1937:
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3345:, p. 97: "ჩაჩნური, ანუ ნახჭოური, ინგუშური, ანუ ქისტური ჩრდილოეთს კავკასიაში და წოვური, ანუ ბაცბური საქართველოში, თუშეთის თეშში. ენათა შეორე ცალკეულ ჯგუფს შეადგენენ, რომელსაც ამჟამად აგრეთვე თავისი ცალკეული ზოგადი სახელი არ მოეპოება. ძველად, ბერძენთა და რომალითა იეოგრაფები იმიერკავკასიის შუა და აღმოსავლეთის ნაწილის მიწა-წყალზე მობინადრედ გელ-ებსა და ლეგ-ებს ასახელებდენ. გელ-ების სახელი უდრის იქაურსი და თუშურს თანამედროვე ღალღას, ლეგ-ებისა კი ქართულს ლეკებს პირველი სახელის ქართ. შესატყვისობა ღილღვი (მხ. რ.) და ლილივებია (მრ. რ.), რომელიც ძველს თუშურ ხალხურ ლექსებში ხშირად გვხვდება. სხვაგან და ჩვეულებრივ საქართველოში კი მათ აღსანიშნივად ღლილვია მიღებული. რაკი ზემოაღნიშნული სამი ენის ზოგადი სახელი არ არსებობს, ასეთი სახელი კი საჭიროა, ამიტომ, ხელოვნურად შეთხზულის მაგოერ, აქაც ისევ ძველად არსებული ასეთი სახელის გამოყენება სჯობია, სწორედ ამ მოსაზრებით ვხელმძღვანელობ, რომ ენათა მეორე ჯგუფის. — ჩაჩნურიიხა, ქისტურისა და წოვური ენების, — ზოგად სახელად ისევ ღილღღურის შემოღებას ვრჩეობ".
2599:В старинных русских дипломатических актах, относящихся к 16−17 столетиям, упоминается в горах по Тереку народ мичкизы. Впоследствии, когда русские войска побывали за Тереком, появились названия чеченцев и кистов, наконец, при более близком знакомстве с горцами восточной половины северного склона Кавказского хребта, мы узнали о существовании галгаев, глигвов, ингушей, карабулаков, назрановцев, ичкеринцев, ауховцев и много других народов. После лингвистических исследований оказалось, что все они составляют одно племя или народ, который сам себя называет нахчий, у нас же известен теперь под именем чеченцев. Bcе же приведенные выше названия означают или родовые подразделения этого народа, или заимствованы нами от названий селений (напр. назрановцы и чеченцы) и местностей (ауховцы, ичкеринцы), или же, наконец, взяты у соседних народов
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740:"Chachnuri" (Chechen) – i.e. "Nakhchouri" (Nakhchoy), "Ingushuri" (Ingush) – i.e. "Kisturi" (Kist) in the North Caucasus, and "Tsovuri" (Tsova) – i.e. "Batsburi" (Batsbi) in Georgia, in the Tushin community, constitute another separate group, which currently does not have its own common distinct name. In ancient times, Greek and Roman geographers called the native inhabitants of the middle and eastern parts of the North Caucasus – "Geli" and "Legi". The name Geli (Gelae) is the equivalent of the modern "Ghalgha", as pronounced in their own language and in the Tushin language; and the equivalent of Legi is the Georgian "Lekebi" (Leks, Avars). In Georgian, the first corresponds to "Gh
2581:Чеченцев обыкновенно делят на множество групп, или обществ, давая им имя от рек и гор, на которых они обитали, или от значительных аулов, обнаруживающих влияние на другие. Таковы алдинцы, атагинцы, назрановцы, карабулаки, джерахи, галгаевцы, мичиковцы, качкалыковцы, ичкеринцы, ауховцы и прочие, и прочие. Но это разделение чеченского народа на множество отдельных родов сделано, однако же, русскими и, в строгом смысле, имеет значение только для них же. Местным жителям оно совершенно неизвестно. Чеченцы сами себя называют нахче, то есть народ, и название это относится одинаково ко всем племенам и поколениям, говорящим на чеченском языке и его наречиях.
2309:. Another theory posits that the Dvals were of Karvelian (Georgian) origin. Various evidence given to support the Nakh theory (Different scholars use different arguments.) includes the presence of Nakh placenames in former Dval territory, taken as evidence of Nakh–Svan contact, which probably would have indicated the Nakh nature of the Dvals or of people there before them, and the presence of a foreign-origin Dval clan among the Chechens. The Dvals were assimilated by the Georgians and the Ossetians. It is thought that Dval did not become fully extinct until the 18th century, making the Dvals the most recent Nakh people known to have disappeared.
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Deeli-Malkhi. Deeli-Malkhi was larger than the human realm and took seven years to create. Nakhs believed that when the sun sets in the west it goes to the netherworld and rises out of it in the east. Deeli-Malkhi was not an evil realm of the dead or undead, but not far removed in morality from the upper world – even superior to it in some respects – most notably in its social structures. Unlike in certain other religions, there was no judgment in the afterlife. Dela-Malkh was the sun god playing a central role in religious celebrations. On
December 25, Nakhs celebrated the Sun Festival in honour of the Sun God's birthday.
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them, keeping only a morsel of burnt bread for themselves, while giving an unburnt loaf of fine white bread to their guests. On leaving the house, the grateful strangers told the family that after some time had passed, water would begin to form puddles outside their front door, and that when this happened they should gather up only the barest of necessities, leave their home, and go to the mountains. The poor family heeded this advice, but, before departing for higher ground, warned the rich of the town of the impending disaster, and begged them to follow them, but, such was the
2517:Вот исчисление всех племен, на которые принято делить Чеченцев. В строгом же смысле деление это не имеет основания. Самим Чеченцам оно совершенно неизвестно. Они сами себя называют Нахче, т.е. "народ" и это относится до всего народа, говорящего на Чеченском языке и его наречиях. Упомянутые же названия им были даны или от аулов, как Цори, Галгай, Шатой и др., или от рек и гор, как Мичиковцы и Качкалыки. Весьма вероятно, что рано или поздно все или большая часть приведенных нами имен исчезнут и Чеченцы удержат за собою одно общее наименование.
2549:Предлагаемая азбука составлена для языка народа, который сам себя назвал "нахчуй" или "нахчий" (в единственном числе – "нахчуо"), а у нас называемо чеченцами или кистинцами (последнее название грузинское). Язык нахчуй дробится на множество наречий, которые возникли частью по уединенному положению некоторых обществ, частью под влиянием языков соседних народов, осетин, и в особенности кумыков» язык нахчуй демонстрирует «замечательное характерное единство» за исключением диалекта джераховцев, которые говорят весьма измененным наречием.
2350:. Some researchers localize the Durdzuks in the mountainous Ingushetia and identify them with the Ingush, others believe that during the Middle Ages the population of Chechnya was known to the South Caucasian peoples under the name "Durdzuks" (or "Dzurdzuks"), and the population of Ingushetia under the names "Gligvi" The Georgian historian V. N. Gamrekeli claims that "Durdzuk" is definitely and, with all its references, uniformly localized, between Didoet-Dagestan in the east and the gorge of the Terek River, in the west.
1594:, daughter of the Vainakh supreme deity Dela. The goddess, outraged at such sacrilege, punished the offenders by turning them into two stones. This, however, did not solve the problem of the ritually impure lake and the enraged goddess could no longer bear to dwell in its sullied waters. Emerging from them, she assumed the form of a supernatural bull, and began systematically to destroy the villages that dotted the hillside. This destruction continued until, at last, the bull was tamed in the
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mercenaries by various parties. They had a written language using
Georgian script (It is not known whether they spoke that language however.), but most of these writings have been lost, with only a few pieces surviving. After the 14th-century Second Mongol Invasion of Durdzuketi and the destruction wrought by the two invasions (including, as Amjad Jaimoukha notes, the destruction of their memory of their past), they radically changed their culture.
1936:
1524:. The legendary war of Pkhalberi (hare riders) dwarves against the Narts can be compared to the Greek myth of "Cranes and Pygmies war". The Golden Fleece myth appears to be intricately intertwined with the Nakh 11-year calendar tradition. According to this myth, a ram's skin was ceremonially placed within an oak frame known as "Jaar" for a duration of 11 years, eventually yielding the revered Golden Fleece known as "Dasho Ertal."
2631:В Чечне живут чеченцы, число которых по переписи 1897 года простирается до 283 421 лиц обоего пола. Имя свое получили они от разрушенного большого аула Чечень, расположенного в нижнем течении Аргуна. Русские делили их на 20 различных племен, как-то: назрановцев, кистин, галгаев, цоринов, шатойцев, шароецев, чабирлойцев, ичкеринцев, качкаликов и т. д. Народ сам не знает этих названий. Они сами называют себя "нахче", т.е. народ»
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1914:
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2463:Но после их объединения в 1934 г. в единую Чечено-Ингушскую автономную область (Чечено-Ингушская АССР с 1936 г.) власти всеми силами пытались обеспечить слияние чеченцев и ингушей в единый народ, для которого было создано новое название «вейнахи/вайнахи». В 1960-1980-х гг. эта идентичность активно внедрялась в сознание чеченцев и ингушей и постепенно приобретала все большую популярность.
960:
1390:
1533:
1159:, and filled artificial terraces with it. For maximum harvest was organized by the entire irrigation system, which consisted of a small artificial stream canals connected with the mountain rivers, these canals were called Taatol, they also built a small stone canals called Epala, and quite small wooden troughs Aparri. Some scholars notably
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976:, a unit of tribal organization of Vainakh people. Teip has its own Council of Elders and unites people from the political, economic and military sides. Teips leave all cases to the democratically elected representatives of houses i.e. "Tsa". The number of participants of Teipan-Kheli depends on the number of houses.
1794:, located mainly in the Middle East, Caucasus and Mediterranean) was highly associated with Nakh peoples. J2a4b* accounted for the majority of the Y-chromosomes of Ingush and Chechen men, with the Ingush having a much higher percentage, 87.4%, than Chechens, who had 51–58% depending on region (the lowest being in
1045:'s regime, the Teip-Council system was strongly criticized by the federal and local administration installed in Chechnya and Ingushetia, who viewed it as a destabilizing force and an obstacle to maintaining order. They said that such a system was illustrative of the anarchic nature of the Caucasian ethos.
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Interestingly, the tradition of an ancient settlement associated with the lake is borne out by the archeological record for the area: traces of human habitation dating back as far as 40,000 BC have been found near Kouzan-am. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence bear witness to
1482:
Burial vaults or crypts remained from the pagan period in the history of
Vainakhs, before some of them converted to Islam in the 16th century (Islam has spread throughout the entire region only in the 17th century). They were built either a bit deepening into the ground or half underground and on the
752:
ghvi". Since there is no common name for the above three languages, such a name is necessary, therefore, instead of an artificially invented name, it is better to use the (traditional) name that existed in antiquity. It is with this in mind that I choose to present this group of languages – Chachnuri
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was their state, and it distinguished itself by the decisive role it and its people played in fending off the Arab invasion of
Georgia. Their language is thought by many historians (including Vladimir Minorsky and Amjad Jaimoukha) to be Nakh, based on placenames, geographic location, and other such
1880:
by
Diakonoff). Several studies argue that the connection is probable. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Various interpretations of the Nakh-Urartian relationship exist: another,
1486:
The general
Islamic rituals established burials with the further penetration of Islam inside the mountainous regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Stone steles, churts, inscribed with prayers and epitaphs, began to be erected at the graves and more prosperous mountaineers were honoured with mausoleums
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their traditional aristocracy and established a democratic, egalitarian society, with some adoptions from the Nakh system. This advance, which may have spread eventually to all of the
Circassian tribes, was halted by their political state being annihilated by Russian conquest, a fate later shared by
383:"Nakhchoy". Cheese in Chechen is called "nakhchi"; the plural form of the word is "nakhchiy", hence the popular name "Nakhchoy", that is, "people abounding with cheese." It is also possible that this name was ascribed to the lowland Chechens as a mockery, calling them raw foodists, just as today the
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claimed that the terms "Nakh" and "Nakhchi" are not the same, and have different foundations and different origins. Whatever the case, contemporary historians and linguists agree that the ethnonym includes the term "Nakh" (people). Many historians such as Potto, Berge, Gan, Dubrovin believed that it
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The
Durdzuks constructed numerous kingdoms, notably Durdzuketi; and they were noted for their exceptionally fierce devotion to freedom and their ability to resist invaders, ranging from the Arabs to the Scythians to Turkic peoples to the Mongolian invaders. They seemed also to have been employed as
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to
Kazakhstan in 1944). The inhabitants of Galain-Chazh harnessed the energies of the newly-tamed animal, availing themselves of its mighty strength to plough their fields; but the following Spring torrential rain began to fall upon the fields which the sacred animal had ploughed. This pelting rain
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nature of the indigenous
Chechen governments prior to Russian conquest. According to the Western Ichkerophile Tony Wood, the Vainakh peoples, in particular the Chechens (as the Ingush and the Batsbi have fallen under foreign domination much more frequently and as a result, the indigenous system and
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and covetousness. Thus it came to pass that the supreme god Dela sent his representatives in the guise of beggars, to test them. They begged the wealthy citizens to give them food, but were driven away with only blows and curses in return. Only one poor family in the village shared their food with
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minority (Sunni sect). The two main groups (Salafism is more of a modern introduction to the region, and is still considered to be completely foreign) have often had divergent responses to events (for example, the Qadiri authorities initially backing the Bolsheviks who promised to grant freedom to
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who believed the etymology made no sense. Linguists and historians such as Shavlaeva and Tesaev, however, believed the etymology confused "Nakhch" (cheese) with the Chechen term "Nakhch" (processed), which has the same root. In their version, the etymology would mean "the processed ones" (i.e. the
382:
In primitive times, having not yet been acquainted with arable farming, for lack of bread they (lowland Chechens) ate a large amount of cheese; boasting of their abundance in front of their compatriots who lived in the meager Argun mountains and populous Ichkeria, they called themselves in Chechen
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It is notable that the Chechen and Ingush systems, as well as the system later adopted from them by some Eastern Circassian tribes, resembles the typical Western democratic republic. It has a central government with a legislative body (the Mehk-Khel), a body resemblant of an executive branch (the
990:
The national scale issues were addressed through Mehk-Khel, the People's Council. Representatives of the Council were elected by each Teip Council and had an enormous influence on the destiny of the people. They could start a war or prohibit and prevent any teip from starting one. Mehk-Khel could
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and Nazranians are reluctant to call themselves Nakhchoy, which stems from their previous hostile attitudes towards the Chechens. But with the outpouring of heartfelt feelings at meetings, at a party, on the way, etc. they always confirm their unity of tribe, expressing themselves: "We are common
1632:
In ancient Nakh cosmology, the universe was created by the supreme god Dela. Earth, created in three years, was three times larger than the heavens and was propped up on gigantic bull horns. The realm of the Vainakh Gods lay above the clouds. Ishtar-Deela was the ruler of the subterranean world,
1814:, which would have had a greater effect among the Ingush than the Chechens due to their smaller population. The Chechens and the Ingush have the highest frequencies of J2a4b* yet reported (other relatively high frequencies, between 10 and 20 percent, are found in the Mediterranean and Georgia).
264:
There is a tribe of people differing entirely from all other inhabitants of the Caucasus, in language as well as in stature, and features of the countenance: the Galgai or Ingush, also referred to as Lamur, meaning "inhabitants of mountains". Their nearest relatives, both by consanguinity and
2300:
The Dvals were a historic people living in modern-day South Ossetia and some nearby regions, as well as the southern parts of North Ossetia (South and West of the Gligvs, South and East of the Malkh). They integrated themselves into the Georgian kingdom and produced a number of fine Georgian
2230:(referring to the lake Durdukka in the South Caucasus, where they are thought to have migrated from, as noted by Strabo, before intermixing with the local population) which they applied to a Nakh people who had migrated north across the mountains to settle in modern Chechnya and Ingushetia.
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of the rich folk, that they would not abandon their treasures – not even to save themselves from a watery grave. That evening, the family watched from the mountains as a terrible catastrophe unfolded: they saw the water cover their house and with it the greedy folk who had stayed behind. To
3892:
Balanovsky, O.; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; Schurr, T.; Haak, W.; Kuznetsova, M.; Radzhabov, M.; Balaganskaya, O.; Romanov, A.; Zakharova, T.; Soria Hernanz, D. F.; Zalloua, P.; Koshel, S.; Ruhlen, M.; Renfrew, C.; Wells, R. S.;
839:). "Maghas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan. Historically, Maghas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built." However, there are many other theories as to where Maghas was originally located, such as in
1483:
surface. The latter formed whole "towns of the dead" on the outskirts of the villages and reminded sanctuaries from the outside, with a dummy vaults constructed of overlapping stones. The deceased were placed on the special shelves in the crypts, in clothes and decorations and arms.
987:, a military-economic or military-political union of teips. However, this has been heavily disputed by several historians and ethnographers, including Dalgat who claims that most Chechens never used tukkhums. He also claims that they were only used by some societies in the lowlands.
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into one term. The terms "Vainakh" (our people) and "Nakh" (people) were first used as a term to unite two peoples in 1928. It was subsequently popularized by other Soviet authors, poets, and historians such as Mamakaev and Volkova in their research. According to the historian
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are mockingly called “kaldash yuts nakh”, that is, people who eat cottage cheese. That the Chechens got the name "Nakhchoy" from cheese is also confirmed by the fact that the Nazrans, who do not speak in the same Chechen language, call cheese "nakhchi", and the Chechens -
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Mehk-Khetasho) as well as a judicial branch (the other councils). The adat and other bodies have served as the constitution. The members of all three of the main national councils of the nation were elected, producing an indigenous democracy of the Nakh peoples.
971:
Traditionally, Nakh peoples were known as a society with a highly developed and complex clan system. Individuals are united in family groups called "Tsa" – house. Several Tsa's are part of the "Gar" -branch or "Nekh"-road, a group of Gar's is in turn called a
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was the second one to use this term for both the Chechens and Ingush. The famous Russian linguist Peter von Uslar, who studied the North Caucasian languages, also referred to both nations in 1888 as "Nakhchuy"/"Nakhchiy". This classification was also used by
1048:
The democratic and egalitarian nature, the values of freedom and equality of Chechen society have been cited as factors contributing to their resistance to Russian rule (in addition, there was no elite to be coopted by Tsarist authorities, as Wood notes).
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published several works about Chechen and Ingush ethnography. He proposed to use the term "Nakhchuy" for both the Chechens and Ingush. This, however, had no fruition in Caucasology, mainly due to the fact that the Ingush commonly referred to themselves as
1202:
in their letters to Russian Government, despite the fact that they are a natural enemy of the tree. In 1722 the Russian Army bought 616 vehicles for 1308 rubles, at a time when the annual salary of the governor of the three villages was only 50 rubles.
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199:
2377:
The Khamekits were another ancient Nakh people of the North Caucasus who were farmers. They were also probably undone by Scythian invaders. A remnant of them may have been absorbed by the Vainakh, as their name may now be reflected in the Ingush teip
2225:
is an earlier form of the Vainakh ethnonym. Jaimoukha notes that "Gargarean" is one of many Nakh root words - gergara, meaning, in fact, "kindred" in proto-Nakh. If this is the case, it would make Gargarei virtually equivalent to the Georgian term
1515:
The Nakh myth recounts the tale of the legendary figure Pkharmat, who was purportedly shackled atop Mount Kazbek by God Sela as punishment for his audacious theft of heavenly fire. This narrative bears notable similarities to the Greek myth of
117:
1090:
Residential towers had two or three floors, supported by a central pillar of stone blocks, and were topped with flat shale roofing. These towers have been compared in character to the prehistoric mountain settlements dating to 8000 BC.
2362:
The Isadiks were an ancient Nakh people of the North Caucasus who were farmers. They were probably undone by Scythian invaders. A remnant of them may have been absorbed by the Vainakh, as their name can now be seen in the Chechen teip
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106:
1021:; notably, all three, much like the Vainakh peoples, are mountain dwelling peoples with a clan-based social organization and a strong attachment to the concept of freedom). In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a couple of
1227:(Chechen). Ingush and Chechen rugs are distinguished by a peculiar pattern and high quality. Jacob Reineggs, who visited the region in the 18th century, noticed that Chechen and Ingush women skillfully manufactured carpets and
999:
Chechen-Ingush society has always been egalitarian, unstratified, and classless. Traditionally, there was no formal political organization and no political or economic ranking. Many observers, including famous Russians such as
991:
gather in different places at different times. It used to gather in Terloy-Mokhk and Akkhi-Mokhk's Galain-Chozh region. A gigantic Mehk-Kheli stone still stands in Galain-Chozh, around which Mehk-Kheli members solved issues.
3677:"Ингуши трудолюбивы, особенно женщины. Они не только хлопочут по хозяйству, но также шьют одежду для своих мужей, ходят в лес за дровами и несут этот тяжелый груз верст 10 через горные хребты. Женщины работают на мельницах,
1094:
Military ("combat") towers were 25 meters high or more, with four of five floors and a square base approximately six meters wide. Access to the second floor was through a ladder. The defenders fired at the enemy through
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175:
of the Ingush. Starting in the second half of the 19th century, the term was used by some Russian officers, historians and linguists for both the Chechen and Ingush nations (and sometimes for the Batsbi, notably by
4402:Латышев В. В. Известия древних писателей греческих и латинских о Скифии и Кавказе, т. 1, Греческие писатели, СПб, 1890; т.2, Латинские писатели, вып.1, СПб, 1904, вып.2, СПб, 1906; Крупнов Е. И. Ук.соч., page.25.
2268:
evidence. However, there is opposition to the theory that theirs was a Nakh language. Others claim they spoke a Sarmatian language like Ossetic. The Tsanars, too, eventually were assimilated within Georgiandom.
284:
135:, the terms "Vainakh" and "Nakh" were introduced more actively during the period from the 1960s through the 1980s. The first documented collective term used to refer to the Nakh peoples in general "
4916:
1087:. This was a kind of multi-floor structure that was used for dwelling or defense (or both). Nakh tower architecture and construction techniques reached their peak from the 15th to 17th centuries.
1590:
Legend has it that two women once decided to wash their laundry in the purest water to be found near their village, and that this water proved to be that of the sacred Lake Galain-am, abode of
1618:
continued to flood the fields until at last they disappeared beneath the waters of a new lake, into which Tusholi gratefully disappeared, rejoicing in the purity of her newly-formed abode.
5025:
1009:
democratic values are less deeply ingrained), could be described as one of the few nations in the world with an indigenous system highly resemblant of democracy (others cited are often
5072:
1560:. It relates that there once stood a very rich town at the place where now there is only a lake. Despite their great wealth, the people of this town were afflicted with insatiable
673:), thus, translated as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin. Some scholars associate it with the ancient
1925:
210:
1669:, seven sons of Tq'a were punished by his wife Khimekhninen for help Magal, stealing fire from Tq'a. She lifted them up into the air, far from land that they have become the
715:. In Russian sources, "Ghalghaï" first becomes known in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "Kolkans"/"Kalkans", "Kolki"/"Kalki", "Kalkan people". The famous
2412:
2217:
also localizes Gargarei as living north of the Caucasus, but calls them Gegar. Some scholars (P. K. Uslar, K. Miller, N. F. Yakovleff, E. I. Krupnoff, L. A. Elnickiy,
1151:. On the barren rocky slopes of rocks, which are unsuitable for agriculture, Vainakhs hew foundations for terraces. On carts harnessed donkeys and oxen, they brought
882:
started its spread in the region. The spread of Islam seems to have started in the lowland part of the Vainakh states at this time, associated with the advent of the
4745:(in Georgian). Vol. 2: ქართული და კავკასიური ენების თავდაპირველი ბუნება და ნათესაობა. თბილისი: სსრკ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია - საქართველოს ფილიალი. pp. 1–754.
1501:
Only a few fragments of Vainakh mythology have survived to modern times. These fragments consist of the names of deities personifying elements of animist ideas, the
1420:, Christianity was extinguished (due to the temporary loss of contacts between Georgia and Nakh Christians) and gradually the Chechens and Ingush returned to their
3788:
2973:
2880:
2851:
2822:
2673:
2611:
2561:
2529:
1103:– overhanging small balconies without a floor. These towers were usually crowned with pyramid-shaped roofing built in steps and topped with a sharpened capstone.
930:
914:
4619:
Kharadze R.L., Robakidze A.I.'' On the issue of Nakh ethnonymy // Caucasian ethnographic collection. II. - Tbilisi: "Metsniereba", 1968. - P. 12-40. — 268 p.
1900:, meaning "kindred" in proto-Nakh. However, Jaimoukha's theory is unlikely as Strabo and other ancient Greek writers considered the Gargareans to be Greeks.
6030:
5065:
3740:
1512:, Lake Galanchozh, the epic war of Pkhagalberi (hare riders) dwarves against the Narts, Lake Kezenoyam, and myths about how sun, moon and stars appeared.
2163:
was occupied by the ancient Nakh tribe Tzov, the state of which is called Tsobena in ancient Georgian historiography. Sophene was part of the kingdom of
167:
The term Nakhchiy (in the form of Natschkha, Nakhchui and Nacha) at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th centuries was mentioned as the name (i.e.
351:
The etymology of "Nakhchi" is believed to have come from "Nakh" (people) + "-chi" (suffix) or "Nakh" (people) + "Chuo" (territory). Chechen researcher
1854:
Another view, not necessarily contradicting the previous one, posits a migration of Nakh into their present location in the North Caucasus during the
3615:
Igor M. Diakonoff, Sergei A. Starostin. "Hurro-Urartian and East Caucasian Languages", Ancient Orient. Ethnocultural Relations. Moscow, 1988, pp. 170
1416:
in some parts of the country (particularly the mountainous South). However, Christianity did not last long. After the devastation of the country by
4981:
4888:Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая / Императорская академия наук. Непременный секретарь академик К. Веселовский
1582:
1106:
Buildings combining the functions of residential and military towers were intermediate in size between the two types, and had both loop-holes and
4788:
Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere. Pt.2 of Volume 50
1487:
after death. The Borgha-Kash Mausoleum dating to the very beginning of the 15th century and built for a Noghai prince is a good example of this.
6025:
5969:
5058:
2392:
1881:
held by Kassian (2011), is that Urartian and Nakh's common vocabulary instead reflects a history of intense borrowing from Urartian into Nakh.
1611:
271:
2035:(sub-group) among the Chechen and Ingush people. In the tradition of the Chechen ethno-hierarchy, it is considered one of the nine historical
4970:
4533:
4274:
3867:
3704:
3429:
3401:Хизриев X. А. Чечено-Ингушетия в период феодальной раздроб- ленности (ХШ-XV вв.). История Чечено-Ингушетии, 7 8 кл., Грозный, 1991, page. 41.
2761:
2696:
748:
ghvelebi" (plural), which are often found in old Tushin folk poems. And in other regions of Georgia, it is customary to designate them as "Gh
5034:]. Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии: в IV частях (1976-1985 гг.) (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp. 1–233.
3653:
3305:
30:
4777:
Second voyage de Pallas, ou voyages entrepris dans les gouvernemens méridionaux de l'Empire de Russie: pendant les années 1793 et 1794
3951:
3760:
4965:] (in Russian). СПб: Российская академия наук; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). pp. 1–264.
4045:
802:
in the 9th to 10th centuries, stating "the construction of Chosroes Anushirvanom (VI) in Durzukia 12 gates and stone fortifications".
5929:
5006:
4858:
4299:
3457:
3315:
1574:
continuous habitation for some 8,000 years. People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins.
896:
Ongoing struggle over the independence of Chechnya; Ingush remain less openly rebellious, but still have a particularly problematic
4222:
6000:
1873:
3946:
5964:
5919:
4577:
From the cultural past of the Ingush// Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum of the USSR Academy of Sciences
1772:
1190:
made by Vainakh masters were highly valued in the region and beyond. Products of Vainakh masters brought power not only to the
857:
3696:
Iz istorii razvitii︠a︡ shersti︠a︡nogo promysla chechent︠s︡ev v XIX--nachale XXv. : istoriko-ėtnograficheskoe issledovanie
3681:. Они также изготовляют тонкую шерстяную ткань, предназначаемую для тцуки, которая служит одеждой для мужчин, женщин и детей."
5924:
1570:
commemorate the terrible flood, the Vainakhs named the newly-formed lake Kouzan-am/Kezenoyam 'lake of sorrow and cruelty'.
1198:. To support non-competitive domestic producers, Russia overlaid Vainakh manufacturers with large fees. At this complaining
140:
260:
in the late 18th century that a clear distinction between self-designation of the Ingush and Chechens had already existed:
5437:
5191:
5092:
5081:
4368:Гаджиева В. Г. Сочинение И. Гербера Описание стран и народов между Астраханью и рекою Курой находящихся, М, 1979, page.55.
2715:
2402:
2305:
is thought to be Nakh by many historians, though there is a rival camp which argues for its status as a close relative of
1840:
1456:
1413:
1083:
A characteristic feature of Vainakh architecture in the Middle Ages, rarely seen outside Chechnya and Ingushetia, was the
758:
I. Javakhishvili, "The initial structure and relationship of the Georgian and Caucasian languages." Tbilisi, 1937. / p. 97
1143:
forced Vainakhs to use their territory of residence as efficiently as possible. They leveled the steep slopes, organized
100:"Nakh peoples" and "Vainakh peoples" are two terms that were coined by Soviet ethnographers such as the Russian linguist
5959:
4775:
4519:
4264:
1803:
4422:
3792:
3670:
3422:
Ancestral life and common law of the Chechens and Ingush / Preparation of the publication and foreword by U. B. Dalgat
2319:
The Malkhs were a Nakh people, who were deemed to be the westernmost Nakh people, and made an alliance with the Greek
1114:, such as solar signs or depictions of the author's hands, animals, etc. Military towers often bore a Golgotha cross.
4848:
4548:
3727:Хасбулатов А. И. Чечено-Ингушетия накануне первой русской буржуазно-демократической революции, Грозный, 1963, page,38
3365:
3811:
2301:
calligraphers and historians. They also produced an Orthodox saint: Saint Nicholas of Dvaleti. The language of the
2141:
The following is a list of historical or prehistoric peoples who have been proposed as speakers of Nakh languages.
1058:
1965:(pronounced ). Their worldwide population is around 2 million, approximately 75% of which live in the Republic of
1958:
101:
57:
5202:
3857:
2167:
from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE. After uniting the region with his kingdom in the early 8th century BCE, king
331:) by many Soviet and modern historians. Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain
4732:
3798:
3747:
2911:
Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia, performed in the years 1807 and 1808, by command of the Russian government
897:
302:
4817:
3642:Русскодагестанские отношения (XVII – первая четверть XVIII в.), Документы и материалы, Махачкала, 1958, с.274.
2342:
sources in the 9th-18th centuries, in which most researchers identify the Durdzuks as the ancestors of modern
3088:"Кисты сами себя называютъ поперемѣнно Кисты, Галга, Ингуши, и одно названiе вмѣсто другаго употребляютъ..."
6020:
5539:
2397:
2198:
1084:
922:
824:
753:(Chechen), Kisturi (Ingush) and Tsovuri (Tsova, i.e. Batsbi) — under the general name "Ghilghuri" (Ghalghaï)
706:
662:
363:
meant "the nation". Linguists like Arbi Vagapov have also pointed out that similar terms are found in other
2939:
Salgiriev, A.M (2019). "Chronicle of the exodus of Chechens from Nakhchuvan (translation and commentary)".
2491:
6015:
5974:
5620:
2417:
2018:, despite popular misconceptions, and they are closely related. Their total population is estimated to be
1970:
1676:
900:; Batsbi and Kists are considered Georgians and are part of Georgia (living mainly in the Tusheti region).
712:
678:
4523:
5995:
5694:
2459:
Be Alans. Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century. -M.: New literary review
2168:
1872:
have suggested that Nakh is distantly related to Hurro-Urartian, which they included as a branch of the
1791:
1712:
1505:, cosmogonic tradition, remnants of stock-breeding and landtilling, totemic beliefs, and folk calendar.
1144:
1132:
1026:
773:
194:
3624:Полное собрание законов Российской империи c 1649 г., т. XIX, 1770-1774-1830, No 13602, pages 267–268.
352:
216:
112:
5907:
5902:
5629:
5105:
1785:
890:. Inscriptions on monuments from this time, preserved in some Vainakh villages, also testify to this.
2500:] (in German). Halle und Berlin: In den Buchhandlungen des Hallischen Waisenhauses. p. 239.
6010:
5760:
5731:
4728:
4592:
Trade routes of Transcaucasia in the era of the Sassanids. According to Tabula Peutingiriana // VDI
2283:
2152:
1877:
1557:
1550:
1479:
the Chechens from Russia; while the Naqshbandis were more sceptical of the Bolsheviks' sincerity).
1393:
769:
720:
364:
314:
279:
144:
132:
1175:"pilli/a". Some irrigation structures were built also on lowlands but they were less complicated.
180:). Today, the term is in its modern lowland version of "Nokhchi" and is only used by Chechens and
5682:
5590:
5045:
4179:
3996:
2967:
2874:
2845:
2816:
2667:
2605:
2555:
2523:
2210:
1546:
1140:
844:
698:
480:
257:
4906:Бердзенешвили, Н. А.; Дондуа, В. Д.; Думбадзе, М. К.; Меликишвили, Г. А.; Месхиа, Ш. А. (1962).
2716:""Вайнахи и аланы" Руслан Арсанукаев о происхождении названий и самоназваний Чеченцев и Ингушей"
402:
4758:] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Тбилисский Гос. Университет им. И. Джаважишвили. Изд. «Универсал».
2120:(known to them as "Tsovata"), where they are believed to have settled after migrating from the
1892:, a group who migrated from eastern Asia Minor to the North Caucasus mentioned by Greek writer
1810:
speculated that the differences between fraternal Caucasian populations may have arisen due to
122:. The reasoning behind the creation of these terms was to unite the closely related nations of
6005:
5738:
5652:
5550:
5012:
5002:
4966:
4854:
4529:
4295:
4270:
3979:
3924:
3863:
3710:
3700:
3453:
3425:
3311:
2757:
2692:
2109:
2066:
1627:
1554:
1496:
1421:
1231:. Vainakh carpets were divided among themselves into different groups dependent on patterns:
906:
724:
686:
616:
322:
205:
73:
3469:
5877:
5776:
5726:
5713:
5363:
5303:
5260:
5220:
4764:
3988:
3914:
3906:
2320:
2306:
2259:
The Tsanars were a people of East-Central Northern Georgia, living in an area around modern
2172:
2129:
2047:
2015:
1869:
1848:
1752:
1744:
1730:
1716:
1702:
1680:
1658:
1644:
1409:
1296:
1277:
1255:
1236:
1164:
980:
964:
954:
310:
136:
1603:
5897:
5642:
5598:
5423:
5418:
5387:
5240:
5235:
5225:
4937:Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI - 30-е годы XVIII века)
4191:
3942:
3756:
2487:
2214:
2202:
2011:
1885:
1832:
1285:
1263:
1244:
1010:
883:
644:
498:
327:
272:"Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794"
177:
5872:
4483:Меликишвили Г. А. К изучению древней восточномалоазийской этнонимики. ВДИ, 1962,1 page 62
4350:Джавахишвили И. А. Введение в историю грузинского народа. кн.1, Тбилиси, 1950, page.47-49
2867:Этническая история Терско-Сулакского междуречья (на примере семьи Башир-шейха Аксайского)
485:"Travels through the southern provinces of the Russian Empire in the years 1793 and 1794"
3606:История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII, М, 1988, page.376.
2896:
Travels through the southern provinces of the Russian Empire, in the years 1793 and 1794
1127:
413:
people who are accepted in society due to their qualities and lineage). Authors such as
5790:
5308:
5230:
5215:
5138:
4607:
The North Caucasus in Russian-Iranian and Russian-Turkish relations in the 18th century
4206:
3919:
3894:
3410:Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа (XVTII-XIX вв.), part. 2, М, 1968, page. 28.
2407:
2121:
2105:
1991:
1865:
1836:
1536:
1199:
1195:
1042:
887:
669:) – meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person – "gha" (
598:
375:
246:
brothers (wai tsa vezherey detsy)" or "We are the same Nakhchoy (wai tsa nakhchoy du)".
230:
123:
85:
65:
61:
4992:
4890:(in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типография Императорской академии наук. pp. 1–602.
4828:
1913:
5989:
5939:
5934:
5862:
5721:
5689:
5610:
5474:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5353:
5278:
5245:
4123:
3956:
3699:. Nalʹchik: Respublikanskiĭ poligrafkombinat im. Revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii 1905 g. p. 65.
2347:
2218:
2070:
2043:
2007:
1986:
1974:
1940:
1929:
1855:
1811:
1448:
1228:
1219:
Since ancient times Ingush and Chechens have been producing thin felt carpets called
1160:
848:
658:
251:
Umalat Laudaev, "Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders, Vol. VI."
242:
127:
77:
45:
4999:
The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait
4000:
1665:) meets 7 sons of the god of the universe Tq'a. In the Ingush version of the legend
5840:
5665:
5573:
5514:
5298:
5288:
5273:
5268:
5250:
5133:
3591:
2078:
1599:
1038:
934:
875:
836:
799:
795:
694:
368:
190:
89:
5530:
4549:
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000355/inglisuri%20osebis%20texti.pdf
4097:
3992:
3506:
2081:, however, there are still remaining small pockets of Christian Kists in Pankisi,
1777:
A 2011 study by Oleg Balanovsky and a number of other geneticists showed that the
736:) as a general name or classification for the Ingush, Chechen and Bats languages:
41:
4786:
3531:
2689:Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей / Подготовка издания и предисловие
2278:
Ghlighvi has been a historical name for the Ingush, deriving from their ethnonym
681:
mentioned in the 1st century in the work of the ancient historian and geographer
394:
5867:
5832:
5670:
5568:
5563:
5464:
5392:
5341:
5331:
5210:
5174:
5153:
5050:
4562:
Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unter nommen in den Jahren 1807 and 1808
4071:
2493:
Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unter nommen in den Jahren 1807 and 1808
2190:
2096:
2057:
1726:
1460:
1452:
1440:
1405:
1148:
1022:
1001:
702:
638:
548:
414:
401:
This version has been criticized by many authors including the Chechen linguist
185:
181:
81:
69:
4994:Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета
4896:
959:
5850:
5748:
5637:
5580:
5499:
5489:
5452:
5313:
5283:
5169:
5148:
5143:
5032:
Part 2: Mountainous Ingushetia (southwest) and Chechnya (center and southeast)
2222:
2186:
2179:
1995:
1978:
1889:
1781:
1694:
1670:
1654:
1517:
1471:
1397:
1111:
1068:
674:
417:
mentioned also that the term "Nakhchi" could mean "the people of excellence".
306:
234:
152:
5016:
3714:
3671:"Топографическое, статистическое, этнографическое и военное описание Кавказа"
705:
in the 1st century. They are also mentioned in the 18th century edition of
5855:
5812:
5660:
5558:
5504:
5160:
5118:
5113:
4830:Известия древних писателей о Скифии и Кавказе // ВЕСТНИК ДРЕВНЕЙ ИСТОРИИ, №4
4769:(in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское Востоковедение. pp. 1–508.
3910:
2371:
1844:
1640:
1502:
1417:
1187:
1152:
1096:
1014:
1005:
828:
716:
325:
and the nation of Nakhchamatyan (mentioned in the 7th-century Armenian work
4945:
4072:"Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European"
3928:
3451:
The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present.
2175:. However, Djavashvili's and Melikishvili's theory is not widely accepted.
4046:"Long-Range Linguistic Relations: Cultural Transmission or Consanguinity?"
3694:
1436:
1389:
5799:
5753:
5743:
5509:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5336:
5084:
4872:(in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Журнал Министерства народного просвещения.
4797:
4631:
Aus den Hochregionen des Kaukasus. Wanderungen, Erlebnisse, Beobachtungen
3369:
2343:
2327:
2264:
2253:
2234:
2077:, where there are approximately 5,000 Kist people. Majority of Kists are
2036:
2027:
1966:
1953:
1918:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1666:
1543:
1509:
1444:
1191:
1168:
840:
787:
653:
336:
34:
4474:Гамрекели В. Н. Двалы и Двалетия в I–XV вв. н. э. Тбилиси, 1961 page 138
1532:
1110:. Nakh towers used to be sparingly decorated with religious or symbolic
17:
5946:
5807:
5699:
5469:
5447:
5412:
5408:
5293:
4956:
2443:
2335:
2294:
2249:
2238:
2206:
2160:
2145:
2128:
3000. Unlike the other Nakh peoples the Bats people are overwhelmingly
2117:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2050:. Many sources refer to them as one of the most militant Vainakh tribe.
2039:
1999:
1698:
1591:
1521:
1172:
1156:
1018:
984:
950:
858:
Independence wars against Tatar-Mongol hordes and the army of Tamerlane
172:
148:
4939:(in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. pp. 1–373.
4879:Путешествие через Россию к Кавказскому перешейку — 1836, 1837, 1838 г.
4809:Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии
3977:
Bernice Wuethrich (19 May 2000). "Peering Into the Past, With Words".
3231:
1211:
378:
offered a different etymology for the origin of the ethnonym Nakhchi:
5845:
5822:
5817:
4918:Известия грузинских летописей и историков о Северном Кавказе и России
4910:(in Russian). Тбилиси: Издательство учебно-педагогической литературы.
4377:
3388:
2577:Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях
2339:
2272:
2233:
Despite Jaimoukha's claims, Strabo suggests that the Gargareans were
2194:
2164:
2156:
1893:
1859:
1690:
1475:
1467:
1432:
867:
832:
817:
813:
809:
731:
690:
682:
395:"Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders, Vol. VI."
340:
168:
4963:
Islam in Ingushetia: ethnography and historical and cultural aspects
4205:
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998). "Caucasian Languages".
4169:
2794:Из истории развития шерстяного промысла чеченцев в XIX – начале XX в
1636:
The names of stars and constellations were also connected to myths:
1428:
began to spread on Nakh peoples lands from 16th and 17th centuries.
1322:
305:
Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the "People of Nakhche" among
5027:Часть II: Горная Ингушетия (юго-запад) и Чечня (центр и юго-восток)
4802:(in Russian). Москва: Типография С. Селивановского. pp. 1–458.
4799:Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе: Часть II
4146:
2440:КУЛЬТУРНАЯ РАБОТА В ЧЕЧНЕ И ИНГУШИИ В СВЯЗИ С УНИФИКАЦИЕЙ АЛФАВИТОВ
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1313:
503:"Description of trips to the Caucasus and Georgia in 1807 and 1808"
5675:
5603:
5346:
5181:
5128:
5123:
4147:"About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins"
3895:"Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region"
2313:
2302:
2290:
2260:
2242:
2014:, which, according to some authors, is mutually intelligible with
1935:
1778:
1740:
1566:
1561:
1425:
1388:
1075:
1074:
1062:
958:
879:
820:
294:", while the Chechens called themselves "Nakhchoy" or "Nokhchoy".
156:
4950:(in Russian). Москва: Университетская типография. pp. 1–715.
2691:. Институт мировой литературы имени А. М. Горького. p. 382.
5914:
5457:
5164:
4833:(in Russian). Москва-Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.
3947:"The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information"
3470:"The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information"
2062:
2032:
1607:
1183:
973:
946:
871:
783:
624:
606:
588:
572:
556:
538:
522:
506:
488:
470:
454:
5054:
2729:
1194:, but also by such excess power to the established industry of
4224:
Some considerations on Hurrian-North Caucasian lexical matches
3004:История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе. Том I, Книга 1
2742:Ахмад Сулейманов. «Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии.» Грозный, 1978.
2645:История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе. Том I, Книга 1
1822:
The Vainakh have been referred to by various names, including
1595:
64:
and other cultural similarities. These are chiefly the ethnic
2171:
resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of
1451:(approx. 1 million people) are Muslim of the Shafi`i school.
665:
people, that is most often associated with the word "ghāla" (
4290:
Nichols, Johanna; Sprouse, Ronald L.; Vagapov, Arbi (2003).
2838:Известия груз. летописей и историков о Сев. Кавказе и России
2116:
after the Ts’ova Gorge in the historic Georgian province of
4958:Ислам в Ингушетии: этнография и историко-культурные аспекты
4661:
To the ethnography of the inhabitants of the Caucasian Alps
3771:
3769:
967:), and tower of Tsoi-Pheda protecting the peace of the dead
585:"History of war and domination of Russians in the Caucasus"
4908:История Грузии: с древнейших времён до 60-х годов XIX века
3823:Далгат У.Б. Героический эпос чеченцев и ингушей. М., 1972.
2498:
Journeys to the Caucasus and Georgia made in 1807 and 1808
2185:
Jaimoukha argued that the Vainakhs are descended from the
1508:
The greatest samples of Nakh mythology are the legends of
1463:(approx. 3,000 people) are Christian (Georgian Orthodox).
874:. They started a national struggle of liberation from the
4266:
Delphi Complete Works of Strabo - Geography (Illustrated)
3893:
Tyler-Smith, C.; Balanovska, E.; Genographic, C. (2011).
2209:
live close to Gargarei, on the northern foothills of the
2124:
in the 16th century. Their population is estimated to be
1921:
men and young woman in traditional costumes, 19th century
3424:. nstitute of World Literature named after A. M. Gorky.
2334:
Durdzuk is a medieval ethnonym used mainly in Georgian,
237:(a subgroup of Ingush) used this ethnonym occasionally:
3841:Хасиев С.-М. О традиционном отсчете времени у чеченцев
2545:Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. Ч. II. Чеченский язык
1455:(about 15,400 people) are mainly Sunni Muslims with a
291:
171:) that the Ingush gave to the Chechens and not as the
4393:Чечня и Ингушетия В XVIII – начале XIX века. Page 51
4105:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
3832:Хасиев С.-М. Мифы о «заячьих всадниках» // Рукопись .
3633:Гриценко Н. П. Истоки дружбы, Грозный, 1975, Page 27.
3532:"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features"
3507:"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features"
3366:"Maghas – 'The Sun City' – New Capital of Ingushetia"
2627:Путешествие в страну пшавов, хевсур, кистин и ингушей
2151:
According to Georgian scholars I. A. Djavashvili and
1828:
in medieval Arab, Georgian and Armenian ethnography.
265:
language, are the Chechens, whom they call Natschkha.
4947:Сношения России с Кавказом. Выпуск 1-й. 1578-1613 гг
4359:Чечня и Ингушетия В XVIII- начале XIX века. Page 52
4124:"On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language"
3655:Искусство ингушей в памятниках материальной культуры
1139:
Lack of arable land in sufficient quantities in the
5890:
5831:
5798:
5789:
5769:
5712:
5651:
5628:
5619:
5589:
5549:
5538:
5436:
5401:
5362:
5322:
5259:
5201:
5190:
5104:
5091:
5001:] (in Russian). Москва: Форум. pp. 1–384.
4921:(in Russian). Тифлис: Типография К.П. Козловского.
4811:(in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333.
4739:Introduction to the history of the Georgian nation
4500:
4498:
4168:Zimansky, Paul (2011). "Urartian and Urartians".
4029:Starostin, Sergei A.; Diakonoff, Igor M. (1986).
3887:
3885:
1990:are a North Caucasian native ethnic group of the
1961:native ethnic group, they refer to themselves as
1424:(while the Bats were permanently Christianized).
1167:proposed that Epala and Aparri may correspond to
5024:Сулейманов, А. С. (1978). Шайхиев, А. Х. (ed.).
4780:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris. pp. 1–383.
4018:. Translated by Lori Jennings. New York: Delmar.
3021:. Tbilisi: Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах.
2413:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
2189:, a mythological tribe who are mentioned in the
1273:Plain rug, without any decorations or ornaments.
979:Some believe that most teips made unions called
693:, modern researchers mention them living in the
233:, the first Chechen ethnographer and historian,
159:term "Mizdschegi" to refer to the Nakh peoples.
88:, including closely related minor or historical
4928:Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа
4031:Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language
3675:
3086:
2221:, V. N. Gamrekeli) supported the proposal that
2061:are a Chechen sub-ethnos, belonging to Chechen
1215:Nakh traditional feasting carpet: Isting/Istang
738:
380:
262:
239:
4870:Древней Кавказской Албании. Часть LII. Отд. II
4292:Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary
3789:"Shattering the Al Qaeda-Chechen Myth: Part 1"
728:
5066:
4756:Introduction to Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics
4514:
4512:
4510:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
3310:(in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 538.
2205:(1st century CE). Strabo wrote that "... the
1079:Chechen military tower near settlement Chanta
931:Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
915:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
8:
4930:(in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
3851:
3849:
3847:
3046:
2660:Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах Вып. VI
2474:
1994:, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of
147:believed the term Kists only applied to the
4901:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 1–417.
4752:Введение в иберийско-кавказское языкознание
4525:Essays on the history of Alans (in Russian)
3775:
3385:Чечня и Ингушетия в XVIII – начале XIX века
3342:
1948:Vainakh (Chechen-Ingush dialect continuum)
371:where "Nukhchi" translates to "Tribesman".
5795:
5625:
5546:
5198:
5101:
5073:
5059:
5051:
4986:. Tbilisi: Caucasian House. pp. 1–76.
4842:. Tbilisi: Caucasian House. pp. 1–76.
4338:
4314:
3735:
3733:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3243:
3147:
3082:
2972:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2879:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2850:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2821:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2710:
2708:
2672:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2528:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
621:"Armenian geography of the 7th century AD"
3918:
3304:Богуславский, Владимир Вольфович (2004).
3291:
3099:
2046:tradition as one of the seven historical
226:and many others during the 19th century.
3862:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 110.
3330:
3195:
3171:
3070:
3034:Armenian geography of the 7th century AD
2754:Этимологический словарь чеченского языка
1924:
1912:
1581:
1542:This legend has explicit parallels with
1531:
1210:
1131:Ruins of ancient Ingush settlement, and
1126:
424:
40:
29:
4717:, London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
4676:Dval and Dvaletia in the I-XV centuries
4326:
4171:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
3279:
3255:
3135:
3123:
3111:
2430:
1306:
1067:Ruins of the medieval settlement Erzi (
823:) and Alan confederacy of the Northern
68:(including the Chechen sub-ethnos, the
4187:
4177:
4016:The Pre-History of the Armenian People
3580:An Encyclopedia by Brockgaus and Efron
3267:
3207:
3058:
2965:
2872:
2843:
2814:
2665:
2603:
2553:
2521:
2393:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
2006:. The Ingush people are predominantly
1412:influence that led to the adoption of
794:) is mentioned by the Persian writers
652:
4944:Белокуров, Сергей Алексеевич (1889).
4796:Броневский, Семён Михайлович (1823).
4766:Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770-1773 гг
4098:"The Urartian substratum in Armenian"
3159:
1971:subdivision of the Russian Federation
1743:depending on daytime as sunset star (
7:
3219:
2245:, in the far west of modern Turkey.
2073:, in the eastern Georgian region of
1657:as the seven brothers’ seven stars (
827:highlanders, nations, and tribes by
321:has also been connected to the city
4785:Klaproth, Julius Heinreich (1814).
4763:Гюльденштедт, Иоганн Антон (2002).
4646:In the gorges of Argun and Fortanga
4462:Description of the Georgian Kingdom
3810:Мадаева З.А. Вайнахская мифология//
3569:Chechnya: The Case for Independence
3495:Chechnya: The Case for Independence
3383:Ахмадов, Шарпудин Бачуевич (2002).
3183:
2730:"Предание о происхождении чеченцев"
1876:language family (which were dubbed
343:) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy.
6031:Muslim communities of the Caucasus
3952:University of California, Berkeley
3856:Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2005-03-01).
3761:University of California, Berkeley
2237:Greeks and locates their homeland
2031:are a historical ethnoterritorial
1943:woman in traditional costume, 1881
1004:, have been very impressed by the
96:The ethnonyms "Vainakh" and "Nakh"
25:
4983:Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush)
4840:Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush)
4822:(in Russian). Москва: Изд. Наука.
4294:. Taylor&Francis. p. 4.
4263:Amaseia, Strabo of (2016-02-13).
3658:. Владикавказ: ИНГИК. p. 29.
3354:Волкова Н. Г. Ук. соч., page 135.
2779:Язык, история и культура вайнахов
2002:they use for self-designation is
1896:, are connected to the Nakh root
1643:as the route of scattered straw (
1171:irrigation canal name "pili" and
697:at the time of the deployment of
347:Etymology of the ethnonym Nakhchi
5529:
3307:Славянская энциклопедия XVII век
1831:Historical linguists, including
1408:, Vainakh society felt a strong
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1235:Сarpet with colorful ornaments (
5965:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan
4450:. Routledge Curzon: Oxon, 2005.
3899:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3679:делают ковры и войлочные одеяла
1773:Genetic history of the Caucasus
1474:minority. There is also a tiny
60:identified by their use of the
48:highlanders, early 20th century
4955:Албогачиева, М. С.-Г. (2017).
4853:. Princeton University Press.
4734:ქართული ერის ისტორიის შესავალი
4460:Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1745).
4070:Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1999).
3391:: "Джангар", АПП. p. 447.
1806:). In their paper, Balanovsky
1041:period, as well as during the
816:(both names known solely from
421:Historical mentions of Nakhchi
1:
6026:History of the North Caucasus
4560:Klaproth, Julius von (1812).
4411:Jaimoukha. Chechens. Page 30"
3993:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158
3557:Chechnya: From Past to Future
2457:Schnirelmann, Victor (2016).
2403:Northeast Caucasian languages
2069:. They primarily live in the
2019:
1759:). The name of the planet is
1414:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
878:. After the Mongol invasion,
256:However, it was mentioned by
37:at a wedding, circa 1870–1886
5970:Ethnic minorities in Georgia
5960:Ethnic minorities in Armenia
4774:Pallas, Peter Simon (1811).
2894:Pallas, Peter Simon (1802).
1858:, following the collapse of
5975:Ethnic minorities in Russia
4980:Anchabadze, George (2001).
4838:Anchabadze, George (2009).
4096:Greppin, John A.C. (2008).
4044:Diakonoff, Igor M. (1995).
3032:Patkanian, Kerovbe (1877).
2836:Dzhanashvili, Мосэ (1897).
2629:. Кавказский вестник, № 6.
2286:in 1745, a Georgian noble.
1932:from the village of Gvileti
1835:, have connected ancestral
1756:
1748:
1734:
1720:
1706:
1684:
1662:
1648:
1551:Grecian Baucis and Philemon
1466:By rite, most Chechens are
1431:Vainakhs are predominantly
1300:
1281:
1259:
1240:
1099:. The top of the tower had
535:"Migration from Nakhchuvan"
278:The 19th century historian
6047:
5046:Vainakh information portal
4915:Джанашвили, М. Г. (1897).
4605:Sotavov and Meyer (1991).
4079:UCLA Indo-European Studies
3797:, by Brian Glyn Williams,
3669:Иоганн Бларамберг (1835).
2924:Bronevsky, Semyon (1823).
2865:Баширов, Саламбек (2018).
2593:Вейденбаум, Е. Г. (1888).
2515:. Тифлис. pp. 65–66.
2438:Malsagov, Zaurbek (1928).
2112:who are also known as the
1770:
1625:
1494:
1059:Vainakh tower architecture
1056:
1030:the rest of the Caucasus.
944:
767:
723:proposed to use Ghalghaï (
657:) is the self-name of the
648:
636:
5955:
5527:
4807:Робакидзе, А. И. (1968).
3812:Этнографическое обозрение
3693:Shavlaeva, T. M. (2009).
3232:Бердзенешвили et al. 1962
2909:Klaproth, Julius (1811).
2792:Шавлаева, Тамара (2009).
2488:Klaproth, Julius Heinrich
2197:(1st century BCE) and in
1598:of Ame in the area named
1520:and the Georgian myth of
963:Necropolis in Itum Kale (
898:conflict with the Ossetes
835:leader and a grandson of
729:
4868:Яновский, А. О. (1846).
4847:Mayor, Adrienne (2016).
4715:The Chechens: A Handbook
4674:Gamrekeli, V.N. (1961).
4590:Yeremyan, S. T. (1939).
4448:The Chechens: A Handbook
4208:Encyclopaedia Britannica
4145:Fournet, Arnaud (2013).
4014:Diakonoff, I.M. (1984).
3859:The Chechens: a handbook
3799:The Jamestown Foundation
3017:Laudaev, Umalat (1872).
3006:. СПб. pp. 368–369.
2658:Лаудаев, Умалат (1872).
2643:Дубровин, Н. Ф. (1871).
1578:Legend of Galain-Am Lake
1528:Legend of Kouzan-Am Lake
1447:(approx. 2 million) and
744:ghvi" (singular) and "Gh
689:sources, in the form of
448:Archbishop Cyril Donauri
301:occurred in 1310 by the
141:Johann Anton Güldenstädt
111:and Ingush ethnographer
6001:Peoples of the Caucasus
4991:Павлова, О. С. (2012).
4926:Волкова, Н. Г. (1973).
4819:Средневековая Ингушетия
4750:Чикобава, А.С. (2010).
4659:Merzbacher, G. (1905).
4644:Markovin, V.I. (1965).
4629:Merzbacher, G. (1901).
4464:. Bakhushti Bagrationi.
4424:The Geography of Strabo
4384:, Bk. 11, Ch. 5, Sec. 1
4033:. Munich: R. Kitzinger.
3741:"Who are the Chechens?"
3420:Dalgat, Bashir (2008).
3102:, pp. 15, 27, 204.
2687:Dalgat, Bashir (1892).
2595:Путеводитель по Кавказу
2398:Peoples of the Caucasus
2108:-speaking community in
1841:their distant relatives
1295:Expensive wall carpet (
1289:
1267:
1248:
1123:Agricultural structures
923:North Caucasian Emirate
870:was a union of Vainakh
719:historian and linguist
633:The ethnonym "Ghalghaï"
553:"Chechnya and Chechens"
464:Sala-Uzden Prince Adzhi
155:, and instead used the
58:North Caucasian peoples
4935:Кушева, Е. Н. (1963).
4886:Бутков, П. Г. (1869).
4827:Латышев, В.В. (1947).
4816:Крупнов, Е.И. (1971).
4128:Bibliotheca Orientalis
4122:Smeets, Rieks (1989).
3814:. 1992. № 3. Page 109.
3683:
3652:Щеблыкин И.П. (1928).
3090:
3002:Н.Ф, Дубровин (1871).
2958:Berge, Adolph (1859).
2811:. Тифлис. p. 134.
2752:Вагапов, Арби (2011).
2597:. Тифлис. p. 70.
2575:Potto, Vasily (1887).
2418:List of Chechen people
2282:. It was mentioned by
2215:Gaius Plinius Secundus
1944:
1933:
1922:
1874:Northeastern Caucasian
1622:Cosmology and creation
1587:
1539:
1470:, with a considerable
1401:
1216:
1136:
1080:
1072:
968:
893:17th century – present
761:
519:"News of the Caucasus"
399:
297:The oldest mention of
276:
254:
163:The ethnonym "Nakhchi"
49:
38:
4575:Genko, A. N. (1930).
3911:10.1093/molbev/msr126
3364:D. V. Zayats (2001).
2960:Chechnya and Chechens
2169:Argishtis I of Urartu
2022:1 million worldwide.
1939:
1928:
1916:
1818:Hypotheses of origins
1771:Further information:
1585:
1535:
1491:Legends and mythology
1439:school of thought of
1422:native, pagan beliefs
1392:
1214:
1133:agricultural terraces
1130:
1078:
1066:
962:
774:History of Ingushetia
374:Chechen ethnographer
44:
33:
27:Ethnolinguistic group
5082:Ethnic groups in the
4898:The Land of the Czar
4895:Wahl, O. W. (1875).
4701:Anchabadze, George.
4688:Anchabadze, George.
4221:A.C. Kassian. 2011.
3294:, pp. 222, 456.
3138:, pp. 222, 281.
3073:, pp. 5, 9, 57.
2987:Dosov, Kedi (1862).
2926:News in the Caucasus
2543:Услар, П.К. (1888).
1973:. Most Chechens are
1904:List of Nakh peoples
1751:) and sunrise star (
1729:as Roofing towers (
1663:Vorx Vešin Vorx Seda
711:during the reign of
426:Historical mentions
385:Nadterechny Chechens
270:Peter Simon Pallas,
139:" was introduced by
4579:. pp. 681–761.
4564:. Halle und Berlin.
4528:. Vladikavkaz: IR.
4269:. Delphi Classics.
3474:www.lx.berkeley.edu
3282:, pp. 154–155.
2807:Берже, А.П (1859).
2647:. pp. 368–369.
2625:Ган, К. Ф. (1897).
2511:Берже, А.П (1859).
2284:Vakhushti of Kartli
2153:Giorgi Melikishvili
2130:Orthodox Christians
1888:, the mythological
1878:Alarodian languages
1847:migration from the
1394:Tkhaba-Yerdy Church
1118:Traditional economy
995:Political structure
863:14th–16th centuries
854:13th–14th centuries
808:Destruction of the
770:History of Chechnya
721:Ivane Javakhishvili
708:Georgian Chronicles
701:'s forces into the
603:"The Chechen Tribe"
451:Historical document
427:
365:Northeast Caucasian
315:Northeast Caucasian
145:Julius von Klaproth
133:Victor Schnirelmann
5683:Trialeti Ossetians
4877:Кох, Карл (1842).
4729:ჯავახიშვილი, ივანე
4446:Jaimoukha, Amjad.
4329:, pp. 56, 83.
3673:. Нальчик: Эль-Фа.
3582:. Vol 76, page 786
2579:. pp. 63–64.
2211:Caucasus Mountains
2199:Naturalis Historia
1945:
1934:
1923:
1917:Group portrait of
1588:
1547:Sodom and Gomorrah
1540:
1443:. The majority of
1402:
1276:Thick floor rugs (
1260:Khinja yolu istang
1217:
1137:
1081:
1073:
1053:Tower architecture
969:
845:Kabardino-Balkaria
782:An association of
779:9th–12th centuries
532:Chechen Manuscript
481:Peter Simon Pallas
425:
367:languages such as
317:nations. The term
258:Peter Simon Pallas
50:
39:
5983:
5982:
5886:
5885:
5785:
5784:
5708:
5707:
5525:
5524:
5432:
5431:
4972:978-5-88431-349-1
4535:978-5-7534-0316-2
4276:978-1-78656-368-2
4151:Archiv Orientální
3945:(February 1997).
3905:(10): 2905–2920.
3869:978-0-415-32328-4
3801:, October 2, 2003
3706:978-5-88195-989-0
3431:978-5-9208-0307-8
3372:on March 7, 2003.
3333:, pp. 30–31.
3047:Гюльденштедт 2002
2763:978-9941-10-439-8
2698:978-5-9208-0307-8
2475:Гюльденштедт 2002
1798:, the highest in
1715:as Evening star (
1497:Vainakh mythology
1457:Georgian Orthodox
1254:Rug with fringe (
1192:Caucasian peoples
1141:mountainous areas
907:Caucasian Imamate
654:[ˈʁəlʁɑj]
630:
629:
617:Kerovbe Patkanian
467:Historical letter
335:(near modern-day
16:(Redirected from
6038:
5930:Azerbaijani Jews
5878:Meskhetian Turks
5796:
5626:
5547:
5533:
5199:
5102:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5052:
5035:
5020:
4987:
4976:
4951:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4911:
4902:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4843:
4834:
4823:
4812:
4803:
4792:
4781:
4770:
4759:
4746:
4744:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4557:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4516:
4505:
4502:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4385:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4234:
4228:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3955:. Archived from
3939:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3853:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3791:. Archived from
3785:
3779:
3776:Албогачиева 2017
3773:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3746:. Archived from
3745:
3737:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3690:
3684:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3536:www.shamsali.org
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3511:www.shamsali.org
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3466:
3460:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3368:. Archived from
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:ჯავახიშვილი 1937
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2446:. pp. 3–11.
2435:
2321:Bosporus Kingdom
2021:
1870:Sergei Starostin
1849:Fertile Crescent
1628:Vainakh religion
1459:minority, while
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1308:Rugs and carpets
955:Ingush societies
941:Social structure
759:
735:
734:
656:
650:
582:Nikolai Dubrovin
516:Semyon Bronevsky
428:
411:
397:
393:Umalat Laudaev,
361:
353:Ahmad Suleymanov
288:
274:
252:
225:
214:
203:
121:
113:Zaurbek Malsagov
110:
102:Nikolai Yakovlev
21:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6035:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5951:
5882:
5827:
5781:
5765:
5704:
5647:
5615:
5599:Caucasus Greeks
5585:
5541:
5534:
5521:
5440:
5428:
5397:
5358:
5318:
5255:
5194:
5186:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5042:
5023:
5009:
4990:
4979:
4973:
4954:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4914:
4905:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4861:
4846:
4837:
4826:
4815:
4806:
4795:
4784:
4773:
4762:
4749:
4742:
4727:
4724:
4713:Jaimoukha, A.,
4710:
4709:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4518:
4517:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4432:
4421:Strabo (1856).
4420:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4339:Сулейманов 1978
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4315:Anchabadze 2001
4313:
4309:
4302:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4220:
4216:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4186:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3943:Johanna Nichols
3941:
3940:
3936:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3767:
3757:Johanna Nichols
3750:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3707:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3555:Sakwa, Edward.
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3449:Lecha Ilyasov.
3448:
3439:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3244:Джанашвили 1897
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3148:Anchabadze 2009
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3085:, p. 153:
3083:Броневский 1823
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3019:Чеченское племя
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2813:
2809:Чечня и Чеченцы
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2777:Алироев, И. Ю.
2776:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2520:
2513:Чечня и Чеченцы
2510:
2509:
2505:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:. p. 279.
2456:
2455:
2451:
2442:. Vladikavkaz:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2388:
2219:I. M. Diakonoff
2203:Pliny the Elder
2139:
2012:Ingush language
1959:North Caucasian
1911:
1906:
1886:Amjad Jaimoukha
1833:Johanna Nichols
1820:
1790:(a subclade of
1775:
1769:
1701:as Tripodstar (
1630:
1624:
1610:, a clan later
1580:
1530:
1499:
1493:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1268:Chachakh isting
1209:
1181:
1125:
1120:
1061:
1055:
997:
957:
945:Main articles:
943:
884:Arabic language
776:
768:Main articles:
766:
760:
757:
641:
635:
569:"Nakhchoyn Juz"
499:Julius Klaproth
423:
405:
398:
392:
355:
349:
328:Ashkharhatsuyts
313:and many other
282:
275:
269:
253:
250:
219:
208:
197:
178:Peter von Uslar
165:
115:
104:
98:
84:peoples of the
56:are a group of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6044:
6042:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6021:Chechen people
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5110:
5108:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5040:External links
5038:
5037:
5036:
5021:
5007:
4988:
4977:
4971:
4952:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4912:
4903:
4892:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4859:
4844:
4835:
4824:
4813:
4804:
4793:
4782:
4771:
4760:
4747:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4694:
4681:
4666:
4651:
4636:
4621:
4612:
4597:
4582:
4567:
4552:
4541:
4534:
4506:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4467:
4452:
4430:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4300:
4282:
4275:
4255:
4242:
4229:
4214:
4197:
4188:|journal=
4174:. p. 556.
4160:
4137:
4114:
4088:
4062:
4036:
4021:
4006:
3987:(5469): 1158.
3969:
3934:
3881:
3868:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3803:
3795:on 2004-01-29.
3780:
3765:
3753:on 2006-09-15.
3729:
3720:
3705:
3685:
3661:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3596:Caucasian Wars
3584:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3523:
3498:
3486:
3461:
3437:
3430:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3375:
3356:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3292:Белокуров 1889
3284:
3272:
3260:
3258:, p. 158.
3248:
3236:
3224:
3222:, p. 239.
3212:
3200:
3198:, p. 643.
3188:
3186:, p. 489.
3176:
3174:, p. 201.
3164:
3162:, p. 361.
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3100:Робакидзе 1968
3092:
3075:
3063:
3061:, p. 176.
3051:
3039:
3024:
3009:
2994:
2979:
2950:
2931:
2916:
2901:
2886:
2857:
2828:
2799:
2784:
2769:
2762:
2744:
2735:
2721:
2704:
2697:
2679:
2650:
2635:
2617:
2585:
2567:
2535:
2503:
2479:
2477:, p. 238.
2467:
2449:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Nakh languages
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2332:
2331:
2330:and Durdzuketi
2317:
2316:
2298:
2297:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2256:
2183:
2182:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2122:North Caucasus
2092:
2091:
2090:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:Ingush shahars
2010:and speak the
1992:North Caucasus
1982:
1954:Chechen people
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1866:Igor Diakonoff
1837:Nakh languages
1819:
1816:
1804:Achkhoy-Martan
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1738:
1735:Neģara Bjovnaš
1724:
1710:
1688:
1685:Kovreģina Seda
1674:
1652:
1649:Ča Taqina Tača
1623:
1620:
1586:Galain-Am Lake
1579:
1576:
1537:Lake Kezenoyam
1529:
1526:
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1274:
1271:
1252:
1208:
1207:Carpet weaving
1205:
1200:Terek Cossacks
1180:
1177:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1057:Main article:
1054:
1051:
1043:Ramzan Kadyrov
996:
993:
942:
939:
938:
937:
928:
925:
920:
917:
912:
909:
904:
901:
894:
891:
888:Arabic writing
864:
861:
855:
852:
806:
803:
780:
765:
762:
755:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
628:
627:
622:
619:
614:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:Umalat Laudaev
596:
592:
591:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
570:
567:
564:
560:
559:
554:
551:
546:
542:
541:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
504:
501:
496:
492:
491:
486:
483:
478:
474:
473:
468:
465:
462:
458:
457:
452:
449:
446:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
422:
419:
390:
376:Umalat Laudaev
348:
345:
267:
248:
231:Umalat Laudaev
164:
161:
143:in the 1770s.
97:
94:
86:North Caucasus
62:Nakh languages
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6043:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Ingush people
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5940:Mountain Jews
5938:
5936:
5935:Georgian Jews
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Armenian Jews
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5732:in Azerbaijan
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5611:Pontic Greeks
5609:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5532:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5008:9785911346652
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4881:(in Russian).
4880:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4860:9780691170275
4856:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4678:. p. 27.
4677:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4520:Kuznetsov, V.
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:Melikishvilli
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4341:, p. 80.
4340:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4317:, p. 29.
4316:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4301:0-415-31594-8
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4111:(2): 134–137.
4110:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4053:Mother Tongue
4047:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3970:
3959:on 2006-12-08
3958:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3458:9785904549022
3455:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:Чикобава 2010
3327:
3324:
3319:
3317:9785224036592
3313:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3270:, p. 65.
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3246:, p. 31.
3245:
3240:
3237:
3234:, p. 25.
3233:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3210:, p. 10.
3209:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:Klaproth 1814
3192:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:Яновский 1846
3168:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3150:, p. 33.
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3126:, p. 26.
3125:
3120:
3117:
3114:, p. 34.
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:Klaproth 1814
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3049:, p. 37.
3048:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2989:Nakhchoyn Juz
2983:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:Pankisi Gorge
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Sunni Muslims
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1987:Ingush people
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:Sunni Muslims
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:According to
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:classical era
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:genetic drift
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Khorza istang
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:suitable for
1146:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:Vainakh tower
1077:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
986:
982:
977:
975:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
929:
926:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:The State of
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:North-Ossetia
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
777:
775:
771:
763:
754:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
730:Ghilghuri or
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
646:
640:
632:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
420:
418:
416:
409:
404:
396:
389:
386:
379:
377:
372:
370:
366:
359:
354:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
286:
281:
280:Bashir Dalgat
273:
266:
261:
259:
247:
244:
238:
236:
232:
229:According to
227:
223:
218:
212:
207:
201:
196:
192:
187:
183:
182:Pankisi Kists
179:
174:
170:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
119:
114:
108:
103:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
5996:Nakh peoples
5841:Azerbaijanis
5621:Indo-Iranian
5323:
5134:Imerkhevians
5096:
5031:
5026:
4998:
4993:
4982:
4962:
4957:
4946:
4936:
4927:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4849:
4839:
4829:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4791:(in German).
4787:
4776:
4765:
4755:
4751:
4738:
4733:
4722:Bibliography
4714:
4703:The Vainakhs
4702:
4697:
4690:The Vainakhs
4689:
4684:
4675:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4645:
4639:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4600:
4591:
4585:
4576:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4544:
4524:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4455:
4447:
4427:. H.G. Bohn.
4423:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4334:
4327:Павлова 2012
4322:
4310:
4291:
4285:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4245:
4240:. Pages 1–49
4237:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4207:
4200:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4065:
4056:
4052:
4039:
4030:
4024:
4015:
4009:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3961:. Retrieved
3957:the original
3950:
3937:
3902:
3898:
3873:. Retrieved
3858:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3806:
3793:the original
3783:
3778:, p. 4.
3748:the original
3723:
3695:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3664:
3654:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3510:
3501:
3494:
3493:Wood, Tony.
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3473:
3464:
3450:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3384:
3378:
3370:the original
3359:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3306:
3299:
3287:
3280:Волкова 1973
3275:
3263:
3256:Волкова 1973
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3136:Латышев 1947
3131:
3124:Крупнов 1971
3119:
3112:Крупнов 1971
3107:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2988:
2982:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2866:
2860:
2837:
2831:
2808:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2724:
2688:
2682:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2379:
2376:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2333:
2318:
2299:
2279:
2277:
2258:
2232:
2227:
2184:
2150:
2140:
2125:
2113:
2104:are a small
2101:
2095:
2079:Sunni Muslim
2065:, living in
2056:
2026:
2003:
1985:
1962:
1952:
1909:Contemporary
1897:
1883:
1864:
1853:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1784:
1776:
1760:
1635:
1631:
1613:
1600:Galain-Chazh
1589:
1572:
1541:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1465:
1430:
1403:
1249:Khoza isting
1224:
1223:(Ingush) or
1220:
1218:
1182:
1165:S. Starostin
1138:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1047:
1039:Soviet Union
1036:
1032:
998:
989:
978:
970:
935:Russian SFSR
876:Golden Horde
837:Genghis Khan
800:al-Baladzori
796:Ibn al-Faqih
791:
749:
745:
741:
739:
707:
695:Darial Gorge
670:
666:
642:
400:
384:
381:
373:
350:
332:
326:
318:
298:
296:
277:
263:
255:
240:
228:
166:
99:
54:Nakh peoples
53:
51:
5920:Abkhaz Jews
5868:Karapapakhs
5833:Oghuz Turks
5569:Cherkesogai
5564:Armeno-Tats
5465:Circassians
5175:Mingrelians
5154:Meskhetians
4850:The Amazons
4249:Jaimoukha.
3268:Кушева 1963
3208:Бутков 1869
3059:Pallas 1811
2191:Geographica
2114:Ts'ova-Tush
2097:Bats people
2058:Kist people
1727:Capricornus
1721:Märkaj Seda
1671:seven stars
1602:(after the
1441:Sunni Islam
1406:Middle Ages
1404:During the
1161:I. Diakonov
1149:agriculture
1112:petrographs
1037:During the
1002:Leo Tolstoy
812:capital of
713:Kvirike III
703:Darial Pass
549:Adolf Berge
406: [
388:"Nakhchiy".
356: [
283: [
220: [
209: [
198: [
186:Adolf Berge
184:. In 1859,
151:society of
116: [
105: [
6011:Ingushetia
5990:Categories
5908:in Georgia
5903:in Armenia
5851:Karadaghis
5761:Ukrainians
5749:Doukhobors
5727:in Armenia
5630:Indo-Aryan
5500:Kabardians
5490:Chemirgoys
5453:Abkhazians
5304:Tabasarans
5203:Avar–Andic
5149:Kakhetians
5144:Javakhians
5106:Kartvelian
4705:. Page 20.
4692:. Page 34.
4134:: 260–280.
4085:: 147–264.
3963:2007-02-10
3875:2009-08-14
3567:Wood,Tony.
3160:Mayor 2016
2962:. Tbilisi.
2928:. Tbilisi.
2840:. Tbilisi.
2547:. Тифлис.
2425:References
2180:Gargareans
2137:Historical
1996:Ingushetia
1890:Gargareans
1782:haplogroup
1757:Saxül Seda
1749:Sadov Seda
1695:Betelgeuse
1655:Great Bear
1626:See also:
1553:, and the
1518:Prometheus
1503:Nart sagas
1472:Naqshbandi
1398:Ingushetia
1153:black soil
1069:Ingushetia
1023:Circassian
1006:democratic
675:Gargareans
643:Ghalghaï (
566:Kedi Dosov
403:I. Aliroev
333:Nakhchuvan
323:Nakhchivan
307:Tushetians
235:Nazranians
195:Veidenbaum
153:Ingushetia
5898:Assyrians
5873:Küresünni
5856:Shahsevan
5813:Karachays
5661:Ossetians
5559:Armenians
5505:Natukhajs
5480:Besleneys
5438:Northwest
5419:Khinalugs
5388:Khwarshis
5241:Godoberis
5236:Chamalals
5226:Bagvalals
5195:(Caspian)
5192:Northeast
5161:Colchians
5119:Adjarians
5114:Georgians
5093:Caucasian
5017:798995782
4492:Gamrekeli
4382:Geography
4253:. Page 30
4238:Geography
4190:ignored (
4180:cite book
3715:719861084
3220:Wahl 1875
2968:cite book
2898:. London.
2875:cite book
2869:. Grozny.
2846:cite book
2817:cite book
2668:cite book
2662:. Тифлис.
2606:cite book
2556:cite book
2524:cite book
2372:Khamekits
2159:state of
2042:, in the
1845:Neolithic
1707:Qokogseda
1641:Milky Way
1612:deported
1418:Tamerlane
1410:Byzantine
1188:carriages
1108:mashikuls
1097:loopholes
1027:overthrew
1015:Albanians
927:1921-1924
919:1919–1920
911:1917–1922
903:1829–1859
829:Batu Khan
825:Caucasian
663:Caucasian
477:Natschkha
173:self-name
6006:Chechnya
5800:Kipchaks
5754:Molokans
5744:Cossacks
5739:Russians
5591:Hellenic
5551:Armenian
5542:European
5510:Shapsugs
5495:Cherkess
5485:Bzhedugs
5475:Adygeans
5441:(Pontic)
5366:(Didoic)
5337:Chechens
5309:Tsakhurs
5231:Botlikhs
5216:Akhvakhs
5139:Ingiloys
5085:Caucasus
4731:(1937).
4522:(1992).
4251:Chechens
4236:Strabo.
4059:: 34–40.
4001:82205296
3929:21571925
3479:19 March
3184:Кох 1842
2947:: 33–35.
2490:(1812).
2386:See also
2344:Chechens
2336:Armenian
2328:Durdzuks
2280:Ghalghaï
2273:Ghlighvi
2265:Tsanaria
2254:Tzanaria
2228:Dzurdzuk
2223:Gargarei
2187:Gargarei
2157:Urartuan
2040:tukkhums
2028:Orstkhoy
2004:Ghalghai
1967:Chechnya
1963:Nokhchiy
1825:Durdzuks
1800:Dagestan
1796:Malgobek
1767:Genetics
1667:Pkharmat
1614:en masse
1544:Biblical
1510:Pkharmat
1445:Chechens
1385:Religion
1179:Vehicles
1169:Urartian
1157:lowlands
1145:terraces
1101:mashikul
985:tukkhums
965:Chechnya
841:Chechnya
792:Durdzuki
788:Durdzuks
756:—
732:Ghlighvi
725:Georgian
717:Georgian
699:Mirian I
687:Georgian
649:ГIалгIай
639:Ghalghaï
595:Nakhchoy
563:Nakhchoy
529:Nakhchoy
495:Nakhchui
461:Nakhshai
391:—
337:Kagizman
319:Nakhchiy
303:Georgian
299:Nakhchiy
292:Ghalghaï
268:—
249:—
217:Dubrovin
35:Chechens
18:Vainakhs
5947:Kalmyks
5808:Balkars
5777:Germans
5700:Yazidis
5653:Iranian
5470:Abzakhs
5448:Abazins
5413:Kaitags
5409:Dargins
5383:Hunzibs
5378:Hinukhs
5373:Bezhtas
5294:Lezgins
5279:Budukhs
5246:Karatas
5129:Gurians
5097:(areal)
3980:Science
3920:3355373
3541:9 April
3516:9 April
2444:Serdalo
2358:Isadiks
2307:Ossetic
2295:Dvaleti
2250:Tsanars
2239:Gargara
2235:Aeolian
2207:Amazons
2173:Erebuni
2146:Sophene
2118:Tusheti
2110:Georgia
2100:or the
2087:Kakheti
2083:Tusheti
2075:Kakheti
2067:Georgia
2037:Chechen
2033:society
2016:Chechen
2000:endonym
1981:school.
1979:Shafi'i
1977:of the
1919:Chechen
1898:gergara
1753:Chechen
1745:Chechen
1731:Chechen
1717:Chechen
1703:Chechen
1699:Procyon
1681:Chechen
1659:Chechen
1645:Chechen
1592:Tusholi
1567:avarice
1555:Islamic
1522:Amirani
1468:Qadiris
1437:Shafi`i
1435:of the
1297:Chechen
1278:Chechen
1256:Chechen
1237:Chechen
1229:fringes
1173:Hurrian
1155:of the
1135:behind.
1025:tribes
1019:Basques
981:shahars
951:Tukkhum
933:of the
786:called
764:History
613:Nakhche
579:Nakhche
545:Nakhche
445:Nakhche
243:Shatois
124:Chechen
74:Georgia
66:Chechen
5891:Others
5863:Bayats
5846:Ayrums
5823:Nogais
5818:Kumyks
5791:Turkic
5770:Others
5714:Slavic
5690:Talysh
5666:Digors
5515:Ubykhs
5402:Others
5364:Tsezic
5354:Ingush
5299:Rutuls
5274:Archin
5261:Lezgic
5251:Tindis
5015:
5005:
4969:
4857:
4741:]
4532:
4378:Strabo
4298:
4273:
3999:
3927:
3917:
3866:
3713:
3703:
3456:
3428:
3389:Elista
3314:
2941:Tallam
2760:
2695:
2380:Khamki
2348:Ingush
2340:Arabic
2314:Malkhs
2195:Strabo
2165:Urartu
2161:Supani
2102:Batsbi
2044:Ingush
1998:. The
1957:are a
1941:Ingush
1930:Ingush
1894:Strabo
1860:Urartu
1808:et al.
1761:Dilbat
1691:Sirius
1677:Gemini
1476:Salafi
1449:Ingush
1433:Muslim
1286:Ingush
1264:Ingush
1245:Ingush
1225:Istang
1221:Isting
1196:Russia
953:, and
868:Simsir
833:Mongol
818:Muslim
814:Maghas
810:Alania
727::
691:Gligvi
683:Strabo
659:Ingush
645:Ingush
437:Source
434:Author
341:Turkey
169:exonym
149:Kistin
128:Ingush
90:groups
78:Ingush
46:Ingush
5722:Poles
5676:Kudar
5671:Irons
5604:Urums
5540:Indo-
5347:Aukhs
5342:Kists
5289:Kryts
5269:Aguls
5221:Avars
5211:Andis
5182:Svans
5124:Dvals
5030:[
4997:[
4961:[
4754:[
4743:(PDF)
4737:[
4101:(PDF)
4075:(PDF)
4049:(PDF)
3997:S2CID
3751:(PDF)
3744:(PDF)
3592:Potto
2496:[
2365:Sadoy
2303:Dvals
2291:Dvals
2261:Khevi
2243:Troad
2063:teips
1843:to a
1788:2a4b*
1779:Y-DNA
1741:Venus
1713:Orion
1604:Galay
1562:greed
1453:Kists
1426:Islam
1184:Carts
1011:Scots
880:Islam
872:teips
821:Arabs
784:clans
685:. In
679:Gelaï
667:гIала
513:Nacha
440:Date
415:Berge
410:]
369:Rutul
360:]
311:Avars
287:]
224:]
213:]
202:]
191:Potto
157:Tatar
137:Kists
120:]
109:]
72:, in
70:Kists
5915:Jews
5695:Tats
5643:Roma
5638:Loms
5574:Zoks
5458:Sadz
5424:Laks
5393:Tsez
5332:Bats
5324:Nakh
5314:Udis
5284:Jeks
5170:Lazs
5165:Zans
5013:OCLC
5003:ISBN
4967:ISBN
4855:ISBN
4530:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4271:ISBN
4192:help
4132:XLVI
3925:PMID
3864:ISBN
3711:OCLC
3701:ISBN
3543:2018
3518:2018
3481:2022
3454:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3312:ISBN
2974:link
2881:link
2852:link
2823:link
2758:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2674:link
2612:link
2562:link
2530:link
2346:and
2338:and
2293:and
2252:and
2155:the
2106:Nakh
2094:The
2085:and
2055:The
2025:The
1984:The
1969:, a
1951:The
1868:and
1839:and
1802:and
1697:and
1608:teip
1461:Bats
1301:Pals
1290:Kuvz
1284:), (
1282:Kuuz
1262:), (
1243:), (
1186:and
1163:and
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