713:
144:
31:
51:
724:
319:
292:
586:(Cross of War) with attachments on the ribbon depending on the degree of citation: the lowest being represented by a bronze star (for those who had been cited at the regiment or brigade level) while the highest degree is represented by a bronze palm (for those who had been cited at the army level). A unit can be mentioned in Despatches. Its flag is then decorated with the corresponding Croix. After two citations in Army Orders, the men of the unit concerned are all entitled to wear a
562:
550:. The West African and Madagascan tirailleurs wore a dark blue parade dress with red sash and fez while the Indochinese regiments wore an indigenous style of blue, white or khaki uniform with a flat "salacco" headdress. Khaki had been widely worn as a hot-weather field dress in Indo-China and Africa during the years before the outbreak of World War I and thereafter became the norm. The North African tirailleurs however resumed their colourful
261:
242:(1870), as well as in French colonial campaigns in Tunisia, Indochina, Morocco, Madagascar and Algeria itself. During the Crimean War the Algerian tirailleurs acquired the nickname of "Turcos" (Turks) by which they were widely known over the next hundred years. The name reportedly arose from comparisons between the Algerian troops and the Turkish allies serving alongside the French and British forces at the siege of Sevastopol.
249:, the locally recruited Algerian infantry were organised into three regiments of Algerian Tirailleurs by a decree dated 10 October 1855. The number of such units fluctuated over the next hundred years until in the early 1960s eight regiments of tirailleurs plus a number of independent battalions remained in French service. Two battalions of Algerian Tirailleurs formed the bulk of the
338:
346:
913:
When France's
African colonies achieved independence between 1956 and the early 1960s, the military pensions of veterans who became citizens of the new nations were frozen. By contrast their French counterparts, who might have served in the same units and fought in the same battles, received pensions
905:
at Camp
Tiaroye in December 1944. The tirailleurs involved were former prisoners of war who had been repatriated to West Africa and placed in a holding camp awaiting discharge. They demonstrated in protest against the failure of the French authorities to pay salary arrears and discharge allowances.
272:
In 1884, the 4th
Regiment of Tirailleurs was created in Tunisia. Except for minor distinctions of insignia and uniform (their numbering was based on the figure "4" and its multiples, plus light blue tombeaus or false pockets on their full dress zouave jackets) the Tunisian tirailleurs regiments had
279:
The recruitment of Muslim tirailleurs was mainly voluntary with enlistment for three year periods (five for NCOs), although a limited form of conscription by ballot was introduced in
Algeria in 1913 and continued until the end of French rule in North Africa. Prior to 1939 up to 90% of the rank and
917:
While the imbalanced situation was widely deplored, successive French governments did not act on the complaints of former French Army soldiers. One rationale for the freezing of the pensions was that increased levels would have created an income gap between the former soldiers and the rest of the
503:
still has one tirailleur regiment, descended from the
Algerian tirailleurs. While these troops are now all French, items of the traditional North African uniform are still worn on ceremonial occasions to commemorate the Algerian "Turcos" who served France for over 130 years. The traditions of the
476:. In Morocco, Tunisia and the new African states most serving tirailleurs transferred directly from the French armed forces to the new national armies. In Algeria locally recruited tirailleurs who remained loyal to France were given an option to transfer to units in France, or join a transitional
329:
France made extensive use of tirailleurs in its colonial campaigns. The most numerous of these, after the "tirailleurs algériens" noted above, were the "tirailleurs sénégalais" (who were recruited from all of the French possessions in West and
Central Africa). Both played an important role in the
179:), Regiments 1-8 of the Guard Tirailleurs were officially re-raised. Only the 1st and 3rd Regiments actually took the field for the Waterloo campaign. All regiments of Imperial Guard Tirailleurs (along with the rest of the Guard) were disbanded following the Emperor's second abdication.
459:
tirailleurs served in Indo-China until the fall of Dien Bien Phu and subsequently as part of the French forces during the
Algerian War of Independence (1954â62). Even after the French withdrawal from Indochina, a unit of mostly Vietnamese tirailleurs
159:
In the wars of the French
Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods, the designation "tirailleur" was a French military term used at first to refer generically to light infantry skirmishers. The first regiments of Tirailleurs so called were part of the
935:, gave instructions to increase the pensions of former colonial soldiers. However, more than forty years after the colonies had gained independence and sixty years after World War II had ended, many of the veterans had already died.
450:
Tirailleurs from North and
Central Africa fought with distinction in Europe during World War II, notably in the Italian campaign. The Indo-Chinese tirailleur regiments were destroyed or disbanded following the
175:
The Guard
Tirailleur regiments were disbanded during the reorganization of the French Army in 1814 by the new royal government. On 28 March 1815, during Napoleon I's short-lived return to power (the
634:
The Order is the highest decoration in France. In the case of a regiment, its flag is decorated with the insignia of a knight, which is a different award than the fourragĂšre in the colors of the
276:
In 1914, during World War I, the 1st Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs was created. At the end of the period of French rule in 1956 six regiments of Moroccan tirailleurs were still in existence.
901:
As colonial subjects, tirailleurs were not awarded the same pensions as their French (European) counterparts after World War II. The discrimination led to a mutiny of Senegalese tirailleurs in
1609:
696:
By the end of the war, all the 16 North African Tirailleur regiments existing as of August 1918 (12 Algerian/Tunisian, 2 Moroccan and 2 Zouaves and Tirailleurs), were awarded a
431:
250:
542:. A white field dress of similar loose cut was worn for North African campaigning and in France during the early months of World War I. They adopted a more practical
273:
the same appearance as their Algerian counterparts. It was only in 1921 that the French government decided to name them officially "Tunisian Tirailleurs Regiments".
214:
but the title of tirailleurs was allocated the next year to newly raised regiments of indigenous Algerian infantry recruited from the Arab and Berber communities.
452:
168:. By the fall of the Empire, some 16 regiments had been created. The Guard Tirailleurs were usually grouped as part of the Young Guard, along with their sister
910:, concerned at the impact of the Tiaroye incident on serving tirailleurs, acted quickly to ensure that claims for back pay and other money owed were settled.
1550:
9 battalions out of 89 were awarded a FourragĂšre. In 1919 decorations of the 43rd battalion were transferred to the 1st Regiment of Senegalese Tirailleurs
488:) were disbanded or transformed into metropolitan infantry units between 1962 and 1964. The last Moroccan regiment in the French Army was the 5th RTM (
288:(North African) personnel had however increased to about 30% by the end of World War II, as the tirailleur units became increasingly mechanized.
63:
1619:
1754:
1735:
1716:
1693:
1373:
1323:
1203:
598:
1444:"Notice descriptive des nouveaux uniformes. (Décision ministérielle du 9 décembre 1914 mise à jour avec le modificatif du 28 janvier 1915)"
427:
235:
1835:
1810:
906:
French soldiers guarding the camp opened fire killing between thirty-five and seventy African soldiers. The provisional government of
231:
1390:
1815:
1772:
1653:
1485:
1348:
1298:
1273:
1248:
1227:
1157:
1120:
1095:
182:
In addition to the regiments within the Imperial Guard, several foreign battalions of tirailleurs were raised, included the Italian
1825:
712:
461:
143:
1830:
1503:
54:
Tunisian lieutenant and tirailleur from the 4th RTA during the First World War (1917) - Both of them are highly decorated (
602:
554:
between 1927 and 1939 to assist recruitment. After World War II they were retained until the present day for wear by the
1522:
254:
43:
30:
1820:
403:
161:
693:
including four regiments of North African Tirailleurs (2nd, 4th, 7th Tirailleurs and 4th Zouaves and Tirailleurs).
582:
In France, citations made during World War I, World War II or colonial conflicts were accompanied with awards of a
435:
318:
723:
534:
style uniforms of light blue with yellow braiding (see photographs on this page). White turbans (for parade), red
296:
50:
953:. In existence from 1934 to 1969, this corps was modelled on the North African tirailleurs of the French Army.
1005:
690:
547:
414:. The regiments were named after the territory in which they were recruited. Thus "tirailleurs Annamites", "
393:
115:
35:
1056:
1031:
1025:
1010:
944:
456:
313:
223:
203:
The first tirailleurs employed in French North Africa were a metropolitan light infantry unit — the
152:
104:
748:
1036:
439:
380:
187:
839:
771:
59:
438:
which fought on the Western Front contained Tirailleur battalions from all North African regions. The
291:
426:
During World War I (1914â18) tirailleurs from North African territories served on the Western Front,
280:
file of each battalion had been indigenous. The proportion of French European (both metropolitan and
165:
967:
239:
108:
918:
populations in African countries where the cost of living was significantly lower than in France.
700:(at least 2 citations in Army Orders). Only one regiment of Senegalese Tirailleurs were awarded a
1561:
551:
371:
367:
363:
1711:]. Officers and Soldiers #12. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections.
1688:]. Officers and Soldiers #11. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections.
986:
1747:
The French Army in the First World War Volume II - 1914 to 1918 Uniforms - Equipment - Armament
1805:
1768:
1750:
1731:
1712:
1689:
1668:
1649:
1581:
1481:
1369:
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1294:
1269:
1244:
1223:
1199:
1153:
1116:
1091:
949:
907:
896:
183:
1573:
1066:
991:
974:
962:
926:
737:
415:
399:
127:
55:
1646:
Le 1er régiment de tirailleurs: tirailleurs de l'armée d'Afrique, les oubliés de l'histoire
561:
1614:
1526:
1507:
1394:
1388:
1015:
856:
800:
583:
442:
was constructed afterwards in honour of the Muslim tirailleurs who had fought for France.
260:
79:
947:
included an indigenous light infantry force under European officers, designated as the
922:
784:
1st Regiment of Zouaves and Tirailleurs (43rd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs in 1919)
764:
4th Regiment of Zouaves and Tirailleurs (16th Regiment of Tunisian Tirailleurs in 1921)
535:
473:
472:
Most tirailleur regiments were disbanded as French colonies and protectorates achieved
331:
88:
84:
1799:
1765:
Napoleon's Regiments: Battle histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792-1815
697:
587:
787:
8th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (8th Regiment of Tunisian Tirailleurs in 1921)
758:
4th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (4th Regiment of Tunisian Tirailleurs in 1921)
481:
176:
1767:. London: Greenhill Books and Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2000.
1500:
979:
931:
617:, this unit award should not be confused with the fourragĂšre in the colors of the
1443:
1020:
500:
227:
100:
1785:
597:, amongst the most decorated units in the French Army, ranking after only the
566:
375:
358:
Before and during World War II (1939â45), tirailleurs were recruited from the
207:
which disembarked in Algiers in early 1840. This unit subsequently became the
92:
1672:
1585:
1519:
1577:
1051:
209:
169:
148:
515:
337:
323:
French Congo. A Senegalese tirailleur of the French colonial army. c. 1905.
39:
17:
1786:
régiments de tirailleurs algériens, tunisiens et marocains, de 1842 à 1962
411:
300:
593:
Regiments of North African Tirailleurs were, together with regiments of
1041:
594:
359:
1046:
531:
407:
689:(at least six citations in Army Orders), nine of them were from the
345:
1061:
902:
570:
560:
543:
493:
464:") continued to serve with the French Army in Algeria until 1960.
344:
336:
317:
290:
259:
142:
49:
29:
1705:
Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 2 : 1915-1918
114:
The French army currently maintains one tirailleur regiment, the
1728:
The French Army in the First World War Volume I - to battle 1914
793:
1st Regiment of Senegalese Tirailleurs (from the 43rd battalion)
325:
The uniform is the hot-weather light khaki with yellow braiding.
27:
Indigenous infantry recruited in the French colonial territories
126:, but changed its name after it moved to France as a result of
621:. It is one of the rarest unit awards in the French military.
1682:
Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 1 : 1914
638:. Only 34 French Infantry Regiments were decorated with the
1709:
Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume II: 1915-18
484:
in 1962. The six remaining Algerian tirailleur regiments (
122:
between 1964 and 1994. Prior to 1964, it was known as the
103:
as a designation for indigenous infantry recruited in the
453:
Japanese coups against the French colonial administration
42:
displaying late 19th- to early 20th-century uniforms for
1182:
L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de la Guerre 1939-35
1790:
1686:
Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume I: 1914
642:
including seven Regiment of North-African Tirailleurs.
530:
Until 1914 the Algerian and Tunisian tirailleurs wore
434:, incurring heavy losses. In spite of its title, the
1562:"La tragédie de Thiaroye, symbole du déni d'égalité"
546:
uniform from 1915 onwards, in common with the other
914:that were adjusted for inflation in France itself.
548:
units of the (North African) 19th Military District
1610:"Film moves Chirac to back down over war pensions"
1598:Tony Chafer, page 35 "History Today" November 2008
1028: â Extinct French-based pidgin of West Africa
971:(on the Senegalese tirailleurs during World War I)
354:Tirailleur regiments from other French possessions
330:occupation of Morocco (1908â14) as well as in the
983:(on the Algerian tirailleurs during World War II)
1446:(in French). Paris: MinistĂšre de la Guerre. 1915
667:1st Regiment of Senegalese Tirailleurs (1913)
891:Thiaroye incident and compensation controversy
661:4th Regiment of Zouaves and Tirailleurs (1919)
1453:– via BibliothĂšque Nationale de France.
1397:21eme RĂ©giment d'Infanterie de Marine website
664:1st Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs (1949)
398:Regiments were recruited from the regions of
251:Détachement Français de Palestine et de Syrie
8:
652:3rd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (1863)
649:2nd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (1902)
646:1st Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (1948)
625:2nd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (1919)
505:
95:ahead of the main columns. Later, the term "
681:Among the 17 French regiments that won the
658:7th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (1919)
655:4th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs (1919)
218:Algerian, Tunisian and Moroccan tirailleurs
107:during the 19th and 20th centuries, or for
1648:(in French). Panazol: Lavauzelle Graphic.
732:Certificates awarded to a corporal in the
1463:
1430:
295:Vietnamese "Tirailleur" soldiers of Lord
205:1er bataillon de tirailleurs de Vincennes
1667:(in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle.
111:units serving in a light infantry role.
1418:
1406:
1078:
1480:. Lavauzelle. pp. 146 & 149.
455:in March 1945. Algerian, Moroccan and
245:First raised in 1841 as battalions of
825:11th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
822:10th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
790:13th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
599:Colonial Infantry Regiment of Morocco
520:4e Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais
512:21eme Regiment d'infanterie de marine
446:World War II and subsequent campaigns
78:
7:
1538:
1243:. Lavauzelle. pp. 12 & 22.
1168:
884:8th Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
881:7th Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
878:6th Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
875:5th Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
872:4th Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
869:2nd Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
866:1st Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
863:7th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
849:4th Regiment of Tunisian Tirailleurs
846:3rd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
819:9th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
816:6th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
813:5th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
810:3rd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
807:2nd Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
781:1st Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
778:1st Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs
761:7th Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
755:2nd Regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs
462:le Commando d'Extreme Orient Dam San
921:It was only in 2006 that President
1665:L'Armée d'Afrique : 1830-1962
474:independence between 1956 and 1962
349:Tonkinese riflemen in Tonkin, 1884
232:Second Italian War of Independence
25:
854:FourragĂšre in the colors of the
837:FourragĂšre in the colors of the
798:FourragĂšre in the colors of the
418:" and "tirailleurs Cambodgiens".
341:Algerian riflemen in Tonkin, 1884
118:. This regiment was known as the
1111:Hawthornthwaite, Philip (1983).
1086:Hawthornthwaite, Philip (1983).
769:FourragĂšre in the colors of the
746:FourragĂšre in the colors of the
722:
711:
490:Regiment de Tirailleurs Marocain
124:7th Algerian Tirailleur Regiment
1220:Les troupes de marine 1622-1984
860:(2-3 citations in Army Orders)
843:(4-5 citations in Army Orders)
804:(2-3 citations in Army Orders)
775:(4-5 citations in Army Orders)
538:and sashes were worn with this
468:Disbanding tirailleur regiments
1745:Mirouze, Laurent, ed. (2008).
1726:Mirouze, Laurent, ed. (2007).
1608:Lichfield, John (2006-09-26).
1268:. Lavauzelle. pp. 97â99.
1115:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 25.
995:(on the Thiaroye insurrection)
1:
1090:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 6.
752:(6 citations in Army Orders)
603:Foreign Legion March Regiment
236:French intervention in Mexico
1749:. Vienna: Verlag Militaria.
1730:. Vienna: Verlag Militaria.
1137:L'Armee d' Afrique 1830-1962
496:until it disbanded in 1965.
255:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
1478:1er Regiment de Tirailleurs
1343:. Lavauzelle. p. 146.
1341:1er Regiment de Tirailleurs
1293:. Lavauzelle. p. 125.
1150:1er Regiment de Tirailleurs
226:subsequently served in the
105:French colonial territories
1852:
1836:Military history of France
1811:Military of French Algeria
1703:Jouineau, André (2009b) .
1680:Jouineau, André (2009a) .
1663:Huré, Robert, ed. (1977).
1529:, france-phaleristique.com
1510:, france-phaleristique.com
1368:. Pygmalion. p. 431.
1364:Montagnon, Pierre (2012).
1318:. Pygmalion. p. 426.
1314:Montagnon, Pierre (2012).
1194:Montagnon, Pierre (2012).
894:
436:Moroccan Division (France)
391:
311:
147:A tirailleur (left) and a
1198:. Pygmalion. p. 41.
1180:Liliane et Fred Funcken,
1113:Napoleon's Light Infantry
1088:Napoleon's Light Infantry
736:for participation in the
522:of the Second World War.
253:that participated in the
64:Croix de guerre with palm
1816:French Equatorial Africa
1618:. London. Archived from
565:Algerian tirailleurs at
44:Bastille Day festivities
1644:Dufour, Pierre (1999).
1578:10.3406/homig.2002.3780
1560:Mabon, Armelle (2002).
1476:Dufour, Pierre (1999).
1339:Dufour, Pierre (1999).
1289:Rives, Maurice (1999).
1264:Rives, Maurice (1999).
1239:Rives, Maurice (1999).
1006:Army of Africa (France)
394:Tirailleurs indochinois
388:Tirailleurs Indochinois
120:170th Infantry Regiment
116:1st Tirailleur Regiment
36:1st Tirailleur Regiment
1826:French colonial empire
1057:Senegalese Tirailleurs
1032:French Colonial Forces
945:Spanish Army of Africa
925:, reportedly moved by
574:
510:are maintained by the
507:tirailleurs Senegalais
506:
350:
342:
326:
314:Senegalese Tirailleurs
308:Senegalese tirailleurs
304:
269:
156:
67:
47:
1037:French Foreign Legion
734:tirailleurs algériens
685:in the colors of the
629:
564:
558:(regimental bands).
440:Great Mosque of Paris
416:tirailleurs Tonkinois
381:Tirailleurs malgaches
348:
340:
321:
294:
263:
247:tirailleurs indigenes
222:The tirailleurs from
146:
128:Algerian independence
53:
33:
1566:Hommes et Migrations
1218:Charles Lavauzelle,
968:Father & Soldier
332:Rif War of the 1920s
1622:on February 2, 2009
1421:, pp. 210â211.
1409:, pp. 204â205.
1026:Français Tirailleur
1011:Chasseurs d'Afrique
552:full dress uniforms
257:from 1917 onwards.
240:Franco-Prussian War
1821:French West Africa
1525:2010-01-05 at the
1506:2010-03-15 at the
1393:2008-08-30 at the
1366:L'Armee d' Afrique
1316:L'Armee d' Afrique
1196:L'Armee d' Afrique
840:MĂ©daille militaire
772:MĂ©daille militaire
619:MĂ©daille militaire
609:MĂ©daille militaire
575:
480:at the end of the
372:French West Africa
351:
343:
327:
305:
270:
188:Tirailleurs Corses
157:
99:" was used by the
68:
60:MĂ©daille militaire
48:
1756:978-3-90-252620-5
1737:978-2-9515171-0-3
1718:978-2-35250-105-3
1695:978-2-35250-104-6
1375:978-2-7564-0574-2
1325:978-2-7564-0574-2
1205:978-2-7564-0574-2
950:Tiradores de Ifni
939:Spanish Tiradores
908:Charles de Gaulle
897:Thiaroye Massacre
268:in France in 1914
184:Tirailleurs du Po
139:Napoleonic period
80:[tiÊajĆÊ]
16:(Redirected from
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1184:, Casterman 1972
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1067:Tonkinese Rifles
992:Camp de Thiaroye
975:Rachid Bouchareb
963:Mathieu Vadepied
927:Rachid Bouchareb
749:LĂ©gion d'honneur
738:Battle of Verdun
726:
715:
687:LĂ©gion d'honneur
640:LĂ©gion d'honneur
636:LĂ©gion d'honneur
630:LĂ©gion d'honneur
615:LĂ©gion d'honneur
509:
492:), stationed at
400:French Indochina
87:, was a type of
82:
77:
56:Legion of Honour
34:Soldiers of the
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1615:The Independent
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1527:Wayback Machine
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1508:Wayback Machine
1501:Les FourragĂšres
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1414:
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109:metropolitan
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677:World War I
613:As for the
578:Decorations
501:French Army
499:The modern
422:World War I
362:(Algerian,
266:tirailleurs
228:Crimean War
172:regiments.
153:Young Guard
101:French Army
91:trained to
18:Tirailleurs
1800:Categories
1626:2008-08-24
1450:2021-07-30
702:FourragĂšre
698:FourragĂšre
683:FourragĂšre
672:FourragĂšre
588:fourragĂšre
567:Magic-City
518:, via the
457:Senegalese
376:Madagascar
166:Napoleon I
97:tirailleur
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72:tirailleur
1673:757208988
1586:1142-852X
1539:Huré 1977
1169:Huré 1977
1052:Mehariste
980:IndigĂšnes
932:IndigĂšnes
929:'s movie
704:in 1919.
368:Tunisians
364:Moroccans
299:(Emperor
286:Maghrébin
282:pied-noir
264:Algerian
212:d'Orléans
210:chasseurs
170:Voltigeur
149:voltigeur
1806:Infantry
1523:Archived
1504:Archived
1391:Archived
1000:See also
989:, 1988.
977:, 2006.
965:, 2022.
601:and the
526:Uniforms
428:Salonika
412:Cambodia
370:), from
301:Gia Long
238:and the
93:skirmish
1042:Goumier
595:Zouaves
573:, 1913.
360:Maghreb
224:Algeria
199:Origins
151:of the
134:History
76:French:
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230:, the
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1684:[
1073:Notes
1062:Spahi
957:Films
903:Dakar
571:Paris
544:khaki
494:Dijon
404:Annam
1769:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1669:OCLC
1650:ISBN
1582:ISSN
1570:1235
1482:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
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1224:ISBN
1200:ISBN
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430:and
374:and
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