:
193:
1467:
1276:
358:
c. 1700–1150 BC. It takes its name from the "black earth" residue of settlement mounds.
3188:
3135:
3105:
3050:
2957:
2831:
2778:
2738:
2408:
2403:
2254:
2154:
2110:
2062:
1964:
1932:
1890:
1867:
1631:
1601:
1572:
1507:
987:
The idea of a town: the anthropology of urban form in Rome, Italy and the ancient world
865:
638:
632:—especially in its northern and Campanian phases and the Terramare culture has been an
625:
611:
596:. In his record the Pelasgians occupied the Po Valley up to two generations before the
401:
351:
235:
100:
55:
371:
3203:
3060:
2701:
2271:
1959:
1937:
1796:
1606:
1542:
1537:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1437:
1281:
1244:
1072:
1062:
960:
946:
651:
461:
176:
925:
Pearce, Mark (December 1, 1998). "New research on the terramare of northern Italy".
3178:
2985:
2790:
2560:
2164:
2030:
1979:
1954:
1336:
514:
30:
This article is about the technology complex of north Italy. For other uses, see
3080:
3020:
2990:
2343:
1974:
1427:
666:
390:
548:: further investigation, however, of the cemeteries shows that both burial and
2338:
1947:
1587:
1344:
1326:
938:
875:
662:
618:(1898), advanced a theory that the Terramare population had been the original
597:
593:
1081:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–659.
1013:
Living on the lake in prehistoric Europe: 150 years of lake-dwelling research
1290:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–760.
670:
553:
549:
436:
The remains discovered may be briefly summarized. Stone objects are few. Of
382:
343:
2995:
2980:
2975:
2876:
1910:
1905:
1658:
1447:
683:
17:
2010:
1942:
693:
619:
481:
1228:
650:
a tradition of lake dwellings, modified in Italy into Terramare-style
2635:
1093:
581:
consequently the disruption of the political order, which caused the
545:
469:
457:
445:
437:
404:. In 1862 they wrote a piece concerning the Castione di Marchesi in
1167:
1915:
1698:
706:
567:
530:
526:
503:
485:
453:
449:
405:
1667:
592:, in his first book on the Roman Antiquities, as the fate of the
2423:
1900:
534:
522:
493:
477:
473:
367:
1671:
1299:
1275:
557:
521:
of stone and clay; they were also agriculturists, cultivating
465:
441:
1295:
456:, and knives are found, as also minor implements, such as
1258:
Pigorini, Luigi. "Le piĂą antiche civiltĂ dell'Italia".
1172:
Scienze dell'antichitĂ : Storia Archeologia Antropologia
572:
Excavations at the Terramere of Castione Marchesi, 1877
1120:"Barbieri and Cavazzuti – Stone moulds from terramare"
989:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 73.
378:. The sites were excavated exhaustively in 1860–1910.
2966:
2803:
2658:
2510:
2363:
2306:
2195:
2182:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
2088:
1997:
1878:
1815:
1734:
1718:
1709:
1586:
1343:
646:-speaking peoples. Pigorini also attributed to the
106:
96:
86:
71:
61:
51:
560:. Cremation may have been a later introduction.
552:were practiced, with cremated remains placed in
1683:
1311:
1161:
1159:
1127:Experimentalarchaeologyuk.files.wordpress.com
307:
8:
1092:Barbieri, Monia; Cavazzuti, Claudio (2014).
1016:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp.
920:
918:
916:
37:
665:whom the Greeks generally equated with the
661:, and to link the Terramare culture to the
556:; practically no objects were found in the
2809:
2664:
2516:
2369:
1715:
1690:
1676:
1668:
1318:
1304:
1296:
314:
300:
117:
43:
698:Centro ambientale archeologico di Legnago
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
419:
27:Archaeological culture in Northern Italy
887:
721:
396:His studies attracted the attention of
36:
1260:Bollettino di Paleoetnologia Italiana
1250:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
961:"Terramare culture - ancient culture"
7:
2228:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
508:Terramare of Montale, reconstruction
424:Terramare of Montale, reconstruction
412:settlement of Italy from the north.
1292:See specifically pp. 721–726.
25:
3210:Archaeological cultures of Europe
669:and specifically, therefore, the
636:population, the ancestors of the
3225:Archaeological cultures in Italy
3184:
3183:
3172:
1067:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "
1054:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
748:
736:
724:
354:, dating to the Middle and Late
3215:Chalcolithic cultures of Europe
2913:Orders, decorations, and medals
400:and his 18-year-old assistant,
1478:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
896:"Map of the Terramare culture"
731:Reconstructed Terramare houses
1:
3220:Bronze Age cultures of Europe
1247:(1997). "Terramare Culture".
131:
79:
75:
1528:South-Western Iberian Bronze
1253:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
1100:(EXARC Journal Issue 2014/1)
827:Loom weaving, reconstruction
32:Black earth (disambiguation)
2953:Water supply and sanitation
2377:Italian geographical region
2245:Monarchy and the World Wars
2187:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2073:War of the Sicilian Vespers
1726:Timeline of Italian history
1166:Cardarelli, Andrea (2009).
1010:Menotti, Francesco (2004).
743:Reconstructed entrance gate
682:Santa Rosa di Poviglio, in
604:Theories of ethnic identity
284:Multi-cordoned ware culture
3251:
2872:Inventions and discoveries
2282:Fall of the Fascist regime
2265:Fourth War of Independence
2223:Expedition of the Thousand
2213:Second War of Independence
1578:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
659:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
590:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
29:
3168:
2812:
2667:
2646:Security and intelligence
2519:
2372:
2233:Third War of Independence
2208:First War of Independence
1655:
1463:Indus Valley Civilisation
1373:Armorican Tumulus culture
1333:
939:10.1017/S0003598X00087317
211:Armorican Tumulus culture
42:
2324:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
2319:Institutional referendum
1274:Burton, William (1911).
1214:(in Italian). Treccani.
985:Rykwert, Joseph (1999).
871:Ancient peoples of Italy
856:Genetic history of Italy
630:Proto-Villanovan culture
578:Late Bronze Age collapse
564:Development and collapse
484:(both coarse and fine),
244:Proto-Villanovan culture
111:Proto-Villanovan culture
2847:Emigration and diaspora
2056:Guelphs and Ghibellines
2041:the Sardinian Judicates
1423:Deverel–Rimbury culture
1287:Encyclopædia Britannica
1078:Encyclopædia Britannica
965:Encyclopedia Britannica
900:Nuke.costumilombardi.it
688:Terramare of Santa Rosa
2729:Science and technology
2677:Italian regions by GDP
2478:Marine protected areas
2150:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
839:Furnace reconstruction
634:Indo-European-speaking
573:
544:the dead were given a
509:
425:
366:, "marl-earth", where
342:mainly of the central
2928:Public administration
2036:the Holy Roman Empire
1212:Enciclopedia Italiana
1206:Rellini, Ugo (1937).
791:Carved bone artefacts
571:
507:
440:(the chief material)
423:
3156:World Heritage Sites
2611:Council of Ministers
2349:Coronavirus pandemic
1747:Currency and coinage
1493:Mumun pottery period
1147:Who were the Romans?
517:, casting bronze in
232:Nuragic civilization
91:Terramare of Montale
2687:Automotive industry
2626:Metropolitan cities
2172:Early Modern period
2145:Kingdom of Sardinia
2096:Italian city-states
1488:Minoan civilization
1418:Deer stones culture
1378:Atlantic Bronze Age
1358:Aegean civilization
1229:Gli scavi di Anzola
1151:Early Age of Greece
815:Terramare artefacts
583:collapse of society
387:Bartolomeo Gastaldi
260:Bronze Age Caucasus
227:Atlantic Bronze Age
182:Bell Beaker culture
39:
2749:Telecommunications
2116:Maritime republics
1637:Leyla-Tepe culture
1594:and Transcaucasia)
1408:Chinese Bronze Age
1388:Bronze Age Britain
861:Villanovan culture
712:Anzola dell'Emilia
692:Fondo Paviani, in
574:
510:
426:
398:Pellegrino Strobel
340:technology complex
203:Bronze Age Britain
173:Wietenberg culture
157:Bronze Age Balkans
52:Geographical range
3230:Prehistoric Italy
3197:
3196:
3164:
3163:
2799:
2798:
2734:Southern question
2654:
2653:
2586:Political parties
2534:Foreign relations
2506:
2505:
2359:
2358:
2080:Kingdom of Naples
2068:Kingdom of Sicily
1665:
1664:
1548:Terramare culture
1503:Nordic Bronze Age
1453:Hallstatt culture
1398:Canegrate culture
1393:Bronze Age Europe
1363:Andronovo culture
1185:978-88-7140-440-0
705:Case Cocconi, in
616:Epoca preistorica
324:
323:
280:Andronovo culture
276:Sintashta culture
256:Golasecca culture
252:Canegrate culture
240:Terramare culture
223:Hilversum culture
215:Bronze Age Iberia
207:Bronze Age France
190:Nordic Bronze Age
116:
115:
38:Terramare culture
16:(Redirected from
3242:
3187:
3186:
3179:Italy portal
3176:
3175:
3116:National symbols
2810:
2665:
2517:
2370:
2250:Kingdom of Italy
2177:Napoleonic Italy
1716:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1595:
1568:Urnfield culture
1533:Srubnaya culture
1498:Mycenaean Greece
1483:Lusatian culture
1433:Ewart Park Phase
1413:Cycladic culture
1403:Catacomb culture
1368:Apennine culture
1353:Abashevo culture
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1279:
1277:"Ceramics"
1263:
1254:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1032:
1031:
1007:
1001:
1000:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
957:
951:
950:
933:(278): 743–746.
922:
911:
910:
908:
906:
892:
851:Bronze Age Italy
836:
824:
812:
803:Bronze artefacts
800:
788:
776:
767:Bronze spearhead
764:
752:
740:
728:
542:William Ridgeway
316:
309:
302:
288:Srubnaya culture
272:Abashevo culture
268:Poltavka culture
264:Catacomb culture
248:Apennine culture
198:Urnfield culture
169:Ottomány culture
136:
133:
118:
81:
77:
47:
40:
21:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3173:
3160:
3131:Public holidays
2962:
2908:Life expectancy
2795:
2650:
2566:Law enforcement
2502:
2355:
2302:
2291:Social Republic
2255:Colonial Empire
2238:Capture of Rome
2191:
2084:
1993:
1886:Ancient peoples
1874:
1811:
1772:Historic states
1730:
1705:
1696:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1647:Khojaly–Gadabay
1617:Shulaveri-Shomu
1593:
1592:(North Caucasus
1591:
1590:
1582:
1563:Únětice culture
1558:Tumulus culture
1473:Karasuk culture
1458:Helladic period
1448:Argaric culture
1443:Glazkov culture
1339:
1329:
1324:
1273:
1270:
1268:Further reading
1257:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1066:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1035:
1028:
1009:
1008:
1004:
997:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
924:
923:
914:
904:
902:
894:
893:
889:
884:
847:
840:
837:
828:
825:
816:
813:
804:
801:
792:
789:
780:
777:
768:
765:
756:
753:
744:
741:
732:
729:
720:
679:
606:
566:
502:
418:
393:further north.
326:
320:
291:
290:
219:Argaric culture
194:Tumulus culture
186:Únětice culture
165:Nagyrév culture
161:VuÄŤedol culture
138:
134:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Stock exchange
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Municipalities
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2601:Prime Minister
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Regional parks
2485:
2483:National parks
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:Climate change
2384:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2155:Duchy of Savoy
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2063:Lombard League
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:Western Empire
1977:
1972:
1970:Roman conquest
1967:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1891:Italic peoples
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Maykop culture
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:Wessex culture
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Okunev culture
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1282:Chisholm, Hugh
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1198:
1184:
1155:
1139:
1111:
1084:
1073:Chisholm, Hugh
1033:
1027:978-0415317191
1026:
1002:
996:978-0262680561
995:
977:
952:
912:
886:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
866:Polada culture
863:
858:
853:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
831:
829:
826:
819:
817:
814:
807:
805:
802:
795:
793:
790:
783:
781:
778:
771:
769:
766:
759:
757:
755:Carinated bowl
754:
747:
745:
742:
735:
733:
730:
723:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
703:
700:
690:
678:
675:
626:Luigi Pigorini
612:Edoardo Brizio
605:
602:
565:
562:
501:
498:
417:
414:
402:Luigi Pigorini
391:pile dwellings
352:Northern Italy
322:
321:
319:
318:
311:
304:
296:
293:
292:
236:Polada culture
139:
129:
128:
125:
124:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:Polada culture
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
56:Northern Italy
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Years of Lead
2332:
2330:
2329:Economic Boom
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Fascist Italy
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Niçard exodus
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Magna Graecia
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Tagar culture
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Samus culture
1521:
1519:
1518:Penard Period
1516:
1514:
1513:Ordos culture
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Ezero culture
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:Mallory, J.P.
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1099:
1098:EXARC Journal
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1063:public domain
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:
998:
992:
988:
981:
978:
966:
962:
956:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
917:
913:
901:
897:
891:
888:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
844:
835:
830:
823:
818:
811:
806:
799:
794:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
727:
722:
717:
713:
710:
708:
704:
702:Case del Lago
701:
699:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:
677:List of sites
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
654:on dry land.
653:
652:pile dwelling
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
579:
570:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:According to
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:metallurgists
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
422:
415:
413:
411:
410:Indo-European
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
376:terramaricoli
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
177:Vatya culture
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
127:
126:
123:
120:
119:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82: 1150 BC
78: 1650 —
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3016:Architecture
2986:Quattrocento
2943:Social class
2923:Prostitution
2837:Demographics
2759:Trade unions
2702:Central Bank
2544:Human rights
2524:Constitution
2307:Contemporary
2277:World War II
2165:Italian Wars
2089:Early modern
2031:Papal States
2009:Italy under
1955:Ancient Rome
1837:
1547:
1337:Chalcolithic
1285:
1259:
1248:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1175:
1171:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1097:
1087:
1076:
1012:
1005:
986:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
930:
926:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
656:
647:
637:
624:
615:
610:
607:
587:
575:
539:
511:
435:
427:
395:
380:
375:
363:
359:
335:
331:
327:
325:
239:
230:
201:
180:
159:
3081:Italophilia
3041:Coat of arm
2991:Cinquecento
2867:Immigration
2817:Aristocracy
2682:Agriculture
2576:Nationality
2549:LGBT rights
2463:Earthquakes
2344:Mani pulite
2260:World War I
2203:Unification
2196:Late modern
2160:Renaissance
2005:Middle Ages
1998:Middle Ages
1975:Roman Italy
1742:Citizenship
1612:Kura–Araxes
1543:Tarim Basin
1428:Elp culture
1208:"Terramare"
1191:13 February
1149:p. 16; and
1132:13 February
1104:13 February
970:13 February
905:13 February
667:Tyrrhenians
642:, i.e. the
490:glass paste
416:Settlements
364:terra marna
135: 3200
107:Followed by
97:Preceded by
87:Major sites
3235:Pelasgians
3204:Categories
3151:Traditions
3141:Television
3126:Philosophy
3091:Literature
3031:Cathedrals
3001:Settecento
2862:Healthcare
2827:Corruption
2822:Censorship
2581:Parliament
2539:Government
2339:Maxi Trial
2287:Resistance
2016:Ostrogoths
1948:Messapians
1833:Villanovan
1823:Prehistory
1816:Prehistory
1642:Jar-Burial
1588:Bronze Age
1468:Late Jomon
1345:Bronze Age
1327:Bronze Age
882:References
876:Dark earth
779:Bronze axe
663:Pelasgians
598:Trojan War
594:Pelasgians
480:, besides
383:sepulchral
372:lacustrine
356:Bronze Age
122:Bronze Age
66:Bronze Age
3111:Mythology
3086:Libraries
3006:Ottocento
2948:Terrorism
2889:Languages
2842:Education
2764:Transport
2714:Companies
2621:Provinces
2591:President
2556:Judiciary
2529:Elections
2441:Volcanoes
2436:Volcanism
2429:Apennines
2414:Mountains
2382:Peninsula
2365:Geography
2296:Civil War
2021:Byzantium
1928:Etruscans
1863:Canegrate
1858:Golasecca
1843:Rinaldone
1838:Terramare
1828:Neolithic
1553:Trzciniec
1069:Terramara
947:160050623
927:Antiquity
671:Etruscans
620:Ligurians
614:, in his
554:ossuaries
550:cremation
360:Terramare
344:Po valley
336:terremare
332:terramara
328:Terramare
153:Mycenaean
137:– 600 BC)
18:Terramara
3189:Category
3076:Internet
3066:Folklore
2996:Seicento
2981:Trecento
2976:Duecento
2938:Religion
2899:Regional
2877:Italians
2852:Gambling
2744:Taxation
2571:Military
2512:Politics
2314:Republic
2101:Florence
2026:Lombards
1965:Republic
1911:Samnites
1906:Picentes
1848:Apennine
1807:Railways
1787:Military
1735:By topic
1719:Overview
1703:articles
1659:Iron Age
1627:Trialeti
1622:Colchian
1153:, i. 496
845:See also
684:Poviglio
492:. Small
470:brooches
362:is from
145:Cycladic
130:Europe (
3146:Theatre
3121:Palaces
3101:Museums
3071:Gardens
3056:Fashion
3046:Cuisine
3026:Castles
2968:Culture
2918:Poverty
2894:Italian
2805:Society
2786:Welfare
2754:Tourism
2724:Exports
2692:Banking
2672:Economy
2660:Economy
2616:Regions
2498:Valleys
2468:Islands
2448:Beaches
2419:Prealps
2399:Geology
2387:Climate
2051:Normans
2011:Odoacer
1960:Kingdom
1943:Ligures
1879:Ancient
1853:Nuragic
1802:Postage
1777:Judaism
1767:Genetic
1757:Fashion
1752:Economy
1711:History
1284:(ed.).
1238:Sources
1075:(ed.).
1065::
718:Gallery
694:Legnago
648:Italici
639:Italici
500:Society
482:pottery
462:needles
458:sickles
446:daggers
3177:
3051:Design
3036:Cinema
3011:Anthem
2933:Racism
2882:People
2857:Health
2719:Energy
2709:Brands
2636:Comune
2631:Cities
2493:Rivers
2453:Canals
2136:Amalfi
2121:Venice
1980:Empire
1921:Veneti
1896:Latins
1868:Latial
1701:
1602:Kurgan
1182:
1071:". In
1059:
1024:
993:
945:
696:- see
686:- see
644:Italic
546:burial
533:, and
527:grapes
519:moulds
488:, and
454:razors
450:swords
438:bronze
431:Emilia
348:Emilia
149:Minoan
141:Aegean
62:Period
3136:Sport
3106:Music
3096:Media
2958:Women
2832:Crime
2697:Banks
2473:Lakes
2458:Caves
2409:Flora
2404:Fauna
2126:Genoa
2111:Milan
2106:Siena
2046:Arabs
1933:Celts
1916:Umbri
1792:Music
1762:Flags
1699:Italy
1607:Koban
1280:. In
1123:(PDF)
1018:84–85
943:S2CID
707:Parma
531:wheat
523:beans
486:amber
406:Parma
370:is a
346:, in
338:is a
334:, or
72:Dates
3061:Flag
2791:Wine
2779:road
2774:rail
2605:List
2595:List
2424:Alps
2289:and
2131:Pisa
1901:Osci
1797:Name
1782:LGBT
1383:BMAC
1193:2019
1180:ISBN
1134:2019
1106:2019
1022:ISBN
991:ISBN
972:2019
907:2019
558:urns
535:flax
494:clay
478:wood
476:and
474:bone
466:pins
442:axes
368:marl
3021:Art
2769:air
2561:Law
935:doi
155:),
3206::
1657:↓
1335:↑
1210:.
1178:.
1176:15
1174:.
1170:.
1158:^
1125:.
1096:.
1036:^
1020:.
963:.
941:.
931:72
929:.
915:^
898:.
673:.
537:.
529:,
525:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
350:,
330:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
175:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
151:,
147:,
132:c.
80:c.
76:c.
2607:)
2603:(
2597:)
2593:(
1691:e
1684:t
1677:v
1319:e
1312:t
1305:v
1262:.
1195:.
1136:.
1108:.
1030:.
999:.
974:.
949:.
937::
909:.
315:e
308:t
301:v
143:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
