20:
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The park is at the northern end of the roughly 10-mile long
Historic Tugaloo River Corridor, which extends downriver to the upper reaches of Lake Hartwell. Sites marked along this corridor include early frontier and antebellum properties, in addition to Cherokee sites. It reaches to the former site
301:
The
Tugaloo Bend Heritage Park was established near Yonah Dam and what is believed to have been the ancient site of Estatoe. A historic preserve of 87 acres was established here. During much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, after the Cherokee had been removed from the Southeast and forced
269:
in the late 1830s of the
Cherokee and Creek peoples, European Americans took over these lands. They expanded cotton plantations throughout the uplands, and used much of the area or agriculture well into the twentieth century.
154:, and passed through Toccoa. Indian agent George Chicken was part of the expedition, and described Tugaloo as "the most ancient town in these parts." Col. Chicken convinced the Cherokee leaders to fight against the Savanna,
226:
to end. He asked for McGillivray's assistance in recovering horses that were purportedly stolen from his force by Creek raiders. He also asked McGillivray to allow several hundred
European-American families to settle in the
89:
in this area. (Other historic towns named
Estatoe were identified in both western South Carolina and North Carolina.) Both the historic and prehistoric sites of Estatoe and Tugaloo were inundated by the creation of
632:
554:
206:(Tugaloo) along the head waters of the Savannah River were already either forsaken or destroyed because of the incessant wars. After the United States gained independence in the American Revolutionary War,
293:
on the
Savannah River, and related dams on upper tributaries. They were seeking to use excavation and collection of artifacts to gather as much information as possible about these sites. The creation of
114:(ᏚᎩᎷ). In English, it was phonetically spelled variously as Tugalo, Tugaloo, Toogelah, Toogoola, etc. Its meaning in Cherokee is uncertain, but seems to refer to a "place at the forks of a stream."
2500:
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262:, in charge of Southeastern regional Native American relations, used Tugaloo town as one of the landmarks for the boundary between the state of Georgia and Muscogee Creek territory.
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Tugaloo was classified as one of the
Cherokee "Lower Towns", located in southwestern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia. The principal one of this grouping was
131:. The terms "Lower Towns" and "Lower Cherokee" were geographic classifications by English traders and colonists, referring to the Cherokee who lived along the
222:. Martin sent McGillivray the resolutions of Congress pertaining to Cherokee affairs, and expressed a desire for tensions between the United States and the
282:
village, believed to have been about 6 miles north on the west side of the
Tugaloo River, were excavated and studied by an archaeological team led by the
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ambassadors at
Tugaloo, bringing them into additional conflict with the Lower Creek, with whom they had been competing also in Tennessee and what is now
775:
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The
Conquest of the Old Southwest; the romantic story of the early pioneers into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, 1740-1790
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The University of Georgia team was conducting a salvage study prior to flooding of both sites by a reservoir after completion of
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launched an investigation into Martin's conduct. He was exonerated after it was revealed that he was acting as a spy directed by
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in the Piedmont and foothills of the region defined above. These communities of Cherokee spoke the Eastern Dialect of Cherokee.
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555:"Letter, 1788 Nov. 8, Tugoloe [i.e., Tugaloo] to Alexander McGillory [i.e., McGillivray] / J. Martin"
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633:"Running the temporary boundary line between [the] state of Georgia and the Creek Indians, 1798 Feb. 22"
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286:. (Note: There were other Cherokee villages named Estatoe in both South Carolina and North Carolina.)
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and arrived at Tugaloo on December 29, 1715. The expedition left Tugaloo on New Year's Day, 1716, for
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ordered an expedition into the Cherokee Lower Towns. The expedition, led by Col. Maurice Moore, left
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74:, United States. Cultures of ancient indigenous peoples had occupied this area, and those of the
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adjacent to the Tugaloo State Park campground, near the site of Tugaloo village (now beneath the
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Kelly, Arthur R.; DeBaillou, Clemens (1960). "Excavation of the Presumptive Site of Estatoe".
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in 1716. By 1717, Theophilus Hastings operated a trading center among the Creek at Tugaloo.
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to discern McGillivray's ties to the Spanish, who were active in neighboring
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2003:
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and village here. It was an administrative and ceremonial center for them.
28:
19:
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1993:
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1021:
751:
47:
1914:
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This torrent of Indians : War on the Southern Frontier, 1715-1728
383:
This Torrent of Indians : War on the Southern Frontier, 1715-1728
1616:
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1006:
821:
816:
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385:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 129.
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The letter was intercepted, and when it was discovered, the
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720:
2255:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
468:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 56.
1953:
1732:
1414:
1319:
1217:
977:
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784:
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298:above the dam would inundate these ancient sites.
16:19th century Cherokee village in northeast Georgia
637:Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730-1842
559:Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730-1842
2155:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
2115:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
495:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2501:Former populated places in Georgia (U.S. state)
2481:Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
135:, Tugaloo River, and other head streams of the
703:"Discover the Historic Tugaloo River Corridor"
2491:Pre-statehood history of Georgia (U.S. state)
736:
466:Yuchi Indian Histories Before the Removal Era
85:About six miles upriver was Estatoe, another
8:
2471:Archaeological sites in Georgia (U.S. state)
306:, this property was farmed for agriculture.
278:In 1959 the areas of Tugaloo and the nearby
743:
729:
721:
325:
323:
210:, U.S. Special Agent to the Cherokee and
2486:Pre-historic cities in the United States
656:
654:
439:. New York: Antiquarian Press. p.
319:
76:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
705:. The Stephens County Foundation. 2018
683:. The Stephens County Foundation. 2018
412:GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac
335:GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac
582:Alexander McGillivray (ca. 1750-1793)
7:
360:Calhoun Times and Gordon County News
1757:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
852:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
528:The History of the American Indians
196:The History of the American Indians
162:peoples as allies of the English.
1406:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
433:Mereness, Newton Dennison (1961).
231:area, which was controlled by the
64:Travelers Rest State Historic Site
14:
2419:Cherokee-language Knowledge (XXG)
2075:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
2040:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
198:, in 1775, the Cherokee towns of
1230:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
436:Travels in the American colonies
2210:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
240:North Carolina General Assembly
1910:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
1837:Chief Vann House Historic Site
1747:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
310:of Tugaloo mound and village.
1:
1847:Museum of the Cherokee People
604:Henderson, Archibald (1920).
464:Jackson, Jason Baird (2012).
362:. August 29, 1990. p. 64
1935:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
1812:Red Clay State Historic Park
1424:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
681:"Tugaloo Bend Heritage Park"
639:. Digital Library of Georgia
414:. Digital Library of Georgia
2239:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
1260:Cherokee Southwest Township
1245:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
1177:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
1094:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
913:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
173:. This became known as the
165:The Cherokee killed eleven
2517:
1380:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
1355:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1265:Oconaluftee Indian Village
1240:Original Keetoowah Society
585:. New Georgia Encyclopedia
2414:
1792:Trail of Tears State Park
1742:Cherokee National Capitol
1148:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
1123:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
857:Cherokee Immersion School
579:Frank, Andrew K. (2016).
530:. London: Dilly. p.
102:Tugaloo's proper name in
1925:Fort Smith Historic Site
1693:Western Cherokee Nation
1292:Cherokee Central Schools
1077:Battle of Lindley's Fort
847:Cherokee (Unicode block)
489:Ivers, Larry E. (2016).
381:Ivers, Larry E. (2016).
258:In 1798, Superintendent
171:Stephens County, Georgia
123:Early eighteenth century
2284:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
2270:Other notable Cherokee
1204:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
663:Southern Indian Studies
274:20th century to present
110:(ᏚᎩᎷᏱ); abbreviated to
2204:William Charles Rogers
2124:William Holland Thomas
1900:The Great Trading Path
1067:Cherokee–American wars
87:historic Cherokee town
36:
1930:Port Royal State Park
1155:Transylvania Purchase
1128:Treaty of Hard Labour
1050:Siege of Fort Loudoun
776:United Keetoowah Band
284:University of Georgia
220:Alexander McGillivray
208:General Joseph Martin
188:'s publishing of his
22:
2496:Chickamauga Cherokee
2194:Samuel Houston Mayes
1371:The Cherokee Tobacco
1363:Worcester v. Georgia
1347:freedmen controversy
1307:Sequoyah High School
1297:Cherokee High School
1160:Chickamauga Cherokee
1118:Treaty of Turkeytown
1108:Treaty of New Echota
1084:Nickajack Expedition
1062:Cherokee War of 1776
94:above Hartwell Dam.
50:town located on the
2443: /
1802:Rattlesnake Springs
1387:Cherokee Commission
1072:Battle of Hightower
959:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
862:New Kituwah Academy
827:Green Corn Ceremony
610:. Century. p.
1994:Outacite of Keowee
1905:The Great War Path
1880:Oconaluftee valley
1865:Stick Ball Grounds
1787:Tellico Blockhouse
1192:Indian Removal Act
1138:Treaty of Hopewell
1133:Treaty of Lochaber
1089:American Civil War
1045:Anglo-Cherokee War
929:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
408:"Old Tugaloo Town"
356:"The Names Stayed"
331:"Old Tugaloo Town"
58:. It was south of
54:, at the mouth of
37:
2447:34.617°N 83.233°W
2426:
2425:
2379:Clement V. Rogers
2249:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
2199:Thomas Buffington
1964:Moytoy of Tellico
1885:Oconaluftee River
1817:Hair Conrad Cabin
1752:Chieftains Museum
1303:Sequoyah Schools
1165:Overhill Cherokee
1143:Treaty of Holston
1113:Treaty of Tellico
1103:Cherokee treaties
874:Spiritual beliefs
2508:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
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2349:Markwayne Mullin
2179:Dennis Bushyhead
2059:Charles R. Hicks
1984:Moytoy of Citico
1875:Tuckasegee River
1797:Brainerd Mission
1782:Sequoyah's Cabin
1689:Cherokee Nations
1327:Principal Chiefs
1320:Politics and law
1271:Unto These Hills
1235:Warriors Society
1197:Cherokee descent
1171:Cherokee Phoenix
1055:Battle of Echoee
1038:Battle of Taliwa
1017:skiagusta (rank)
944:Moon-eyed people
879:Moon-eyed people
797:National holiday
745:
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553:Martin, Joseph.
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304:Indian Territory
260:Benjamin Hawkins
175:Tugaloo Massacre
144:Gen. James Moore
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2452:34.617; -83.233
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2434:
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2422:
2410:
2399:Kimberly Teehee
2259:James L. Gordon
2244:Bill John Baker
2229:Wilma Mankiller
2169:William P. Ross
2144:Patrick Lambert
1989:Standing Turkey
1949:
1895:Sycamore Shoals
1870:Cullasaja River
1822:Nancy Ward Tomb
1772:John Ross House
1734:
1728:
1722:Qualla Boundary
1697:Cherokee Nation
1499:Hiwassee Island
1429:Amoyeligunahita
1416:
1410:
1315:
1282:Female Seminary
1255:Heritage groups
1225:Heritage Center
1213:
1209:Texas Cherokees
1022:outacite (rank)
973:
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766:Cherokee Nation
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248:Spanish Florida
184:At the time of
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68:Stephens County
66:in present-day
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2476:Cherokee towns
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2394:Hastings Shade
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2389:Durbin Feeling
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2369:Jenny McIntosh
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2354:Yvette Herrell
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2334:Nunnahitsunega
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2289:Turtle-at-Home
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2189:Johnson Harris
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2019:Dragging Canoe
2016:
2011:
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1996:
1991:
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1981:
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1969:Attakullakulla
1966:
1960:Early leaders
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1777:Ross's Landing
1774:
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1762:Judaculla Rock
1759:
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1735:memorial sites
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1392:Cherokee Strip
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1187:Trail of Tears
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1027:Raven of Chota
1024:
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981:
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406:Hooks, Byron.
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267:Indian Removal
255:
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233:Muscogee Creek
202:(Estatoe) and
137:Savannah River
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80:platform mound
46:(ᏚᎩᎷᏱ)) was a
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2159:Lewis Downing
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2134:Gerard Parker
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2064:William Hicks
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2014:Little Turkey
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296:Lake Hartwell
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244:Patrick Henry
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92:Lake Hartwell
88:
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53:
52:Tugaloo River
49:
45:
41:
34:
33:Lake Hartwell
30:
26:
25:Tugaloo River
21:
2428:
2416:
2404:Shawna Baker
2339:Ned Christie
2264:John W. Hair
2224:Ross Swimmer
2219:W. W. Keeler
1974:Amouskositte
1920:Tuckaleechee
1890:Abrams Creek
1852:Untokiasdiyi
1827:Blythe Ferry
1656:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1269:
1169:
1034:Tribal Wars
908:Booger dance
771:Eastern Band
707:. Retrieved
697:
685:. Retrieved
675:
666:
662:
641:. Retrieved
636:
627:
615:. Retrieved
606:
599:
587:. Retrieved
581:
574:
562:. Retrieved
558:
548:
527:
524:Adair, James
518:
506:. Retrieved
491:
484:
465:
459:
451:
444:. Retrieved
435:
428:
416:. Retrieved
411:
401:
382:
376:
364:. Retrieved
359:
350:
338:. Retrieved
334:
308:
300:
291:Hartwell Dam
288:
277:
264:
257:
254:Later events
237:
224:Creek Nation
203:
199:
195:
189:
183:
164:
141:
133:Keowee River
126:
111:
107:
101:
84:
56:Toccoa Creek
43:
39:
38:
23:Bank of the
2450: /
2364:Major Ridge
2344:John Martin
2324:Joseph Vann
2214:J. B. Milam
2139:Joyce Dugan
2109:John Rogers
2104:John Looney
2099:Sam Houston
2029:Incalatanga
1842:Mantle Rock
1767:Long Island
1504:Island town
1342:1842 revolt
1250:Youth Choir
949:Nun'Yunu'Wi
903:Stomp dance
891:Black drink
886:Ethnobotany
643:13 February
191:magnum opus
186:James Adair
179:Yamasee War
177:during the
167:Lower Creek
29:impoundment
2465:Categories
2417:See also:
2319:David Vann
2314:James Vann
2309:Wauhatchie
2299:Goingsnake
2274:Nancy Ward
2094:John Jolly
2049:Pathkiller
2009:Old Tassel
1999:Oconostota
1667:Turtletown
1662:Turkeytown
1652:Tuckasegee
1587:Oostanaula
1534:Long Swamp
1529:Kulsetsiyi
1278:Education
1012:Ani-kutani
969:Tsul 'Kalu
934:Deer Woman
314:References
148:Fort Moore
2329:Bob Benge
2294:Junaluska
2129:Tsaladihi
2119:Yonaguska
2069:John Ross
2054:Big Tiger
2034:Tagwadihi
2024:Kunokeski
2004:Savanukah
1940:Tlanusiyi
1807:Fort Cass
1702:Tahlequah
1682:Titsohili
1647:Tsatanugi
1562:Nickajack
1549:Nantahala
1544:Nacoochee
1474:Dirt town
1454:Conasauga
1444:Chilhowee
1434:Brasstown
1415:Towns and
1397:in Kansas
1332:Blood Law
964:U'tlun'ta
842:syllabary
540:444695506
508:4 October
446:4 October
418:4 October
229:Tombigbee
212:Chickasaw
200:Ishtatohe
160:Apalachee
152:Nacoochee
98:Etymology
2234:Joe Byrd
2174:Utselata
2164:Degataga
2084:Degadoga
2079:The Bowl
1857:Standing
1717:Cherokee
1672:Tuskegee
1632:Tomotley
1627:Tomassee
1592:Red Clay
1539:Mialoquo
1494:Hiwassee
1489:Frogtown
1479:Ducktown
1469:Crowtown
1417:villages
1002:Treaties
995:military
990:timeline
954:Nûñnë'hï
832:Language
802:Calendar
752:Cherokee
526:(1775).
366:29 April
142:In 1715
108:Dugiluyi
104:Cherokee
78:built a
48:Cherokee
44:Dugiluyi
2438:83°14′W
2435:34°37′N
2359:Sequoya
1979:Old Hop
1915:Chatata
1657:Tugaloo
1642:Toxoway
1622:Tellico
1612:Talulah
1597:Settico
1572:Nununyi
1567:Nikwasi
1509:Isunigu
1464:Coyotee
1439:Chatuga
1337:Slavery
1182:Removal
985:History
978:History
922:Legends
896:Kanuchi
869:Marbles
837:history
792:Society
785:Culture
669:: 3–30.
280:Estatoe
218:leader
204:Toogalo
118:History
72:Georgia
40:Tugaloo
1954:People
1617:Tanasi
1607:Talisi
1582:Oconee
1557:Echota
1524:Kituwa
1519:Keowee
1484:Etowah
1383:(2005)
1375:(1871)
1366:(1832)
1358:(1831)
1007:Kituwa
822:Ghigau
817:Gadugi
812:Chiefs
759:Tribes
709:25 Jan
687:26 Jan
617:17 May
589:13 May
564:13 May
538:
499:
472:
452:togelo
389:
340:12 May
265:After
158:, and
129:Keowee
112:Dugilu
60:Toccoa
2279:Tsali
2044:Enola
1860:Stone
1637:Toqua
1577:Ocoee
1514:Joara
1459:Cowee
1449:Chota
1031:Wars
807:Clans
216:Creek
156:Yuchi
1373:case
711:2021
689:2021
645:2018
619:2016
591:2016
566:2016
536:OCLC
510:2016
497:ISBN
470:ISBN
448:2016
420:2016
387:ISBN
368:2015
342:2016
106:was
62:and
1554:New
612:344
532:227
441:145
302:to
235:.
31:of
2467::
667:12
665:.
653:^
635:.
557:.
534:.
450:.
410:.
358:.
333:.
322:^
250:.
194:,
70:,
744:e
737:t
730:v
713:.
691:.
647:.
621:.
593:.
568:.
542:.
512:.
478:.
422:.
395:.
370:.
344:.
42:(
35:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
