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627:, whom he called dogs who "spread their fleas throughout the world". Later in various works he made Russians familiar with De Gaulle's military thinking. Roure, under the pseudonym of Pierre Fervacque, wrote about his encounter with Tukhachevsky. He reported that Tukhachevsky highly praised Napoleon, and also in a certain conversation, Tukhachevsky said he hated Jews for bringing Christianity and the "morality of capital" to Russia. Roure then asked him if he was a socialist, and he replied:
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that they responded slowly to changes in the situation and that communication was poor. This was not purely the officers' fault as the only way of communication from local unit headquarters to the field positions was a single telephone line. In contrast German divisions mobilised shortly after during the interwar period had telephones, radio, horse, cycle and motorcycle messengers, signal lights and flags and pieces of cloth with which messages were to be conveyed mostly to aircraft.
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day, but
Tukhachevsky ignored these losses. His supply services were in chaos and his rear scarcely existed as an organized entity, but Tukhachevsky was unconcerned; his men would live off the land. On the day his troops captured Minsk, a new cry arose – 'Give us Warsaw!' Tukhachevsky was determined to give them what they wanted. All things considered, Tukhachevsky's performance was a virtuoso display of energy, determination, and, indeed, rashness."
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988:, myself, and now you are in the know.... Is it possible? What a business! Discuss it with Molotov...". However, Sergo would not go that far. There would be no arrest and trial of Tukhachevsky in 1930: the commander "turns out to be 100% clean," Stalin wrote disingenuously to Molotov in October, "That's very good." It is interesting that seven years before the
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to the Red Army; it was effective in smaller actions and internal security actions, many horse riders were available without requiring significant training, and there were the memories of the effectiveness of cavalry during the Civil War, all of which helped the horse in maintaining its central position inside the Red Army. When the Second World War began
768:, in 1918, when he was in the service of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in his last overt display of neopaganism, Tukhachevsky drew up a project for destruction of Christianity and restoration of Slavic paganism. To this end, Tukhachevsky submitted a memo on declaring paganism as the state religion of the
652:. A powerful person. This is the god of war and death." And Mikhail knelt down before him with comic seriousness. I burst out laughing. "Don't laugh," he said, getting up from his knees. – I told you that the Slavs need a new religion. They are given Marxism, but there is too much modernism and civilization in this theology. (...) There is
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It has been speculated that the reason why Stalin had
Tukhachevsky and other high ranking generals executed was to remove a potential threat to his political power. Ultimately, Stalin and Yezhov would orchestrate the arrest and execution of thousands of Soviet military officers as well as five of the
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spoke in favour of cavalry, influential people – even including marshal
Voroshilov, under whom Tukhachevsky served, and who took part in the arrests – began to question the cavalry's position inside the Red Army. The horse remained ingrained in the Red Army, however. In peacetime, cavalry made sense
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Tukhachevsky never denied, and later even confirmed, these stories about his imprisonment in
Germany, but always said that he was politically immature in 1917 and greatly regretted his early views. In France 1936, when confronted with what Roure wrote about him, he said that he had read his book and
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Socialist? Certainly not! What a need for classification you have! Besides, the great socialists are Jews and the socialist doctrine is a branch of universal
Christianity. I laugh at money, and whether the land is divided up or not is all one to me. The barbarians, my ancestors, lived in common, but
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for 1937 – but he could not get the support. The archives reveal a fascinating sequel: once he understood the ambitious modernity of
Tukhachevsky's strategies, Stalin apologised to him: "Now the question has become clearer to me, I have to agree that my remark was too strong and my conclusions were
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According to
Richard M. Watt, "The boldness of Tukhachevsky's drive westward was the key to his success. The Soviet High Command dispatched 60,000 men as reinforcements, but Tukhachevsky never stopped to let them catch up. His onrushing armies were leaving behind greater numbers of stragglers every
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According to Roure, Tukhachevsky said that he would only follow Lenin if he "de-europeanised and threw Russia into barbarism", but feared Lenin would not do that. After ranting about how he could use
Marxism as a justification to secure the territorial aims of the Tsars and cement Russia's position
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Following this, Tukhachevsky wrote several books on modern warfare and, in 1931, after Stalin had accepted the need for an industrialized military, Tukhachevsky was given a leading role in reforming the army. He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on use of tanks and aircraft in
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Tukhachevsky fervently criticised the Red Army's performance during the 1926 Summer manoeuvres. He criticised the officers' inability to determine what course of action to take and communicate that with their troops especially harshly. Tukhachevsky noted that initiative among officers was lacking,
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Stalin needed neither Nazi disinformation nor mysterious
Okhrana files to persuade him to destroy Tukhachevsky. After all, he had played with the idea as early as 1930, three years before Hitler took power. Furthermore, Stalin and his cronies were convinced that officers were to be distrusted and
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Seeing an opportunity to strike a blow at the Soviet military, Heydrich immediately acted on the information and undertook to improve on it. Heydrich's forgeries were later leaked to the
Soviets via Beneš and other neutral nations. While the SD believed that it had successfully fooled Stalin into
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Tukhachevsky is often credited with the theory of deep operation in which combined arms formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics, but his exact role is unclear and disputed because of shortage of firsthand sources, and his published works containing only
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I was still very young... a novice at politics, and all I knew about revolutions was the last phase of the citizens' revolution in France: the Bonapartism whose military triumphs filled me with boundless admiration. (...) I never think of my views at Ingolstadt without regretting them, since they
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In 1989, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announced that new evidence had been found in Stalin's archives indicating German intelligence's intentions to fabricate disinformation about Tukhachevsky with the goal of eliminating him. "Knowledge of personal characteristics of
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Just before his arrest, Tukhachevsky was relieved of duty as assistant to Marshal Voroshilov and appointed military commander of the Volga Military District. Shortly after departing to take up his new command, he was secretly arrested on May 22, 1937, and brought back to Moscow in a prison van.
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It is often stated that the widespread purges of the Red Army officer corps in 1937 to 1939 made "deep operations" briefly fall from favour. However, they were certainly a major part of Soviet doctrine after their efficacy was demonstrated by the Battle of Khalkin Gol and the success of similar
772:, which although mocked, also received some serious discussion in the Small Council of People's Commissars, which commended Tukhachevsky for his "joke" and his commitment to atheism. Sabaneyev observed that Tukhachevsky seemed "as happy as a schoolboy who had just succeeded in a prank."
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1216:“To the Red army, Stalin has dealt a fearful blow. As a result of the latest judicial frameup, it has fallen several cubits in stature. The interests of the Soviet defense have been sacrificed in the interests of the self-preservation of the ruling clique.”
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executing his best generals, in reality, it had merely served as an unwitting pawn of the Soviet NKVD. Ironically, Heydrich's forgeries were never used at trial. Instead, Soviet prosecutors relied on signed "confessions" beaten out of the defendants.
664:– the god of arts and poetry, and finally, Perun – the god of thunder and lightning. After some deliberation, I settled on Perun, since Marxism, having won in Russia, will unleash merciless wars between people. I will honor Perun every day."
1021:. However, Tukhachevsky intervened with Stalin on his friend's behalf. After Tukhachevsky's arrest, pressure was put on Shostakovich to denounce him, but he was saved from doing so by the fact that the investigator was himself arrested.
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I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence.... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by
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Tukhachevsky's family members all suffered after his execution. His wife, Nina Tukhachevskaya, and his brothers Alexandr and Nikolai, both instructors in a Soviet military academy, were all shot. Three of his sisters were sent to the
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physically exterminated at the slightest suspicion. He reminisced to Voroshilov, in an undated note, about the officers arrested in the summer of 1918. "These officers," he said, "we wanted to shoot en masse." Nothing had changed.
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According to the opinion of Igor Lukes, who conducted a study on the matter, it was Stalin, Kaganovich and Yezhov who actually concocted Tukhachevsky's "treason" themselves. At Yezhov's order, the NKVD had instructed a known
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Immediately afterward, Yezhov was summoned into Stalin's presence. Stalin asked, "What were Tukhachevsky's last words?" Yezhov responded, "The snake said he was dedicated to the Motherland and Comrade Stalin. He asked for
685:, who recalled that he once saw a "scarecrow" in the corner of Tukhachevsky's cell, and upon asking him as to what it was, Tukhachevsky responded (to what Tsurikov interpreted as heavy sarcasm), that it was an effigy of
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limited amounts of theory on the subject. The theories were opposed by some in the military establishment but were largely adopted by the Red Army in the mid-1930s. They were expressed as a concept in the Red Army's
838:". When he issued his troops orders to cross the border, Tukhachevsky said, "The fate of world revolution is being decided in the west: the way leads over the corpse of Poland to a universal conflagration.... On to
644:, Roure observed Tukhachevsky carving a "scary idol from colored cardboard", with "burning eyes", a "gaping mouth", and a "bizarre and terrible nose". He inquired about its purpose, to which Tukhachevsky responded:
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it was Tukhachevsky and not Voroshilov who ran the ministry in practice. While Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky, his perception of military doctrine was nonetheless impacted significantly by Tukhachevsky's ideas.
1249:. Soviet diplomats and supporters in the West enthusiastically promulgated this opinion. Then, on January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his codefendants were declared innocent of all charges and were rehabilitated.
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described Tukhachevsky posthumously as a "outstanding talent" due to his strategic skills and viewed the purge of the Red Army by the Stalinist bureaucracy as a means of preserving its political position.
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1164:. Upon hearing the accusations, Tukhachevsky was heard to say, "I feel I'm dreaming." Most of the judges were also terrified. One was heard to comment, "Tomorrow I'll be put in the same place."
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Tukhachevsky's fifth escape met with success, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, carrying with him some small pagan idols, he returned to Russia in September 1917. Following the
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957:). Upon Stalin's ascension to Party leadership in 1929, he began receiving denunciations from senior officers who disapproved of Tukhachevsky's tactical theories. Then, in 1930, the
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Whether or not Tukhachevsky really gave up on his old views, the assertion that he was a fully-fledged Bolshevik by the time he joined them is considered to be most likely not true.
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with Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in the Red Army. According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible. The article lists the
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1009:; they met in 1925 and subsequently played music together at the Marshal's home (Tukhachevsky played the violin). In 1936, Shostakovich's music was under attack following the
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While at the time of his death the Red Army was still firmly in the grip of the cavalry, Tukhachevsky had changed the Red Army's mentality quite significantly. While many
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to seize power. Tukhachevsky's confession, which survives in the archives, is dappled with a brown spray that was later found to be blood-spattered by a body in motion.
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Kurt Agricola, "Der rote Marschall. Tuchatschewskis Aufstieg und Fall" (The Red Marshall: The Rise and Fall of Tukhachevsky), 1939, Kleine "Wehrmacht" – Bücherei, 5
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764:. Tukhachevsky used concentrated attacks to exploit the enemy's open flanks and threaten them with envelopment. According to Tukhachevsky's close confidant
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At 11:35 that night, all of the defendants were declared guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, who was awaiting the verdict with Yezhov, Molotov and
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with "The Sensational Secret Behind the Damnation of Stalin" as title. The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist
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Although Tukhachevsky's prosecution is almost universally regarded as a sham, Stalin's motivations continue to be debated. In his 1968 book
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1131:. Stalin instructed Yezhov, "See for yourself, but Tukhachevsky should be forced to tell everything... It's impossible he acted alone."
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were set up, which included both cavalry and tanks; these played a central role in use of the deep operations doctrine during WWII.
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According to Montefiore, a few days later, as Yezhov buzzed in and out of Stalin's office, a broken Tukhachevsky confessed that
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could cause doubts about my devotion to the Soviet motherland. I'm taking advantage of our reunion to tell you my true feelings.
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He became an officer in the newly established Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank because of his great ability. During the
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as a world power, he laughed and said he was only joking. Roure said the laugh had an ironic and despairing tone.
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Croll, Neil (December 2004). "The role of M.N. Tukhachevskii in the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion".
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1311:(SD) concocted information suggesting a plot by Tukhachevsky and the other Soviet generals against Stalin.
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Tukhachevsky took a keen interest in the arts, and became a political patron and close friend of composer
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According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin regarded Tukhachevsky as his bitterest rival and dubbed him
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as documentary evidence that Stalin was part of the Okhrana, but most historians agree it's a forgery.
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Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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archives proving Stalin had once been an informer. From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a
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His book about the war was translated into Polish and published together with a book by Piłsudski.
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Lee, Eric (1993-06-01). "The Eremin letter: Documentary proof that Stalin was an Okhrana spy?".
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The German infantry handbook, 1939–1945: organization, uniforms, weapons, equipment, operations
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in 1920, conducting the final operations. In February 1920, he launched an offensive into the
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Tukhachevsky's apparent neo-paganism was also corroborated by another prisoner at Ingolstadt,
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2204:"Analysis of Deep Attack Operations – Operation Bagration Belorussia 22 June–29 August 1944"
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of forging documents that implicated Tukhachevsky in an anti-Stalinist conspiracy with the
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Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secr
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Stalin – like paranoia and extreme suspicion, had been possibly highest factor in it."
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Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s
1186:. But it was obvious that he was not being straight, he hadn't laid down his arms."
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In 1930, this was perhaps too outrageous even for the Bolsheviks. Stalin, not yet
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in 1920. In the lead-up to hostilities, Tukhachevsky concentrated his troops near
486:, and after confessing during torture he was executed in 1937 during Stalin's and
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German operations in Poland and France. They were used with great success during
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Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
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1178:. As Yezhov watched, the former Marshal was shot once in the back of the head.
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forced two officers to testify that Tukhachevsky was plotting to overthrow the
865:. It was during the Polish war that Tukhachevsky first came into conflict with
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The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved by Jonathan Fenby p. 68
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to try Tukhachevsky and eight generals for treason. The trial was dubbed the
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in the 1920s and 1930s, he became instrumental in the development of Soviet
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1986:, p. 175, by Robert A. Pastor, Stanley Hoffmann – Political Science – 1999.
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had recruited him in 1928 and that he was a German agent cooperating with
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Within the hour, Tukhachevsky was summoned from his cell by NKVD captain
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and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia. His great-grandfather
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Stalin commented, "It's incredible, but it's a fact, they admit it."
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Tukhachevsky's interrogation and torture were directly supervised by
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Tukhachevsky at the Warsaw Railway Station, en route to London, 1936
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defeated a substantial Japanese force in August and September 1939.
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1349:, who has conducted extensive research in Soviet archives, states:
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in the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet authorities accused Tukhachevsky of
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Polish soldiers displaying captured Soviet battle flags after the
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Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
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The Soviet High Command: A Military–Political History, 1918–1941
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1052:. The concept was finally codified into the army in 1936 in the
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Tukhachevsky commanded the Soviet invasion of Poland during the
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In the final stage of the civil war, Tukhachevsky commanded the
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2355:"Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)"
2337:"Leon Trotsky: How Stalin's Purge Beheaded the Red Army (1937)"
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Stalin and His Hangmen: the tyrant and those who killed for him
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they had chiefs. No, I detest socialists, Jews, and Christians.
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The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II
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On June 11, 1937, the Soviet Supreme Court convened a special
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Tukhachevsky reached the position of 1st deputy commissar for
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4 February] 1893 – 12 June 1937), nicknamed the
30:"Tukhachevsky" redirects here. For his great-grandfather, see
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from Western Ukraine, driving them back into Poland, but the
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eight generals who presided over Tukhachevsky's show trial.
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There can be no doubt that if we had been victorious on the
408:. Soviet forces under his command successfully repelled the
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The Conspiracy of the Red Marshals: Tukhachevsky vs. Stalin
1211:. She lived in Moscow after her release and died in 1982.
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when he was 42. In January 1936, Tukhachevsky visited the
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A century's journey: how the great powers shape the world
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in March 1921. He also commanded the assault against the
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camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in
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Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
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Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
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in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from
1833:] (in Russian). Algoritm Publishing. p. 182.
1827:Заговор "красных маршалов". Тухачевский против Сталина
1705:– p. 111 – by Michel Berchin, Eliahu Ben-Horin – 1942
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Deep battle: the brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii
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White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20
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2408:"The Sensational Secret Behind Damnation of Stalin"
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2232:Tainye operatsii natsistskoi razvediki, 1933–1945
941:in which Tukhachevsky was executed. According to
2427:The secret file of Joseph Stalin: a hidden life
1478:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
1351:
1214:
974:
875:
646:
629:
572:(July 1914) as a second lieutenant, declaring:
3374:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
2608:Newspaper clippings about Mikhail Tukhachevsky
1100:On November 20, 1935, Tukhachevsky was made a
834:, which he theatrically dubbed, "The Gates of
640:In another, different occasion, following the
2930:
2672:
1921:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008.
1808:Mikhail Tukhachevsky in the Russian Civil War
1532:Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present
1456:Котельников, Константин (November 11, 2022).
1064:), where a Soviet Corps under the command of
325:
95:
67:
8:
3349:World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
1932:Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939
917:. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov survived the
749:in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture
439:from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the
2132:(Дело всей жизни). 3d ed. Политиздат, 1978
615:. Tukhachevsky played his violin, assailed
400:(1920). From 1920 to 1921 he commanded the
2937:
2923:
2915:
2679:
2665:
2657:
2620:
2272:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 223.
2181:. National Geographic Books. p. 342.
2028:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1884:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 222.
1634:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 252.
1615:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
521:of Russia), into a family of impoverished
78:
59:
3384:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
3339:Russian military personnel of World War I
380:of 1917–1923, leading the defense of the
3344:Prisoners of war from the Russian Empire
2255:, New York: G. P. Putnam (1945), pp. 7–8
2234:(In Russian). Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
1198:1963 Soviet stamp featuring Tukhachevsky
728:
428:for his defeat at the Battle of Warsaw.
27:Soviet military leader from 1918 to 1937
3434:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
1458:"'Красный Наполеон' Михаил Тухачевский"
1448:
1221:Trotsky on the Red Army purges of 1937.
901:in November 1935. (l–r): Tukhachevsky,
897:Tukhachevsky with the other first four
869:. Both blamed the other for the Soviet
533:(1793–1831) served as a colonel in the
2540:, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), p. 322
2430:466 pp. Published by Routledge, 2001
2021:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1608:
1149:Tukhachevsky's bloodstained confession
717:and went on to play a key role in the
1683:"Жертвы политического террора в СССР"
1585:The Red Army and the Second World War
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1054:Provisional Field Regulations of 1936
1048:and more fully developed in the 1935
396:, and heading Cossack forces against
346:
7:
1954:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1811:(PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1718:. Truman Talley Books, 1985, p. 340
745:, gave Tukhachevsky command of the
443:after 1934 and as commander of the
365:. He was later executed during the
2639:Chief of the Staff of the Red Army
2380:, Oxford University Press (1996),
2110:, London, Brassey's Defence, 1987
1882:'Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
339:Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevskiy
25:
2302:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2270:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2179:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2067:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2055:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
2043:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1906:Russia under the Bolshevik Regime
1728:Arzakanian, Marina (2012-06-15).
1716:A Stillness Heard Round the World
1632:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1074:World War II on the Eastern Front
713:of 1917, Tukhachevsky joined the
447:in 1937. He achieved the rank of
392:in the recapture of Siberia from
384:(1918), commanding forces on the
322:Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky
93:Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky
3439:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
3424:Nobility from the Russian Empire
3389:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
3204:
3093:
3082:
2958:
2313:Donald Rayfield, Donald (2005).
1908:. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.
1366:were being arrested and marshal
547:Aleksandrovskoye Military School
441:People's Commissariat of Defense
281:
271:
248:
239:
216:
200:
185:
3399:Great Purge victims from Russia
3309:People from Dorogobuzhsky Uyezd
3304:People from Safonovsky District
2268:Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003).
2080:Shostakovich: a Life Remembered
1880:Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003).
1630:Simon Sebag Montefiori (2003).
873:. Tukhachevsky later lamented:
611:and shared a cell with Captain
601:Fluent in French, there he met
541:ethnicity. After attending the
505:The Tukhachevsky family in 1904
3354:Escapees from German detention
2230:Fyodor Mikhailovich Sergeyev,
2202:Connor, William (March 1987).
2091:Elizabeth Wilson, pp. 124–125.
798:during the suppression of the
775:He also helped defeat General
676:Nikolay Alexandrovich Tsurikov
556:, where he graduated in 1914.
1:
2525:Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar
1730:"De Gaulle et Toukhatchevski"
1427:Honorary revolutionary weapon
327:Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский
97:Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
3419:Burials at Donskoye Cemetery
3324:Marshals of the Soviet Union
2688:Marshals of the Soviet Union
2317:. Random House. pp. 322–325.
1323:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov
899:Marshals of the Soviet Union
857:His armies were defeated by
721:despite his noble ancestry.
545:in 1912, he moved on to the
2612:20th Century Press Archives
2568:10.1080/0954654042000289688
2177:Sebag, Simon (2005). "31".
1823:Minakov, Sergei Timofeevich
1805:Croll, Neil Harvey (2002).
1736:(in French) (267): 91–101.
1734:Revue historique des armées
1535:. OUP Oxford. p. 103.
1102:Marshal of the Soviet Union
1076:, in such victories as the
1050:Instructions on Deep Battle
980:, probed his powerful ally
570:Semyenovsky Guards Regiment
449:Marshal of the Soviet Union
372:He served as an officer in
338:
287:Marshal of the Soviet Union
3455:
1948:Radzinsky, Edvard (2011).
1508:. Doubleday. p. 482.
1028:
1015:denunciation of his opera
619:beliefs and spoke against
37:In this name that follows
36:
29:
3409:Executed military leaders
3080:
2694:
2645:
2643:November 1925 – May 1928
2636:
2628:
2623:
2503:10.1080/09546549308575595
2452:"The Tukhachevsky Affair"
1046:Field Regulations of 1929
972:According to Montefiore:
933:to commissar for defence
871:failure to capture Warsaw
509:Tukhachevsky was born at
420:, and the war ended in a
326:
96:
77:
68:
3329:Russian military writers
1930:Richard M. Watt (1979),
1826:
1583:Hill, Alexander (2017).
1475:Brackman, Roman (2004).
1325:published an article in
1307:, to leak to Heydrich's
1025:Theory of deep operation
454:As a major proponent of
418:defeat outside of Warsaw
376:of 1914–1917 and in the
351:; 16 February [
348:[tʊxɐˈtɕefskʲɪj]
2414:. Time Inc. 1956-04-23.
2130:The Case of All My Life
1529:Davies, Norman (2001).
1421:Order of the Red Banner
1404:, 4th class with swords
1396:Order of St. Stanislaus
1018:Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk
806:between 1921 and 1922.
791:was evacuated hastily.
660:– the god of the Wind,
597:Captivity in Ingolstadt
445:Volga Military District
388:(1918), commanding the
84:Tukhachevsky circa 1935
3414:Soviet rehabilitations
3015:Vladimir Triandafillov
2326:Sergeyev (1991): p. 44
1996:Buchner, Alex (1991).
1669:"The Red Army: Part 3"
1505:Stalin, Man of History
1356:
1347:Simon Sebag Montefiore
1218:
1199:
1150:
1097:
1058:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
1040:
999:
922:
889:Reform of the Red Army
883:
823:
734:
704:
672:
656:– the god of the Sun,
634:
581:Taken prisoner by the
579:
531:Alexander Tukhachevsky
506:
424:. Tukhachevsky blamed
297:Chief of General Staff
32:Alexander Tukhachevsky
3429:Russian modern pagans
2950:Russian General Staff
2397:Sergeyev (1991): p. 3
1402:Order of St. Vladimir
1197:
1148:
1095:
1038:
1002:combined operations.
896:
817:
732:
699:
697:stated the following:
593:fortress in Bavaria.
574:
564:At the outset of the
535:Imperial Russian Army
504:
260:Years of service
245:Imperial Russian Army
3212:Russian Armed Forces
3111:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
3063:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
2999:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
2588:Taylor & Francis
2556:Revolutionary Russia
2536:Barmine, Alexander,
2491:Revolutionary Russia
2251:Barmine, Alexander,
2127:Alexander Vasilevsky
2103:in association with
2000:. West Chester, PA.
1974:Watt (1979), p. 128.
1936:Simon & Schuster
1742:10.3917/rha.267.0091
1714:Weintraub, Stanley.
1256:, British historian
1078:Battle of Stalingrad
1039:Tukhachevsky in 1936
733:Tukhachevsky in 1920
583:Imperial German Army
517:(in the present-day
464:army force structure
402:Soviet Western Front
135:Smolensk Governorate
64:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
3101:Soviet Armed Forces
2211:armyupress.army.mil
2160:, Routledge, 2001.
1938:, New York. p. 126.
1788:2023 vol. 1 p. 133.
1462:Diletant (Дилетант)
1429:(December 17, 1919)
1289:Walter Schellenberg
1082:Operation Bagration
1007:Dmitri Shostakovich
982:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
800:Kronstadt rebellion
642:February Revolution
515:Safonovsky District
431:He later served as
131:Dorogobuzhsky Uyezd
3334:Military theorists
3230:Mikhail Kolesnikov
3055:Boris Shaposhnikov
3031:Boris Shaposhnikov
3007:Boris Shaposhnikov
2649:Boris Shaposhnikov
2456:The Russian Review
2448:Paul W. Blackstock
2139:2007-09-29 at the
2078:Elizabeth Wilson,
1776:De Gaulle:Une Vie,
1502:Grey, Ian (1979).
1417:(21 February 1933)
1379:Honours and awards
1200:
1151:
1098:
1041:
997:not right at all."
935:Kliment Voroshilov
923:
907:Kliment Voroshilov
824:
735:
711:October Revolution
507:
279:(Imperial Russia)
69:Михаил Тухачевский
3281:
3280:
3175:Sergey Akhromeyev
3127:Vasily Sokolovsky
3023:Alexander Yegorov
2912:
2911:
2655:
2654:
2646:Succeeded by
2624:Military offices
2603:The Red Bonaparte
2436:978-0-7146-5050-0
2386:978-0-19-510267-3
2188:978-1-4000-7678-9
1961:978-0-307-75468-4
1917:Suvorov, Viktor.
1856:Minakov, p. 183.
1840:978-5-906-99594-0
1786:978-2-246-83417-5
1587:. Cambridge, UK.
1542:978-0-19-164713-0
1515:978-0-385-14333-2
1488:978-1-135-75840-0
1390:Order of St. Anne
1309:Sicherheitsdienst
1270:Reinhard Heydrich
1235:Nikita Khrushchev
1158:military tribunal
915:Aleksandr Yegorov
828:Polish-Soviet War
810:Polish-Soviet War
762:Aleksandr Kolchak
739:Russian Civil War
725:Russian Civil War
613:Charles de Gaulle
523:hereditary nobles
406:Polish–Soviet War
394:Alexander Kolchak
378:Russian Civil War
336:
319:
318:
314:Polish–Soviet War
310:Russian Civil War
277:Second Lieutenant
229:
212:
197:
174:Donskoye Cemetery
16:(Redirected from
3446:
3274:
3270:Valery Gerasimov
3266:
3258:
3250:
3246:Anatoly Kvashnin
3242:
3234:
3226:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3187:
3183:Mikhail Moiseyev
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3119:Sergei Shtemenko
3115:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3039:Kirill Meretskov
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
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2963:
2962:
2961:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2629:Preceded by
2621:
2591:
2541:
2538:One Who Survived
2534:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2444:
2438:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2363:
2362:
2359:www.marxists.org
2351:
2345:
2344:
2341:www.marxists.org
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2256:
2253:One Who Survived
2249:
2243:
2228:
2222:
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2217:
2208:
2199:
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2040:
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2027:
2019:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1904:Pipes, Richard.
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1866:
1865:Minakov, p. 184.
1863:
1857:
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1802:
1789:
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1499:
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1472:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1423:(August 7, 1919)
1266:Heinrich Himmler
1254:The Great Terror
1222:
1169:Lazar Kaganovich
1140:Nikolai Bukharin
820:Battle of Warsaw
766:Leonid Sabaneyev
684:
670:
555:
350:
345:
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124:16 February 1893
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3262:Nikolai Makarov
3256:
3254:Yuri Baluyevsky
3248:
3240:
3238:Viktor Samsonov
3232:
3224:
3214:
3205:
3203:
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3177:
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3167:Nikolai Ogarkov
3161:
3153:
3151:Matvei Zakharov
3145:
3143:Sergey Biryuzov
3137:
3135:Matvei Zakharov
3129:
3121:
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2547:Further reading
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2424:Roman Brackman
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2141:Wayback Machine
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2101:Richard Simpkin
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1654:Norman Davies,
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1454:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1384:Imperial awards
1381:
1364:machine-gunners
1305:Nikolai Skoblin
1258:Robert Conquest
1247:fifth columnist
1224:
1220:
1209:Khrushchev Thaw
1192:
1090:
1033:
1027:
911:Vasily Blyukher
903:Semyon Budyonny
891:
859:Józef Piłsudski
812:
804:Tambov Republic
727:
678:
671:
668:
599:
587:prisoner-of-war
566:First World War
562:
549:
519:Smolensk Oblast
511:Alexandrovskoye
499:
491:military purges
480:deep operations
476:airborne forces
460:Soviet armament
382:Moscow district
343:
312:
308:
280:
247:
217:
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3222:Viktor Dubynin
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3191:Vladimir Lobov
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2597:External links
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2468:10.2307/127506
2462:(2): 171–190.
2450:(April 1969).
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2194:
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2169:
2147:
2119:
2093:
2084:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2045:, pp. 221–222.
2035:
2006:
1988:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1940:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1890:
1867:
1858:
1846:
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1814:
1790:
1772:Jean-Luc Barré
1764:
1755:
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1432:
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1424:
1418:
1415:Order of Lenin
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1318:In 1956, NKVD
1285:Czechoslovakia
1213:
1191:
1188:
1176:Vasily Blokhin
1136:Avel Yenukidze
1129:Nikolai Yezhov
1106:United Kingdom
1089:
1088:Fall and death
1086:
1031:Deep operation
1029:Main article:
1026:
1023:
890:
887:
811:
808:
726:
723:
666:
598:
595:
568:he joined the
561:
558:
498:
495:
493:of 1936–1938.
433:chief of staff
369:of 1936–1938.
324:(Russian:
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193:Russian Empire
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165:
152:(aged 44)
146:
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139:Russian Empire
115:
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26:
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3102:
3090:
3072:
3069:
3064:
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3056:
3053:
3048:
3047:Georgy Zhukov
3045:
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3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3000:
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2992:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2975:Pavel Lebedev
2973:
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2753:Generalissimo
2750:
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2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2394:
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2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:Lukes, Igor,
2373:
2371:
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2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:9781842127261
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2240:5-250-00797-X
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:0-7146-5178-8
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:John Erickson
2151:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:0-08-031193-8
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:John Erickson
2102:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1891:9781842127261
1887:
1883:
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1862:
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1664:
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1657:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1641:9781842127261
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:9781107020795
1590:
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1534:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:. Routledge.
1480:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:Soviet awards
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:Eremin letter
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:Life Magazine
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:General Staff
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Secret Speech
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1066:Georgy Zhukov
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
973:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
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936:
932:
927:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
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886:
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874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
816:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Anton Denikin
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
755:anticommunist
752:
748:
744:
740:
731:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
698:
694:
692:
688:
682:
677:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
645:
643:
638:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
578:
573:
571:
567:
559:
557:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
496:
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:modernisation
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
426:Joseph Stalin
423:
422:Soviet defeat
419:
415:
411:
410:Polish forces
407:
403:
399:
398:Anton Denikin
395:
391:
387:
386:Eastern Front
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
367:Moscow trials
364:
360:
359:
354:
349:
340:
334:
323:
315:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
232:
225:
209:
194:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
92:
88:
81:
76:
61:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2998:
2734:Shaposhnikov
2704:Tukhachevsky
2703:
2637:
2586:– via
2559:
2555:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2523:Montefiore,
2519:
2497:(1): 55–96.
2494:
2490:
2484:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2377:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2269:
2252:
2247:
2231:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:
2197:
2178:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2144:(in Russian)
2129:
2122:
2107:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2057:, pp. 58–59.
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1950:
1943:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1881:
1861:
1830:
1817:
1807:
1775:
1767:
1758:
1733:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1703:The Red Army
1702:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1677:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1631:
1625:
1584:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1451:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1301:double agent
1297:
1293:
1281:Edvard Beneš
1253:
1251:
1232:
1227:Leon Trotsky
1225:
1219:
1215:
1201:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1099:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1000:
990:Great Terror
975:
971:
951:Napoleonchik
950:
948:
928:
924:
884:
876:
856:
852:
850:– forward!"
825:
793:
789:Novorossiysk
774:
743:Leon Trotsky
736:
708:
705:
700:
695:
673:
647:
639:
635:
630:
602:
600:
580:
575:
563:
537:. He was of
508:
453:
430:
371:
363:theoretician
358:Red Napoleon
356:
321:
320:
302:Battles/wars
224:Soviet Union
208:Russian SFSR
163:Soviet Union
159:Russian SFSR
150:(1937-06-12)
148:12 June 1937
108:Red Napoleon
55:Tukhachevsky
54:
47:Nikolayevich
46:
18:Tukhachevsky
3299:1937 deaths
3294:1893 births
3249:(1997–2004)
3104:(1946–1992)
2968:(1921–1946)
2769:Rokossovsky
2562:(2): 1–48.
1373:mixed units
1337:coup d'état
1291:and Beneš.
967:coup d'état
939:great purge
919:Great Purge
679: [
607:journalist
560:World War I
550: [
543:Cadet Corps
374:World War I
306:World War I
228:(1922–1937)
211:(1918–1922)
196:(1914–1917)
104:Nickname(s)
51:family name
3314:Bolsheviks
3288:Categories
2889:Akhromeyev
2849:Yakubovsky
2824:Moskalenko
2819:Yeryomenko
2794:Sokolovsky
2774:Malinovsky
2744:Vasilevsky
2724:Timoshenko
2699:Voroshilov
2007:0887402844
1689:2013-06-12
1444:References
1262:Nazi Party
760:forces of
715:Bolsheviks
691:Shrovetide
669:Remy Roure
621:Christians
609:Remy Roure
591:Ingolstadt
497:Early life
472:mechanized
390:Fifth Army
289:(Red Army)
181:Allegiance
120:1893-02-16
90:Birth name
43:patronymic
3265:(2008–12)
3257:(2004–08)
3241:(1996–97)
3233:(1992–96)
3186:(1988–91)
3178:(1984–88)
3170:(1977–84)
3162:(1971–77)
3154:(1964–71)
3146:(1963–64)
3138:(1960–63)
3130:(1952–60)
3122:(1948–52)
3114:(1946–48)
3074:(1945–46)
3066:(1942–45)
3058:(1941–42)
3042:(1940–41)
3034:(1937–40)
3026:(1931–37)
3010:(1928–31)
3002:(1925–28)
2986:(1924–25)
2978:(1921–24)
2894:Kurkotkin
2804:Bagramyan
2784:Meretskov
2779:Tolbukhin
2584:144649336
2576:0954-6545
2527:, p. 226.
2511:0954-6545
2304:, p. 225.
2024:cite book
1825:(2017).
1750:0035-3299
1658:, p. 130.
1611:cite book
1603:944957747
1274:Wehrmacht
1190:Aftermath
994:rehearsal
963:Politburo
753:from the
648:"This is
470:, and of
451:in 1935.
416:suffered
333:romanized
263:1914–1937
2965:Red Army
2864:Brezhnev
2859:Koshevoy
2854:Batitsky
2834:Zakharov
2809:Biryuzov
2799:Bulganin
2719:Blyukher
2709:Budyonny
2216:24 March
2137:Archived
2134:Chapter8
2082:, p. 39.
2069:, p. 59.
2016:24303833
1368:Budyonny
1320:defector
1264:leaders
1260:accuses
1184:clemency
1062:Nomonhan
984:: "Only
978:dictator
955:Napoleon
953:(little
861:outside
836:Smolensk
796:7th Army
747:5th Army
719:Red Army
667:—
617:nihilist
604:Le Monde
527:Crusades
488:Yezhov's
468:aviation
437:Red Army
414:Red Army
294:Commands
254:Red Army
234:Service/
2948:of the
2884:Sokolov
2879:Ogarkov
2874:Kulikov
2869:Ustinov
2839:Golikov
2829:Chuikov
2814:Grechko
2764:Govorov
2714:Yegorov
2614:of the
2610:in the
2388:, p. 95
2242:: p. 18
1779:Grasset
1333:Okhrana
1243:fascist
1233:Before
1114:Germany
986:Molotov
931:defence
879:Vistula
832:Vitebsk
822:in 1920
779:in the
751:Siberia
658:Stribog
654:Dazhbog
539:Russian
484:treason
435:of the
404:in the
3225:(1992)
3209:
3194:(1991)
3098:
3050:(1941)
3018:(1931)
2994:(1925)
2946:Chiefs
2899:Petrov
2844:Krylov
2749:Stalin
2739:Zhukov
2582:
2574:
2509:
2476:127506
2474:
2434:
2384:
2276:
2238:
2185:
2164:
2114:
2014:
2004:
1958:
1888:
1837:
1784:
1748:
1638:
1601:
1591:
1539:
1512:
1485:
1127:Chief
1112:, and
1110:France
1012:Pravda
965:via a
943:Zhukov
913:, and
867:Stalin
863:Warsaw
848:Warsaw
846:, and
781:Crimea
687:Yarilo
236:branch
221:
205:
190:
169:Buried
155:Moscow
41:, the
2904:Yazov
2789:Beria
2759:Konev
2729:Kulik
2580:S2CID
2472:JSTOR
2207:(PDF)
1829:[
1205:Gulag
844:Minsk
840:Wilno
785:Kuban
770:RSFSR
758:White
683:]
662:Veles
650:Perun
577:then.
554:]
2572:ISSN
2507:ISSN
2432:ISBN
2412:Life
2382:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2218:2019
2183:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2030:link
2012:OCLC
2002:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1886:ISBN
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