Psychological trauma - Knowledge (XXG)

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pupils. Along with complex trauma, these students often have experienced interrupted schooling due to the migration process, and as a consequence may have limited literacy skills in their first language. One study of a Canadian secondary school classroom, as told through journal entries of a student teacher, showed how Blaustein and Kinniburgh's ARC (attachment, regulation and competency) framework was used to support newly arrived refugee students from war zones. Tweedie et al. (2017) describe how key components of the ARC framework, such as establishing consistency in classroom routines; assisting students to identify and self-regulate emotional responses; and enabling student personal goal achievement, are practically applied in one classroom where students have experienced complex trauma. The authors encourage teachers and schools to avoid a deficit lens to view such pupils, and suggest ways schools can structure teaching and learning environments which take into account the extreme stresses these students have encountered.

634:), memories, or thoughts relating to the event. Because individuals may not yet be capable of managing this distress, it is necessary to determine how the event can be discussed in such a way that will not "retraumatize" the individual. It is also important to take note of such responses, as these responses may aid the clinician in determining the intensity and severity of possible post traumatic stress as well as the ease with which responses are triggered. Further, it is important to note the presence of possible avoidance responses. Avoidance responses may involve the absence of expected activation or emotional reactivity as well as the use of avoidance mechanisms (e.g., substance use, effortful avoidance of cues associated with the event, dissociation). 945:, are being disseminated nationally by the Department of Veterans Affairs for the treatment of PTSD. A 2010 Cochrane review found that trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was effective for individuals with acute traumatic stress symptoms when compared to waiting list and supportive counseling. Seeking Safety is another type of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on learning safe coping skills for co-occurring PTSD and substance use problems. While some sources highlight Seeking Safety as effective with strong research support, others have suggested that it did not lead to improvements beyond usual treatment. A review from 2014 showed that a combination of treatments involving 611:

humanely and respectfully, the individual is less likely to resort to self harm. In these situations it is best to provide a supportive, caring environment and to communicate to the individual that no matter the circumstance, the individual will be taken seriously rather than being treated as delusional. It is vital for the assessor to understand that what is going on in the traumatized person's head is valid and real. If deemed appropriate, the assessing clinician may proceed by inquiring about both the traumatic event and the outcomes experienced (e.g., post-traumatic symptoms, dissociation,

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symptoms. Trauma may also result if workers witness situations that happen in the course of their work (e.g. violence in the workplace, reviewing violent video tapes.) Risk increases with exposure and with the absence of help-seeking protective factors and pre-preparation of preventive strategies. Individuals who have a personal history of trauma are also at increased risk for developing vicarious trauma. Vicarious trauma can lead workers to develop more negative views of themselves, others, and the world as a whole, which can compromise their quality of life and ability to work effectively.

351:. If important aspects of the person's self and world understanding have been violated, the person may call their own identity into question. Often despite their best efforts, traumatized parents may have difficulty assisting their child with emotion regulation, attribution of meaning, and containment of post-traumatic fear in the wake of the child's traumatization, leading to adverse consequences for the child. In such instances, seeking counselling in appropriate mental health services is in the best interests of both the child and the parent(s). 413:

physiological dysfunctions such as the suppression of the immune system and increase in blood pressure. Not only does it affect the body physiologically, but a morphological change in the hippocampus also takes place. Studies showed that extreme stress early in life can disrupt normal development of hippocampus and impact its functions in adulthood. Studies surely show a correlation between the size of hippocampus and one's susceptibility to stress disorders. In times of war, psychological trauma has been known as shell shock or

440:(CTSD) was introduced into the trauma literature by Gill Straker (1987). It was originally used by South African clinicians to describe the effects of exposure to frequent, high levels of violence usually associated with civil conflict and political repression. The term is also applicable to the effects of exposure to contexts in which gang violence and crime are endemic as well as to the effects of ongoing exposure to life threats in high-risk occupations such as police, fire, and emergency services. 586:, a pioneer of modern psychodynamic perspective, also argues that social relations can help people recover from trauma, but specifically refers to attachment theory and the attachment dynamic of the therapeutic relationship. Fosha argues that the sense of emotional safety and co-regulation that occurs in a psychodynamically oriented therapeutic relationship acts as the secure attachment that is necessary to allow a client to experience and process through their trauma safely and effectively. 669:, SCL-90-R) to assess non-trauma-specific symptoms as well as difficulties related to personality. In addition, psychological testing might include the use of trauma-specific tests to assess post-traumatic outcomes. Such tests might include the post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, Davidson Trauma Scale, Detailed Assessment of post-traumatic Stress, Trauma Symptom Inventory, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, and Trauma-related Guilt Inventory. 433:(i.e. continuous scanning of the environment for danger). Research shows that about 60% of the US population reported as having experienced at least one traumatic symptom in their lives, but only a small proportion actually develops PTSD. There is a correlation between the risk of PTSD and whether or not the act was inflicted deliberately by the offender. Psychological trauma is treated with therapy and, if indicated, psychotropic medications. 511:"shatter" an individual's worldviews by severely challenging and breaking assumptions about the world and ourself. Once one has experienced such trauma, it is necessary for an individual to create new assumptions or modify their old ones to recover from the traumatic experience. Therefore, the negative effects of the trauma are simply related to our worldviews, and if we repair these views, we will recover from the trauma. 247:, to try to escape or dampen the feelings. These triggers cause flashbacks, which are dissociative experiences where the person feels as though the events are recurring. Flashbacks can range from distraction to complete dissociation or loss of awareness of the current context. Re-experiencing of symptoms is a sign that the body and mind are actively struggling to cope with the traumatic experience. 1021:(ACEs) study were survivors of one ACE and 12.5% were survivors of four or more ACEs. A trauma-informed approach acknowledges the high rates of trauma and means that care providers treat every person as if they might be a survivor of trauma. Measurement of the effectiveness of a universal trauma informed approach is in early stages and is largely based in theory and epidemiology. 335:

disorder, etc. Exposure to and re-experiencing trauma can cause neurophysiological changes like slowed myelination, abnormalities in synaptic pruning, shrinking of the hippocampus, cognitive and affective impairment. This is significant in brain scan studies done regarding higher-order function assessment with children and youth who were in vulnerable environments.

572:, uses the concept of inner other, and internal representation of the social world, with which one converses internally and which is generated through interactions with others. He posits that the inner other is damaged by trauma but can be repaired by conversations with others such as therapists. He relates the concept of the inner other to the work of 688:

defines trauma as the symptoms that occur following exposure to an event (i.e., traumatic event) that involves actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. This exposure could come in the form of experiencing the event or witnessing the event, or learning that an extreme violent or

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as a field developed a more interdisciplinary approach. This is in part due to the field's diverse professional representation including: psychologists, medical professionals, and lawyers. As a result, findings in this field are adapted for various applications, from individual psychiatric treatments

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Janoff-Bulman, theorises that people generally hold three fundamental assumptions about the world that are built and confirmed over years of experience: the world is benevolent, the world is meaningful, and I am worthy. According to the shattered assumption theory, there are some extreme events that

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Trauma processing: Systematic desensitization, response activation and counter-conditioning, titrated extinction of emotional response, deconstructing disparity (emotional vs. reality state), resolution of traumatic material (in theory, to a state in which triggers no longer produce harmful distress

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in the brain towards the specific neural network. Because of this sensitization, the neural pattern can be activated by decreasingly less external stimuli. Child abuse tends to have the most complications, with long-term effects out of all forms of trauma, because it occurs during the most sensitive

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After a traumatic experience, a person may re-experience the trauma mentally and physically. For example, the sound of a motorcycle engine may cause intrusive thoughts or a sense of re-experiencing a traumatic experience that involved a similar sound e.g. gunfire. Sometimes a benign stimulus (e.g.

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differ between individuals, people react to similar events differently. Most people who experience a potentially traumatic event do not become psychologically traumatized, though they may be distressed and experience suffering. Some will develop PTSD after exposure to a traumatic event, or series of

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Emotional processing: Reconstructing perceptions, beliefs and erroneous expectations, habituating new life contexts for auto-activated trauma-related fears, and providing crisis cards with coded emotions and appropriate cognition. (This stage is only initiated in pre-termination phase from clinical

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provides a framework for any person in any discipline or context to promote healing, or at least not re-traumatizing. A 2018 systematic review provided moderate evidence that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms, and it increases

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during adulthood. Parts of the brain in a growing child are developing in a sequential and hierarchical order, from least complex to most complex. The brain's neurons change in response to the constant external signals and stimulation, receiving and storing new information. This allows the brain to

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Understanding and accepting the psychological state of an individual is paramount. There are many misconceptions of what it means for a traumatized individual to be in psychological crisis. These are times when an individual is in inordinate amounts of pain and incapable of self-comfort. If treated

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All psychological traumas originate from stress, a physiological response to an unpleasant stimulus. Long-term stress increases the risk of poor mental health and mental disorders, which can be attributed to secretion of glucocorticoids for a long period of time. Such prolonged exposure causes many

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may occur as lurking fears and insecurity keep the person vigilant and on the lookout for danger, both day and night. A messy personal financial scene, as well as debt, are common features in trauma-affected people. Trauma does not only cause changes in one's daily functions, but could also lead to

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are typically explicit, coherent, and difficult to forget. Due to the complexity of the interaction between traumatic event occurrence and trauma symptomatology, a person's distress response to aversive details of a traumatic event may involve intense fear or helplessness, but ranges according to

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Trauma therapy allows processing trauma-related memories and allows growth towards more adaptive psychological functioning. It helps to develop positive coping instead of negative coping and allows the individual to integrate upsetting-distressing material (thoughts, feelings and memories) and to

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reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil) are the only medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States to treat PTSD. Other options for pharmacotherapy include serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

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Evidence suggests that a minority of people who experience severe trauma in adulthood will experience enduring personality change. Personality changes include guilt, distrust, impulsiveness, aggression, avoidance, obsessive behaviour, emotional numbness, loss of interest, hopelessness and altered

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Often, psychological aspects of trauma are overlooked even by health professionals: "If clinicians fail to look through a trauma lens and to conceptualize client problems as related possibly to current or past trauma, they may fail to see that trauma victims, young and old, organize much of their

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has given a general description of Freud's understanding of trauma, which varied significantly over the course of Freud's career: "An event in the subject's life, defined by its intensity, by the subject's incapacity to respond adequately to it and by the upheaval and long-lasting effects that it

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and other associated emotions. Often the person can be completely unaware of what these triggers are. In many cases, this may lead a person with a traumatic disorder to engage in disruptive behaviors or self-destructive coping mechanisms, often without being fully aware of the nature or causes of

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People who experience trauma often have problems and difficulties afterwards. The severity of these symptoms depends on the person, the types of trauma involved, and the support and treatment they receive from others. The range of reactions to trauma can be wide and varied, and differ in severity

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Trauma informed teaching practice is an educative approach for migrant children from war-torn countries, who have typically experienced complex trauma, and the number of such children entering Canadian schools has led some school jurisdictions to consider new classroom approaches to assist these

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As one of the processes of treatment, confrontation with their sources of trauma plays a crucial role. While debriefing people immediately after a critical incident has not been shown to reduce incidence of PTSD, coming alongside people experiencing trauma in a supportive way has become standard

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affects workers who witness their clients' trauma. It is more likely to occur in situations where trauma-related work is the norm rather than the exception. Listening with empathy to the clients generates feeling, and seeing oneself in clients' trauma may compound the risk for developing trauma

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morphological changes. Such epigenetic changes can be passed on to the next generation, thus making genetics one of the components of psychological trauma. However, some people are born with or later develop protective factors such as genetics that help lower their risk of psychological trauma.

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Lastly, assessment of psychological trauma might include the use of self-administered psychological tests. Individual scores on such tests are compared to normative data in order to determine how the individual's level of functioning compares to others in a sample representative of the general

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There are several behavioral responses commonly used towards stressors including the proactive, reactive, and passive responses. Proactive responses include attempts to address and correct a stressor before it has a noticeable effect on lifestyle. Reactive responses occur after the stress and

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approach (also known as phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation) has been proven to work better than the simple cognitive approach. Studies funded by pharmaceuticals have also shown that medications such as the new anti-depressants are effective when used in combination with other

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The experience and outcomes of psychological trauma can be assessed in a number of ways. Within the context of a clinical interview, the risk of imminent danger to the self or others is important to address but is not the focus of assessment. In most cases, it will not be necessary to involve

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or "numbing out" can frequently occur. Dissociating from the painful emotion includes numbing all emotion, and the person may seem emotionally flat, preoccupied, distant, or cold. Dissociation includes depersonalisation disorder, dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity

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is seen as a source of trauma as individuals contemplate future events as well as experience climate change related disasters. Emotional experiences within these contexts are increasing, and collective processing and engagement with these emotions can lead to increased resilience and

283:). This can lead to the traumatic events being constantly experienced as if they were happening in the present, preventing the subject from gaining perspective on the experience. This can produce a pattern of prolonged periods of acute arousal punctuated by periods of physical and 848:(sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch) contribute to the developing brain structure and its function. Infants and children begin to create internal representations of their external environment, and in particular, key attachment relationships, shortly after birth. Violent and 637:

In addition to monitoring activation and avoidance responses, clinicians carefully observe the individual's strengths or difficulties with affect regulation (i.e., affect tolerance and affect modulation). Such difficulties may be evidenced by mood swings, brief yet intense

1189:, Diagnostic Criteria for "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" (309.81), criterion A: "Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others...does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless this exposure is work related." 557:" had a traumatic quality external to symbolization. As an object of anxiety, Lacan maintained that The Real is "the essential object which isn't an object any longer, but this something faced with which all words cease and all categories fail, the object of anxiety 689:

accidental event was experienced by a loved one. Trauma symptoms may come in the form of intrusive memories, dreams, or flashbacks; avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event; negative thoughts and feelings; or increased alertness or reactivity.

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attachment figures impact infants' and young children's internal representations. The more frequently a specific pattern of brain neurons is activated, the more permanent the internal representation associated with the pattern becomes. This causes

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Children are assessed through activities and therapeutic relationship, some of the activities are play genogram, sand worlds, coloring feelings, self and kinetic family drawing, symbol work, dramatic-puppet play, story telling, Briere's TSCC, etc.

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The symptoms of PTSD must persist for at least one month for diagnosis to be made. The main symptoms of PTSD consist of four main categories: trauma (i.e. intense fear), reliving (i.e. flashbacks), avoidance behavior (i.e. emotional numbing), and

319:. Research has indicated that individuals who have experienced a traumatic event have been known to use symptoms of obsessive- compulsive disorder, such as compulsive checking of safety, as a way to mitigate the symptoms associated with trauma. 262:

Consequently, intense feelings of anger may frequently surface, sometimes in inappropriate or unexpected situations, as danger may always seem to be present due to re-experiencing past events. Upsetting memories such as images, thoughts, or

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Pradhan B, Kluewer D'Amico J, Makani R, Parikh T (10 July 2015). "Nonconventional interventions for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Ketamine, repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and alternative approaches".

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Davidson JR, Book SW, Colket JT, Tupler LA, Roth S, David D, Hertzberg M, Mellman T, Beckham JC, Smith RD, Davison RM, Katz R, Feldman ME (January 1997). "Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder".

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Karlin BE, Ruzek JI, Chard KM, Eftekhari A, Monson CM, Hembree EA, et al. (December 2010). "Dissemination of evidence-based psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in the Veterans Health Administration".

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Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Leisen MB, Owens JA, Kaplan AS, Watson SB, et al. (June 2000). "Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire".

623:, and the need for self-protection via interpersonal control. Through discussion of interpersonal relationships, the clinician is better able to assess the individual's ability to enter and sustain a clinical relationship. 338:

Some traumatized people may feel permanently damaged when trauma symptoms do not go away and they do not believe their situation will improve. This can lead to feelings of despair, transient paranoid ideation, loss of

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response caused by severe distressing events that are outside the normal range of human experiences. It must be understood by the affected person as directly threatening the affected person or their loved ones with

1291:"Correlates of lifetime exposure to one or more potentially traumatic events and subsequent posttraumatic stress among adults in the United States: results from the mental health surveillance study, 2008–2012." 231:

noise from a motorcycle) may get connected in the mind with the traumatic experience. This process is called traumatic coupling. In this process, the benign stimulus becomes a trauma reminder, also called a

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possible trauma has occurred and is aimed more at correcting or minimizing the damage of a stressful event. A passive response is often characterized by an emotional numbness or ignorance of a stressor.

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Molnar BE, Meeker SA, Manners K, Tieszen L, Kalergis K, Fine JE, et al. (December 2020). "Vicarious traumatization among child welfare and child protection professionals: A systematic review".

381:. Trauma is sometimes overcome through healing; in some cases this can be achieved by recreating or revisiting the origin of the trauma under more psychologically safe circumstances, such as with a 3750:

Roberts NP, Roberts PA, Jones N, Bisson JI (June 2015). "Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Forman-Hoffman, Valerie; Cook Middleton, Jennifer; Feltner, Cynthia; Gaynes, Bradley N.; Palmieri Weber, Rachel; Bann, Carla; Viswanathan, Meera; Lohr, Kathleen N.; Baker, Claire (17 May 2018).

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Normally, hearing about or seeing a recording of an event, even if distressing, does not cause trauma; however, an exception is made to the diagnostic criteria for work-related exposures.

646:. The information gathered through observation of affect regulation will guide the clinician's decisions regarding the individual's readiness to partake in various therapeutic activities. 1751:

Gershuny BS, Baer L, Radomsky AS, Wilson KA, Jenike MA (September 2003). "Connections among symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case series".

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Though assessment of psychological trauma may be conducted in an unstructured manner, assessment may also involve the use of a structured interview. Such interviews might include the

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Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Roth S, Mandel F, Kaplan S, Resick P (January 1997). "Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES)".

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and critical stages of psychological development. It could lead to violent behavior, possibly as extreme as serial murder. For example, Hickey's Trauma-Control Model suggests that "

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Ramos SM, Boyle GJ (2001). "Ch. 14: Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: Evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder.". In Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF (eds.).

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and is completed in an empathic, sensitive, and supportive manner. The clinician may also inquire about possible relational disturbance, such as alertness to interpersonal danger,

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to sociological large-scale trauma management. While the field has adopted a number of diverse methodological approaches, many pose their own limitations in practical application.

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is distress such as guilt or shame following a moral transgression. There are many other definitions some based on different models of causality. Moral injury is associated with

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Trauma can be caused by a wide variety of events, but there are a few common aspects. There is frequently a violation of the person's core assumptions about the world and their

533:. Charcot's "traumatic hysteria" often manifested as paralysis that followed a physical trauma, typically years later after what Charcot described as a period of "incubation". 1041:

broadly, to refer to any unpleasant experience, even if the affected person has a psychologically healthy response to the experience. This imprecise language may promote the

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The impact of PTSD on children is to a degree unknown, but education on coping mechanisms have shown to improve the lives of children who have undergone a traumatic event.

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Nguyen-Feng VN, Clark CJ, Butler ME (August 2019). "Yoga as an intervention for psychological symptoms following trauma: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis".

580:. Alford notes how trauma damages trust in social relations due to fear of exploitation and argues that culture and social relations can help people recover from trauma. 354:

Trauma is hard to speak of by those that experience it. The event in question might recur to them in a dream or another medium, but it is rare for them to speak of it.

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Cognitive processing: Transforming negative perceptions and beliefs about self, others and environment to positive ones through cognitive reconsideration or re-framing.

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There is also a distinction between trauma induced by recent situations and long-term trauma which may have been buried in the unconscious from past situations such as

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Jeronimus BF, Ormel J, Aleman A, Penninx BW, Riese H (November 2013). "Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism".

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Hall NA, Everson AT, Billingsley MR, Miller MB (January 2022). "Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature".

1553:. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). 2014 1277:

Among individuals who do develop post-traumatic stress after exposure to a traumatic event, some develop symptoms sufficient to meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD

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Steele K, van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ER (2005). "Phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation in complex traumatization: overcoming trauma-related phobias".

3612:"A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence" 1006:

A number of complementary approaches to trauma treatment have been implicated as well, including yoga and meditation. There has been recent interest in developing

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guidelines identify cognitive behavioral therapies as the most effective treatments for PTSD. Two of these cognitive behavioral therapies, prolonged exposure and

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The person may not remember what actually happened, while emotions experienced during the trauma may be re-experienced without the person understanding why (see

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means that care is underpinned by understandings of trauma and its far-reaching implications. Trauma is widespread. For example, 26% of participants in the

1994:"The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research" 1507: 2663:

Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM (January 1995). "The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale".

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Emotional regulation: Identifying, countering discriminating, grounding thoughts and emotions from internal construction to an external representation.

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Trauma can be caused by human-made, technological and natural disasters, including war, abuse, violence, vehicle collisions, or medical emergencies.

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Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Abueg FR, Manke FP, Brennan JM, Stahura C (1996). "Development and validation of the trauma-related guilt inventory (TRGI)".

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Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Dang ST, Sackville T (1998). "Assessing acute stress disorder: Psychometric properties of a structured clinical interview".

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An individual's response to psychological trauma can be varied based on the type of trauma, as well as socio-demographic and background factors.

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Storr CL, Ialongo NS, Anthony JC, Breslau N (2007). "Childhood antecedents of exposure to traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder".

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for serial murderers may serve as a triggering mechanism resulting in an individual's inability to cope with the stress of certain events."

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McLean CP, Foa EB (August 2011). "Prolonged exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of evidence and dissemination".

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contacting emergency services (e.g., medical, psychiatric, law enforcement) to ensure the individuals safety; members of the individual's

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During assessment, individuals may exhibit activation responses in which reminders of the traumatic event trigger sudden feelings (e.g.,

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McNally RJ, Bryant RA, Ehlers A (November 2003). "Does Early Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress?".

394:, as well as a greater sense of belongingness. These outcomes are protective against the devastating impacts of psychological trauma. 1854:"Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behavior in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers" 312: 5878: 5608: 4433: 4012: 3068: 2779: 2388: 2282:"A Scoping Review of Vicarious Trauma Interventions for Service Providers Working With People Who Have Experienced Traumatic Events" 2266: 1372: 1083: 650: 4328:

Treating traumatic stress in children and adolescents: How to foster resilience through attachment, self-regulation, and competency

3962:"Pharmacotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder In Combat Veterans: Focus on Antidepressants and Atypical Antipsychotic Agents" 4237:"Trauma-informed Teaching Practice and Refugee Children: A Hopeful Reflection on Welcoming Our New Neighbours to Canadian Schools" 709:, or cause major losses or separations instead of evoking aspects like positive self worth, safe boundaries and personal freedom. 208:

some individuals have, that enable them to cope with difficult events, including temperamental and environmental factors, such as

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in which many veterans returned to their respective countries demoralized, and sometimes, addicted to psychoactive substances.

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after a death) and make discussions of psychological trauma more complex, but it might also encourage people to respond with

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Block K, Cross S, Riggs E, Gibbs L (2014). "Supporting schools to create an inclusive environment for refugee students".

3660: 235:. These can produce uncomfortable and even painful feelings. Re-experiencing can damage people's sense of safety, self, 5918: 5903: 5651: 4967: 4345: 3553: 3443: 1798:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery" 946: 942: 930: 918: 505: 3832: 2249: 975:

resolve these internally. It also aids in the growth of personal skills like resilience, ego regulation, empathy, etc.

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Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update

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is another mental health disorder with symptoms similar to that of psychological trauma, such as hyper-vigilance and

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The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book II: The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954–1955

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that threatens one's survival and sense of security. Typical causes and dangers of psychological trauma include

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the context. In children, trauma symptoms can be manifested in the form of disorganized or agitative behaviors.

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which may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD emerged as the label for this condition after the

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Fosha D (May 2006). "Quantum transformation in trauma and treatment: traversing the crisis of healing change".

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Functional Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A Stress-System Approach to Assessment and Treatment

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The cost of caring: Secondary traumatic stress and the impact of working with high-risk children and families

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argued in the 1890s that psychological trauma was the origin of all instances of the mental illness known as

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Psychoeducation: Information dissemination and educating in vulnerabilities and adoptable coping mechanisms.

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lives around repetitive patterns of reliving and warding off traumatic memories, reminders, and affects."

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Forman-Hoffman VL, Bose J, Batts KR, Glasheen C, Hirsch E, Karg RS, Huang LN, Hedden SL (April 2016).

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practices, but the actual efficacy of yoga in reducing the effects of trauma needs more exploration.

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is highly effective in treating psychological trauma. If, however, psychological trauma has caused

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and insecurity. This is seen when institutions depended upon for survival violate, humiliate,

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A number of psychotherapy approaches have been designed with the treatment of trauma in mind—

239:, as well as their ability to regulate emotions and navigate relationships. They may turn to 5522: 5477: 5358: 5253: 5053: 4834: 4809: 4720: 4715: 4300: 4271: 4202: 4194: 4096: 4038: 3973: 3924: 3877: 3798: 3759: 3719: 3684: 3631: 3623: 3576: 3506: 3447: 3422: 3411:"Progressive counting with therapy clients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Three cases" 3383: 3334: 3333:. Palgrave Texts in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 3251: 3189: 3137: 3056: 2959: 2924: 2835: 2769: 2742: 2707: 2672: 2612: 2413: 2338: 2301: 2293: 2215: 2128: 2076: 2068: 1964: 1956: 1873: 1865: 1845: 1817: 1809: 1789: 1760: 1723: 1715: 1649: 1641: 1593: 1585: 1479: 1463: 1340: 1332: 1259:

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may set in, leading to distraction, and clear thinking may be difficult or impossible.

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can also cause psychological trauma. Long-term exposure to situations such as extreme

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viewpoints are controversial, but have been shown to have utility therapeutically.

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Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – Medical University of South Carolina

4042: 3786: 820:, exist independently of physical trauma but still generate psychological trauma. 724:; abandonment; abusive relationships; rejection; co-dependence; physical assault; 4532: 4447: 4376: 4304: 4002: 2342: 1719: 5938: 5913: 5409: 5273: 5258: 4987: 4962: 4784: 4759: 4749: 4732: 4683: 2250:"Guidebook on Vicarious Trauma: Recommended Solutions for Anti-Violence Workers" 1548: 1426: 1290: 1260: 910: 871: 840: 749: 661:

population. Psychological testing might include the use of generic tests (e.g.,

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processing: Visualization of achieved relief state and relaxation methods.

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are typically followed. Long-term reactions and effects include

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continually respond to its surroundings and promote survival.

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but is distinguished from it. Moral injury is associated with

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events. This discrepancy in risk rate can be attributed to

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Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. 4378:Coping With Trauma: Hope Through Understanding 3464:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3095:. New York: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 71–82. 2571: 2569: 2446:. New York: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 71–82. 1319:Wingo, Aliza P, Ressler KJ, Bradley B (2014). 992:and the individual is able to express relief.) 772:; and medication-induced trauma. Catastrophic 5014: 4637: 3616:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2442:; Freyd, Jennifer (2002). Kauffman, J (ed.). 1572:Yehuda, Rachel; Lehrner, Amy (October 2018). 870:offer a broader view of health problems than 546:brings about in the psychical organization". 8: 4293:International Journal of Inclusive Education 2886:Trauma Symptom Inventory professional manual 2799:(Report). University of Southern California. 2556:| p.164 (W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), 2121:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 1784: 1782: 4346:"The Self-Help That No One Needs Right Now" 3716:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3480:"What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?" 3283:. Blemont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2164:"Posttraumatic stress disorder in children" 701:, putting the person in a state of extreme 5457: 5021: 5007: 4999: 4644: 4630: 4622: 4136:. SAMHSA Publications and Digital Products 3061:10.1176/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr 3055:. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. 3039:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1401:Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder For Dummies 978:Processes involved in trauma therapy are: 41: 4275: 4206: 4128: 4126: 3977: 3928: 3871: 3723: 3635: 3510: 3426: 3255: 2370: 2368: 2305: 2080: 1968: 1877: 1821: 1727: 1708:Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 1653: 1597: 1483: 1366: 1364: 1344: 1053:to the distress and suffering of others. 835:(PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. 137:. Examples of distressing events include 4579:) is being considered for deletion. See 1943:Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S (April 2008). 784:; large scale transportation accidents; 438:continuous posttraumatic stress disorder 176:, nightmare disorder, difficulties with 3791:Journal of Counseling & Development 3785:Lenz AS, Henesy R, Callender K (2016). 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2208:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 1176: 192:, hyperventilation, hyperhidrosis, and 5604:International Stand Up to Bullying Day 4888:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 4339: 4337: 3663:. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 3457: 3415:Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 2040:Seyle H (1976). "The Stress of Life". 1456:European Journal of Psychotraumatology 1013:In health and social care settings, a 917:, and sensorimotor psychotherapy, and 537:, Charcot's student and the father of 408:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 218:is the study of psychological trauma. 5445:Society Against Violence in Education 2901:Trauma symptom checklist for children 2528:. W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 2201: 2199: 2197: 1404:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. 7: 4326:Blaustein ME, Kinniburgh KM (2010). 4031:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 4001:Briere JN, Scott C (25 March 2014). 3860:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 3661:"Overview of Psychotherapy for PTSD" 3107:"Emotional and Psychological Trauma" 1858:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 1182: 1180: 1099:Psychological trauma in older adults 804:; being taken as a hostage or being 417:. Psychological trauma may cause an 5209:Bullying and emotional intelligence 4258:Miles J, Bailey-McKenna MC (2017). 2983:. Guilford Press. pp. 28, 59. 792:; mass interpersonal violence like 3569:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 3281:Serial Murderers and Their Victims 2500:American Psychological Association 1802:Attachment & Human Development 1634:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 1428:Understanding the Impact of Trauma 1204:American Psychological Association 25: 5879:Machiavellianism in the workplace 4583:to help reach a consensus. › 3244:The British Journal of Psychiatry 2520:Laplanche J, Pontalis JB (1967). 1084:Identification with the Aggressor 1045:of normal human behaviors (e.g., 800:or other mass victimization like 651:Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale 1337:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.007 607:network are much more critical. 564:Fred Alford, citing the work of 5832:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality 3409:Jarecki K, Greenwald R (2016). 2524:The Language of Psycho-Analysis 1325:Journal of Psychiatric Research 915:Internal Family Systems Therapy 691:Memories associated with trauma 347:, suicidality, and frequently, 309:borderline personality disorder 5985:Post-traumatic stress disorder 4428:. 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New York: Free Press. 2298:10.1177/1524838021991310 2017:Physiology of Psychology 1154:Transgenerational trauma 1015:trauma informed approach 305:brief psychotic disorder 297:somatic symptom disorder 293:prolonged grief disorder 5970:Harassment and bullying 5219:Character assassination 4605:15 January 2021 at the 3223:Perry BD (April 2003). 2133:10.1111/1529-1006.01421 1468:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.19084 227:from person to person. 5609:Think Before You Speak 5503:James O'Higgins Norman 5435:It Gets Better Project 5146:Information technology 4089:Psychological Services 3512:10.1001/jama.297.8.820 3452:10.23970/ahrqepccer207 3182:Psychological Medicine 2828:Psychological Medicine 2747:10.1002/jts.2490100103 2677:10.1002/jts.2490080106 2106:Psychology and Society 1949:Psychological Medicine 1159:Trauma systems therapy 1109:Psychosomatic medicine 1033:Some people, and many 955:dissociative disorders 868:Biopsychosocial models 823:Some theories suggest 786:house or domestic fire 415:combat stress reaction 291:and anxiety disorder, 201:subjective experiences 5894:Personality disorders 5869:Just-world hypothesis 5109:Relational aggression 4923:Just-world hypothesis 4674:Anti-social behaviour 4007:. SAGE Publications. 3917:Biological Psychiatry 3882:10.1300/J229v06n03_02 3142:10.3233/JRS-2010-0508 3117:on 13 September 2014. 2379:Shattered Assumptions 2269:. CBC. 13 March 2014. 1677:Rothschild B (2000). 1104:Psychoneuroimmunology 1008:trauma-sensitive yoga 939:Institute of Medicine 419:acute stress reaction 392:post-traumatic growth 196:are often developed. 5960:Psychological stress 5634:William Arthur Gibbs 5518:Christina Salmivalli 5468:Anna Costanza Baldry 5415:Bystander Revolution 5400:Act Against Bullying 5379:Workplace incivility 5304:Moving the goalposts 5131:Workplace harassment 5059:Displaced aggression 4958:Psychological trauma 4497:. New York: Norton. 2768:Steinberg M (1994). 1681:. New York: Norton. 1114:Rape trauma syndrome 923:Trauma informed care 907:somatic experiencing 903:progressive counting 768:); life-threatening 328:Emotional detachment 324:emotional exhaustion 301:conversion disorders 158:psychological denial 123:severe bodily injury 94:Psychological trauma 45:Psychological trauma 5889:Personal boundaries 5864:Emotional blackmail 5544:Louise Burfitt-Dons 5483:David P. Farrington 5329:Psychological abuse 5054:Disability bullying 5044:Abusive supervision 4868:Abusive supervision 4795:Psychological abuse 4770:Institutional abuse 4586:Psychological abuse 4403:Trauma and recovery 4264:TESL Canada Journal 3035:McNally RJ (2003). 1514:on 28 October 2005. 1379:on 10 December 2005 1149:Thousand-yard stare 1029:Society and culture 893:Treatments for PTSD 839:is associated with 837:Childhood adversity 738:judicial corruption 728:; partner battery; 640:depressive episodes 527:Jean-Martin Charcot 525:French neurologist 255:their own actions. 154:psychological shock 5899:Playing the victim 5827:Matti Juhani Saari 5819:Jokela High School 5814:Pekka-Eric Auvinen 5658:Nicola Ann Raphael 5589:Anti-Bullying Week 5364:Social undermining 5136:Workplace bullying 5094:Peer victimization 4948:Playing the victim 4840:Surveillance abuse 4790:Professional abuse 4711:Cruelty to animals 4531:Levine PA (1997), 4101:10.1037/ser0000191 3803:10.1002/jcad.12061 3552:. Washington, DC: 3428:10.1002/capr.12055 3308:on 3 November 2010 3279:Hickey EW (2010). 3037:Remembering Trauma 2814:. London: Pearson. 2617:10.1002/jclp.20249 2463:The New York Times 2015:Carlson N (2013). 1200:"Trauma and Shock" 1139:Suicide and trauma 1129:Social constraints 1094:Psychological pain 1074:Existential crisis 1069:Emotion and memory 812:or other forms of 782:volcanic eruptions 770:medical conditions 621:abandonment issues 495:Theoretical models 363:Situational trauma 317:intrusive thoughts 241:psychoactive drugs 222:Signs and symptoms 216:Psychotraumatology 206:protective factors 102:psychiatric trauma 5980:Anxiety disorders 5947: 5946: 5652:Dawn-Marie Wesley 5584:Anti-Bullying Day 5572: 5571: 5294:Kiss up kick down 5079:Military bullying 4996: 4995: 4973:Traumatic bonding 4544:978-1-55643-233-0 4523:978-0-7619-2921-5 4504:978-0-393-70466-2 4493:Scaer RC (2005). 4485:978-1-57230-088-0 4459:978-0-9704525-0-4 4414:978-0-465-08766-2 4388:978-1-58562-682-3 4299:(12): 1337–1355. 3689:10.1002/jts.20588 3581:10.1586/ern.11.94 3348:978-3-030-46183-6 3021:978-0-89042-555-8 2990:978-1-60918-474-2 2899:Briere J (1996). 2884:Briere J (1995). 2869:Briere J (2001). 2649:978-0-7619-2921-5 2589:978-1-137-57600-2 2562:978-0-393-30709-2 2539:978-0-393-01105-0 2026:978-0-205-23939-9 1688:978-0-393-70327-6 1590:10.1002/wps.20568 1411:978-1-118-05090-3 1295:CBHSQ data review 1265:CBHSQ Data Review 1079:Historical trauma 883:self-perception. 798:terrorist attacks 774:natural disasters 754:domestic violence 515:In psychodynamics 285:mental exhaustion 271:may be frequent. 184:(PTSD). Physical 164:, uncontrollable 91: 90: 85:anticonvulsants, 79:Antidepressants, 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6007: 5706:Kenneth Weishuhn 5676:Sladjana Vidovic 5564:Lizzie Velásquez 5523:Kenneth Westhues 5478:Dorothy Espelage 5458: 5359:Social exclusion 5319:Personal attacks 5254:False accusation 5156:Legal profession 5119:Higher education 5023: 5016: 5009: 5000: 4835:Structural abuse 4810:Police brutality 4716:Disability abuse 4646: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4557: 4551:Terry M (1999), 4547: 4527: 4508: 4489: 4470:, McFarlane AC, 4463: 4439: 4418: 4406: 4392: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3981: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3932: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3875: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3388:10.1002/pmh.1271 3367: 3361: 3360: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3166:978-0306-46701-1 3152: 3146: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3113:. 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Health Canada. 2254: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2220:10.1002/cpp.2607 2203: 2192: 2191: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1881: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1759:(9): 1029–1041. 1748: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1625: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1578:World Psychiatry 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1510:. 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5027: 4997: 4992: 4968:Rationalization 4903:Destabilisation 4856: 4820:Religious abuse 4655: 4650: 4607:Wayback Machine 4584: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4486: 4468:van der Kolk BA 4466: 4460: 4442: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4395: 4389: 4374: 4370: 4368:Further reading 4365: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4241:BC TEAL Journal 4234: 4233: 4224: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3873:10.1.1.130.8227 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3718:(3): CD007944. 3709: 3708: 3704: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3456: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3349: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 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4656: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4597: 4592: 4568: 4564: 4563:External links 4561: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4464: 4458: 4440: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4393: 4387: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4333: 4318: 4283: 4250: 4222: 4193:(4): 319–325. 4173: 4147: 4122: 4095:(3): 513–523. 4079: 4064: 4020: 4013: 3993: 3952: 3923:(7): e51–e59. 3903: 3850: 3839:. 6 March 2017 3824: 3777: 3739: 3702: 3666: 3651: 3622:(2): 243–258. 3602: 3575:(8): 1151–63. 3559: 3540: 3526: 3485: 3471: 3434: 3401: 3362: 3347: 3319: 3286: 3271: 3230: 3215: 3172: 3165: 3147: 3136:(4): 195–207. 3120: 3098: 3076: 3069: 3042: 3027: 3020: 2996: 2989: 2977:Gil E (2011). 2969: 2958:(4): 428–444. 2942: 2906: 2891: 2876: 2861: 2817: 2802: 2787: 2780: 2760: 2725: 2706:(3): 215–220. 2690: 2655: 2648: 2630: 2595: 2588: 2565: 2545: 2538: 2512: 2483: 2449: 2440:DePrince, Anne 2431: 2412:(3): 339–376. 2396: 2389: 2364: 2321: 2272: 2258: 2241: 2193: 2154: 2111: 2096: 2047: 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