1025:
pupils. Along with complex trauma, these students often have experienced interrupted schooling due to the migration process, and as a consequence may have limited literacy skills in their first language. One study of a
Canadian secondary school classroom, as told through journal entries of a student teacher, showed how Blaustein and Kinniburgh's ARC (attachment, regulation and competency) framework was used to support newly arrived refugee students from war zones. Tweedie et al. (2017) describe how key components of the ARC framework, such as establishing consistency in classroom routines; assisting students to identify and self-regulate emotional responses; and enabling student personal goal achievement, are practically applied in one classroom where students have experienced complex trauma. The authors encourage teachers and schools to avoid a deficit lens to view such pupils, and suggest ways schools can structure teaching and learning environments which take into account the extreme stresses these students have encountered.
634:), memories, or thoughts relating to the event. Because individuals may not yet be capable of managing this distress, it is necessary to determine how the event can be discussed in such a way that will not "retraumatize" the individual. It is also important to take note of such responses, as these responses may aid the clinician in determining the intensity and severity of possible post traumatic stress as well as the ease with which responses are triggered. Further, it is important to note the presence of possible avoidance responses. Avoidance responses may involve the absence of expected activation or emotional reactivity as well as the use of avoidance mechanisms (e.g., substance use, effortful avoidance of cues associated with the event, dissociation).
945:, are being disseminated nationally by the Department of Veterans Affairs for the treatment of PTSD. A 2010 Cochrane review found that trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was effective for individuals with acute traumatic stress symptoms when compared to waiting list and supportive counseling. Seeking Safety is another type of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on learning safe coping skills for co-occurring PTSD and substance use problems. While some sources highlight Seeking Safety as effective with strong research support, others have suggested that it did not lead to improvements beyond usual treatment. A review from 2014 showed that a combination of treatments involving
611:
humanely and respectfully, the individual is less likely to resort to self harm. In these situations it is best to provide a supportive, caring environment and to communicate to the individual that no matter the circumstance, the individual will be taken seriously rather than being treated as delusional. It is vital for the assessor to understand that what is going on in the traumatized person's head is valid and real. If deemed appropriate, the assessing clinician may proceed by inquiring about both the traumatic event and the outcomes experienced (e.g., post-traumatic symptoms, dissociation,
491:
symptoms. Trauma may also result if workers witness situations that happen in the course of their work (e.g. violence in the workplace, reviewing violent video tapes.) Risk increases with exposure and with the absence of help-seeking protective factors and pre-preparation of preventive strategies. Individuals who have a personal history of trauma are also at increased risk for developing vicarious trauma. Vicarious trauma can lead workers to develop more negative views of themselves, others, and the world as a whole, which can compromise their quality of life and ability to work effectively.
351:. If important aspects of the person's self and world understanding have been violated, the person may call their own identity into question. Often despite their best efforts, traumatized parents may have difficulty assisting their child with emotion regulation, attribution of meaning, and containment of post-traumatic fear in the wake of the child's traumatization, leading to adverse consequences for the child. In such instances, seeking counselling in appropriate mental health services is in the best interests of both the child and the parent(s).
413:
physiological dysfunctions such as the suppression of the immune system and increase in blood pressure. Not only does it affect the body physiologically, but a morphological change in the hippocampus also takes place. Studies showed that extreme stress early in life can disrupt normal development of hippocampus and impact its functions in adulthood. Studies surely show a correlation between the size of hippocampus and one's susceptibility to stress disorders. In times of war, psychological trauma has been known as shell shock or
440:(CTSD) was introduced into the trauma literature by Gill Straker (1987). It was originally used by South African clinicians to describe the effects of exposure to frequent, high levels of violence usually associated with civil conflict and political repression. The term is also applicable to the effects of exposure to contexts in which gang violence and crime are endemic as well as to the effects of ongoing exposure to life threats in high-risk occupations such as police, fire, and emergency services.
586:, a pioneer of modern psychodynamic perspective, also argues that social relations can help people recover from trauma, but specifically refers to attachment theory and the attachment dynamic of the therapeutic relationship. Fosha argues that the sense of emotional safety and co-regulation that occurs in a psychodynamically oriented therapeutic relationship acts as the secure attachment that is necessary to allow a client to experience and process through their trauma safely and effectively.
669:, SCL-90-R) to assess non-trauma-specific symptoms as well as difficulties related to personality. In addition, psychological testing might include the use of trauma-specific tests to assess post-traumatic outcomes. Such tests might include the post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, Davidson Trauma Scale, Detailed Assessment of post-traumatic Stress, Trauma Symptom Inventory, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, and Trauma-related Guilt Inventory.
433:(i.e. continuous scanning of the environment for danger). Research shows that about 60% of the US population reported as having experienced at least one traumatic symptom in their lives, but only a small proportion actually develops PTSD. There is a correlation between the risk of PTSD and whether or not the act was inflicted deliberately by the offender. Psychological trauma is treated with therapy and, if indicated, psychotropic medications.
511:"shatter" an individual's worldviews by severely challenging and breaking assumptions about the world and ourself. Once one has experienced such trauma, it is necessary for an individual to create new assumptions or modify their old ones to recover from the traumatic experience. Therefore, the negative effects of the trauma are simply related to our worldviews, and if we repair these views, we will recover from the trauma.
247:, to try to escape or dampen the feelings. These triggers cause flashbacks, which are dissociative experiences where the person feels as though the events are recurring. Flashbacks can range from distraction to complete dissociation or loss of awareness of the current context. Re-experiencing of symptoms is a sign that the body and mind are actively struggling to cope with the traumatic experience.
1021:(ACEs) study were survivors of one ACE and 12.5% were survivors of four or more ACEs. A trauma-informed approach acknowledges the high rates of trauma and means that care providers treat every person as if they might be a survivor of trauma. Measurement of the effectiveness of a universal trauma informed approach is in early stages and is largely based in theory and epidemiology.
335:
disorder, etc. Exposure to and re-experiencing trauma can cause neurophysiological changes like slowed myelination, abnormalities in synaptic pruning, shrinking of the hippocampus, cognitive and affective impairment. This is significant in brain scan studies done regarding higher-order function assessment with children and youth who were in vulnerable environments.
572:, uses the concept of inner other, and internal representation of the social world, with which one converses internally and which is generated through interactions with others. He posits that the inner other is damaged by trauma but can be repaired by conversations with others such as therapists. He relates the concept of the inner other to the work of
688:
defines trauma as the symptoms that occur following exposure to an event (i.e., traumatic event) that involves actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. This exposure could come in the form of experiencing the event or witnessing the event, or learning that an extreme violent or
598:
as a field developed a more interdisciplinary approach. This is in part due to the field's diverse professional representation including: psychologists, medical professionals, and lawyers. As a result, findings in this field are adapted for various applications, from individual psychiatric treatments
510:
Janoff-Bulman, theorises that people generally hold three fundamental assumptions about the world that are built and confirmed over years of experience: the world is benevolent, the world is meaningful, and I am worthy. According to the shattered assumption theory, there are some extreme events that
991:
Trauma processing: Systematic desensitization, response activation and counter-conditioning, titrated extinction of emotional response, deconstructing disparity (emotional vs. reality state), resolution of traumatic material (in theory, to a state in which triggers no longer produce harmful distress
857:
in the brain towards the specific neural network. Because of this sensitization, the neural pattern can be activated by decreasingly less external stimuli. Child abuse tends to have the most complications, with long-term effects out of all forms of trauma, because it occurs during the most sensitive
230:
After a traumatic experience, a person may re-experience the trauma mentally and physically. For example, the sound of a motorcycle engine may cause intrusive thoughts or a sense of re-experiencing a traumatic experience that involved a similar sound e.g. gunfire. Sometimes a benign stimulus (e.g.
203:
differ between individuals, people react to similar events differently. Most people who experience a potentially traumatic event do not become psychologically traumatized, though they may be distressed and experience suffering. Some will develop PTSD after exposure to a traumatic event, or series of
995:
Emotional processing: Reconstructing perceptions, beliefs and erroneous expectations, habituating new life contexts for auto-activated trauma-related fears, and providing crisis cards with coded emotions and appropriate cognition. (This stage is only initiated in pre-termination phase from clinical
925:
provides a framework for any person in any discipline or context to promote healing, or at least not re-traumatizing. A 2018 systematic review provided moderate evidence that Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms, and it increases
843:
during adulthood. Parts of the brain in a growing child are developing in a sequential and hierarchical order, from least complex to most complex. The brain's neurons change in response to the constant external signals and stimulation, receiving and storing new information. This allows the brain to
610:
Understanding and accepting the psychological state of an individual is paramount. There are many misconceptions of what it means for a traumatized individual to be in psychological crisis. These are times when an individual is in inordinate amounts of pain and incapable of self-comfort. If treated
412:
All psychological traumas originate from stress, a physiological response to an unpleasant stimulus. Long-term stress increases the risk of poor mental health and mental disorders, which can be attributed to secretion of glucocorticoids for a long period of time. Such prolonged exposure causes many
275:
may occur as lurking fears and insecurity keep the person vigilant and on the lookout for danger, both day and night. A messy personal financial scene, as well as debt, are common features in trauma-affected people. Trauma does not only cause changes in one's daily functions, but could also lead to
693:
are typically explicit, coherent, and difficult to forget. Due to the complexity of the interaction between traumatic event occurrence and trauma symptomatology, a person's distress response to aversive details of a traumatic event may involve intense fear or helplessness, but ranges according to
974:
Trauma therapy allows processing trauma-related memories and allows growth towards more adaptive psychological functioning. It helps to develop positive coping instead of negative coping and allows the individual to integrate upsetting-distressing material (thoughts, feelings and memories) and to
970:
reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil) are the only medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) in the United States to treat PTSD. Other options for pharmacotherapy include serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
882:
Evidence suggests that a minority of people who experience severe trauma in adulthood will experience enduring personality change. Personality changes include guilt, distrust, impulsiveness, aggression, avoidance, obsessive behaviour, emotional numbness, loss of interest, hopelessness and altered
865:
Often, psychological aspects of trauma are overlooked even by health professionals: "If clinicians fail to look through a trauma lens and to conceptualize client problems as related possibly to current or past trauma, they may fail to see that trauma victims, young and old, organize much of their
545:
has given a general description of Freud's understanding of trauma, which varied significantly over the course of Freud's career: "An event in the subject's life, defined by its intensity, by the subject's incapacity to respond adequately to it and by the upheaval and long-lasting effects that it
254:
and other associated emotions. Often the person can be completely unaware of what these triggers are. In many cases, this may lead a person with a traumatic disorder to engage in disruptive behaviors or self-destructive coping mechanisms, often without being fully aware of the nature or causes of
226:
People who experience trauma often have problems and difficulties afterwards. The severity of these symptoms depends on the person, the types of trauma involved, and the support and treatment they receive from others. The range of reactions to trauma can be wide and varied, and differ in severity
1024:
Trauma informed teaching practice is an educative approach for migrant children from war-torn countries, who have typically experienced complex trauma, and the number of such children entering
Canadian schools has led some school jurisdictions to consider new classroom approaches to assist these
443:
As one of the processes of treatment, confrontation with their sources of trauma plays a crucial role. While debriefing people immediately after a critical incident has not been shown to reduce incidence of PTSD, coming alongside people experiencing trauma in a supportive way has become standard
490:
affects workers who witness their clients' trauma. It is more likely to occur in situations where trauma-related work is the norm rather than the exception. Listening with empathy to the clients generates feeling, and seeing oneself in clients' trauma may compound the risk for developing trauma
276:
morphological changes. Such epigenetic changes can be passed on to the next generation, thus making genetics one of the components of psychological trauma. However, some people are born with or later develop protective factors such as genetics that help lower their risk of psychological trauma.
660:
Lastly, assessment of psychological trauma might include the use of self-administered psychological tests. Individual scores on such tests are compared to normative data in order to determine how the individual's level of functioning compares to others in a sample representative of the general
373:
There are several behavioral responses commonly used towards stressors including the proactive, reactive, and passive responses. Proactive responses include attempts to address and correct a stressor before it has a noticeable effect on lifestyle. Reactive responses occur after the stress and
965:
approach (also known as phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation) has been proven to work better than the simple cognitive approach. Studies funded by pharmaceuticals have also shown that medications such as the new anti-depressants are effective when used in combination with other
602:
The experience and outcomes of psychological trauma can be assessed in a number of ways. Within the context of a clinical interview, the risk of imminent danger to the self or others is important to address but is not the focus of assessment. In most cases, it will not be necessary to involve
334:
or "numbing out" can frequently occur. Dissociating from the painful emotion includes numbing all emotion, and the person may seem emotionally flat, preoccupied, distant, or cold. Dissociation includes depersonalisation disorder, dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity
389:
is seen as a source of trauma as individuals contemplate future events as well as experience climate change related disasters. Emotional experiences within these contexts are increasing, and collective processing and engagement with these emotions can lead to increased resilience and
283:). This can lead to the traumatic events being constantly experienced as if they were happening in the present, preventing the subject from gaining perspective on the experience. This can produce a pattern of prolonged periods of acute arousal punctuated by periods of physical and
848:(sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch) contribute to the developing brain structure and its function. Infants and children begin to create internal representations of their external environment, and in particular, key attachment relationships, shortly after birth. Violent and
637:
In addition to monitoring activation and avoidance responses, clinicians carefully observe the individual's strengths or difficulties with affect regulation (i.e., affect tolerance and affect modulation). Such difficulties may be evidenced by mood swings, brief yet intense
1189:, Diagnostic Criteria for "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" (309.81), criterion A: "Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others...does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless this exposure is work related."
557:" had a traumatic quality external to symbolization. As an object of anxiety, Lacan maintained that The Real is "the essential object which isn't an object any longer, but this something faced with which all words cease and all categories fail, the object of anxiety
689:
accidental event was experienced by a loved one. Trauma symptoms may come in the form of intrusive memories, dreams, or flashbacks; avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event; negative thoughts and feelings; or increased alertness or reactivity.
852:
attachment figures impact infants' and young children's internal representations. The more frequently a specific pattern of brain neurons is activated, the more permanent the internal representation associated with the pattern becomes. This causes
672:
Children are assessed through activities and therapeutic relationship, some of the activities are play genogram, sand worlds, coloring feelings, self and kinetic family drawing, symbol work, dramatic-puppet play, story telling, Briere's TSCC, etc.
428:
The symptoms of PTSD must persist for at least one month for diagnosis to be made. The main symptoms of PTSD consist of four main categories: trauma (i.e. intense fear), reliving (i.e. flashbacks), avoidance behavior (i.e. emotional numbing), and
319:. Research has indicated that individuals who have experienced a traumatic event have been known to use symptoms of obsessive- compulsive disorder, such as compulsive checking of safety, as a way to mitigate the symptoms associated with trauma.
262:
Consequently, intense feelings of anger may frequently surface, sometimes in inappropriate or unexpected situations, as danger may always seem to be present due to re-experiencing past events. Upsetting memories such as images, thoughts, or
4028:
Pradhan B, Kluewer D'Amico J, Makani R, Parikh T (10 July 2015). "Nonconventional interventions for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Ketamine, repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and alternative approaches".
2825:
Davidson JR, Book SW, Colket JT, Tupler LA, Roth S, David D, Hertzberg M, Mellman T, Beckham JC, Smith RD, Davison RM, Katz R, Feldman ME (January 1997). "Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder".
3674:
Karlin BE, Ruzek JI, Chard KM, Eftekhari A, Monson CM, Hembree EA, et al. (December 2010). "Dissemination of evidence-based psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in the
Veterans Health Administration".
2914:
Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Leisen MB, Owens JA, Kaplan AS, Watson SB, et al. (June 2000). "Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the
Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire".
623:, and the need for self-protection via interpersonal control. Through discussion of interpersonal relationships, the clinician is better able to assess the individual's ability to enter and sustain a clinical relationship.
338:
Some traumatized people may feel permanently damaged when trauma symptoms do not go away and they do not believe their situation will improve. This can lead to feelings of despair, transient paranoid ideation, loss of
116:
response caused by severe distressing events that are outside the normal range of human experiences. It must be understood by the affected person as directly threatening the affected person or their loved ones with
1291:"Correlates of lifetime exposure to one or more potentially traumatic events and subsequent posttraumatic stress among adults in the United States: results from the mental health surveillance study, 2008β2012."
231:
noise from a motorcycle) may get connected in the mind with the traumatic experience. This process is called traumatic coupling. In this process, the benign stimulus becomes a trauma reminder, also called a
374:
possible trauma has occurred and is aimed more at correcting or minimizing the damage of a stressful event. A passive response is often characterized by an emotional numbness or ignorance of a stressor.
2329:
Molnar BE, Meeker SA, Manners K, Tieszen L, Kalergis K, Fine JE, et al. (December 2020). "Vicarious traumatization among child welfare and child protection professionals: A systematic review".
381:. Trauma is sometimes overcome through healing; in some cases this can be achieved by recreating or revisiting the origin of the trauma under more psychologically safe circumstances, such as with a
3750:
Roberts NP, Roberts PA, Jones N, Bisson JI (June 2015). "Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3442:
Forman-Hoffman, Valerie; Cook
Middleton, Jennifer; Feltner, Cynthia; Gaynes, Bradley N.; Palmieri Weber, Rachel; Bann, Carla; Viswanathan, Meera; Lohr, Kathleen N.; Baker, Claire (17 May 2018).
4580:
1321:"Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women"
486:
Normally, hearing about or seeing a recording of an event, even if distressing, does not cause trauma; however, an exception is made to the diagnostic criteria for work-related exposures.
646:. The information gathered through observation of affect regulation will guide the clinician's decisions regarding the individual's readiness to partake in various therapeutic activities.
1751:
Gershuny BS, Baer L, Radomsky AS, Wilson KA, Jenike MA (September 2003). "Connections among symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case series".
649:
Though assessment of psychological trauma may be conducted in an unstructured manner, assessment may also involve the use of a structured interview. Such interviews might include the
2733:
Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Roth S, Mandel F, Kaplan S, Resick P (January 1997). "Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES)".
5624:
858:
and critical stages of psychological development. It could lead to violent behavior, possibly as extreme as serial murder. For example, Hickey's Trauma-Control Model suggests that "
3155:
Ramos SM, Boyle GJ (2001). "Ch. 14: Ritual and medical circumcision among
Filipino boys: Evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder.". In Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF (eds.).
1574:"Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms: Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms"
619:
and is completed in an empathic, sensitive, and supportive manner. The clinician may also inquire about possible relational disturbance, such as alertness to interpersonal danger,
599:
to sociological large-scale trauma management. While the field has adopted a number of diverse methodological approaches, many pose their own limitations in practical application.
682:
458:
is distress such as guilt or shame following a moral transgression. There are many other definitions some based on different models of causality. Moral injury is associated with
3295:
697:
Trauma can be caused by a wide variety of events, but there are a few common aspects. There is frequently a violation of the person's core assumptions about the world and their
533:. Charcot's "traumatic hysteria" often manifested as paralysis that followed a physical trauma, typically years later after what Charcot described as a period of "incubation".
1041:
broadly, to refer to any unpleasant experience, even if the affected person has a psychologically healthy response to the experience. This imprecise language may promote the
447:
The impact of PTSD on children is to a degree unknown, but education on coping mechanisms have shown to improve the lives of children who have undergone a traumatic event.
3465:
4087:
Nguyen-Feng VN, Clark CJ, Butler ME (August 2019). "Yoga as an intervention for psychological symptoms following trauma: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis".
580:. Alford notes how trauma damages trust in social relations due to fear of exploitation and argues that culture and social relations can help people recover from trauma.
354:
Trauma is hard to speak of by those that experience it. The event in question might recur to them in a dream or another medium, but it is rare for them to speak of it.
988:
Cognitive processing: Transforming negative perceptions and beliefs about self, others and environment to positive ones through cognitive reconsideration or re-framing.
377:
There is also a distinction between trauma induced by recent situations and long-term trauma which may have been buried in the unconscious from past situations such as
3180:
Jeronimus BF, Ormel J, Aleman A, Penninx BW, Riese H (November 2013). "Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism".
2206:
Hall NA, Everson AT, Billingsley MR, Miller MB (January 2022). "Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature".
1553:. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). 2014
1277:
Among individuals who do develop post-traumatic stress after exposure to a traumatic event, some develop symptoms sufficient to meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD
5419:
3858:
Steele K, van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ER (2005). "Phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation in complex traumatization: overcoming trauma-related phobias".
3612:"A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence"
1006:
A number of complementary approaches to trauma treatment have been implicated as well, including yoga and meditation. There has been recent interest in developing
941:
guidelines identify cognitive behavioral therapies as the most effective treatments for PTSD. Two of these cognitive behavioral therapies, prolonged exposure and
279:
The person may not remember what actually happened, while emotions experienced during the trauma may be re-experienced without the person understanding why (see
2439:
898:
129:; indirect exposure, such as from watching television news, may be extremely distressing and can produce an involuntary and possibly overwhelming physiological
3913:"It Is Time to Address the Crisis in the Pharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Consensus Statement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group"
1017:
means that care is underpinned by understandings of trauma and its far-reaching implications. Trauma is widespread. For example, 26% of participants in the
1994:"The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research"
1507:
2663:
Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM (January 1995). "The development of a
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale".
985:
Emotional regulation: Identifying, countering discriminating, grounding thoughts and emotions from internal construction to an external representation.
4133:
367:
Trauma can be caused by human-made, technological and natural disasters, including war, abuse, violence, vehicle collisions, or medical emergencies.
5118:
2950:
Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Abueg FR, Manke FP, Brennan JM, Stahura C (1996). "Development and validation of the trauma-related guilt inventory (TRGI)".
5984:
4183:"Psychometric Evaluation of the TIC Grade, a Self-Report Measure to Assess Youth Perceptions of the Quality of Trauma-Informed Care They Received"
3372:"Lasting personality pathology following exposure to catastrophic trauma in adults: Systematic review: Lasting personality pathology after trauma"
2698:
Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Dang ST, Sackville T (1998). "Assessing acute stress disorder: Psychometric properties of a structured clinical interview".
370:
An individual's response to psychological trauma can be varied based on the type of trauma, as well as socio-demographic and background factors.
3106:
1224:
Storr CL, Ialongo NS, Anthony JC, Breslau N (2007). "Childhood antecedents of exposure to traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder".
5999:
5603:
4887:
407:
5444:
4542:
4521:
4502:
4483:
4457:
4412:
4386:
3346:
3019:
2988:
2647:
2587:
2577:
2561:
2537:
2024:
1686:
1409:
862:
for serial murderers may serve as a triggering mechanism resulting in an individual's inability to cope with the stress of certain events."
3164:
1098:
3567:
McLean CP, Foa EB (August 2011). "Prolonged exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of evidence and dissemination".
603:
contacting emergency services (e.g., medical, psychiatric, law enforcement) to ensure the individuals safety; members of the individual's
626:
During assessment, individuals may exhibit activation responses in which reminders of the traumatic event trigger sudden feelings (e.g.,
5208:
5150:
5145:
5020:
3302:
2499:
2119:
McNally RJ, Bryant RA, Ehlers A (November 2003). "Does Early
Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress?".
394:, as well as a greater sense of belongingness. These outcomes are protective against the devastating impacts of psychological trauma.
1854:"Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behavior in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers"
312:
5878:
5608:
4433:
4012:
3068:
2779:
2388:
2282:"A Scoping Review of Vicarious Trauma Interventions for Service Providers Working With People Who Have Experienced Traumatic Events"
2266:
1372:
1083:
650:
4328:
Treating traumatic stress in children and adolescents: How to foster resilience through attachment, self-regulation, and competency
3962:"Pharmacotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder In Combat Veterans: Focus on Antidepressants and Atypical Antipsychotic Agents"
4237:"Trauma-informed Teaching Practice and Refugee Children: A Hopeful Reflection on Welcoming Our New Neighbours to Canadian Schools"
709:, or cause major losses or separations instead of evoking aspects like positive self worth, safe boundaries and personal freedom.
208:
some individuals have, that enable them to cope with difficult events, including temperamental and environmental factors, such as
5969:
5155:
5633:
4643:
425:
in which many veterans returned to their respective countries demoralized, and sometimes, addicted to psychoactive substances.
308:
5779:
5140:
1049:
after a death) and make discussions of psychological trauma more complex, but it might also encourage people to respond with
832:
459:
403:
181:
4423:
1399:
1261:"Past year mental disorders among adults in the United States: results from the 2008β2012 Mental Health Surveillance Study"
5959:
5873:
5774:
5657:
5288:
5088:
4917:
4668:
1018:
934:
914:
4291:
Block K, Cross S, Riggs E, Gibbs L (2014). "Supporting schools to create an inclusive environment for refugee students".
3660:
235:. These can produce uncomfortable and even painful feelings. Re-experiencing can damage people's sense of safety, self,
5918:
5903:
5651:
4967:
4345:
3553:
3443:
1798:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery"
946:
942:
930:
918:
505:
3832:
2249:
975:
resolve these internally. It also aids in the growth of personal skills like resilience, ego regulation, empathy, etc.
5883:
5705:
5675:
3444:
Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update
3050:
177:
315:
is another mental health disorder with symptoms similar to that of psychological trauma, such as hyper-vigilance and
5979:
5753:
5735:
5729:
5693:
5472:
4932:
5831:
5826:
5687:
5598:
5593:
5502:
4937:
4877:
2554:
The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book II: The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954β1955
1118:
729:
348:
331:
716:
that threatens one's survival and sense of security. Typical causes and dangers of psychological trauma include
694:
the context. In children, trauma symptoms can be manifested in the form of disorganized or agitative behaviors.
421:
which may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD emerged as the label for this condition after the
5923:
5844:
5839:
5681:
5663:
5639:
5078:
4952:
4698:
2603:
Fosha D (May 2006). "Quantum transformation in trauma and treatment: traversing the crisis of healing change".
1511:
1153:
304:
296:
292:
209:
3330:
Functional Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A Stress-System Approach to Assessment and Treatment
3225:
The cost of caring: Secondary traumatic stress and the impact of working with high-risk children and families
529:
argued in the 1890s that psychological trauma was the origin of all instances of the mental illness known as
5645:
5218:
982:
Psychoeducation: Information dissemination and educating in vulnerabilities and adoptable coping mechanisms.
620:
565:
3240:"Analysis of trauma exposure, symptomatology and functioning in Jewish Israeli and Palestinian adolescents"
5818:
5813:
5805:
5717:
5711:
5669:
5434:
5013:
3867:
3479:
1158:
1108:
954:
866:
lives around repetitive patterns of reliving and warding off traumatic memories, reminders, and affects."
414:
264:
165:
5994:
5868:
5723:
5108:
4922:
4737:
4673:
3495:"Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: a randomized controlled trial"
2491:
1103:
1007:
938:
867:
418:
391:
288:
200:
153:
1289:
Forman-Hoffman VL, Bose J, Batts KR, Glasheen C, Hirsch E, Karg RS, Huang LN, Hedden SL (April 2016).
5989:
5893:
5619:
5517:
5467:
5414:
5399:
5378:
5303:
5170:
5160:
5130:
5058:
4602:
3459:
3114:
1113:
1014:
1010:
practices, but the actual efficacy of yoga in reducing the effects of trauma needs more exploration.
922:
906:
902:
327:
323:
284:
122:
3872:
5974:
5888:
5863:
5747:
5563:
5543:
5482:
5328:
5165:
5043:
4867:
4794:
4769:
4636:
4467:
4396:
3534:
2771:
Interviewer's guide to the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV dissociative disorders (SCID-D)
1148:
953:
is highly effective in treating psychological trauma. If, however, psychological trauma has caused
892:
741:
627:
526:
300:
5764:
3787:"Effectiveness of Seeking Safety for Co-Occurring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use"
5898:
5792:
5588:
5363:
5135:
5093:
4947:
4839:
4789:
4742:
4710:
4693:
4534:
Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma : the Innate Capacity to Transform Overwhelming Experiences
4308:
4112:
4054:
3942:
3893:
3814:
3592:
3352:
3205:
2851:
2354:
2231:
2183:
2144:
1922:
1138:
1128:
1093:
1073:
1068:
690:
639:
215:
3911:
Krystal JH, Davis LL, Neylan TC, A Raskind M, Schnurr PP, Stein MB, et al. (October 2017).
2404:
Brewin, Chris; Holmes, Emily (2003). "Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder".
2104:
Straker G (1987). "The continuous traumatic stress syndrome: The single therapeutic interview".
615:, somatic symptoms, psychotic reactions). Such inquiry occurs within the context of established
4585:
4236:
3060:
2458:
5583:
5293:
5006:
4972:
4727:
4538:
4517:
4498:
4479:
4453:
4429:
4408:
4382:
4212:
4104:
4046:
4008:
3983:
3934:
3885:
3806:
3767:
3729:
3692:
3641:
3584:
3516:
3391:
3342:
3261:
3197:
3160:
3157:
Understanding circumcision : a multi-disciplinary approach to a multi-dimensional problem
3085:
3064:
3015:
2984:
2932:
2843:
2775:
2750:
2715:
2680:
2643:
2620:
2583:
2557:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2466:
2459:"Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department (Published 2007)"
2421:
2384:
2346:
2311:
2223:
2175:
2136:
2086:
2020:
1974:
1914:
1883:
1827:
1768:
1733:
1682:
1659:
1603:
1526:
1489:
1471:
1405:
1350:
1298:
1268:
1241:
1078:
781:
769:
753:
705:
and insecurity. This is seen when institutions depended upon for survival violate, humiliate,
316:
240:
205:
50:
2978:
897:
A number of psychotherapy approaches have been designed with the treatment of trauma in mindβ
239:, as well as their ability to regulate emotions and navigate relationships. They may turn to
5522:
5477:
5358:
5253:
5053:
4834:
4809:
4720:
4715:
4300:
4271:
4202:
4194:
4096:
4038:
3973:
3924:
3877:
3798:
3759:
3719:
3684:
3631:
3623:
3576:
3506:
3447:
3422:
3411:"Progressive counting with therapy clients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Three cases"
3383:
3334:
3333:. Palgrave Texts in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
3251:
3189:
3137:
3056:
2959:
2924:
2835:
2769:
2742:
2707:
2672:
2612:
2413:
2338:
2301:
2293:
2215:
2128:
2076:
2068:
1964:
1956:
1873:
1865:
1845:
1817:
1809:
1789:
1760:
1723:
1715:
1649:
1641:
1593:
1585:
1479:
1463:
1340:
1332:
1259:
Karg RS, Bose J, Batts KR, Forman-Hoffman VL, Liao D, Hirsch E, et al. (October 2014).
1233:
1133:
1088:
950:
859:
836:
824:
797:
773:
733:
569:
487:
280:
161:
4004:
Principles of Trauma Therapy: A Guide to Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment (DSM-5 Update)
2055:
Brunson KL, KramΓ‘r E, Lin B, Chen Y, Colgin LL, Yanagihara TK, et al. (October 2005).
971:(SNRI) antidepressants and anti-psychotic medications, though none have been FDA approved.
5424:
5238:
5228:
5182:
5125:
5113:
4902:
4819:
4606:
4575:
3493:
Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, Foa EB, Shea MT, Chow BK, et al. (February 2007).
2980:
Helping Abused and Traumatized Children: Integrating Directive and Nondirective Approaches
1163:
999:
828:
801:
789:
713:
706:
643:
612:
463:
130:
126:
4471:
4155:
1376:
653:, Acute Stress Disorder Interview, Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress,
5964:
5928:
5353:
5323:
5243:
5213:
4977:
4907:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4799:
4703:
4629:
4207:
4182:
3978:
3961:
3636:
3611:
3371:
2306:
2281:
2081:
2056:
1969:
1944:
1878:
1853:
1822:
1797:
1728:
1703:
1654:
1629:
1598:
1573:
1484:
1451:
1450:
Joscelyne, Amy; McLean, Siobhan; Drobny, Juliette; Bryant, Richard A. (December 2012).
1345:
1320:
1063:
1042:
1034:
785:
757:
604:
542:
538:
519:
430:
386:
326:
may set in, leading to distraction, and clear thinking may be difficult or impossible.
244:
232:
3833:"Seeking Safety for PTSD with Substance Use Disorder | Society of Clinical Psychology"
3328:
2417:
1764:
808:
can also cause psychological trauma. Long-term exposure to situations such as extreme
5953:
5933:
5800:
5741:
5553:
5492:
5487:
5429:
5248:
5068:
5048:
4982:
4688:
4570:
4552:
4443:
4312:
3356:
3014:(5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 265.
2377:
2358:
2235:
1336:
1143:
1123:
854:
849:
721:
550:
534:
382:
236:
169:
3946:
3818:
3209:
2855:
5908:
5699:
5558:
5538:
5512:
5383:
5313:
5283:
5203:
5175:
4912:
4844:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4774:
4476:
Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society
4401:
4181:
Boucher N, Darling-Fisher CS, Sinko L, Beck D, Granner J, Seng J (September 2020).
4116:
4058:
3929:
3912:
3897:
3724:
3711:
3610:
Resick PA, Galovski TE, Uhlmansiek MO, Scher CD, Clum GA, Young-Xu Y (April 2008).
3596:
2148:
2072:
1849:
1793:
962:
958:
817:
725:
698:
595:
573:
522:
viewpoints are controversial, but have been shown to have utility therapeutically.
455:
256:
4600:
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy β Medical University of South Carolina
4042:
3786:
820:, exist independently of physical trauma but still generate psychological trauma.
724:; abandonment; abusive relationships; rejection; co-dependence; physical assault;
4532:
4447:
4376:
4304:
4002:
2342:
1719:
5938:
5913:
5409:
5273:
5258:
4987:
4962:
4784:
4759:
4749:
4732:
4683:
2250:"Guidebook on Vicarious Trauma: Recommended Solutions for Anti-Violence Workers"
1548:
1426:
1290:
1260:
910:
871:
840:
749:
661:
population. Psychological testing might include the use of generic tests (e.g.,
583:
422:
378:
340:
3627:
2928:
2711:
1993:
1237:
5787:
5507:
5497:
5318:
5298:
5278:
5268:
5233:
4942:
4764:
4754:
3763:
3338:
3256:
3239:
3193:
2963:
2839:
1960:
1869:
1813:
1645:
1050:
805:
777:
761:
737:
717:
74:
59:
55:
4276:
4259:
4198:
3810:
2719:
2470:
2297:
2179:
1918:
1475:
5548:
5404:
5343:
4514:
Principles of Trauma Therapy: A Guide to Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment
3712:"Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms"
3086:"The Harm of Trauma: Pathological fear, shattered assumptions, or betrayal?"
2640:
Principles of Trauma Therapy: A Guide to Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment
2492:"Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Brings Lasting Benefits through Self-Knowledge"
2132:
1467:
967:
765:
702:
577:
344:
268:
189:
146:
31:
4216:
4108:
4050:
3987:
3938:
3889:
3771:
3733:
3696:
3645:
3588:
3520:
3511:
3494:
3451:
3395:
3265:
3201:
2936:
2746:
2676:
2624:
2425:
2350:
2315:
2227:
2140:
2090:
1978:
1887:
1831:
1772:
1737:
1663:
1607:
1493:
1354:
1302:
1272:
1245:
17:
3881:
3141:
2847:
2754:
2684:
1002:
processing: Visualization of achieved relief state and relaxation methods.
5439:
5373:
5368:
5333:
5223:
5198:
5098:
5029:
4829:
4678:
3550:
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence
1945:"Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review"
1903:"Speak, Trauma: Toward a Revised Understanding of Literary Trauma Theory"
1373:"Effects of Traumatic Experiences: A National Center for PTSD Fact Sheet"
745:
666:
554:
530:
272:
185:
173:
138:
4449:
The Trauma Model: A Solution to the Problem of Comorbidity in Psychiatry
4134:"SAMHSA's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach"
2187:
2163:
1926:
1902:
1452:"Fear of memories: the nature of panic in posttraumatic stress disorder"
5338:
5308:
5103:
5083:
4779:
4156:"About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC"
4100:
3802:
3427:
3410:
2616:
1679:
The body remembers: the psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment
1630:"Post-traumatic stress disorderβa diagnostic and therapeutic challenge"
1508:"Loyola College in Maryland: Trauma and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder"
809:
616:
475:
259:
are an example of a psychosomatic response to such emotional triggers.
251:
113:
3688:
3580:
2871:
Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress: DAPS: Professional Manual
1589:
541:, examined the concept of psychological trauma throughout his career.
5263:
5073:
5063:
4897:
4589:
3387:
2795:
Briere J (1998). Brief Interview for Posttraumatic Disorders (BIPD).
2219:
1998:
Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers
662:
654:
193:
157:
3537:. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. 11 March 2021.
2267:"Russell Williams profiler won't work Magnotta case because of PTSD"
2057:"Mechanisms of late-onset cognitive decline after early-life stress"
1375:. National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Archived from
1199:
926:
the likelihood of patients no longer meeting the criteria for PTSD.
684:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
5348:
4850:
4660:
4652:
1297:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).
1267:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).
1186:
1046:
845:
813:
764:
parent; the threat or the witnessing of violence (particularly in
631:
467:
118:
4554:
Kelengakutelleghpat: An Arctic community-based approach to trauma
3296:"The Effects of Psychological Trauma on Children and Adolescents"
3159:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 253β270.
2903:. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. pp. 253β8.
1431:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
471:
160:
are typically followed. Long-term reactions and effects include
142:
5002:
4625:
4616:
4260:"Giving Refugee Students a Strong Head Start: The LEAD Program"
1852:, Kaminer T, Coots T, Zeanah CH, Davies M, et al. (2008).
655:
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders
250:
Triggers and cues act as reminders of the trauma and can cause
4927:
4595:
The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS)
3128:
Whitfield CL (2010). "Psychiatric drugs as agents of Trauma".
844:
continually respond to its surroundings and promote survival.
793:
462:
but is distinguished from it. Moral injury is associated with
30:"Emotional damage" redirects here. For the Internet meme, see
3710:
Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson JI (March 2010).
3446:(Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
2280:
Kim J, Chesworth B, Franchino-Olsen H, Macy RJ (March 2021).
1796:, Davies M, Trabka K, McCaw J, et al. (September 2007).
657:- Revised, and Brief Interview for post-traumatic Disorders.
3327:
Kozlowska, Kasia; Scher, Stephen; Helgeland, Helene (2020).
996:
assessment and judgement of the mental health professional.)
4998:
1527:"The Effects of Trauma on Personal Finance Β» Savoteur"
949:(DBT), often used for borderline personality disorder, and
204:
events. This discrepancy in risk rate can be attributed to
4599:
4425:
Trauma to TrΓ€ume. School-Based Trauma Informed Programming
929:
There is a large body of empirical support for the use of
3238:
Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR, Kanat-Maymon Y (November 2009).
4621:
4611:
4594:
3370:
Munjiza, Jasna; Law, Vincent; Crawford, Mike J. (2014).
3093:
Loss of the Assumptive World: a theory of traumatic loss
2444:
Loss of the Assumptive World: a theory of traumatic loss
1704:"Trauma-related obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review"
933:
for the treatment of trauma-related symptoms, including
4495:
The Trauma Spectrum: Hidden Wounds and Human Resiliency
4516:. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 37β63.
4187:
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association
3130:
International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine
2642:. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 37β63.
1314:
1312:
27:
Emotional response caused by severe distressing events
4235:
Tweedie MG, Belanger C, Rezazadeh K, Vogel K (2017).
4230:
4228:
4226:
3482:. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.
3012:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1628:
Frommberger U, Angenendt J, Berger M (January 2014).
966:
psychological approaches. At present, the selective
712:
Psychologically traumatic experiences often involve
5856:
5763:
5617:
5576:
5531:
5460:
5453:
5392:
5191:
5036:
4860:
4659:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1425:Treatment (US), Center for Substance Abuse (2014).
73:
65:
49:
44:
4400:
3659:Hamblen JL, Schnurr PP, Rosenberg A, Eftekhari A.
3301:. Vermont Agency of Human Services. Archived from
2812:PDS: Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale: manual
2521:
2376:
1550:Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services
576:viewing the inner other as that which removes the
385:. More recently, awareness of the consequences of
2888:. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
1938:
1936:
1547:"Chapter 3: Understanding the Impact of Trauma".
594:As "trauma" adopted a more widely defined scope,
287:. This can lead to mental health disorders like
5420:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
4612:National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN)
3745:
3743:
2873:. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
4378:Coping With Trauma: Hope Through Understanding
3464:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3095:. New York: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 71β82.
2571:
2569:
2446:. New York: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 71β82.
1319:Wingo, Aliza P, Ressler KJ, Bradley B (2014).
992:and the individual is able to express relief.)
772:; and medication-induced trauma. Catastrophic
5014:
4637:
3616:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
2442:; Freyd, Jennifer (2002). Kauffman, J (ed.).
1572:Yehuda, Rachel; Lehrner, Amy (October 2018).
870:offer a broader view of health problems than
546:brings about in the psychical organization".
8:
4293:International Journal of Inclusive Education
2886:Trauma Symptom Inventory professional manual
2799:(Report). University of Southern California.
2556:| p.164 (W. W. Norton & Company, 1991),
2121:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1784:
1782:
4346:"The Self-Help That No One Needs Right Now"
3716:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3480:"What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?"
3283:. Blemont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
2164:"Posttraumatic stress disorder in children"
701:, putting the person in a state of extreme
5457:
5021:
5007:
4999:
4644:
4630:
4622:
4136:. SAMHSA Publications and Digital Products
3061:10.1176/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr
3055:. American Psychiatric Association. 2000.
3039:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1401:Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder For Dummies
978:Processes involved in trauma therapy are:
41:
4275:
4206:
4128:
4126:
3977:
3928:
3871:
3723:
3635:
3510:
3426:
3255:
2370:
2368:
2305:
2080:
1968:
1877:
1821:
1727:
1708:Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
1653:
1597:
1483:
1366:
1364:
1344:
1053:to the distress and suffering of others.
835:(PTSD), depression, and substance abuse.
137:. Examples of distressing events include
4579:) is being considered for deletion. See
1943:Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S (April 2008).
784:; large scale transportation accidents;
438:continuous posttraumatic stress disorder
176:, nightmare disorder, difficulties with
3791:Journal of Counseling & Development
3785:Lenz AS, Henesy R, Callender K (2016).
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2208:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
1176:
192:, hyperventilation, hyperhidrosis, and
5604:International Stand Up to Bullying Day
4888:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
4339:
4337:
3663:. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
3457:
3415:Counselling and Psychotherapy Research
2040:Seyle H (1976). "The Stress of Life".
1456:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
1013:In health and social care settings, a
917:, and sensorimotor psychotherapy, and
537:, Charcot's student and the father of
408:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
218:is the study of psychological trauma.
5445:Society Against Violence in Education
2901:Trauma symptom checklist for children
2528:. W. W. Norton and Company. pp.
2201:
2199:
2197:
1404:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 39.
7:
4326:Blaustein ME, Kinniburgh KM (2010).
4031:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
4001:Briere JN, Scott C (25 March 2014).
3860:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
3661:"Overview of Psychotherapy for PTSD"
3107:"Emotional and Psychological Trauma"
1858:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
1182:
1180:
1099:Psychological trauma in older adults
804:; being taken as a hostage or being
417:. Psychological trauma may cause an
5209:Bullying and emotional intelligence
4258:Miles J, Bailey-McKenna MC (2017).
2983:. Guilford Press. pp. 28, 59.
792:; mass interpersonal violence like
3569:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
3281:Serial Murderers and Their Victims
2500:American Psychological Association
1802:Attachment & Human Development
1634:Deutsches Γrzteblatt International
1428:Understanding the Impact of Trauma
1204:American Psychological Association
25:
5879:Machiavellianism in the workplace
4583:to help reach a consensus. βΊ
3244:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2520:Laplanche J, Pontalis JB (1967).
1084:Identification with the Aggressor
1045:of normal human behaviors (e.g.,
800:or other mass victimization like
651:Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
1337:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.007
607:network are much more critical.
564:Fred Alford, citing the work of
5832:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
3409:Jarecki K, Greenwald R (2016).
2524:The Language of Psycho-Analysis
1325:Journal of Psychiatric Research
915:Internal Family Systems Therapy
691:Memories associated with trauma
347:, suicidality, and frequently,
309:borderline personality disorder
5985:Post-traumatic stress disorder
4428:. Milford, CT: CT AccessABLE.
4074:Overcoming Trauma through Yoga
3930:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.007
3725:10.1002/14651858.CD007944.pub2
3548:Institute of Medicine (2008).
3084:DePrince AP, Freyd JJ (2002).
2797:Unpublished psychological test
2605:Journal of Clinical Psychology
2375:Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie (1992).
2073:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2281-05.2005
1753:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1398:Goulston M (9 February 2011).
1226:American Journal of Psychiatry
935:post-traumatic stress disorder
833:post-traumatic stress disorder
470:while PTSD is correlated with
460:post-traumatic stress disorder
404:Post-traumatic stress disorder
313:Obsessive- compulsive disorder
212:and willingness to seek help.
182:post-traumatic stress disorder
133:, but does not produce trauma
1:
6000:Adverse childhood experiences
5874:List of LGBT-related suicides
5775:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
5089:Parental bullying of children
4669:Adverse childhood experiences
4344:Cummins E (18 October 2021).
4043:10.1080/15299732.2015.1046101
3376:Personality and Mental Health
2418:10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00033-3
1765:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00178-X
1702:Dykshoorn KL (January 2014).
1019:Adverse Childhood Experiences
553:claimed that what he called "
152:Short-term reactions such as
5919:Social dominance orientation
5904:Psychopathy in the workplace
4478:. New York: Guilford Press.
4381:. American Psychiatric Pub.
4305:10.1080/13603116.2014.899636
4076:. USA: North Atlantic Books.
4072:Emerson D, Hopper E (2012).
3960:Alexander W (January 2012).
3554:The National Academies Press
2774:. American Psychiatric Pub.
2457:Cohen P (25 November 2007).
2343:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104679
2286:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
1720:10.1080/21642850.2014.905207
1525:Savoteur (13 January 2022).
947:dialectical behavior therapy
943:cognitive processing therapy
931:cognitive behavioral therapy
846:The five traditional signals
827:can increase one's risk for
506:Shattered assumptions theory
500:Shattered assumptions theory
311:, adjustment disorder, etc.
5884:Narcissism in the workplace
4422:Danielle A. Rathey (2018).
4330:. New York: Guilford Press.
3677:Journal of Traumatic Stress
3227:. The Child Trauma Academy.
2735:Journal of Traumatic Stress
2665:Journal of Traumatic Stress
2168:Family and Community Health
2162:Lipovsky, Julie A. (1991).
2061:The Journal of Neuroscience
1992:Kieft J, Bendell J (2021).
919:Emotional Freedom Technique
178:interpersonal relationships
6016:
4512:Briere J, Scott C (2006).
3752:Clinical Psychology Review
3628:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243
3535:"ABCT Fact Sheets: Trauma"
3454:(inactive 16 August 2024).
2929:10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
2712:10.1037/1040-3590.10.3.215
2638:Briere J, Scott C (2006).
2406:Clinical Psychology Review
1238:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.119
890:
503:
401:
267:may haunt the person, and
29:
5599:International Day of Pink
5594:Anti-bullying legislation
4878:Abusive power and control
4017:– via Google Books.
3764:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.007
3339:10.1007/978-3-030-46184-3
3294:Moroz KJ (30 June 2005).
3257:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050393
3194:10.1017/s0033291713000159
2964:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.428
2840:10.1017/s0033291796004229
2579:Trauma, Culture, and PTSD
2576:Alford CF (9 June 2016).
2331:Child Abuse & Neglect
2019:. Pearson Education Inc.
1961:10.1017/S0033291707001353
1901:Pederson, Joshua (2014).
1870:10.1080/15299730802045666
1814:10.1080/14616730701453762
1646:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0059
1119:Religious trauma syndrome
760:; being the victim of an
730:employment discrimination
549:The French psychoanalyst
5924:Suicide among LGBT youth
4953:Psychological projection
4815:Referee and umpire abuse
4617:Trauma Information Pages
4581:templates for discussion
4537:, North Atlantic Books,
4452:. Greenleaf Book Group.
4407:. New York: BasicBooks.
4375:Allen JG (20 May 2008).
4277:10.18806/tesl.v33i0.1249
4199:10.1177/1078390320953896
3091:. In J. Kauffman (ed.).
2952:Psychological Assessment
2917:Psychological Assessment
2700:Psychological Assessment
2383:. New York: Free Press.
2298:10.1177/1524838021991310
2017:Physiology of Psychology
1154:Transgenerational trauma
1015:trauma informed approach
305:brief psychotic disorder
297:somatic symptom disorder
293:prolonged grief disorder
5970:Harassment and bullying
5219:Character assassination
4605:15 January 2021 at the
3223:Perry BD (April 2003).
2133:10.1111/1529-1006.01421
1468:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.19084
227:from person to person.
5609:Think Before You Speak
5503:James O'Higgins Norman
5435:It Gets Better Project
5146:Information technology
4089:Psychological Services
3512:10.1001/jama.297.8.820
3452:10.23970/ahrqepccer207
3182:Psychological Medicine
2828:Psychological Medicine
2747:10.1002/jts.2490100103
2677:10.1002/jts.2490080106
2106:Psychology and Society
1949:Psychological Medicine
1159:Trauma systems therapy
1109:Psychosomatic medicine
1033:Some people, and many
955:dissociative disorders
868:Biopsychosocial models
823:Some theories suggest
786:house or domestic fire
415:combat stress reaction
291:and anxiety disorder,
201:subjective experiences
5894:Personality disorders
5869:Just-world hypothesis
5109:Relational aggression
4923:Just-world hypothesis
4674:Anti-social behaviour
4007:. SAGE Publications.
3917:Biological Psychiatry
3882:10.1300/J229v06n03_02
3142:10.3233/JRS-2010-0508
3117:on 13 September 2014.
2379:Shattered Assumptions
2269:. CBC. 13 March 2014.
1677:Rothschild B (2000).
1104:Psychoneuroimmunology
1008:trauma-sensitive yoga
939:Institute of Medicine
419:acute stress reaction
392:post-traumatic growth
196:are often developed.
5960:Psychological stress
5634:William Arthur Gibbs
5518:Christina Salmivalli
5468:Anna Costanza Baldry
5415:Bystander Revolution
5400:Act Against Bullying
5379:Workplace incivility
5304:Moving the goalposts
5131:Workplace harassment
5059:Displaced aggression
4958:Psychological trauma
4497:. New York: Norton.
2768:Steinberg M (1994).
1681:. New York: Norton.
1114:Rape trauma syndrome
923:Trauma informed care
907:somatic experiencing
903:progressive counting
768:); life-threatening
328:Emotional detachment
324:emotional exhaustion
301:conversion disorders
158:psychological denial
123:severe bodily injury
94:Psychological trauma
45:Psychological trauma
5889:Personal boundaries
5864:Emotional blackmail
5544:Louise Burfitt-Dons
5483:David P. Farrington
5329:Psychological abuse
5054:Disability bullying
5044:Abusive supervision
4868:Abusive supervision
4795:Psychological abuse
4770:Institutional abuse
4586:Psychological abuse
4403:Trauma and recovery
4264:TESL Canada Journal
3035:McNally RJ (2003).
1514:on 28 October 2005.
1379:on 10 December 2005
1149:Thousand-yard stare
1029:Society and culture
893:Treatments for PTSD
839:is associated with
837:Childhood adversity
738:judicial corruption
728:; partner battery;
640:depressive episodes
527:Jean-Martin Charcot
525:French neurologist
255:their own actions.
154:psychological shock
5899:Playing the victim
5827:Matti Juhani Saari
5819:Jokela High School
5814:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
5658:Nicola Ann Raphael
5589:Anti-Bullying Week
5364:Social undermining
5136:Workplace bullying
5094:Peer victimization
4948:Playing the victim
4840:Surveillance abuse
4790:Professional abuse
4711:Cruelty to animals
4531:Levine PA (1997),
4101:10.1037/ser0000191
3803:10.1002/jcad.12061
3552:. Washington, DC:
3428:10.1002/capr.12055
3308:on 3 November 2010
3279:Hickey EW (2010).
3037:Remembering Trauma
2814:. London: Pearson.
2617:10.1002/jclp.20249
2463:The New York Times
2015:Carlson N (2013).
1200:"Trauma and Shock"
1139:Suicide and trauma
1129:Social constraints
1094:Psychological pain
1074:Existential crisis
1069:Emotion and memory
812:or other forms of
782:volcanic eruptions
770:medical conditions
621:abandonment issues
495:Theoretical models
363:Situational trauma
317:intrusive thoughts
241:psychoactive drugs
222:Signs and symptoms
216:Psychotraumatology
206:protective factors
102:psychiatric trauma
5980:Anxiety disorders
5947:
5946:
5652:Dawn-Marie Wesley
5584:Anti-Bullying Day
5572:
5571:
5294:Kiss up kick down
5079:Military bullying
4996:
4995:
4973:Traumatic bonding
4544:978-1-55643-233-0
4523:978-0-7619-2921-5
4504:978-0-393-70466-2
4493:Scaer RC (2005).
4485:978-1-57230-088-0
4459:978-0-9704525-0-4
4414:978-0-465-08766-2
4388:978-1-58562-682-3
4299:(12): 1337β1355.
3689:10.1002/jts.20588
3581:10.1586/ern.11.94
3348:978-3-030-46183-6
3021:978-0-89042-555-8
2990:978-1-60918-474-2
2899:Briere J (1996).
2884:Briere J (1995).
2869:Briere J (2001).
2649:978-0-7619-2921-5
2589:978-1-137-57600-2
2562:978-0-393-30709-2
2539:978-0-393-01105-0
2026:978-0-205-23939-9
1688:978-0-393-70327-6
1590:10.1002/wps.20568
1411:978-1-118-05090-3
1295:CBHSQ data review
1265:CBHSQ Data Review
1079:Historical trauma
883:self-perception.
798:terrorist attacks
774:natural disasters
754:domestic violence
515:In psychodynamics
285:mental exhaustion
271:may be frequent.
184:(PTSD). Physical
164:, uncontrollable
91:
90:
85:anticonvulsants,
79:Antidepressants,
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6007:
5706:Kenneth Weishuhn
5676:Sladjana Vidovic
5564:Lizzie VelΓ‘squez
5523:Kenneth Westhues
5478:Dorothy Espelage
5458:
5359:Social exclusion
5319:Personal attacks
5254:False accusation
5156:Legal profession
5119:Higher education
5023:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4835:Structural abuse
4810:Police brutality
4716:Disability abuse
4646:
4639:
4632:
4623:
4557:
4551:Terry M (1999),
4547:
4527:
4508:
4489:
4470:, McFarlane AC,
4463:
4439:
4418:
4406:
4392:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4232:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3932:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3875:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3388:10.1002/pmh.1271
3367:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3166:978-0306-46701-1
3152:
3146:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3113:. Archived from
3103:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2573:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2337:(Pt 3): 104679.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2292:(5): 1437β1460.
2277:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2255:. Health Canada.
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2220:10.1002/cpp.2607
2203:
2192:
2191:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1759:(9): 1029β1041.
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1578:World Psychiatry
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:. Archived from
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1134:Stress (biology)
1089:Psychogenic pain
951:exposure therapy
860:childhood trauma
829:mental disorders
825:childhood trauma
734:police brutality
570:Donald Winnicott
566:object relations
488:Vicarious trauma
482:Vicarious trauma
398:Stress disorders
281:Repressed memory
162:bipolar disorder
147:terrorist attack
106:emotional damage
81:antipsychotics,
42:
21:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5852:
5767:
5765:Murderβsuicides
5759:
5754:Tyrone Unsworth
5736:Rebecca Sedwick
5730:Rehtaeh Parsons
5694:Jamey Rodemeyer
5622:
5613:
5568:
5527:
5449:
5425:Ditch the Label
5388:
5239:Destabilisation
5229:Culture of fear
5187:
5183:Toxic workplace
5126:Sexual bullying
5114:School bullying
5099:Prison bullying
5032:
5027:
4997:
4992:
4968:Rationalization
4903:Destabilisation
4856:
4820:Religious abuse
4655:
4650:
4607:Wayback Machine
4584:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4530:
4524:
4511:
4505:
4492:
4486:
4468:van der Kolk BA
4466:
4460:
4442:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4395:
4389:
4374:
4370:
4368:Further reading
4365:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4241:BC TEAL Journal
4234:
4233:
4224:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3873:10.1.1.130.8227
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3718:(3): CD007944.
3709:
3708:
3704:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3456:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3349:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3188:(11): 2403β15.
3179:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2991:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:Foa EB (1995).
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2067:(41): 9328β38.
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:Unthought known
1059:
1037:, use the word
1035:self-help books
1031:
895:
889:
880:
802:sex trafficking
790:motor collision
714:physical trauma
679:
644:self-mutilation
613:substance abuse
592:
517:
508:
502:
497:
484:
453:
410:
402:Main articles:
400:
365:
360:
224:
131:stress response
127:sexual violence
96:(also known as
87:benzodiazepines
86:
84:
82:
80:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6013:
6011:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5952:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Victim blaming
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5857:Related topics
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5688:Tyler Clementi
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5354:Smear campaign
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Physical abuse
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:Cancel culture
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Victim blaming
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Discrimination
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:Dehumanization
4890:
4885:
4883:Child grooming
4880:
4875:
4873:Abuse of power
4870:
4864:
4862:
4861:Related topics
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:Physical abuse
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4728:Domestic abuse
4725:
4724:
4723:
4721:military draft
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4597:
4592:
4568:
4564:
4563:External links
4561:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4528:
4522:
4509:
4503:
4490:
4484:
4464:
4458:
4440:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4393:
4387:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4333:
4318:
4283:
4250:
4222:
4193:(4): 319β325.
4173:
4147:
4122:
4095:(3): 513β523.
4079:
4064:
4020:
4013:
3993:
3952:
3923:(7): e51βe59.
3903:
3850:
3839:. 6 March 2017
3824:
3777:
3739:
3702:
3666:
3651:
3622:(2): 243β258.
3602:
3575:(8): 1151β63.
3559:
3540:
3526:
3485:
3471:
3434:
3401:
3362:
3347:
3319:
3286:
3271:
3230:
3215:
3172:
3165:
3147:
3136:(4): 195β207.
3120:
3098:
3076:
3069:
3042:
3027:
3020:
2996:
2989:
2977:Gil E (2011).
2969:
2958:(4): 428β444.
2942:
2906:
2891:
2876:
2861:
2817:
2802:
2787:
2780:
2760:
2725:
2706:(3): 215β220.
2690:
2655:
2648:
2630:
2595:
2588:
2565:
2545:
2538:
2512:
2483:
2449:
2440:DePrince, Anne
2431:
2412:(3): 339β376.
2396:
2389:
2364:
2321:
2272:
2258:
2241:
2193:
2154:
2111:
2096:
2047:
2032:
2025:
2007:
1984:
1932:
1913:(3): 333β353.
1893:
1837:
1808:(3): 187β205.
1778:
1743:
1714:(1): 517β528.
1694:
1687:
1669:
1613:
1584:(3): 243β257.
1564:
1539:
1517:
1499:
1442:
1417:
1410:
1390:
1360:
1308:
1281:
1251:
1216:
1191:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Comfort object
1060:
1058:
1055:
1043:medicalization
1030:
1027:
1004:
1003:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
888:
885:
879:
876:
758:indoctrination
678:
675:
605:social support
591:
588:
559:par excellence
543:Jean Laplanche
539:psychoanalysis
516:
513:
504:Main article:
501:
498:
496:
493:
483:
480:
452:
449:
431:hypervigilance
399:
396:
387:climate change
364:
361:
359:
356:
233:trauma trigger
223:
220:
89:
88:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
53:
47:
46:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:Victimisation
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5840:Elliot Rodger
5838:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5806:Virginia Tech
5804:
5803:
5802:
5801:Seung-Hui Cho
5799:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:Leelah Alcorn
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5682:Phoebe Prince
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5664:Ryan Halligan
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:Kelly Yeomans
5638:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:SuEllen Fried
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Heinz Leymann
5491:
5489:
5488:Shelley Hymel
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:GRIN Campaign
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:Organizations
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Embarrassment
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Legal aspects
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:LGBT bullying
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:Cyberbullying
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Victimisation
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4444:Colin A. Ross
4441:
4437:
4435:9781387719976
4431:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4162:. 21 May 2021
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4014:9781483351254
4010:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3838:
3837:www.div12.org
3834:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:(6): 663β73.
3682:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3505:(8): 820β30.
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3320:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3250:(5): 427β32.
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3111:Helpguide.org
3108:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3070:0-89042-024-6
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:(2): 210β24.
2922:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:(1): 153β60.
2833:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2781:9781585623495
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:(5): 569β83.
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2390:9780029160152
2386:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:(1): 92β110.
2213:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:(4): 467β80.
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:(2): 123β47.
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:, Zygmunt A,
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1371:EB, Ruzek J.
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:(1): 119β25.
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Therapy speak
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Screen memory
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
894:
886:
884:
877:
875:
873:
869:
863:
861:
856:
855:sensitization
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:embarrassment
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
692:
687:
685:
676:
674:
670:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
635:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
608:
606:
600:
597:
589:
587:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:Jacques Lacan
547:
544:
540:
536:
535:Sigmund Freud
532:
528:
523:
521:
520:Psychodynamic
514:
512:
507:
499:
494:
492:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
448:
445:
441:
439:
434:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
409:
405:
397:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
368:
362:
357:
355:
352:
350:
346:
342:
336:
333:
330:, as well as
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
266:
260:
258:
257:Panic attacks
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:self-efficacy
234:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
211:
207:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:panic attacks
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:mental trauma
95:
83:antiemetics,
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
5995:Trauma types
5909:Scapegoating
5700:Jamie Hubley
5646:Hamed Nastoh
5559:Liam Hackett
5539:Andrea Adams
5513:Debra Pepler
5384:Verbal abuse
5314:Name calling
5284:Intimidation
5244:Discrediting
5204:Blacklisting
5176:Toxic leader
4957:
4938:Minimisation
4933:Manipulation
4913:Exaggeration
4849:
4845:Verbal abuse
4825:Sexual abuse
4805:Social abuse
4775:Intimidation
4574:
4553:
4533:
4513:
4494:
4475:
4448:
4424:
4402:
4377:
4353:. Retrieved
4350:The Atlantic
4349:
4327:
4321:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4159:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4092:
4088:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4037:(1): 35β54.
4034:
4030:
4023:
4003:
3996:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3866:(3): 11β53.
3863:
3859:
3853:
3843:26 September
3841:. Retrieved
3836:
3827:
3797:(1): 51β61.
3794:
3790:
3780:
3755:
3751:
3715:
3705:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3654:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3549:
3543:
3529:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3474:
3437:
3421:(1): 64β71.
3418:
3414:
3404:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3329:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3289:
3280:
3274:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3156:
3150:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3115:the original
3110:
3101:
3092:
3079:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3011:
2979:
2972:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2770:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2671:(1): 75β90.
2668:
2664:
2658:
2639:
2633:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2582:. Springer.
2578:
2553:
2548:
2523:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2378:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2261:
2244:
2211:
2207:
2174:(3): 42β51.
2171:
2167:
2157:
2127:(2): 45β79.
2124:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1952:
1948:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1846:Schechter DS
1840:
1805:
1801:
1790:Schechter DS
1756:
1752:
1746:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1640:(5): 59β65.
1637:
1633:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1549:
1542:
1532:27 September
1530:. Retrieved
1520:
1512:the original
1502:
1462:(1): 19084.
1459:
1455:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1427:
1420:
1400:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1328:
1324:
1294:
1284:
1276:
1264:
1254:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1012:
1005:
1000:Experiential
977:
973:
963:trauma model
959:complex PTSD
928:
896:
881:
864:
822:
818:verbal abuse
726:sexual abuse
711:
699:human rights
696:
683:
680:
671:
659:
648:
636:
625:
609:
601:
596:traumatology
593:
582:
574:Albert Camus
563:
558:
548:
524:
518:
509:
485:
456:Moral injury
454:
451:Moral injury
446:
442:
437:
435:
427:
411:
376:
372:
369:
366:
353:
337:
332:dissociation
321:
289:acute stress
278:
261:
249:
243:, including
229:
225:
214:
198:
151:
134:
110:psychotrauma
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
36:
5990:Victimology
5939:Victimology
5914:Self-esteem
5768:(incidents)
5718:Amanda Todd
5712:Audrie Pott
5670:Megan Meier
5473:Wendy Craig
5410:Bullying UK
5274:Humiliation
5259:Gaslighting
4988:Victimology
4963:Psychopathy
4785:Persecution
4760:Humiliation
4750:Gaslighting
4733:Elder abuse
4684:Child abuse
4569:βΉ The
4270:: 109β128.
4247:(1): 36β45.
4160:www.cdc.gov
3972:(1): 32β8.
3460:cite report
3312:25 November
2741:(1): 3β16.
2552:Lacan, J.,
2496:www.apa.org
2042:McGraw Hill
921:(EFT) etc.
911:biofeedback
850:victimizing
841:neuroticism
778:earthquakes
750:paternalism
630:, anxiety,
584:Diana Fosha
423:Vietnam War
379:child abuse
343:, profound
341:self-esteem
18:Traumatized
5975:Counseling
5954:Categories
5845:Isla Vista
5788:Jeff Weise
5748:Conrad Roy
5724:Jadin Bell
5508:Dan Olweus
5498:Gary Namie
5299:Mind games
5279:Incivility
5269:Harassment
5234:Defamation
4943:Narcissism
4765:Incivility
4755:Harassment
4472:Weisaeth L
4355:19 October
3382:(4): 332.
1435:5 December
1383:9 December
1171:References
1051:compassion
891:See also:
872:biomedical
831:including
816:, such as
742:misconduct
718:harassment
677:Definition
444:practice.
349:depression
269:nightmares
265:flashbacks
210:resilience
188:including
166:flashbacks
75:Medication
60:psychology
56:Psychiatry
5780:Columbine
5549:Tim Field
5532:Activists
5461:Academics
5405:Ban Bossy
5344:Screaming
5289:Isolation
4918:Isolation
4738:Financial
4397:Herman JL
4313:146524502
3966:P & T
3868:CiteSeerX
3811:0748-9633
3758:: 25β38.
3357:226614004
3052:DSM-IV-TR
2720:1040-3590
2505:1 January
2476:1 January
2471:0362-4331
2359:221239972
2236:233471425
2180:0160-6379
1919:1063-3685
1907:Narrative
1850:Coates SW
1794:Coates SW
1476:2000-8198
1331:: 93β99.
968:serotonin
887:Treatment
806:kidnapped
766:childhood
762:alcoholic
703:confusion
590:Diagnosis
568:theorist
436:The term
383:therapist
345:emptiness
322:In time,
190:migraines
114:emotional
66:Treatment
51:Specialty
32:Steven He
5793:Red Lake
5620:suicides
5618:Notable
5440:Kidscape
5374:Taunting
5369:Swatting
5334:Rudeness
5224:Coercion
5199:Betrayal
5192:Elements
5171:Teaching
5161:Medicine
5141:Academia
5030:Bullying
4830:Stalking
4743:Marriage
4704:marriage
4699:military
4679:Bullying
4603:Archived
4571:template
4474:(1996).
4446:(2000).
4399:(1992).
4217:32907448
4109:29620390
4051:26162001
3988:22346334
3947:19531066
3939:28454621
3890:16172081
3819:26696948
3772:25792193
3734:20238359
3697:21171126
3646:18377121
3589:21797656
3521:17327524
3396:25123294
3266:19880933
3210:43717734
3202:23410535
2937:10887767
2856:24523694
2625:16523496
2426:12729677
2351:32826062
2316:33685294
2228:33931926
2188:44953202
2141:26151755
2091:16221841
1979:17803838
1927:24615578
1888:18985165
1832:18007959
1773:12914805
1738:25750799
1664:24612528
1608:30192087
1494:23130094
1355:24485848
1303:27748101
1273:27748100
1246:17202553
1209:21 March
1057:See also
874:models.
776:such as
746:bullying
667:MCMI-III
628:distress
555:The Real
531:hysteria
273:Insomnia
186:symptoms
174:insomnia
139:violence
112:) is an
5577:Actions
5454:Experts
5339:Sarcasm
5309:Nagging
5166:Nursing
5084:Mobbing
4851:more...
4780:Neglect
4689:neglect
4573:below (
4208:7943641
4166:23 June
4140:23 June
4117:4607801
4059:5318679
3979:3278188
3898:1378450
3637:2967760
3597:7650571
2848:9122295
2755:9018674
2685:7712061
2307:8426417
2149:8311994
2082:3100717
2004:: 1β39.
1970:4877688
1879:2577290
1823:2078523
1729:4346088
1655:3952004
1599:6127768
1485:3488113
1346:4605671
878:Effects
810:poverty
686:(DSM-5)
617:rapport
476:anxiety
252:anxiety
245:alcohol
145:, or a
69:Therapy
5847:, 2014
5834:, 2008
5821:, 2007
5808:, 2007
5795:, 2005
5782:, 1999
5756:(2016)
5750:(2014)
5744:(2014)
5738:(2013)
5732:(2013)
5726:(2013)
5720:(2012)
5714:(2012)
5708:(2012)
5702:(2011)
5696:(2011)
5690:(2010)
5684:(2010)
5678:(2008)
5672:(2006)
5666:(2003)
5660:(2001)
5654:(2000)
5648:(2000)
5642:(1997)
5636:(1877)
5264:Gossip
5074:Hazing
5064:Doxing
4898:Denial
4694:sexual
4590:Curlie
4576:Curlie
4541:
4520:
4501:
4482:
4456:
4432:
4411:
4385:
4311:
4215:
4205:
4115:
4107:
4057:
4049:
4011:
3986:
3976:
3945:
3937:
3896:
3888:
3870:
3817:
3809:
3770:
3732:
3695:
3644:
3634:
3595:
3587:
3519:
3394:
3355:
3345:
3264:
3208:
3200:
3163:
3067:
3018:
2987:
2935:
2854:
2846:
2778:
2753:
2718:
2683:
2646:
2623:
2586:
2560:
2536:
2469:
2424:
2387:
2357:
2349:
2314:
2304:
2234:
2226:
2186:
2178:
2147:
2139:
2089:
2079:
2023:
1977:
1967:
1925:
1917:
1886:
1876:
1830:
1820:
1771:
1736:
1726:
1685:
1662:
1652:
1606:
1596:
1557:13 May
1492:
1482:
1474:
1408:
1353:
1343:
1301:
1271:
1244:
1039:trauma
961:, the
707:betray
663:MMPI-2
578:absurd
358:Causes
194:nausea
180:, and
135:per se
5965:Abuse
5349:Shame
5037:Types
4928:Lying
4661:Types
4653:Abuse
4309:S2CID
4113:S2CID
4055:S2CID
3943:S2CID
3894:S2CID
3815:S2CID
3593:S2CID
3353:S2CID
3306:(PDF)
3299:(PDF)
3206:S2CID
3089:(PDF)
2852:S2CID
2530:465β9
2355:S2CID
2253:(PDF)
2232:S2CID
2184:JSTOR
2145:S2CID
1923:JSTOR
1187:DSM-5
1047:grief
814:abuse
642:, or
632:anger
468:shame
464:guilt
125:, or
119:death
108:, or
5625:List
5104:Rank
4539:ISBN
4518:ISBN
4499:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4357:2021
4213:PMID
4168:2021
4142:2021
4105:PMID
4047:PMID
4009:ISBN
3984:PMID
3935:PMID
3886:PMID
3845:2018
3807:ISSN
3768:PMID
3730:PMID
3693:PMID
3642:PMID
3585:PMID
3517:PMID
3499:JAMA
3466:link
3392:PMID
3343:ISBN
3314:2010
3262:PMID
3198:PMID
3161:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2933:PMID
2844:PMID
2776:ISBN
2751:PMID
2716:ISSN
2681:PMID
2644:ISBN
2621:PMID
2584:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2507:2021
2478:2021
2467:ISSN
2422:PMID
2385:ISBN
2347:PMID
2312:PMID
2224:PMID
2176:ISSN
2137:PMID
2087:PMID
2021:ISBN
1975:PMID
1915:ISSN
1884:PMID
1828:PMID
1769:PMID
1734:PMID
1683:ISBN
1660:PMID
1604:PMID
1559:2023
1534:2022
1490:PMID
1472:ISSN
1437:2022
1406:ISBN
1385:2005
1351:PMID
1299:PMID
1269:PMID
1242:PMID
1211:2022
899:EMDR
780:and
740:and
681:The
474:and
472:fear
466:and
406:and
156:and
143:rape
4588:at
4301:doi
4272:doi
4203:PMC
4195:doi
4097:doi
4039:doi
3974:PMC
3925:doi
3878:doi
3799:doi
3760:doi
3720:doi
3685:doi
3632:PMC
3624:doi
3577:doi
3507:doi
3503:297
3448:doi
3423:doi
3384:doi
3335:doi
3252:doi
3248:195
3190:doi
3138:doi
3057:doi
2960:doi
2925:doi
2836:doi
2743:doi
2708:doi
2673:doi
2613:doi
2414:doi
2339:doi
2335:110
2302:PMC
2294:doi
2216:doi
2129:doi
2077:PMC
2069:doi
1965:PMC
1957:doi
1874:PMC
1866:doi
1818:PMC
1810:doi
1761:doi
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1650:PMC
1642:doi
1638:111
1594:PMC
1586:doi
1480:PMC
1464:doi
1341:PMC
1333:doi
1234:doi
1230:164
957:or
794:war
561:".
199:As
5956::
4348:.
4336:^
4307:.
4297:18
4295:.
4268:33
4266:.
4262:.
4243:.
4239:.
4225:^
4211:.
4201:.
4191:28
4189:.
4185:.
4158:.
4125:^
4111:.
4103:.
4093:16
4091:.
4053:.
4045:.
4035:17
4033:.
3982:.
3970:37
3968:.
3964:.
3941:.
3933:.
3921:82
3919:.
3915:.
3892:.
3884:.
3876:.
3862:.
3835:.
3813:.
3805:.
3795:94
3793:.
3789:.
3766:.
3756:38
3754:.
3742:^
3728:.
3714:.
3691:.
3681:23
3679:.
3640:.
3630:.
3620:76
3618:.
3614:.
3591:.
3583:.
3573:11
3571:.
3515:.
3501:.
3497:.
3462:}}
3458:{{
3419:16
3417:.
3413:.
3390:.
3378:.
3374:.
3351:.
3341:.
3260:.
3246:.
3242:.
3204:.
3196:.
3186:43
3184:.
3134:22
3132:.
3109:.
3063:.
2999:^
2954:.
2931:.
2921:12
2919:.
2850:.
2842:.
2832:27
2830:.
2749:.
2739:10
2737:.
2714:.
2704:10
2702:.
2679:.
2667:.
2619:.
2609:62
2607:.
2568:^
2532:.
2498:.
2494:.
2465:.
2461:.
2420:.
2410:23
2408:.
2367:^
2353:.
2345:.
2333:.
2310:.
2300:.
2290:23
2288:.
2284:.
2230:.
2222:.
2212:29
2210:.
2196:^
2182:.
2172:14
2170:.
2166:.
2143:.
2135:.
2123:.
2085:.
2075:.
2065:25
2063:.
2059:.
2000:.
1996:.
1973:.
1963:.
1953:38
1951:.
1947:.
1935:^
1921:.
1911:22
1909:.
1905:.
1882:.
1872:.
1860:.
1856:.
1848:,
1826:.
1816:.
1804:.
1800:.
1781:^
1767:.
1757:41
1755:.
1732:.
1722:.
1710:.
1706:.
1658:.
1648:.
1636:.
1632:.
1616:^
1602:.
1592:.
1582:17
1580:.
1576:.
1488:.
1478:.
1470:.
1458:.
1454:.
1363:^
1349:.
1339:.
1329:51
1327:.
1323:.
1311:^
1293:.
1275:.
1263:.
1240:.
1228:.
1202:.
1179:^
937:.
913:,
909:,
905:,
901:,
796:;
788:;
756:;
752:;
748:;
744:;
736:;
732:;
720:;
665:,
478:.
307:,
303:,
299:,
295:,
172:,
168:,
149:.
141:,
121:,
104:,
100:,
58:,
5627:)
5623:(
5022:e
5015:t
5008:v
4645:e
4638:t
4631:v
4526:.
4507:.
4488:.
4462:.
4438:.
4417:.
4391:.
4359:.
4315:.
4303::
4280:.
4274::
4245:2
4219:.
4197::
4170:.
4144:.
4119:.
4099::
4061:.
4041::
3990:.
3949:.
3927::
3900:.
3880::
3864:6
3847:.
3821:.
3801::
3774:.
3762::
3736:.
3722::
3699:.
3687::
3648:.
3626::
3599:.
3579::
3556:.
3523:.
3509::
3468:)
3450::
3431:.
3425::
3398:.
3386::
3380:8
3359:.
3337::
3316:.
3268:.
3254::
3212:.
3192::
3169:.
3144:.
3140::
3073:.
3059::
3024:.
2993:.
2966:.
2962::
2956:8
2939:.
2927::
2858:.
2838::
2784:.
2757:.
2745::
2722:.
2710::
2687:.
2675::
2669:8
2652:.
2627:.
2615::
2592:.
2542:.
2509:.
2480:.
2428:.
2416::
2393:.
2361:.
2341::
2318:.
2296::
2238:.
2218::
2190:.
2151:.
2131::
2125:4
2108:.
2093:.
2071::
2044:.
2029:.
2002:7
1981:.
1959::
1929:.
1890:.
1868::
1862:9
1834:.
1812::
1806:9
1775:.
1763::
1740:.
1718::
1712:2
1691:.
1666:.
1644::
1610:.
1588::
1561:.
1536:.
1496:.
1466::
1460:3
1439:.
1414:.
1387:.
1357:.
1335::
1305:.
1248:.
1236::
1213:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.