1299:
correlation, the authors suggest that the mean annual temperature can be calculated by comparing the maximum body size of poikilotherm animals found in two localities. Based on the relation between temperatures in the modern
Neotropics and the maximum length of anacondas, Head and colleagues calculated a mean annual temperature of at least 32–33 °C (90–91 °F) for the equatorial region of Paleocene South America. The estimates are consistent with a hot Paleocene climate as suggested by a study published in 2003 and slightly higher (1–5 °C) than estimates derived from the oxygen isotopes of
3147:
625:
135:
1156:
1360:
largest extant snakes, making it an appropriate method. They also add that the results recovered are consistent with large extant snakes, which are also known to perform thermoregulation through behavior. Sniderman's proposal that the correlation between body size and temperature is inconsistent with modern monitor lizards is addressed twofold. For one, Head argues, Komodo dragons are a poor analogy as they are geographically restricted to the islands of
160:
4107:
3199:
3181:
4119:
3163:
3154:
3172:
3208:
3190:
3005:
3226:
717:
3219:
1222:
other localities in the same time frame suggest that all of the forests that arose shortly following the
Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction were of similar composition. This indicates that the low plant diversity of the time was a direct result of the mass extinction preceding it. Plants found in these Paleocene forests include the floating
1355:
and the temperature of the area it inhabited. Varying posture could help cool down if needed, basking behavior or heat absorption through the substrate are both unknown and the potentially semi-aquatic nature of the animal creates additional factors to consider. Ultimately, Denny and colleagues argue
707:
results in a total body length of around 14.3 m (47 ft) (± 1.28 m (4 ft 2 in)). In 2016, Feldman and his colleagues estimated that a 12.8 m (42 ft) long individual would have weighed 730 kg (1,610 lb) at maximum based on their equation to estimate the body
1221:
mirror modern tropical forests in regards to which families make up most of the vegetation. But unlike modern tropical forests, these
Paleocene forests had fewer species. Although it is possible that this low diversity was a result of the wetland nature of the depositional environment, samples from
1251:
was thought to have acted much like a modern anaconda based on its size and the environment it lived in, with researchers suggesting that it may have fed on the local crocodylomorph fauna. However, in the 2013 abstract, Jason Head and colleagues noted that the skull of this snake displays multiple
672:
vertebrae and the skeleton of modern boas, Head and colleagues found that the analyzed specimens fit a position towards the later half of the precloacal vertebral column, approximately 60 to 65% back from the first two neck vertebrae. Using this method, initial size estimates proposed a total body
1359:
These issues, alongside adjustments suggested by
Makarieva, were addressed by Head and his team the same year, arguing that Denny and colleagues misunderstand their proposed model. They retort that the method takes into account variation caused by body size and that it's furthermore based on the
1298:
s internal temperature and metabolism were heavily dependent on the ambient temperature, which would in turn affect the animal's size. Accordingly, large ectothermic animals are typically found in the tropics and decrease in size the further one moves away from the equator. Following this
1338:
may instead be the result of lacking significant mammalian competition. Mark W. Denny, Brent L. Lockwood and George N. Somero also disagreed with Head's conclusion, noting that although this method is applicable to smaller poikilotherms, it is not constant across all size ranges. As
1171:
Due to the warm and humid greenhouse climate of the
Paleocene, the region of what is now Cerrejón was a coastal plain covered by wet tropical forests with large river systems, which were inhabited by various freshwater animals. Among the native reptiles are three different genera of
2184:
Woodburne, Michael O; Goin, Francisco J.; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, Ana N. (2014), "Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South
America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity",
601:, making it one of the few fossil snakes with preserved cranial material. They were associated with postcranial material, cementing their referral to the species. Though the skulls are undescribed, an article by the BBC in 2012 and an abstract in the
518:
were unearthed by the students
Jonathon Bloch and Carlos Jaramillo. More fossils were unearthed over the course of the expedition, eventually totaling 186 fossils from 30 individuals. The expedition lasted until 2004, during which the fossils of
668:, increased body size is achieved through larger vertebrae rather than an increase in the number of bones making up the skeleton, allowing for length estimates based on individual bones. Based on comparison between the undistorted
702:
reached such massive proportions regularly. The later discovery of skull material allowed for size estimates based on skull to body length proportions. Applying anaconda proportions to the 40 cm (16 in) skull of
1984:"A new longirostrine dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: biogeographic and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosauridae: SECOND NEW DYROSAURID FROM COLOMBIA"
1329:
is much larger than what would be implied by the ambient temperature of its native range. In conclusion it is argued that
Paleocene rainforests may not have been any hotter than those today and that the massive size of
1356:
that the nature of the giant snake renders it a poor indicator for the climate of the
Paleocene and that the mean annual temperature must have been 4 to 6 °C (39 to 43 °F) cooler than the current estimate.
1372:
are overestimates and unreliable, being based on secondary reports that do not match better supported estimates indicating a 2.19–4.7 m (7 ft 2 in – 15 ft 5 in) range for the monitor.
685:, resulting in a weight between 652 and 1,819 kg (1,437 and 4,010 lb) (mean estimate 1,135 kg (2,502 lb)). These estimates far exceed the largest modern snakes, the green anaconda and the
2130:; Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2009), "Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Colombia, are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest",
1256:
diet, including the anatomy of the palate, the tooth count, and the anatomy of the teeth themselves. These adaptations are not seen in other boids, but closely resemble those in modern
1309:
However, this conclusion was questioned by several researchers following the publication of the paper. J. M. Kale
Sniderman used the same methodology as Head and colleagues on the
769:
and pterygoid to quadrate are heavily reduced, a trait absent in its relatives. The teeth themselves are weakly ankylosed, meaning they are not strongly connected to the jawbone.
730:
are incomplete or undescribed, consisting primarily of thoracic vertebrae that were located before the cloaca. It possesses the same characteristics as other boids and especially
3236:
2090:; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a), "New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejon Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution",
1306:. Although these estimates exceed temperatures of modern tropical forests, the paper argued that the increase in temperature was balanced out by higher amounts of rainfall.
441:
could grow up to 12.8 m (42 ft) long, perhaps even up to 14.3 m (47 ft) long, and weigh around 730–1,135 kg (1,610–2,500 lb). The discovery of
3058:
427:, the largest snake ever found at that time. It was originally known only from thoracic vertebrae and ribs, but later expeditions collected parts of the skull and teeth.
2356:
1325:. Sniderman calculates that following this method, the modern tropics should be able to support lizards much larger than what is observed today, or in the reverse, that
4207:
1351:
would mean that the animal would overheat easily if resting in a coiled up state. The authors conclude that several key factors influence the relationship between
1737:
Feldman, A.; Sabath, N.; Pyron, R.A.; Mayrose, I.; Meiri, S. (2016). "Body sizes and diversification rates of lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians and the tuatara".
4286:
3463:
3218:
536:
469:
551:, where they were studied and described by an international team of Canadian, American, and Panamanian scientists in 2009 led by Jason J. Head of the
523:
were mistakenly labeled as those of crocodiles. These were found in association with other giant reptile fossils of turtles and crocodilians from the
4194:
2555:
507:
402:
4326:
3051:
1937:"A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia"
1260:
snakes with a piscivorous diet. Such a lifestyle would be supported by the extensive rivers of Paleocene Colombia, as well as the fossil fish (
2223:
1177:
838:, linking the Old World and New World boids and suggesting that the two lineages diverged by the Paleocene at the latest. This would place
1593:
4271:
3146:
2092:
2309:
2042:
1664:
602:
582:, which is a single dorsal vertebra discovered in 2002 that was used by Head et al. (2009) to complete the initial size estimates of
4110:
3044:
2354:
Shellito, C.J.; Sloan, L.C.; Huber, M. (2003). "Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early–Middle Paleogene".
1838:
1830:
548:
1202:. Turtles also thrived in the tropical wetlands of Paleocene Colombia, giving rise to several species of considerable size such as
2489:
Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.; Cadena, E.A.; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.; Jaramillo, C.A. (2009). "Head
673:
length of approximately 12.82 m (42.1 ft) (± 2.18 m (7 ft 2 in)). Weight was determined by comparing
4281:
2187:
4321:
1887:
3454:
3249:
1787:"Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae"
4316:
3359:
1619:
4311:
4276:
3329:
2548:
2213:
Pérez Consuegra, Nicolás; Cuervo Gómez, Aura; Martínez, Camila; Montes, Camilo; Herrera, Fabiany; Madriñán, Santiago;
1382:
3420:
3397:
3025:
3020:
2268:
472:. Its vertebrae are very robust and wide, with a pentagonal shape in anterior view, as in other members of Boinae.
159:
2259:
2214:
2127:
2087:
2033:
1471:
3279:
2947:
698:. The existence of eight additional specimens of similar size to the one used in these calculations implies that
607:
20:
4296:
4291:
1660:
Cranial osteology, body size, systematics, and ecology of the giant Paleocene snake Titanoboa cerrejonensis
4134:
3922:
3807:
3129:
2541:
1657:
Head, Jason; Bloch, Jonathan; Moreno Bernal, Jorge; Rincón Burbano, Aldo Fernando; Bourque, Jason (2013),
1711:
4266:
4233:
3553:
3481:
3367:
3297:
3292:
3093:
846:
552:
503:
406:
276:
4114:
3763:
3342:
3162:
2263:
1983:
1218:
524:
489:
4181:
4015:
4007:
3863:
3410:
3189:
2504:
2455:
2406:
2365:
2232:
2139:
2101:
2051:
1995:
1948:
1746:
1489:
682:
1343:
is achieved through the relation between volume and surface area, they argue that the large size of
4306:
3743:
3532:
3337:
3302:
3287:
3153:
2987:
2886:
2038:"New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America"
1936:
1864:
1340:
735:
624:
2845:
2831:
2760:
2083:
2029:
1467:
792:. They are a widely distributed group, with six subfamilies found on nearly every continent, with
134:
4090:
4082:
4041:
3997:
3989:
3978:
3707:
3560:
3433:
3405:
3171:
3103:
2879:
2817:
2789:
2520:
2471:
2422:
2011:
1869:
1762:
1562:
1513:
686:
645:
611:
aired in 2012 in addition to a touring exhibit of the same name, which lasted from 2013 to 2018.
511:
154:
4238:
3269:
3108:
1532:
800:
based on vertebrae morphology. All known boines are from the Americas, reaching as far north as
1155:
4301:
4220:
4212:
3889:
3881:
3854:
3714:
3693:
3672:
3546:
3497:
3377:
3372:
3207:
3180:
2336:
2285:
2167:
1964:
1834:
1826:
1804:
1624:
1505:
1265:
1061:
1037:
4225:
4118:
2838:
754:(small pits in bone) on its center and lateral sides, contrary to those of many other boids.
3257:
2512:
2495:
2463:
2446:
2414:
2397:
2373:
2326:
2318:
2277:
2240:
2196:
2157:
2147:
2109:
2059:
2003:
1956:
1859:
1794:
1754:
1542:
1537:
1497:
1480:
1476:"Giant boid snake from the Paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures"
962:
720:
314:
4261:
4025:
3915:
3800:
3772:
3700:
3428:
3314:
3309:
2037:
1392:
1317:
1198:
1186:
831:
785:
555:. The snake elements were described as those of a novel, giant boid snake that they named
4172:
746:. The neural spine also has an expanded posterior margin and a thin, blade-like anterior
2508:
2459:
2410:
2369:
2236:
2143:
2105:
2055:
1999:
1952:
1750:
1493:
761:
has a high amount of palatal and marginal tooth positions compared to others boids. The
3964:
3899:
3834:
3779:
3732:
3574:
3387:
3382:
3319:
3198:
3124:
3098:
3088:
3015:
2735:
2636:
2331:
2304:
2162:
1397:
1368:
are mainland animals. Secondly the response notes that the size estimates utilized for
1313:
1192:
766:
678:
649:
2377:
4255:
4034:
3971:
3957:
3870:
3630:
3490:
3009:
2978:
2897:
2810:
2441:
2007:
1935:
Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (17 November 2015).
1873:
1852:
1658:
1567:
1420:
1322:
824:
816:
is also the only extinct boine genus known; all other boine genera are still living.
762:
544:
477:
435:, being most closely related to other extant boines from Madagascar and the Pacific.
85:
2475:
2015:
1766:
1475:
4057:
4049:
3950:
3908:
3793:
3637:
3595:
3588:
3518:
2920:
2824:
2666:
2524:
2426:
2244:
1517:
1285:
1232:
1204:
1173:
1013:
2113:
1960:
4166:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3686:
3679:
3658:
3651:
3581:
3567:
3525:
3511:
3504:
3470:
3347:
2967:
2906:
2803:
2721:
2693:
2686:
2677:
1310:
1303:
1257:
1160:
933:
694:
690:
660:
is the largest snake in the paleontological record. In modern constrictors like
640:
499:
493:
447:
60:
1686:
4071:
4064:
3786:
3665:
3644:
3609:
3602:
2913:
2870:
2859:
2749:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2200:
2063:
1426:
1210:
835:
665:
634:
540:
414:
372:
105:
70:
45:
4157:
1968:
1808:
3843:
3814:
3539:
3225:
2769:
2152:
1361:
1288:
1277:
1253:
1180:
independently from modern crocodilians. The genera that coexisted alongside
830:. The 2013 abstract recovered Titanoboa as closely related to taxa from the
823:
s initial placement within the subfamily, now also supported by the reduced
809:
784:, a family of snakes containing the "constrictors", that evolved during the
532:
528:
394:
391:
387:
171:
110:
54:
37:
3262:
3036:
2340:
2322:
2289:
2171:
1509:
147:
716:
4151:
3616:
2958:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2604:
2588:
2221:(Salviniaceae) from Colombia and their paleobiogeographic implications".
1982:
Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011).
1547:
1387:
1300:
1261:
1227:
1077:
978:
947:
890:
805:
789:
757:
The skull is only briefly described in a 2013 abstract. According to it,
751:
747:
743:
515:
465:
418:
383:
211:
191:
100:
95:
80:
75:
65:
41:
2516:
2467:
2418:
2305:"Gigantism, temperature and metabolic rate in terrestrial poikilotherms"
2281:
1501:
765:
is oriented at a low angle and the articulation of both the palatine to
589:
Another expedition to Cerrejón launched in 2011 found more fossils from
4199:
3623:
2940:
2742:
2728:
2596:
1823:
Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference Vol. 1
1236:
867:
572:
201:
115:
90:
1758:
1364:, limiting the size they could grow to while both green anacondas and
742:'s are distinct due to being very robust and with a uniquely T-shaped
3752:
2796:
2780:
2625:
2616:
2580:
1563:"At 2,500 Pounds And 43 Feet, Prehistoric Snake Is Largest On Record"
902:
827:
801:
797:
781:
661:
568:
453:
432:
379:
231:
181:
4128:
2303:
Makarieva, Anastassia M.; Gorshkov, Victor G.; Li, Bai-Lian (2005).
2264:"Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia"
2392:
2931:
2566:
1154:
715:
623:
594:
560:
457:
375:
221:
4186:
1799:
1786:
842:
at the stem of Boinae, a result corroborated by a study in 2015.
2533:
2262:; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N., Carolina (2008).
1276:
In the 2009 type description, Head and colleagues correlate the
1223:
19:
This article is about the snake genus. For the documentary, see
4132:
3040:
2537:
1856:
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: E.T203879A2771951
1912:
Lotte, Jose; Lotte, Ben (1996). "Taxonomy and Description of
593:. Most notably, the group returned with three disarticulated
575:
name is a reference to the Cerrejón region it is known from.
3224:
3217:
2440:
Denny, Mark W.; Lockwood, Brent L.; Somero, George (2009).
1620:"Fossil of 43-foot super snake Titanoboa found in Colombia"
347:
344:
335:
329:
323:
1419:
Rodríguez García, Gabriel; Londoño, Ana Cristina (2002),
1466:
Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.;
605:
have been published. A documentary on the animal titled
563:
name derives from the Greek word "Titan" in addition to
539:. Before this discovery, few fossils of Paleocene-epoch
468:, being one of the largest reptiles to evolve after the
1284:
with the climate conditions of its environment. As a
332:
317:
146:
in the José Royo y Gómez National Geological Museum,
1853:"Boa imperator: Montgomery, C.E. & da Cunha, O."
1347:
coupled with the high temperatures proposed by Head
341:
326:
320:
4141:
4081:
4024:
4006:
3988:
3898:
3880:
3853:
3833:
3762:
3742:
3724:
3480:
3453:
3446:
3419:
3396:
3358:
3328:
3278:
3248:
3235:
3117:
3081:
3072:
2977:
2957:
2930:
2896:
2869:
2779:
2759:
2676:
2635:
2614:
543:had been found in ancient tropical environments of
498:In 2002, during an expedition to the coal mines of
338:
1594:"How Titanoboa, the 40-Foot-Long Snake, Was Found"
535:epoch (around 60-58 mya), a period just after the
464:evolved following the extinction of all non-avian
2357:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1821:McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A.; Touré. T. 1999.
2132:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
401:was first discovered in the early 2000s by the
1865:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t203879a2771951.en
3052:
2549:
1422:Mapa geológico del departamento de La Guajira
689:, as well as the previous record holder, the
8:
2442:"Can the giant snake predict palaeoclimate?"
480:, with a diet consisting primarily of fish.
547:. The fossils were then transported to the
356:
4129:
3450:
3245:
3078:
3059:
3045:
3037:
2556:
2542:
2534:
1414:
1412:
133:
27:
2330:
2161:
2151:
1863:
1798:
1546:
1687:"The giant snake that stalked the Earth"
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
578:The holotype was identified as specimen
421:. It was named and described in 2009 as
1533:"Scientists find world's biggest snake"
1408:
508:Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
476:is thought to have been a semi-aquatic
445:supplanted the previous record holder,
403:Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
382:(the family that includes all boas and
734:such as a short, posteriorly-pointing
2393:"Biased reptilian palaeothermometer?"
2224:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1780:
1778:
1776:
1588:
1586:
845:The cladogram below follows the 2015
738:process on these vertebrae. However,
537:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
470:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7:
1190:, the medium-sized but broad-headed
1184:included the large, slender-snouted
1176:, crocodylomorphs that survived the
656:Based on the size of the vertebrae,
4287:Paleocene reptiles of South America
2093:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1888:"ITIS - Report: Epicrates cenchria"
1053:
1029:
1005:
954:
908:
883:
859:
852:
2310:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2126:Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany;
2043:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1825:. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
1665:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
1618:Maugh II, T.H. (4 February 2009).
603:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
405:who, along with students from the
14:
549:Florida Museum of Natural History
4117:
4106:
4105:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3145:
3003:
2008:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x
1268:) recovered from the formation.
313:
158:
1739:Global Ecology and Biogeography
2245:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.06.003
2188:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1685:O'Brien, Jane (2 April 2012).
1470:; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.;
502:in La Guajira launched by the
386:) snake that lived during the
1:
4327:Fossil taxa described in 2009
2378:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6
1321:, comparing it to the extant
819:The skull material confirmed
567:the type genus of the family
2615:Genera with hindlimbs and a
2114:10.1080/14772019.2011.569031
1961:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968
1531:Kwok, R. (4 February 2009).
142:Holotype dorsal vertebra of
1196:, and the relatively small
750:. It also has much smaller
409:, recovered 186 fossils of
4343:
4272:Prehistoric reptile genera
3026:Category:Cretaceous snakes
3021:List of Serpentes families
2269:American Journal of Botany
1791:Palaeontologia Electronica
1712:"Titanoboa: Monster Snake"
1159:Example of a coal mine in
487:
18:
4103:
3140:
2997:
2948:Vipera latastei ebusitana
2574:
2391:Sniderman, J.M.K (2009).
2201:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1
2064:10.1080/02724631003621946
1075:
1058:
1051:
1034:
1027:
1010:
1003:
976:
959:
952:
930:
913:
906:
888:
881:
864:
857:
282:
275:
155:Scientific classification
153:
141:
132:
30:
3067:Paleontology in Colombia
780:is placed in the family
608:Titanoboa: Monster Snake
452:which is known from the
21:Titanoboa: Monster Snake
2153:10.1073/pnas.0905130106
1851:IUCN (20 August 2018).
1217:The rainforests of the
796:being in the subfamily
726:Many of the fossils of
557:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
443:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
424:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
289:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
16:Extinct genus of snakes
3808:Montrichardia aquatica
3229:
3222:
2323:10.1098/rspb.2005.3223
2032:; Bloch, Jonathan I.;
1918:Litteratura Serpentium
1231:and various genera of
1168:
723:
653:
4282:Paleocene lepidosaurs
4234:Paleobiology Database
3554:Galbula hylochoreutes
3228:
3221:
2258:Herrera, Fabiany A.;
2086:; Ksepka, Daniel T.;
1158:
847:phylogenetic analysis
719:
632:to the modern human,
628:The relative size of
627:
553:University of Toronto
504:University of Florida
407:University of Florida
268:T. cerrejonensis
3864:Pachyrhizodus etayoi
2260:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
2128:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
2088:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
2034:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
1598:Smithsonian Magazine
1548:10.1038/news.2009.80
1272:Climate implications
1178:KPG extinction event
683:southern rock python
448:Gigantophis garstini
431:is in the subfamily
4317:Fossils of Colombia
3533:Dracaena colombiana
3241:stratigraphic units
2988:Psammophis odysseus
2517:10.1038/nature08225
2509:2009Natur.460....4H
2468:10.1038/nature08224
2460:2009Natur.460....3D
2419:10.1038/nature08222
2411:2009Natur.460....1S
2370:2003PPP...193..113S
2317:(1578): 2325–2328.
2282:10.3732/ajb.0800172
2237:2017RPaPa.246...85P
2217:(2017). "Paleogene
2144:2009PNAS..10618627W
2138:(44): 18627–18632,
2106:2012JSPal..10..313C
2056:2010JVPal..30..367C
2000:2011Palgy..54.1095H
1953:2015HBio...27..998H
1751:2016GloEB..25..187F
1502:10.1038/nature07671
1494:2009Natur.457..715H
1341:thermal equilibrium
788:in what is now the
4322:Cerrejón Formation
4312:Paleogene Colombia
4277:Prehistoric snakes
3979:Stenorhynchosaurus
3561:Granastrapotherium
3230:
3223:
2880:Liasis dubudingala
2790:Boa blanchardensis
1941:Historical Biology
1667:, pp. 140–141
1383:Prehistoric snakes
1219:Cerrejón Formation
1169:
724:
687:reticulated python
654:
646:reticulated python
525:Cerrejón Formation
512:thoracic vertebrae
490:Cerrejón Formation
484:History and naming
38:Mid-Late Paleocene
4249:
4248:
4221:Open Tree of Life
4135:Taxon identifiers
4126:
4125:
4099:
4098:
3715:Xenastrapotherium
3694:Saimiri annectens
3547:Eunectes stirtoni
3498:Aramus paludigrus
3442:
3441:
3138:
3137:
3034:
3033:
3010:Snakes portal
2276:(12): 1569–1583.
2215:Jaramillo, Carlos
1785:Head, JJ (2015).
1759:10.1111/geb.12398
1625:Los Angeles Times
1571:. 4 February 2009
1488:(7230): 715–717.
1266:osteoglossomorphs
1252:adaptations to a
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1062:Eunectes stirtoni
992:
991:
304:
303:
256:
4334:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4228:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4130:
4121:
4109:
4108:
3451:
3246:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3149:
3079:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2569:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2084:Cadena, Edwin A.
2080:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2030:Cadena, Edwin A.
2026:
2020:
2019:
1994:(5): 1095–1116.
1979:
1973:
1972:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1782:
1771:
1770:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1654:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1463:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1429:, pp. 1–259
1416:
1297:
1054:
1030:
1006:
963:Corallus priscus
955:
909:
884:
860:
853:
736:prezygapophyseal
721:Life restoration
584:T. cerrejonensis
527:, dating to the
417:in northeastern
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
291:
287:
250:
243:
163:
162:
144:T. cerrejonensis
137:
127:
57:
36:Temporal range:
28:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4095:
4077:
4020:
4002:
3998:Dinosaur tracks
3984:
3916:Callawayasaurus
3894:
3876:
3849:
3829:
3801:Cerrejonisuchus
3773:Acherontisuchus
3758:
3738:
3720:
3701:Saimiri fieldsi
3476:
3447:Notable fossils
3438:
3415:
3392:
3368:La Frontera Fm.
3354:
3324:
3293:Castilletes Fm.
3274:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3134:
3113:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3035:
3030:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2973:
2953:
2926:
2892:
2865:
2775:
2755:
2672:
2631:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2532:
2503:(7255): E4–E5.
2488:
2487:
2483:
2454:(7255): E3–E4.
2439:
2438:
2434:
2405:(7255): E1–E2.
2390:
2389:
2385:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1947:(8): 998–1020.
1934:
1933:
1929:
1914:Boa Constrictor
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1820:
1816:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1472:Jaramillo, C.A.
1465:
1464:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1393:Boa constrictor
1379:
1370:Varanus priscus
1336:Varanus priscus
1327:Varanus priscus
1318:Varanus priscus
1295:
1274:
1245:
1199:Cerrejonisuchus
1187:Acherontisuchus
1153:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1078:extant Eunectes
993:
832:Pacific Islands
786:Late Cretaceous
775:
714:
708:size of boids.
622:
617:
496:
488:Main articles:
486:
368:
365:
362:
359:
316:
312:
300:
293:
285:
284:
271:
249:
241:
157:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
52:
51:
49:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:Thanetian life
4294:
4292:Selandian life
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4230:
4217:
4204:
4191:
4178:
4163:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4008:Valle Alto Fm.
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3965:Platypterygius
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3780:Anthracosuchus
3776:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3733:Colombitherium
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3575:Hilarcotherium
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Valle Alto Fm.
3408:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:List of snakes
3013:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2637:Simoliophiidae
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2481:
2432:
2383:
2364:(1): 113–123.
2346:
2295:
2250:
2205:
2176:
2118:
2100:(2): 313–331,
2075:
2050:(2): 367–382,
2021:
1974:
1927:
1904:
1879:
1843:
1814:
1772:
1745:(2): 187–197.
1729:
1703:
1677:
1638:
1610:
1582:
1554:
1523:
1439:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1398:Python (genus)
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1314:monitor lizard
1286:poikilothermic
1273:
1270:
1244:
1241:
1193:Anthracosuchus
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
990:
989:
986:
985:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
958:
953:
951:
943:
942:
939:
938:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
912:
907:
905:
899:
898:
895:
894:
887:
882:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
863:
858:
856:
851:
774:
773:Classification
771:
713:
710:
679:green anaconda
677:to the extant
650:green anaconda
621:
618:
616:
613:
533:late Paleocene
485:
482:
302:
301:
294:
280:
279:
273:
272:
264:
262:
258:
257:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
139:
138:
130:
129:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
58:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4339:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:Antarctilamna
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:Sachicasaurus
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:Padillasaurus
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:Desmatochelys
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3871:Yaguarasaurus
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:Gualanday Gp.
3723:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:Miocallicebus
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:Anachlysictis
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Barzalosa Fm.
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:fossiliferous
3234:
3227:
3220:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3148:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2979:Psammophiidae
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2898:Palaeophiidae
2895:
2889:
2888:
2887:Messelopython
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:Eoconstrictor
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:Palaeontology
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:1-893777-01-4
1836:
1832:
1831:1-893777-00-6
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1568:Science Daily
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1323:Komodo dragon
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1146:Palaeobiology
1145:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
988:
987:
984:
983:
982:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
964:
957:
956:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
935:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
918:
911:
910:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
886:
885:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
869:
862:
861:
855:
854:
850:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
808:and south to
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
763:quadrate bone
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
711:
709:
706:
701:
697:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
626:
619:
614:
612:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:South America
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
478:apex predator
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
352:
310:
309:
298:
292:
290:
281:
278:
277:Binomial name
274:
270:
269:
263:
260:
259:
254:
248:
247:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
149:
145:
140:
136:
131:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
47:
43:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
4267:Snake genera
4142:
4083:Floresta Fm.
4070:
4063:
4058:Holoptychius
4056:
4050:Bothriolepis
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
3990:Arcabuco Fm.
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3951:Muiscasaurus
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3909:Acostasaurus
3907:
3869:
3862:
3842:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3794:Cerrejonemys
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:Cerrejón Fm.
3751:
3731:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3638:Miocochilius
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3596:Huilatherium
3594:
3589:Hondadelphys
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3519:Cebupithecia
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3469:
3464:Gomphotheres
3462:
3434:Floresta Fm.
3406:Arcabuco Fm.
3343:Cerrejón Fm.
3118:19th century
3001:
2986:
2966:
2946:
2939:
2921:Pterosphenus
2919:
2912:
2905:
2885:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2846:Rieppelophis
2844:
2837:
2832:Phosphoroboa
2830:
2825:Palaeopython
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2768:
2761:Dinilysiidae
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2667:Pachyrhachis
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2624:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2451:
2445:
2435:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2314:
2308:
2298:
2273:
2267:
2253:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2067:, retrieved
2047:
2041:
2024:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1892:www.itis.gov
1891:
1882:
1855:
1846:
1822:
1817:
1800:10.26879/487
1790:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:
1680:
1669:, retrieved
1659:
1629:. Retrieved
1623:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1573:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1536:
1526:
1485:
1479:
1468:Cadena, E.A.
1431:, retrieved
1421:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1308:
1292:
1281:
1280:observed in
1275:
1258:caeonphidian
1248:
1246:
1233:Zingiberales
1226:
1216:
1209:
1205:Cerrejonemys
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1076:
1060:
1059:
1036:
1035:
1014:Chilabothrus
1012:
1011:
980:
977:
961:
960:
946:
932:
931:
916:
915:
914:
889:
866:
865:
844:
839:
820:
818:
813:
806:the Antilles
793:
777:
776:
758:
756:
744:neural spine
739:
731:
727:
725:
704:
699:
693:
674:
669:
657:
655:
639:
633:
629:
606:
598:
590:
588:
583:
579:
577:
564:
556:
520:
497:
473:
461:
446:
442:
438:
437:
428:
423:
422:
410:
398:
307:
306:
305:
296:
288:
283:
267:
266:
252:
245:
244:
143:
31:
25:
4167:Wikispecies
4042:Asterolepis
3944:Leyvachelys
3937:Leivanectes
3930:Kronosaurus
3855:Hondita Fm.
3687:Purussaurus
3680:Potamosiren
3659:Neotamandua
3652:Mourasuchus
3582:Hoazinoides
3568:Gryposuchus
3526:Colombophis
3512:Boreostemma
3505:Balanerodus
3471:Megatherium
3455:Pleistocene
3378:Hondita Fm.
3298:Honda Group
3250:Pleistocene
3104:Hoffstetter
3075:researchers
2968:Naja romani
2907:Archaeophis
2818:Messelophis
2804:Chubutophis
2722:Powellophis
2694:Gigantophis
2687:Alamitophis
2678:Madtsoiidae
1924:(3): 78–81.
1716:Smithsonian
1538:Nature News
1311:Pleistocene
1304:foraminifer
1254:piscivorous
1247:Initially,
695:Gigantophis
641:Gigantophis
615:Description
541:vertebrates
366:titanic boa
53:60–58
4307:Itaboraian
4256:Categories
4091:Trilobites
4072:Strepsodus
4065:Pterygotus
3787:Carbonemys
3744:Bogotá Fm.
3666:Nuciruptor
3645:Mohanamico
3610:Langstonia
3603:Lagonimico
3360:Cretaceous
3338:Bogotá Fm.
3258:Sabana Fm.
3082:After 1900
2914:Palaeophis
2871:Pythonidae
2860:Waincophis
2750:Yurlunggur
2660:Pachyophis
2653:Haasiophis
2646:Eupodophis
2597:Sauropsida
2231:: 85–108.
1833:(series).
1631:4 February
1575:6 February
1427:INGEOMINAS
1404:References
1301:planktonic
1211:Carbonemys
1167:was found.
836:Madagascar
821:Titanoboa'
635:Palaeophis
415:La Guajira
218:Suborder:
46:Itaboraian
4173:Titanoboa
4143:Titanoboa
4026:Cuche Fm.
3890:Ammonites
3844:Eonatator
3835:Oliní Gp.
3823:Titanoboa
3815:Puentemys
3708:Stirtonia
3540:Dukecynus
3482:Honda Gp.
3429:Cuche Fm.
3383:Oliní Gp.
3330:Paleogene
3315:Uitpa Fm.
3310:Jimol Fm.
3270:Soatá Fm.
2932:Viperidae
2853:Titanoboa
2770:Dinilysia
2578:Kingdom:
1969:0891-2963
1874:240344156
1841:(volume).
1809:1094-8074
1366:Titanoboa
1362:Indonesia
1353:Titanoboa
1345:Titanoboa
1332:Titanoboa
1293:Titanoboa
1289:ectotherm
1282:Titanoboa
1278:gigantism
1249:Titanoboa
1182:Titanoboa
1174:dyrosaurs
1165:Titanoboa
1038:Epicrates
917:Titanoboa
840:Titanoboa
814:Titanoboa
810:Argentina
794:Titanoboa
778:Titanoboa
767:pterygoid
759:Titanoboa
740:Titanoboa
728:Titanoboa
705:Titanoboa
700:Titanoboa
675:Titanoboa
670:Titanoboa
666:pythonids
658:Titanoboa
630:Titanoboa
599:Titanoboa
591:Titanoboa
521:Titanoboa
474:Titanoboa
466:dinosaurs
462:Titanoboa
439:Titanoboa
429:Titanoboa
411:Titanoboa
399:Titanoboa
395:Paleocene
384:anacondas
378:of giant
308:Titanoboa
261:Species:
246:Titanoboa
222:Serpentes
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
32:Titanoboa
4302:Peligran
4187:10520740
4152:Wikidata
4111:Category
3900:Paja Fm.
3882:Hiló Fm.
3673:Patasola
3617:Lycopsis
3421:Devonian
3398:Jurassic
3388:Paja Fm.
3373:Hiló Fm.
3348:Cerrejón
3320:Ware Fm.
3303:La Venta
3130:Humboldt
2959:Elapidae
2715:Nidophis
2708:Menarana
2701:Madtsoia
2605:Squamata
2589:Chordata
2586:Phylum:
2581:Animalia
2493:reply".
2476:41962223
2341:16191647
2290:21628164
2219:Salvinia
2195:: 1–73,
2172:19833876
2036:(2010),
2016:84094253
1767:25049185
1691:BBC News
1510:19194448
1474:(2009).
1388:Anaconda
1377:See also
1262:lungfish
1228:Salvinia
1163:, where
1161:Cerrejón
981:Corallus
948:Corallus
891:Erycinae
825:palatine
790:Americas
752:foramina
691:madtsoid
681:and the
580:UF/IGM 1
510:, large
500:Cerrejón
494:Cerrejón
419:Colombia
371:) is an
228:Family:
212:Squamata
202:Reptilia
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
42:Peligran
4226:6157552
4213:1478680
4200:8620632
4158:Q131009
3624:Micodon
3280:Neogene
3099:Hettner
3073:Notable
2941:Laophis
2839:Rageryx
2743:Wonambi
2729:Sanajeh
2602:Order:
2594:Class:
2564:Fossil
2525:4420868
2505:Bibcode
2456:Bibcode
2427:4322274
2407:Bibcode
2366:Bibcode
2332:1560189
2233:Bibcode
2163:2762419
2140:Bibcode
2102:Bibcode
2052:Bibcode
1996:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1747:Bibcode
1722:10 June
1518:4381423
1490:Bibcode
1237:Araceae
1151:Habitat
979:extant
868:Candoia
828:choanal
748:process
712:Anatomy
573:species
373:extinct
360:
286:†
265:†
238:Genus:
208:Order:
198:Class:
122:↓
4262:Boinae
4239:179038
4115:Images
3753:Etayoa
3263:Tibitó
3125:Cuvier
3109:Páramo
3094:Hammen
2797:Boavus
2781:Boidae
2736:Vasuki
2626:Najash
2617:sacrum
2567:snakes
2523:
2496:Nature
2491:et al.
2474:
2447:Nature
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2398:Nature
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2329:
2288:
2170:
2160:
2069:22 May
2014:
1967:
1897:9 June
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1765:
1718:. 2012
1696:22 May
1671:22 May
1603:7 June
1516:
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1481:Nature
1433:22 May
1349:et al.
903:Boinae
802:Mexico
798:Boinae
782:Boidae
648:, and
595:skulls
571:. The
569:Boidae
559:. The
454:Eocene
433:Boinae
388:middle
299:, 2009
297:et al.
255:, 2009
253:et al.
232:Boidae
148:Bogotá
4208:IRMNG
4016:Flora
3237:Major
3089:Etayo
2521:S2CID
2472:S2CID
2423:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1763:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1296:'
662:boids
561:genus
458:Egypt
413:from
376:genus
295:Head
251:Head
4195:GBIF
2337:PMID
2286:PMID
2168:PMID
2071:2017
1965:ISSN
1899:2023
1835:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1805:ISSN
1724:2023
1698:2017
1673:2017
1633:2009
1605:2023
1577:2009
1506:PMID
1435:2017
1334:and
1264:and
1243:Diet
1235:and
1224:fern
1208:and
834:and
804:and
732:Boa,
664:and
620:Size
565:Boa,
516:ribs
514:and
506:and
492:and
392:late
390:and
380:boid
357:lit.
61:PreꞒ
4182:EoL
2513:doi
2501:460
2464:doi
2452:460
2415:doi
2403:460
2374:doi
2362:193
2327:PMC
2319:doi
2315:272
2278:doi
2241:doi
2229:246
2197:doi
2158:PMC
2148:doi
2136:106
2110:doi
2060:doi
2004:doi
1957:doi
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