230:(RTS) and subaerial debris flows. Actual drainage may be triggered by fluvial erosion or expansion of adjacent basins at inland locations. In coastal areas, drainage may be due to coastal retreat leading to thermal abrasion or erosion due to wave action. More gradual drainage (partial or complete) may be caused by local permafrost degradation and erosion. Lakes stop growing once drainage is initiated, and eventually depressions are filled by sediments, aquatic plants or peat. Another option for the fate of a drained thaw lake is that the active layer surrounding the lake deepens to below water level once ground ice is exhausted, allowing for a residual lake to remain.
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134:, refers to a body of freshwater, usually shallow, that is formed in a depression formed by thawing ice-rich permafrost. A key indicator of thermokarst lakes is the occurrence of excess ground ice as well as having an ice content with greater than 30% by volume. Thermokarst lakes tend to form and disappear in a cyclical manner, resulting in a predictable life cycle (see "life cycle" below). Continued thawing of the permafrost substrate can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of thermokarst lakes, leaving them, in such cases, a geomorphologically temporary phenomenon, formed in response to a warming climate.
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ground are present. Through discontinuous permafrost, it is when thaw occurs in palsas (frozen peat cores) or in lithalsas (mineral core mounds). Permafrost degradation is typically linked to a surface disturbance, either natural or artificial, in combination with site-specific factors, such as permafrost ice-content, ground temperature, etc.
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is present. The general morphology (shape, depth, circumference) is variable, with some thaw lakes oriented, meaning they are generally elongated in a specific direction. Though their formation mechanism has not been definitively proven, it is believed to be related to the prevailing winds or storms.
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Oriented morphology of lakes can take on shapes such as "elliptical, egg-shaped, triangular, rectangular, clam-shaped, or D-shaped", and commonly occur in terrain with sandy sediments. Polemic scholastic discussions pertaining to development of lakes’ shapes are commonplace throughout the literature
137:
These lakes are typically found in arctic and subarctic lowlands, including the western
Canadian Arctic (e.g. Banks Island, Victoria island), the Alaskan coastal plain, interior Yukon Territory and the alluvial lowlands of northern Eurasia and Siberia. The presence of thaw lakes in a region results
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If lakes form in an area of ice-rich permafrost, coalescence of several smaller lakes may occur, producing a larger body of water, magnifying the thermal disturbance. Development may be further facilitated by lateral bank erosion. Additionally, thermal abrasion of thermokarst lake edges can expand
173:
The initiation of a thaw lake begins with the degradation of ice-rich permafrost. The natural inception of thermokarst lakes can be demarcated into two separate processes; whether in continuous or discontinuous permafrost. In continuous permafrost, water accumulates when ice veins and polygonal
182:
Development of thaw lakes tends to be slow at first, but once the average lake bottom temperature exceeds 0 °C (32 °F) the lake ceases freezing to the bottom and thaw becomes continuous. The lake grows as ice thaws, which may result in the slumping of shorelines or submergence of
630:
Sellmann, P.V.; Brown, J.; Lewellen, R.I.; McKim, H.; Merry, C. (1975). The classification and geomorphic implications of thaw lakes on the Arctic
Coastal Plain, Alaska (Report). Hanover, NH.: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
95:, until they begin to thaw. These domed surfaces eventually collapse – either annually or after longer periods – and form depressions which become part of the uneven terrains included under the general category of
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Romanovsky, V.; Isaksen, K.; Drozdov, D.; Anisimov, O.; Instanes, A.; Leibman, M.; McGuire, A.D.; Shiklomanov, N.; Smith, S.; Walker, D. (2017). "Changing permafrost and its impacts". In Symon, C. (ed.).
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The disturbance (of either kind) leads to overall warming and melting of ground ice, after which surface subsidence occurs allowing for water infiltration of either surface water or melted ground ice.
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Hinkel, K.M.; Frohn, R.C.; Nelson, F.E.; Eisner, W.R.; Beck, R.A. (2005). "Morphometric and spatial analysis of thaw lakes and drained thaw-lake basins in the
Western Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska".
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regimes. This feature is not present throughout all thermokarst regions. Upon expansion in this stage, thermokarst lakes often take on an elongated shape with ordered alignment in the long axis.
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with the onset of winter are only temporary features. They collapse during the following summer thaw, leaving a small surface depression. Some ice lenses grow and form larger surface hummocks ("
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Romanovskii, N.N.; Hubberten, H.-W.; Gavrilov, A.V.; Tumskoy, V.E.; Tipenko, G.S.; Grigoriev, M.N. (2000). "Thermokarst and land–ocean interactions, Laptev Sea region, Russia".
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on orientation and morphology of thermokarst lakes. However, there are clearly a multitude of reasons beyond wind movement only, that contribute to the shape of lakes. Grosse
404:
van
Huissteden, J.; Berrittella, C.; Parmentier, F.J.W.; Mi, Y.; Maximov, T.C.; Dolman, A.J. (2011). "Methane emissions from permafrost thaw lakes limited by lake drainage".
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Czudek, Tadeáš & Demek, Jaromiŕ (1970). "Thermokarst in
Siberia and its influence on the development of lowland relief".
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Burn, C.R.; Smith, M.W. (2–5 August 1988). "Thermokarst lakes at Mayo, Yukon
Territory, Canada". In Senneset, K. (ed.).
511:
671:
Dostovalov, B.N.; Kudryavtsev, V.A. (1967). "Obshcheye mierzlotovedeniya". Moscow, RU: Moscow State
University: 463.
79:" attached to their name, even though no limestone is actually present. Small domes that form on the surface due to
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804:. Second International Conference . Yakutsk, USSR; Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 94–100.
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Burn, C.R. & Lewkowicz, A.G. (1990). "Canadian landform examples – 17 retrogressive thaw slumps".
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The depth of permafrost below a lake will generally be shallower and if the lake is of sufficient depth, a
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The formation of permafrost thaw lakes due to warming climate is a positive feedback loop, as methane,
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207:. (2013) summarize endogenous and exogenous elements that are key factors in orientation including:
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and carbon dioxide are released as permafrost thaws, contributing to further climate warming. The
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894:"Thermokarst ponds as indicators of the former distribution of palsas in Finnish Lapland"
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Tomirdiaro, S.V.; Ryabchun, V.K. (1978). "Lake thermokarst on the Lower Anadyr
Lowland".
712:"Spatial analysis of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta"
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Irregular land surface of marshy hollows and small hummocks formed when permafrost thaws
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441:"Scientists Find a New Source of a Greenhouse Gas Emissions in The Siberian Permafrost"
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646:. Fifth International Conference on Permafrost. Tapir, Trondheim. pp. 700–705.
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vegetation, which is why thaw lakes in the boreal forest tend to be surrounded by "
543:. Eighth International Conference on Permafrost. Zurich, Switzerland. p. 660.
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These pitted surfaces resemble clusters of small lakes formed by dissolution of
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1030:"Permafrost threatened by rapid retreat of Arctic sea ice, NCAR study finds"
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Permafrost: Proceedings of the Eighth
International Conference on Permafrost
518:. Treatise on Geomorphology. Vol. 8. Academic Press. pp. 325–353.
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Permafrost: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on Permafrost
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Morgenstern, A.; Grosse, G.; Fedorova, I.; Schirrmeister, L. (2011).
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characterised by very irregular surfaces of marshy hollows and small
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Permafrost: USSR Contribution to the Second International Conference
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87:") which can last for many years, and sometimes become covered with
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Black, R.F. (1969). "Thaw depressions and thaw lakes – a review".
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Phillips, M.; Arenson, L.U.; Springman, S.M. (21–25 July 2003).
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Redistribution of littoral shelves by wind creating insulation,
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areas, and on a smaller scale in mountainous areas such as the
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erosion from fluvial channels causing inhomogeneous sediments.
187:". It should be specified that "drunken trees" (also known as
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in Siberia is an example of a large thermokarst depression.
357: – Sea ice loss in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean
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arrangement of polygonal ice-wedges producing thawing, and
836:"TESHEKPUK LAKE OBSERVATORY - Teshekpuk Lake Observatory"
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in a thermal disturbance as the water warms the ground.
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Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA)
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Before complete drainage, lake edges recede through
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785:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
510:Grosse, G.; Jones, B. & Arp, C. (2013).
554:Mackay (1963). "The Mackenzie Delta area".
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892:Luoto, Miska & Seppälä, Matti (2003).
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73:areas, which is how they came to have "
50:thaws. The land surface type occurs in
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1032:(Press release). UCAR. Archived from
516:Glacial and Periglacial Geomorphology
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898:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
753:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
575:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
486:Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering
1028:Drummond, Rachael (10 June 2008).
1005:"Climate warning as Siberia melts"
968:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1990.tb01092.x
381: – Mound of earth-covered ice
118:A thermokarst lake, also called a
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439:Nield, David (12 December 2021).
158:National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska
1011:. 10 August 2005. Archived from
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338:Wikimedia Commons - Thermokarst
1449:Category:Periglacial landforms
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656:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1277:Syngenetic permafrost growth
871:10.1016/0033-5894(70)90013-X
824:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
822:The Periglacial Environment
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556:Geographical Branch Memoir
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488:. New York, NY: Springer.
484:Bucksch, Herbert (1997).
350:Retrogressive thaw slumps
228:retrogressive thaw slumps
23:Permafrost thaw ponds in
1328:Stratified slope deposit
990:(AMAP). pp. 65–102.
514:. In Shroder, J. (ed.).
1080:Periglacial environment
948:The Canadian Geographer
1237:Fluvio-thermal erosion
684:Cite journal requires
467:Biuletyn Peryglacjalny
355:Arctic sea ice decline
327:Permafrost and ice in
311:Thawing permafrost in
295:Thawing permafrost in
279:Thawing permafrost in
263:Thawing permafrost in
247:Thawing permafrost in
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1475:Periglacial landforms
1399:Massenerhebung effect
1104:Cryoplanation terrace
820:French, H.M. (2018).
737:10.5194/tc-5-849-2011
406:Nature Climate Change
178:Development/expansion
22:
426:10.1038/nclimate1101
1282:Zero-curtain effect
960:1990CGeog..34..273B
910:2003PPPr...14...19L
863:1970QuRes...1..103C
851:Quaternary Research
765:2000PPPr...11..137R
728:2011TCry....5..849M
587:2005PPPr...16..327H
418:2011NatCC...1..119V
336:See more photos at
1291:Soils and deposits
1036:on 18 January 2010
1015:on 23 January 2016
154:Alaska North Slope
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1040:26 December
1019:26 December
450:13 December
156:within the
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124:tundra lake
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1485:Permafrost
1469:Categories
1323:Permafrost
1202:Stone ring
1182:Frost boil
1154:Strandflat
1094:Blockfield
473:: 131–150.
392:References
169:Initiation
60:Swiss Alps
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25:Hudson Bay
1308:Ice wedge
1215:Processes
1099:Bratschen
1087:Landforms
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120:thaw lake
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1267:Nivation
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344:See also
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69:in some
58:and the
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234:Gallery
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1139:Pingo
1129:Palsa
1114:Kurum
924:S2CID
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379:Pingo
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1350:and
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