218:
of a ship, the approximately cylindrical cask would have air space around it when stowed in a ship. Therefore the volume of hold space required for several tuns was greater than the total of the capacity of those tuns. 252 imperial gallons is just over 40 cubic feet (1.1 m). British practice by the 19th century was for a ton of cargo volume to be 50 cubic feet (1.4 m). This is derived from an estimate of the hull space needed to fit the roughly cylindrical tun and is broadly consistent with the much earlier French definition given below.
406:
191:
278:, ships were often impressed by the crown for military use. To do this in an efficient and speedy manner, a measurement of size was needed. The payment to the owner of the requisitioned ship was based on the tonnage. Port dues and various licences were based on tonnage, and it was a useful measure for a ship builder who needed to build a vessel that met the new owner's requirements.
297:
The Tudor bounty paid for the construction of larger ship was apparently paid without any measurement system to confirm the actual size. The presumption is that it was taken from the amount of cargo unloaded after the first voyage (which would be recorded in the customs records of the relevant port).
293:
In the middle ages, the normal way of discovering the tonnage of a ship was to load her with wine and see how many tuns could be fitted in. There is an instance of the owner of a new ship, in 1459, being challenged that his safe-conduct was for a 400 ton vessel, whilst he had already loaded more than
217:
The wine trade to
England originated in France, which is where the tuns were made. A French standard tun cask size was established about 1450. The 15th century Bordeaux wine tun was between 240 and 252 imperial gallons (1,090 and 1,150 L; 288 and 303 US gal). When measuring the tonnage
77:
Convention (International
Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (London-Rules)), which initially applied to all ships built after July 1982, and to older ships from July 1994. A commonly defined measurement system is important, since a ship's registration fee, harbour dues, safety and
104:
Gross tonnage is therefore a kind of capacity-derived index that is used to rank a ship for purposes of determining manning, safety, and other statutory requirements and is expressed simply as GT, which is a unitless entity, even though it derives from the volumetric capacity in cubic metres.
294:
600 tons. The excuse was accepted that he had no idea of her tonnage until she was loaded. In another case, in 1456, a dispute over the actual tonnage of a ship had to be resolved by having coopers part load her with (presumably empty) barrels to estimate what she could carry.
221:
The
Bordeaux tun was used as a measurement elsewhere in Europe. By the 16th century, multi-decked ships which were loaded through hatchways (as opposed to earlier undecked or single decked ships) found it more convenient to use a smaller size of standard barrel. This was the
469:
One complexity with understanding the actual volume of the medieval wine tun was that there was a wine gallon of 232 cubic inches (3.80 L) compared to the imperial gallon of 277 cubic inches (4.54 L).
119:
Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the ship. It indicates a vessel's earning space and is a function of the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship.
53:
or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. Although tonnage (volume) should not be confused with
285:
a bounty per ton was paid for the construction of larger ships, so the threshold for that payment had to be determined, as well as the amount paid for those qualifying.
137:
purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical formula to calculate a vessel's total volume; one PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m) of capacity.
750:
356:
Net register tonnage (NRT) is the volume of cargo the vessel can carry—that is, the gross register tonnage less the volume of spaces that do not hold
497:
155:
and was established by the
International Commission of Constantinople in its Protocol of 18 December 1873. It is still in use, as amended by the
429:
576:
254:
fitted, with the casks aligned two directly above the two below (so not optimising the layout). This redefined ton worked out as 42 cubic
518:
74:
342:
in 1982 under the
Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969, with all ships measured in GRT either scrapped or re-measured in GT by 1994.
690:
677:
636:
551:
100:) measured to the outside of the hull framing. The numerical value for a ship's GT is always smaller than the numerical values of
743:
229:
1179:
778:
984:
419:
151:
The Suez Canal Net
Tonnage (SCNT) is derived with a number of modifications from the former net register tonnage of the
214:), used in the wine trade. The number of tuns that a ship could carry was used as a measure of the size of the ship.
963:
330:. The definition and calculation of the internal volume is complex; for instance, a ship's hold may be assessed for
1184:
736:
884:
338:(omitting the spaces into which bulk, but not baled cargo, would spill). Gross register tonnage was replaced by
651:
260:(1.44 cubic metres (51 cu ft). The difference between this measure and, for instance, the Spanish
228:, measuring a quarter of the size of the tun (in English, this barrel was termed a hogshead). For instance,
926:
830:
526:
492:
309:
274:
Tonnage measurement was important for an increasing number of reasons through history. In
England in the
173:
Thames measurement tonnage (TM) is another volumetric system, generally used for small vessels such as
967:
931:
835:
825:
351:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
424:
54:
1060:
958:
910:
717:
569:
The World of the
Newport Medieval Ship: Trade, Politics and Shipping in the Mid-Fifteenth Century
199:
168:
1122:
820:
759:
709:
686:
673:
632:
572:
547:
513:
29:
602:
783:
411:
133:
The Panama Canal/Universal
Measurement System (PC/UMS) is based on net tonnage modified for
1169:
799:
522:
501:
405:
365:
380:
does the calculations). It represents the volume of the ship available for transporting
190:
92:
Gross tonnage (GT) is a function of the volume of all of a ship's enclosed spaces (from
78:
manning rules, and the like may be based on its gross tonnage (GT) or net tonnage (NT).
1045:
989:
773:
152:
542:
Grenier, Robert (2007). Grenier, Robert; Bernier, Marc-Andre; Stevens, Willis (eds.).
1174:
1163:
1055:
1050:
879:
159:
of the Suez Canal
Authority and is registered in the Suez Canal Tonnage Certificate.
97:
87:
905:
815:
282:
134:
128:
889:
335:
323:
275:
114:
685:; Thomas Lamb, Editor. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 2004.
1143:
1108:
1070:
401:
331:
319:
203:
146:
62:
49:
713:
1133:
1103:
851:
439:
385:
1148:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
434:
233:
58:
44:
41:
1138:
1117:
1113:
1078:
721:
697:
381:
377:
326:); a volume that, if filled with fresh water, would weigh around 2.83
361:
315:
728:
571:(Kindle ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 379.
61:(or imperial ton) of 2,240 lb is derived from the fact that a "
1127:
672:, by I. C. B. Dear and Peter Kemp. Oxford University Press, 1979.
449:
357:
327:
189:
174:
248:
was legally defined, in 1681, as the cubic space into which four
373:
369:
318:
of a vessel, where one register ton is equal to a volume of 100
211:
207:
93:
33:
732:
544:
The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay. Vol. 2: Material Culture
504:, International Maritime Organisation. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
494:
International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969
444:
37:
20:
392:
in 1994, under the Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969.
314:
Gross register tonnage (GRT) represents the total internal
177:; it uses a formula based on the vessel's length and beam.
629:
The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875
537:
535:
334:(accounting for all the air space in the hold) or for
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
1069:
1038:
1002:
977:
951:
944:
919:
898:
867:
860:
844:
808:
792:
766:
372:spaces, again with differences depending on which
266:was calculated by recognised adjustment factors.
744:
653:CWP Handbook of Fishery Statistical Standards
603:"Early Tonnage Measurement in England Part I"
261:
237:
47:. The term derives from the taxation paid on
8:
488:
486:
255:
249:
243:
223:
16:Measure of the volumetric capacity of a ship
670:The Oxford Companion To Ships & The Sea
948:
864:
751:
737:
729:
202:, tunnage was the medieval import duty on
906:Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System
232:ships engaged in 16th century whaling in
236:used this size of barrel (with the name
73:Tonnage measurements are governed by an
683:Ship Design and Construction, Volume II
567:Jones, Evan T.; Stone, Richard (2018).
482:
462:
65:" of wine typically weighed that much.
601:Salisbury, William (2 February 1966).
430:List of largest ships by gross tonnage
57:(the actual mass of the vessel), the
7:
206:of wine. A tun was a large size of
194:Traditional English wine cask units
14:
631:. Conway Maritime Press Limited.
36:, and is commonly used to assess
404:
698:"Tonnages, Medieval and Modern"
1:
779:Length between perpendiculars
102:gross register tonnage (GRT).
627:MacGregor, David R. (1983).
270:Purpose of measuring tonnage
964:Twenty-foot equivalent unit
702:The Economic History Review
1201:
911:Thames measurement tonnage
696:Lane, Frederic C. (1964).
349:
307:
166:
163:Thames measurement tonnage
144:
126:
112:
85:
18:
985:Builder's Old Measurement
885:Compensated gross tonnage
831:Load line (Plimsoll Line)
656:. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
529:. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
420:Builder's Old Measurement
181:Historical maritime units
546:. Ottawa: Parks Canada.
19:Not to be confused with
1061:Metacentric height (GM)
784:Length at the waterline
927:Gross register tonnage
527:Panama Canal Authority
310:Gross register tonnage
304:Gross register tonnage
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
224:
195:
141:Suez Canal Net Tonnage
69:Current maritime units
1020:Standard displacement
968:Intermodal containers
388:. It was replaced by
193:
1180:Nautical terminology
932:Net register tonnage
836:Under keel clearance
352:Net register tonnage
346:Net register tonnage
1030:Normal displacement
1015:Loaded displacement
425:Displacement (ship)
289:Method of measuring
251:barrique bordelaise
225:barrique bordelaise
157:Rules of Navigation
1025:Light displacement
959:Deadweight tonnage
521:2008-09-16 at the
515:Panama Canal Tolls
500:2008-01-16 at the
196:
169:Thames Measurement
32:the capacity of a
1185:Ship measurements
1157:
1156:
1118:§ Neopanamax
1099:Handymax/Supramax
998:
997:
940:
939:
760:Ship measurements
578:978-1-78683-146-0
452:(or 'metric ton')
186:Traditional casks
1192:
949:
865:
753:
746:
739:
730:
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412:Transport portal
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198:Historically in
123:Panama Canal/UMS
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
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1191:
1190:
1189:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1065:
1034:
994:
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523:Wayback Machine
512:
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502:Wayback Machine
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272:
188:
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149:
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125:
117:
111:
90:
84:
71:
30:is a measure of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1161:
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1125:
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1086:
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1075:
1073:
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1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Inclining test
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:
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990:Moorsom System
987:
981:
979:
975:
974:
972:
971:
961:
955:
953:
946:
942:
941:
938:
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774:Length overall
770:
768:
764:
763:
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755:
748:
741:
733:
727:
726:
708:(2): 213–233.
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350:Main article:
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308:Main article:
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287:
271:
268:
245:tonneau de mer
242:). The French
187:
184:
182:
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167:Main article:
164:
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153:Moorsom System
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113:Main article:
110:
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86:Main article:
83:
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15:
13:
10:
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2:
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1144:VLCC and ULCC
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1119:
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1056:Angle of loll
1054:
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1037:
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1023:
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922:
918:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
901:
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891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:Gross tonnage
878:
876:
873:
872:
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866:
863:
859:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Moulded depth
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
807:
801:
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795:
791:
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782:
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734:
731:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
691:99909-0-620-3
688:
684:
681:
679:
678:0-19-860616-8
675:
671:
668:
667:
663:
655:
654:
648:
645:
640:
638:0-85177-256-0
634:
630:
623:
620:
608:
604:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
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553:9780660196527
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379:
375:
371:
368:station, and
367:
364:compartment,
363:
359:
353:
345:
343:
341:
340:gross tonnage
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
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288:
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103:
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95:
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88:Gross tonnage
82:Gross tonnage
81:
79:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
28:
22:
1010:Displacement
874:
705:
701:
682:
669:
664:Bibliography
652:
647:
628:
622:
610:. Retrieved
606:
568:
562:
543:
514:
509:
493:
465:
394:
389:
355:
339:
313:
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296:
292:
283:Tudor period
280:
273:
257:pieds de roi
220:
216:
197:
172:
156:
150:
135:Panama Canal
132:
129:Panama Canal
118:
101:
91:
72:
55:displacement
48:
26:
25:
1130:(Qatar-max)
899:Specialized
890:Net tonnage
612:13 December
525:, from the
390:net tonnage
322:(2.83
276:Middle Ages
115:Net tonnage
109:Net tonnage
1164:Categories
1109:Malaccamax
477:References
386:passengers
332:bulk grain
320:cubic feet
147:Suez Canal
145:See also:
127:See also:
42:commercial
1134:Seawaymax
1104:Handysize
1039:Stability
868:Worldwide
852:Air draft
826:Freeboard
714:0013-0117
440:Short ton
263:toneladas
210:used for
1149:Yamalmax
1094:Chinamax
1089:Capesize
1084:Baltimax
945:Capacity
519:Archived
498:Archived
435:Long ton
398:See also
234:Labrador
59:long ton
45:shipping
1139:Suezmax
1123:Péniche
1114:Panamax
1079:Aframax
978:Archaic
952:Current
920:Archaic
875:Tonnage
793:Breadth
722:2593003
382:freight
378:country
360:(e.g.,
281:In the
239:barrica
200:England
27:Tonnage
1170:Volume
1071:Limits
1003:Weight
861:Volume
845:Height
767:Length
720:
712:
689:
676:
635:
575:
550:
362:engine
328:tonnes
316:volume
230:Basque
175:yachts
98:funnel
1128:Q-Max
816:Draft
809:Depth
718:JSTOR
457:Notes
450:Tonne
358:cargo
336:bales
208:casks
1175:Mass
1116:and
1051:List
800:Beam
710:ISSN
687:ISBN
674:ISBN
633:ISBN
614:2023
573:ISBN
548:ISBN
374:port
370:crew
366:helm
212:wine
204:tuns
94:keel
50:tuns
38:fees
34:ship
607:SNR
445:Ton
384:or
376:or
96:to
75:IMO
63:tun
40:on
21:Ton
1166::
716:.
706:17
704:.
700:.
605:.
587:^
534:^
485:^
970:)
966:(
752:e
745:t
738:v
724:.
641:.
616:.
581:.
556:.
324:m
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
