497:
3468:
3461:
122:
1210:
149:
2263:
3447:
2281:
3475:
2275:
3632:
3454:
2270:
3440:
493:) could grow several meters long, possessed teeth up to 5 cm long, and were the largest predators in their faunal communities. Tristichopterids had a strongly developed fin skeleton. In the skeleton of the front fins, which were deeply attached, the elements of the forelimb of the later tetrapodomorphs, such as the humerus, ulna and radius, can already be recognized.
529:
and toes cannot yet be identified. The limbs were oriented to the side and could only be moved back and forth about 20 to 25ยฐ. The anal fin sat on a basal, fleshy peduncle. The caudal fin possessed three lobes, initially asymmetrical in basal forms and becoming more symmetrical externally in later forms. The
528:
The parts of the bones directed outward from the body trunk were flattened. The pelvis had long, tapering pubic branches (pubic rami) that possibly met in a cartilaginous symphysis. The ventral fins also contained the major bones of the hind legs, femur, tibia, and fibula. Ankle bones (tarsal bones)
1028:
S. Cote; R. Carroll; R. Cloutier; L. Bar-Sagi (September 2002). "Vertebral development in the
Devonian Sarcopterygian fish Eusthenopteron foordi and the polarity of vertebral evolution in non-amniote tetrapods". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 487โ502.
541:
with a median projection on the inner side. Thicker, enlarged scales occurred on the bases of the fins. The earliest-known fossilised evidence of bone marrow has been found in
Eusthenopteron, which may be the origin of bone marrow in tetrapods.
992:
Zylberberg, L., Meunier, F. J. and Laurin, M. 2010. A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton in the
Devonian sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55:
1184:
Ahlberg, PE and Z Johanson (2001). "Second tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Osteolepiformes) from the Upper
Devonian of Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia, and phylogeny of the Tristichopteridae." in
1006:: a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1782): 20140299. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0299
553:
differs significantly from some later
Carboniferous tetrapods in the apparent absence of a recognized larval stage and a definitive metamorphosis. In even the smallest known specimen of
460:, a diverse clade of tetrapodomorphs close to the origin of (and including) tetrapods. This mainly concerns the shape of the skull and a reduction in size of the posterior fins.
1195:
Johanson, Z. and P.E. Ahlberg (1997). "New tristichopterid (Osteolepiformes; Sarcopterygii) from the
Mandagery Sandstone (Famennian) near Canowindra, N.S.W., Australia." in
3725:
1116:
3809:
3794:
469:
was able to crawl onto land using its fins. However, there is no evidence actually supporting this idea. All tristichopterids had become extinct by the
1243:
3789:
3712:
1019:
Whiteaves, 1881 (Osteolepiform rhipidistian, Pisces) from the Late
Devonian of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 1-16.
3799:
983:
Thomson, K. S. (1968). "A new
Devonian fish (Crossopterygii: Rhipidistia) considered in relation to the origin of the Amphibia". Postilla. 124.
1170:
1139:
496:
3804:
3784:
3467:
3460:
148:
3594:
1236:
3604:
3779:
3446:
2269:
3635:
3474:
1229:
470:
3453:
2274:
545:
The ontogeny of the
Tristichopteridae is relatively well-known, and can be somewhat reliably inferred through
3439:
3409:
2280:
1078:
Berg, L.S. (1955). "Classification of fish-like vertebrates, living and fossil. 2., corrected and enlarg".
3652:
3589:
3373:
1341:
3690:
3751:
1580:
2262:
2172:
3699:
1927:
1705:
1430:
918:
241:
136:
1993:
1920:
1906:
1590:
609:. More genera would later be placed in Eusthenopteridae, with Vorobyeva and Obruchev (1964) stating
3609:
2789:
2141:
1979:
1610:
1520:
1470:
1215:
965:
A microanatomical and histological study of the paired fin skeleton of the
Devonian sarcopterygian
580:
237:
121:
2530:
2192:
1839:
1754:
1712:
964:
537:
layer found in more primitive tetrapodomorphs. Most of the body was covered in round, overlapping
3531:
3005:
2657:
2100:
2093:
1913:
1853:
1762:
1726:
1640:
1110:
1060:
682:
617:
400:
380:
370:
143:
131:
3756:
1600:
1440:
3738:
3116:
2776:
2507:
1939:
1868:
1793:
1540:
1166:
1135:
1052:
946:
219:
3743:
3730:
1815:
1670:
571:
developed directly, with the hatchling already attaining the general body form of the adult.
3543:
2800:
936:
926:
606:
435:
stage of the Middle Devonian. Within the group sizes ranged from a few tens of centimeters (
3553:
3521:
3245:
3137:
2974:
2749:
2724:
2697:
2523:
2125:
2114:
2107:
1955:
1861:
1846:
1830:
1403:
1390:
1353:
1252:
706:
647:
597:
457:
437:
390:
206:
922:
3599:
3573:
3568:
3526:
3516:
3391:
3362:
3286:
3254:
3231:
3210:
3189:
3153:
3130:
3109:
3082:
3041:
2967:
2960:
2838:
2758:
2078:
2028:
1807:
1550:
1490:
941:
906:
730:
640:
538:
465:
424:
300:
561:
cover all of the fins, which does not happen until after metamorphosis in genera like
3773:
3356:
3332:
3325:
3268:
3261:
3203:
3175:
2944:
2933:
2920:
2906:
2892:
2809:
2765:
2627:
2587:
2412:
2351:
2162:
2035:
1986:
1777:
1326:
1301:
1156:
778:
558:
514:
310:
260:
193:
73:
3563:
3558:
3507:
3502:
3379:
3296:
3224:
3182:
2953:
2899:
2738:
2647:
2577:
2516:
2392:
2371:
2361:
2341:
2298:
2213:
2086:
1898:
1883:
1684:
1654:
1560:
1480:
1292:
651:
360:
1221:
1160:
931:
3684:
3196:
3020:
2876:
2862:
2816:
2607:
2567:
2063:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1876:
1800:
1786:
1740:
1733:
1698:
1663:
1510:
1450:
1310:
819:
635:
629:
611:
584:
508:
502:
449:
290:
280:
48:
17:
3675:
3318:
3167:
3160:
3100:
3052:
2677:
2597:
2483:
2453:
2422:
2402:
2382:
2182:
2071:
2056:
2000:
1747:
1570:
1500:
1420:
1205:
802:
588:
530:
520:
500:
Comparisons of the skulls of three members of the Tristichopteridae: A, B, C,
350:
340:
270:
93:
58:
1056:
3548:
3311:
3303:
3217:
2993:
2885:
2847:
2731:
2711:
2687:
2667:
2473:
2442:
2432:
2304:
2219:
2202:
2152:
2049:
1890:
1630:
1460:
1105:] (in Russian). Vol. XI. Agnatha, Pisces. Moscow. pp. 268โ322.
754:
330:
160:
98:
42:
950:
591:
as the two orders forming a superorder he named Rhipidopterygia. In 1955,
3669:
3347:
3145:
3068:
3061:
3033:
2855:
2548:
2463:
2322:
1719:
1677:
1620:
1283:
592:
563:
432:
428:
180:
111:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
3717:
3415:
3123:
3075:
2637:
2617:
2042:
1530:
1064:
1040:
623:
534:
443:
320:
103:
78:
2493:
1691:
1277:
423:(Tristichopteridae) were a diverse and successful group of fish-like
170:
3646:
907:"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America"
495:
3704:
485:, 30 cm) to very large animals. The smallest forms (such as
657:
The following phylogeny is modified from Schwartz (2012). Here,
3650:
3490:
2296:
1388:
1270:
1225:
1002:
Sanchez S, Tafforeau P and Ahlberg P E (2014) "The humerus of
595:
erected a family named Eusthenopteridae to include the genera
583:
in 1889, who established it as the sole family of the order
963:
M. Laurin, F. J. Meunier, D. Germain, and M. Lemoine 2007.
646:
In the past, Tristichopteridae was assigned to the order
489:) attained lengths of 30 cm, and the largest forms (
456:
Some tristichopterids share some of the features of the
1029:
doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)0222.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
621:
are members of this family, while Carroll (1988) added
1162:
Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada
639:
to the group. Currently, Eusthenopteridae is deemed a
661:
is not considered a member of the Tristichopteridae:
3279:
3242:
3097:
3017:
2989:
2917:
2873:
2835:
2708:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2504:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2137:
1967:
1951:
1827:
1774:
1651:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
650:, a group of tetrapodomorphs that is now considered
386:
376:
366:
356:
346:
336:
326:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
3659:
3582:
3501:
3390:
3355:
3342:
3278:
3241:
3096:
3051:
3016:
2988:
2943:
2916:
2872:
2834:
2799:
2775:
2748:
2707:
2544:
2503:
2321:
2212:
2124:
1966:
1938:
1826:
1773:
1650:
1401:
1352:
1325:
1155:Schultze, Hans-Peter; Cloutier, Richard (1996).
1197:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1237:
8:
1015:Schultze, H.-P. 1984. Juvenile specimens of
1157:"Taxonomic review of Eusthenopteron foordi"
3647:
3498:
3487:
3352:
3025:
2925:
2781:
2716:
2556:
2330:
2318:
2293:
2130:
1944:
1409:
1398:
1385:
1331:
1322:
1267:
1244:
1230:
1222:
1115:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
605:, and placed this family within the order
579:The family Tristichopteridae was named by
120:
31:
940:
930:
481:The Tristichopteridae were medium-sized (
1097:Vorobyeva, E.I.; Obruchev, D.V. (1964).
1041:"Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrata"
894:
587:. In turn, Cope deemed Rhipidistia and
1108:
900:
898:
427:living throughout the Middle and Late
1132:Vertebrate paleontology and evolution
463:An old and persistent notion is that
7:
794:
770:
746:
722:
698:
674:
664:
1187:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
3810:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
3795:Middle Devonian first appearances
27:Extinct family of tetrapodomorphs
3631:
3630:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2261:
1208:
147:
3790:Middle Devonian sarcopterygians
1080:Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta
1165:. F. Pfeil. pp. 271โ284.
1:
3800:Late Devonian sarcopterygians
3595:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
1130:Carroll, Robert Lynn (1988).
431:. They first appeared in the
1103:Fundamentals of Paleontology
932:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683
567:. This might indicate that
3826:
1134:. New York, N.Y: Freeman.
3805:Late Devonian extinctions
3626:
3497:
3486:
3436:
3028:
2928:
2784:
2719:
2559:
2333:
2317:
2292:
2258:
2133:
1947:
1412:
1397:
1384:
1334:
1321:
1266:
816:
799:
792:
775:
768:
751:
744:
727:
720:
703:
696:
679:
672:
627:and tentatively assigned
406:
399:
253:
248:
144:Scientific classification
142:
128:
119:
34:
471:end of the Late Devonian
3785:Tetrapodomorph families
1045:The American Naturalist
972:Journal of Paleontology
3590:Evolution of tetrapods
643:of Tristichopteridae.
525:
3752:Paleobiology Database
1017:Eusthenopteron foordi
967:Eusthenopteron foordi
557:(at 29 mm), the
555:Eusthenopteron foordi
499:
441:) to several meters (
1099:Osnovy Paleontologii
1039:Cope, E. D. (1889).
137:CosmoCaixa Barcelona
3610:Zachelmie trackways
2790:Pseudophlegethontia
1216:Paleontology portal
923:2012PLoSO...733683S
905:Swartz, B. (2012).
581:Edward Drinker Cope
3532:Megalichthyiformes
2094:Platycephalichthys
659:Platycephalichthys
618:Platycephalichthys
526:
371:Platycephalichthys
132:Platycephalichthys
3767:
3766:
3739:Open Tree of Life
3691:Tristichopteridae
3661:Tristichopteridae
3653:Taxon identifiers
3644:
3643:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3538:Tristichopteridae
3482:
3481:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3092:
3091:
2984:
2983:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2777:Phlegethontioidea
2540:
2539:
2508:Elginerpetontidae
2288:
2287:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2173:Parapanderichthys
1971:Tristichopteridae
1940:Eotetrapodiformes
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1172:978-3-931516-03-1
1141:978-0-7167-1822-2
885:
884:
876:
875:
867:
866:
858:
857:
849:
848:
840:
839:
831:
830:
669:Tristichopteridae
458:elpistostegalians
418:
417:
412:
409:Eusthenopteridae
244:
233:Tristichopteridae
220:Eotetrapodiformes
114:
35:Tristichopteridae
16:(Redirected from
3817:
3780:Tristichopterids
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3544:Labyrinthodontia
3499:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3399:
3395:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3284:
3281:
3244:
3099:
3026:
3019:
2991:
2926:
2919:
2875:
2837:
2801:Phlegethontiidae
2782:
2717:
2710:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2506:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2227:
2218:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2139:
2131:
1969:
1953:
1945:
1829:
1776:
1653:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1399:
1386:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1253:Tetrapodomorpha
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1177:
1176:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1051:(274): 849โ877.
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
990:
984:
981:
975:
961:
955:
954:
944:
934:
902:
795:
771:
747:
723:
699:
675:
665:
607:Rhizodontiformes
421:Tristichopterids
410:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
236:
231:
152:
151:
124:
109:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
18:Tristichopterids
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3614:
3578:
3554:Ichthyostegalia
3522:Osteolepiformes
3506:
3493:
3478:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3422:
3397:
3393:
3392:Reptiliomorpha
3386:
3359:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3282:
3274:
3246:Gephyrostegidae
3237:
3138:Carbonoherpeton
3088:
3047:
3012:
2980:
2975:Palaeomolgophis
2939:
2912:
2868:
2822:
2795:
2771:
2750:Oestocephalidae
2744:
2725:Andersonerpeton
2703:
2698:Tantallognathus
2551:
2545:
2536:
2524:Obruchevichthys
2499:
2325:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2284:
2260:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2126:Elpistostegalia
2120:
2115:Tristichopterus
1962:
1956:Palaeospondylus
1934:
1928:Sterropterygion
1862:Ectosteorhachis
1847:Cladarosymblema
1831:Megalichthyidae
1822:
1769:
1706:Propycnoctenion
1646:
1406:
1404:Tetrapodomorpha
1393:
1391:Tetrapodomorpha
1368:
1354:Tetrapodomorpha
1348:
1317:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
982:
978:
962:
958:
904:
903:
896:
891:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
707:Tristichopterus
648:Osteolepiformes
598:Tristichopterus
577:
539:elasmoid scales
487:Tristichopterus
483:Tristichopterus
479:
438:Tristichopterus
425:tetrapodomorphs
391:Tristichopterus
235:
229:
207:Tetrapodomorpha
146:
115:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3722:
3709:
3696:
3681:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3574:Anthracosauria
3571:
3569:Phyllospondyli
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3527:Osteolepididae
3524:
3519:
3517:Stem tetrapoda
3513:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3492:Related topics
3491:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3410:Reptiliomorpha
3403:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3363:Batrachomorpha
3350:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3255:Bruktererpeton
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3232:Spondylerpeton
3228:
3221:
3214:
3211:Proterogyrinus
3207:
3200:
3193:
3190:Palaeoherpeton
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3157:
3154:Diplovertebron
3150:
3141:
3134:
3131:Calligenethlon
3127:
3120:
3113:
3110:Anthracosaurus
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3083:Megalocephalus
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3042:Spathicephalus
3038:
3029:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2968:Dolichopareias
2964:
2961:Adelospondylus
2957:
2949:
2947:
2945:Adelogyrinidae
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2839:Whatcheeriidae
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2759:Coloraderpeton
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2079:Marsdenichthys
2075:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2029:Eusthenopteron
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1994:Callistipterus
1990:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1921:Sengoerichthys
1917:
1910:
1907:Palatinichthys
1903:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1808:Marsdenichthys
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1591:Platyethmoidia
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1551:Megadonichthys
1544:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1491:Harajicadectes
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1147:
1140:
1122:
1089:
1082:(in Russian).
1070:
1031:
1021:
1008:
1004:Eusthenopteron
995:
985:
976:
956:
893:
892:
890:
887:
883:
882:
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
869:
865:
864:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:
847:
846:
843:
842:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
825:
824:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
798:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
774:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
750:
745:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
731:Eusthenopteron
726:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
702:
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
678:
673:
671:
663:
641:junior synonym
603:Eusthenopteron
576:
573:
569:Eusthenopteron
551:Eusthenopteron
547:Eusthenopteron
478:
475:
466:Eusthenopteron
416:
415:
414:
413:
404:
403:
397:
396:
395:
394:
384:
374:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
301:Eusthenopteron
294:
284:
274:
264:
251:
250:
246:
245:
227:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
126:
125:
117:
116:
110:Middle - Late
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3822:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:Temnospondyli
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:Temnospondyli
3354:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3333:Termonerpeton
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:Silvanerpeton
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:anthracosaurs
3277:
3271:
3270:
3269:Gephyrostegus
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:Eusauropleura
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:Pholiderpeton
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:Leptophractus
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2934:Acherontiscus
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Adelospondyli
2915:
2909:
2908:
2907:Pholidogaster
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:Deltaherpeton
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2833:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:Phlegethontia
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2766:Oestocephalus
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:Ichthyerpeton
2622:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:Crassigyrinus
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:Metaxygnathus
2407:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:Brittagnathus
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:Panderichthys
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:Howittichthys
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:Heddleichthys
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:Cabonnichthys
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:Bruehnopteron
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1778:Canowindridae
1772:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1611:Thaumatolepis
1605:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:Lamprotolepis
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:Greiserolepis
1465:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1342:Gnathostomata
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Gnathostomata
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Sarcopterygii
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:Pan-Tetrapoda
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
989:
986:
980:
977:
973:
969:
968:
960:
957:
952:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
917:(3): e33683.
916:
912:
908:
901:
899:
895:
888:
881:
880:
872:
871:
863:
862:
854:
853:
845:
844:
836:
835:
827:
826:
823:
822:
821:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
804:
797:
796:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:Cabonnichthys
773:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
756:
749:
748:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
732:
725:
724:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
708:
701:
700:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
684:
677:
676:
670:
667:
666:
662:
660:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
625:
620:
619:
615:and possibly
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
565:
560:
559:lepidotrichia
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
532:
523:
522:
517:
516:
515:Cabonnichthys
511:
510:
505:
504:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
467:
461:
459:
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
408:
407:
405:
402:
398:
393:
392:
385:
383:
382:
375:
373:
372:
365:
363:
362:
355:
353:
352:
345:
343:
342:
335:
333:
332:
325:
323:
322:
315:
313:
312:
311:Heddleichthys
305:
303:
302:
295:
293:
292:
285:
283:
282:
275:
273:
272:
265:
263:
262:
261:Cabonnichthys
255:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:Sarcopterygii
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
141:
138:
134:
133:
127:
123:
118:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:392โ359
33:
30:
19:
3660:
3583:Other topics
3564:Holospondyli
3559:Lepospondyli
3537:
3508:Polyphyletic
3503:Paraphyletic
3443:
3380:Lissamphibia
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3297:Caerorhachis
3295:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3230:
3225:Seroherpeton
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3183:Neopteroplax
3181:
3174:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3040:
3032:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2954:Adelogyrinus
2952:
2932:
2905:
2900:Greererpeton
2898:
2891:
2884:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2815:
2808:
2788:
2764:
2757:
2739:Ophiderpeton
2737:
2730:
2723:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2648:Mesanerpeton
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2578:Aytonerpeton
2576:
2566:
2531:Webererpeton
2529:
2522:
2517:Elginerpeton
2515:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2393:Ichthyostega
2391:
2381:
2372:Elpistostege
2370:
2362:Densignathus
2360:
2350:
2342:Acanthostega
2340:
2308:
2299:Stegocephali
2267:
2223:
2214:Stegocephali
2201:
2193:Rubrognathus
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2140:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2087:Notorhizodon
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1954:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1899:Megistolepis
1897:
1889:
1884:Megalichthys
1882:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1840:Askerichthys
1838:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1761:
1755:Thysanolepis
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1713:Pycnoctenion
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1685:Gooloogongia
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:Rhizodontida
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1561:Muranjilepis
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1481:Gyroptychius
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1306:
1297:
1293:Osteichthyes
1288:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1161:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1003:
998:
988:
979:
974:81: 143โ153.
971:
966:
959:
914:
910:
818:
817:
801:
800:
777:
776:
753:
752:
729:
728:
705:
704:
681:
680:
668:
658:
656:
652:paraphyletic
645:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
602:
596:
578:
568:
562:
554:
550:
546:
544:
527:
519:
513:
507:
501:
490:
486:
482:
480:
464:
462:
455:
448:
442:
436:
420:
419:
389:
379:
369:
361:Notorhizodon
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
232:
213:
200:
187:
130:
29:
3685:Wikispecies
3600:Romer's gap
3396:Pan-Amniota
3344:Crown group
3197:Papposaurus
3021:Baphetoidea
2877:Colosteidae
2863:Whatcheeria
2817:Sillerpeton
2608:Doragnathus
2568:Antlerpeton
2101:Spodichthys
2064:Litoptychus
2022:Eusthenodon
2015:Edenopteron
2008:Devonosteus
1914:Rhizodopsis
1877:Mahalalepis
1854:Cryptolepis
1801:Koharalepis
1787:Beelarongia
1763:Vorobjevaia
1741:Screbinodus
1734:Sauripterus
1727:Rossichthys
1699:Letognathus
1664:Archichthys
1641:Viluichthys
1511:Litoptychus
1451:Glyptopomus
1431:Chrysolepis
1311:Rhipidistia
820:Eusthenodon
683:Spodichthys
636:Litoptychus
630:Devonosteus
612:Eusthenodon
585:Rhipidistia
533:lacked the
509:Eusthenodon
503:Edenopteron
477:Description
450:Eusthenodon
381:Spodichthys
291:Eusthenodon
281:Edenopteron
3774:Categories
3319:Eoherpeton
3168:Eoherpeton
3161:Eobaphetes
3101:Embolomeri
3053:Baphetidae
2678:Perittodus
2598:Diploradus
2484:Ventastega
2454:Tulerpeton
2423:Parmastega
2403:Jakubsonia
2383:Hynerpeton
2309:sensu lato
2235:see belowโ
2224:sensu lato
2183:Qikiqtania
2072:Mandageria
2057:Langlieria
2001:Canningius
1794:Canowindra
1748:Strepsodus
1601:Shirolepis
1571:Osteolepis
1501:Kenichthys
1441:Geptolepis
1421:Bogdanovia
1363:see belowโ
889:References
803:Mandageria
589:Actinistia
521:Mandageria
411:Berg, 1955
351:Mandageria
341:Langlieria
271:Canningius
3549:Rachitomi
3414:includes
3378:includes
3348:Tetrapoda
3312:Eldeceeon
3304:Casineria
3218:Pteroplax
3006:Nectridea
2994:Nectridea
2886:Colosteus
2848:Ossinodus
2732:Lethiscus
2712:Aistopoda
2688:Sigournea
2668:Ossirarus
2474:Umzantsia
2443:Tiktaalik
2433:Sinostega
2305:Tetrapoda
2220:Tetrapoda
2203:Tiktaalik
2153:Livoniana
2050:Jarvikina
1891:Megapomus
1631:Tungsenia
1581:Peregrina
1461:Gogonasus
1276:Kingdom:
1192::563-673.
1111:cite book
1057:0003-0147
755:Jarvikina
331:Jarvikina
167:Kingdom:
161:Eukaryota
129:Teeth of
3705:10510297
3676:Q2454260
3670:Wikidata
3636:Category
3605:Timeline
3146:Cricotus
3117:Archeria
3069:Kyrinion
3062:Baphetes
3034:Eucritta
2856:Pederpes
2658:Occidens
2549:Devonian
2464:Tutusius
2323:Devonian
1869:Lohsania
1720:Rhizodus
1678:Barameda
1621:Thursius
1541:Medoevia
1284:Chordata
1282:Phylum:
1278:Animalia
1086:: 1โ286.
993:459โ470.
951:22448265
911:PLOS ONE
593:Lev Berg
575:Taxonomy
564:Polyodon
433:Eifelian
429:Devonian
401:Synonyms
226:Family:
181:Chordata
177:Phylum:
171:Animalia
157:Domain:
112:Devonian
3744:4141376
3718:4836872
3416:Amniota
3124:Aversor
3076:Loxomma
2638:Koilops
2618:Gaiasia
2108:Tinirau
2043:Hyneria
1816:Owensia
1671:Aztecia
1531:Latvius
1202::39-53.
1065:2451539
942:3308997
919:Bibcode
624:Hyneria
535:cosmine
491:Hyneria
444:Hyneria
321:Hyneria
249:Genera
3757:209245
3731:103742
3510:groups
2494:Ymeria
1692:Hongyu
1169:
1138:
1063:
1055:
949:
939:
531:scales
3726:IRMNG
3283:Other
2546:Post-
1307:Clade
1298:Clade
1289:Clade
1101:[
1061:JSTOR
518:; F,
512:, E.
506:; D,
214:Clade
201:Clade
188:Clade
135:, in
3713:GBIF
3408:see
3372:see
3004:see
2552:taxa
2326:taxa
1340:see
1167:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1117:link
1053:ISSN
947:PMID
633:and
601:and
447:and
242:1889
238:Cope
49:Pre๊
3700:EoL
937:PMC
927:doi
453:).
3776::
3754::
3741::
3728::
3715::
3702::
3687::
3672::
1309::
1300::
1291::
1200:88
1190:17
1159:.
1113:}}
1109:{{
1084:20
1059:.
1049:23
1047:.
1043:.
970:.
945:.
935:.
925:.
913:.
909:.
897:^
654:.
549:.
473:.
240:,
216::
203::
190::
99:Pg
43:Ma
3540:?
3534:?
3505:/
3398:)
3394:(
3360:(
3307:?
3289:"
3285:"
3280:โ
3243:โ
3171:?
3149:"
3143:"
3098:โ
3037:?
3018:โ
2996:"
2992:"
2990:โ
2918:โ
2874:โ
2851:?
2836:โ
2709:โ
2694:โ
2684:โ
2674:โ
2664:โ
2654:โ
2644:โ
2634:โ
2624:โ
2614:โ
2604:โ
2594:โ
2584:โ
2574:โ
2564:โ
2505:โ
2490:โ
2480:โ
2470:โ
2460:โ
2450:โ
2446:?
2439:โ
2429:โ
2419:โ
2409:โ
2399:โ
2389:โ
2379:โ
2375:?
2368:โ
2358:โ
2348:โ
2338:โ
2311:)
2302:(
2226:)
2217:(
2199:โ
2189:โ
2179:โ
2169:โ
2159:โ
2149:โ
2145:?
2138:โ
2082:?
2067:?
1968:โ
1959:?
1952:โ
1931:?
1902:?
1894:?
1872:?
1857:?
1828:โ
1819:?
1811:?
1775:โ
1766:?
1758:?
1652:โ
1637:โ
1627:โ
1617:โ
1607:โ
1597:โ
1587:โ
1577:โ
1567:โ
1557:โ
1547:โ
1537:โ
1527:โ
1517:โ
1507:โ
1497:โ
1487:โ
1477:โ
1467:โ
1457:โ
1447:โ
1437:โ
1427:โ
1417:โ
1259:)
1255:(
1245:e
1238:t
1231:v
1175:.
1144:.
1119:)
1067:.
953:.
929::
921::
915:7
524:.
387:โ
377:โ
367:โ
357:โ
347:โ
337:โ
327:โ
317:โ
307:โ
297:โ
287:โ
277:โ
267:โ
257:โ
230:โ
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:๊
20:)
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