774:
367:. He describes her as pious and contrasts her with the "impiety" of her father-in-law and husband: 'she learned Holy Scripture and lived piously, thus reproving the impiety of those men '. The emperors Leo III and Constantine V were
382:
was still the senior empress at the time of
Tzitzak's marriage. Leo III died on 18 June 741. Constantine V succeeded him with Irene as empress. However, civil war broke out almost immediately as
393:—better known as "Leo the Khazar". Leo's birth is the last mention of Irene in the historical record. By the following year, Constantine was already married to his second wife
386:, brother-in-law of Constantine, claimed the throne for himself. The civil war lasted until 2 November 743. The role of Irene in the war is not described by Theophanes.
333:
for her marriage. Constantine was about fourteen years old, while
Tzitzak may have been even younger as she would not give birth for eighteen years. Tzitzak became a
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1365:
2283:
1265:
2298:
2186:
2152:
1994:
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1374:
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270:
to denote the empress's garment and deems
Moravcsik's idea that Tzitzak was her personal name "far-fetched". Therefore, Erdal thinks that
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1937:
1351:
773:
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more likely described the colourfulness of the empress's garment; Erdal additionally reminds readers of Hebrew
47:
345:. Tzitzak's wedding gown became famous, starting a new fashion craze in Constantinople for male robes called
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2012:
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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2038:
1974:
1954:
1825:
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389:
On 25 January 750, Constantine and
Tzitzak had a son, Leo, who would succeed his father as
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17:
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83:
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monk. His praise probably reflected the fact that Irene herself shared his views.
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The
Student's Gibbon: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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1165:
1105:
1045:
1014:
944:
668:
984:
894:
889:
1347:
557:
553:
397:. Lynda Garland has suggested Tzitzak died in childbirth.
322:. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Tzitzak to
472:
2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, Inc, 2006.
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443:
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439:
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177:
131:
119:
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40:
33:
28:
482:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
1359:
569:
253:
244:
235:
8:
2233:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
283:
1690:
1366:
1352:
1344:
576:
562:
554:
507:
378:It is uncertain whether her mother-in-law
25:
429:Erdal, Marcel, "The Khazar Language" in
503:A short article on her by Lynda Garland
406:
300:was under threat of invasion from the
282:'fringed Jewish ceremonial shawl' and
102:
450:"Irene, wife of Constantine V" (2000)
363:records that Tzitzak learned to read
7:
198:, who became empress by marriage to
480:The History of the Jewish Khazars,
419:. Harper. 1894-01-01. p. 407.
326:, son and junior co-ruler of Leo.
14:
258:, all meaning 'flower'. However,
772:
491:, Oxford University Press, 1991.
2284:8th-century Byzantine empresses
35:Empress of the Byzantine Empire
23:Empress of the Byzantine Empire
488:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
111:Tzitzak (baptismal name Irene)
1:
2299:Mothers of Byzantine emperors
2241:incidates an empress regnant.
155:
72:
2294:8th-century Byzantine people
2289:740s in the Byzantine Empire
2071:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
433:. Brill, 2007. p. 80, n. 22
284:
178:
2315:
15:
2228:
2106:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
1607:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
1328:
770:
591:
542:
526:Byzantine Empress consort
523:
515:
510:
275:
245:
167:
151:
110:
101:
431:The World of the Khazars
371:while Theophanes was an
361:Theophanes the Confessor
329:Tzitzak was escorted to
16:Not to be confused with
2024:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1630:Flavia Julia Constantia
1262:Khazar ancestry claims
236:
1547:Marcia Otacilia Severa
1010:Semikarakorsk Fortress
254:
2111:Theodora Palaiologina
2081:Anna Komnene Angelina
2019:Catherine of Bulgaria
1950:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
1419:Agrippina the Younger
1253:Khazar Correspondence
470:The Jews of Khazaria.
230:word descending from
2269:Deaths in childbirth
2182:Sophia of Montferrat
2101:Anna of Hohenstaufen
1960:Theophano Martinakia
1868:Theodora of Khazaria
1501:Julia Cornelia Paula
1464:Faustina the Younger
306:Leo III the Isaurian
298:Eastern Roman Empire
2160:Keratsa of Bulgaria
2143:Helena Kantakouzene
2123:Irene of Montferrat
2086:Philippa of Armenia
2066:Margaret of Hungary
1918:Theophano of Athens
1737:Julius Nepos's wife
1552:Herennia Etruscilla
1375:Roman and Byzantine
646:Dnieper trade route
308:sent an embassy to
2259:8th-century births
2187:Maria of Trebizond
2153:Irene Palaiologina
2133:Irene of Brunswick
2091:Maria of Courtenay
2051:Bertha of Sulzbach
1459:Faustina the Elder
1434:Statilia Messalina
1310:Mandgelis Document
1293:Khazars in fiction
1232:Svetlana Pletnyova
874:Yitzhak ha-Sangari
304:. Seeking allies,
189:, the daughter of
2246:
2245:
2215:Byzantine emperor
2044:Dobrodeia of Kiev
1820:
1819:
1624:Valeria Maximilla
1562:Cornelia Salonina
1516:Sallustia Orbiana
1341:
1340:
1222:Alexander Harkavy
1192:Mikhail Artamonov
641:Volga trade route
552:
551:
543:Succeeded by
476:Douglas M. Dunlop
359:The chronicle of
302:Umayyad Caliphate
240:and cognate with
222:is most likely a
176:
141:
140:
115:
114:
96:Leo IV the Khazar
2306:
2279:Isaurian dynasty
2165:Irene Gattilusio
2076:Eudokia Angelina
2056:Maria of Antioch
2039:Irene of Hungary
1975:Zoe Karbonopsina
1955:Eudokia Ingerina
1828:Byzantine Empire
1691:
1536:Caecilia Paulina
1494:Fulvia Plautilla
1484:Manlia Scantilla
1474:Bruttia Crispina
1409:Milonia Caesonia
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1320:Schechter Letter
1276:Crimean Karaites
1227:Thomas S. Noonan
776:
611:Arab–Khazar wars
578:
571:
564:
555:
516:Preceded by
508:
466:Kevin Alan Brook
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126:Isaurian Dynasty
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2191:
2128:Rita of Armenia
2116:Anna of Hungary
2096:Irene Laskarina
2061:Agnes of France
2029:Maria of Alania
1980:Helena Lekapene
1830:
1827:
1816:
1749:
1741:
1725:Marcia Euphemia
1720:Licinia Eudoxia
1697:
1689:
1680:Aelia Flaccilla
1602:Galeria Valeria
1584:
1576:
1557:Cornelia Supera
1528:
1520:
1449:Pompeia Plotina
1444:Domitia Longina
1439:Galeria Fundana
1424:Claudia Octavia
1399:Livia Orestilla
1386:
1378:
1372:
1342:
1337:
1324:
1286:Jewish Cossacks
1258:Khazar language
1241:
1237:Omeljan Pritsak
1212:Peter B. Golden
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365:religious texts
357:
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264:Constantine VII
216:Gyula Moravcsik
212:
158:750), baptised
63:
45:
24:
21:
18:Irene of Athens
12:
11:
5:
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2301:
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2291:
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2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:Anna of Moscow
2167:
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2157:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2036:
2034:Irene Doukaina
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Eudokia Baïana
1967:
1965:Zoe Zaoutzaina
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:Maria of Amnia
1905:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
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1747:Eastern Empire
1743:
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1722:
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1715:Galla Placidia
1712:
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1695:Western Empire
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1567:Ulpia Severina
1564:
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1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
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1518:
1513:
1511:Annia Faustina
1508:
1506:Aquilia Severa
1503:
1498:
1486:
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1479:Flavia Titiana
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
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1429:Poppaea Sabina
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
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1404:Lollia Paulina
1401:
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1387:27 BC – AD 235
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1197:Vasily Bartold
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1176:Volga Bulgaria
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1579:
1573:
1572:Magnia Urbica
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Kievan Letter
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Crimean Goths
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Black Klobuks
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:Hazer Tarkhan
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
782:Other figures
780:
775:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
659:
657:
656:Khazar rulers
653:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Pax Khazarica
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
586:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
556:
547:
540:
537:
536:
528:
527:
520:
514:
511:Royal titles
509:
504:
501:
500:
496:
490:
489:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
463:
458:
451:
446:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
426:
423:
418:
417:
410:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
352:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
324:Constantine V
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
286:
281:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
243:
238:
233:
229:
226:version of a
225:
221:
217:
214:According to
209:
207:
205:
204:Constantine V
201:
200:Eastern Roman
197:
194:
193:
188:
185:
180:
174:
165:
161:
149:
145:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
109:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
84:Constantine V
82:
78:
71:
67:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2173:
2151:
2114:
2042:
2011:
2004:
1942:
1900:
1892:
1877:
1729:
1622:
1542:Tranquillina
1492:
1454:Vibia Sabina
1297:
925:Golden Hills
868:
789:Alp Iluetuer
538:
532:
524:
485:
479:
469:
459:Bibliography
430:
425:
415:
409:
388:
377:
358:
346:
328:
313:
296:In 732, the
295:
271:
267:
260:Marcel Erdal
232:Proto-Turkic
219:
213:
190:
159:
143:
142:
2235:underlining
1807:Constantina
1489:Julia Domna
1217:Lev Gumilev
1207:Norman Golb
1202:D.M. Dunlop
1034:Tributaries
910:Chersonesus
844:Ras Tarkhan
794:Alp Tarkhan
724:Manasseh II
369:iconoclasts
288:'fringes'.
262:notes that
64:8th century
2264:750 deaths
2253:Categories
1938:Euphrosyne
1710:Thermantia
1670:Constantia
1384:Principate
1281:Subbotniks
1126:Laz people
1091:East Slavs
1041:Abkhazians
1025:Tamatarkha
995:Samosdelka
859:Sviatoslav
704:Manasseh I
631:Radhanites
401:References
384:Artabasdos
337:under the
224:Hellenized
50:, 741–743)
1990:Theophano
1928:Theodosia
1903:of Athens
1858:Anastasia
1767:Pulcheria
1612:Minervina
1414:Messalina
1377:empresses
1266:Ashkenazi
1156:Pechenegs
1056:Baranjars
799:Balgitzin
684:Zachariah
621:Meshchera
596:Byzantium
539:(741–743)
373:iconodule
348:tzitzakia
339:baptismal
335:Christian
210:Etymology
182:), was a
173:romanized
2220:Augustae
2196:See also
2013:Theodora
1995:Theodora
1985:Theodora
1944:Theodora
1923:Prokopia
1913:Theodote
1848:Gregoria
1831:610–1453
1826:Eastern/
1792:Theodora
1787:Euphemia
1731:Placidia
1640:Faustina
1597:Eutropia
1582:Dominate
1333:Category
1315:Red Jews
1271:Cossacks
1185:Scholars
1141:Mordvins
1111:Kipchaks
1066:Bashkirs
980:Sambalut
975:Samandar
955:Khazaran
920:Güsliyev
915:Dagestan
900:Balanjar
864:Theodora
834:Papatzys
749:Aaron II
744:Benjamin
709:Hanukkah
699:Hezekiah
616:Kipchaks
606:Abbasids
601:Bulgaria
585:Khazaria
278:
202:Emperor
187:princess
2231:Italics
1888:Eudokia
1878:Tzitzak
1863:Eudokia
1843:Martina
1812:Leontia
1782:Zenonis
1777:Ariadne
1750:395–610
1698:395–480
1665:Domnica
1660:Justina
1650:Charito
1635:Eusebia
1585:284–610
1529:235–285
1469:Lucilla
1171:Uralics
1151:Onogurs
1136:Magyars
1131:Lezgins
1121:Kassogs
1061:Barsils
1051:Arsiyah
990:Samiran
965:Levedia
940:Kazarki
869:Tzitzak
854:Sfengus
809:Bulchan
739:Menahem
734:Aaron I
719:Zebulun
694:Obadiah
679:Parsbit
530:741–750
355:Empress
320:Khazars
318:of the
285:ṣiṣiyoṯ
276:צִיצִית
272:tzitzak
268:tzitzak
251:Turkish
242:Chuvash
220:Tzitzak
175::
154:; died
152:Τζιτζάκ
144:Tzitzak
121:Dynasty
62:Tzitzak
44:741–750
29:Tzitzak
2000:Helena
1933:Thekla
1853:Fausta
1797:Sophia
1772:Verina
1645:Helena
1618:Fausta
1592:Prisca
1526:Crisis
1299:Kuzari
1246:Legacy
1161:Sabirs
1116:Kumyks
1106:Kabars
1101:Juhuri
1086:Cumans
1076:Burtas
1005:Sarkel
1000:Saqsin
985:Sambat
960:Khumar
935:Kavkaz
883:Places
849:Serach
839:Pesakh
829:Leo IV
804:Barjik
764:George
754:Joseph
315:Khagan
228:Turkic
192:khagan
184:Khazar
168:Εἰρήνη
132:Father
80:Spouse
46:(with
41:Tenure
1901:Irene
1883:Maria
1873:Maria
1705:Maria
1685:Galla
1675:Laeta
1394:Livia
1166:Sarir
1146:Oghuz
1046:Alans
1020:Taman
1015:Sudak
950:Kerem
945:Kerch
930:Kaffa
759:David
714:Isaac
689:Bulan
674:Bihar
669:Busir
664:Irbis
546:Maria
533:with
519:Maria
395:Maria
380:Maria
343:Irene
341:name
310:Bihar
280:ṣiṣiṯ
266:used
255:çiçek
246:чечек
237:čeček
196:Bihar
179:Irini
164:Greek
160:Irene
148:Greek
136:Bihar
106:Names
91:Issue
2239:bold
2208:list
2172:(w.
2150:(w.
2113:(w.
2041:(w.
1894:Anna
1491:(w.
1096:Huns
895:Azaq
890:Atil
819:HLGW
729:Nisi
636:Rus'
535:Anna
486:The
292:Life
249:and
69:Died
59:Born
48:Anna
2006:Zoë
1614:(?)
1538:(?)
905:Bar
75:750
2255::
478:.
468:.
438:^
351:.
312:,
218:,
170:,
166::
156:c.
150::
73:c.
2178:)
2156:)
2119:)
2047:)
1497:)
1367:e
1360:t
1353:v
577:e
570:t
563:v
234:*
162:(
146:(
20:.
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