1127:
1151:
1295:
1103:
1115:
703:
1163:
1139:
870:. In 806, Pamplona, still under Cordovan rule, was attacked by the Franks, and the Pamplonese, led by a certain Velasco, pledged allegiance to Charlemagne again, but his tenure proved short-lived. In about 814, an anti-Frankish faction led by Enecco, allied with the Banu Qasi, seems to have taken over again. A Frankish army was sent to quash the revolt, to little effect. Furthermore, on their way north through Roncevaux an ambush was attempted, but resulted in a stalemate as the Franks had taken Basque women and children hostage.
1223:
1091:
1271:
116:
1235:
1283:
1187:
1175:
1247:
1211:
1199:
1259:
674:. However, the Basques' relish was short-lived since they were brought to heel by Dagobert (Clichy, 636). By 626, it is certain that the duchy extended up to the Pyrenees and that Vasconia had replaced Novempopulania as a preferred name for the geographical area between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. In 643, there was another rebellion to the north of the Pyrenees and in 642 and 654 they battled against the Visigoths to the south, in
131:
695:
1507:, still a short form of the first two frank names), Aginard to Aznar, Belasgytta or Wallagotha to Velasquita, Belasgutho to Velasco, Arnoald to Arnau, Theuda to Toda, Theudahilda to Dadildis or Dedadils. While some of them may be so, many of them—Andregoto, Amunna, Aznar(i), Velasco, Garcia, Ximen(o), Enneco—have well explained forms according to consistent linguistic rules and etymologies, as described by linguist
93:
960:
100:
893:, to be the first monarch of Pamplona) and newly appointed duke Lupus Centullo (c. 820). Meanwhile, in Aragon the pro-Frankish Count Aznar Galindo was overthrown by Enecco's allied Count Gartzia Malo, with Aznar Galindo in turn seeking refuge in Frankish-held territory. Louis the Pious received the submission of rebel Basque lords in Dax, but things were far from settled.
594:
829:
1321:, claimed to be more powerful there than the king, since nobody recognised his power. Charters of La RĂ©ole are dated by the reign of the duke of Gascony and not that of the king of France. Nonetheless, charters from elsewhere in Gascony continued to be dated by the reigns of the Frankish kings down to the acquisition of Gascony by Aquitaine.
1450:
translated Lop in Gascon, Lupus in Latin, Loup in French, and Lobo in
Spanish. Thus, Duke Otsoa II of Gascony can be known by any of these names, which confuses people not used to the local linguistic situation. Furthermore, even within a set language, there exist many different written variants, as for the Basque name Santso (from Latin
1037:(a Romance language) took hold in 'greater Gascony', stripping the name of its former ethnic connotations and lending it a political one. By the 11th-12th centuries, the Basque language is believed to have extended on the north-east up to the upper reaches of the Adour river, far short of its extension 300 years before.
1445:
The names of the dukes are recorded under a bewildering number of variants, which makes identification very difficult. These dukes and counts were leaders of the Basque clans that dominated
Gascony and so their native names were Basque. However, as the Gascon language gradually replaced Basque, their
1432:
Unlike neighbouring regions, counts did not play a role in
Vasconia's power share. Moreover, they were absent, and dukes are mentioned as the main figures of the Basques, immediately followed on the hierarchy by tribal chiefs and families, at least until the rise of the Carolingian dynasty.As for the
1423:
are cited in the last independent years of the Duchy up to 768, but this year, its northern boundary was pinpointed on the river
Garonne. Several authors have put down this large geographical extent of the 7th-8th centuries to an expansion of the Basques from their assumed original habitations around
1328:
of Saint-Seurin at
Bordeaux in 1009, "the custom is that no count can legitimately govern in this city of Bordeaux if he has not received the charge of the consulate, eyes lowered, from the most holy saint bishop Seurin and if he does not make an annual tribute." A later notice from between 1160 and
1462:
meaning "son of". "Juan SĂĄnchez" literally means "John, son of Sancho". For a few dukes of
Gascony, the second name is not the given name of their father, but it is a nickname that they gained over time and that replaced the given name of their father, such as the famous duke Sans III Mitarra, where
1449:
In written documents, their names were usually recorded in Latin, which was the favored written language at the time. Today, their names are also frequently found in their French version, and also sometimes in their
Spanish version. One example: the Basque name Otsoa (meaning "wolf") was literally
819:
and
Vasconia that was to have dire consequences on its population, towns and society. Waifer and his Basque troops confronted Pepin several times but were defeated thrice in 760, 762, and 766, after which Aquitaine and Vasconia pledged loyalty to Pepin. Waifer was eventually murdered by desperate
665:
being exiled on the accusation of supporting or sympathising with the Basque rebels, while in 635 a gigantic
Frankish expedition led by the duke Arnebert and nine other dukes launched an attack against the Basques, forcing them to retreat to the mountains, while Arnebert's column was defeated in
1457:
Usually, the dukes and counts of
Gascony had two names, the first one being their given name, the second one being the given name of their father (for example, Duke Sans I Lop, which means this is Duke Sans I, son of Lop). This custom later generated the Spanish family names, with the adding of
981:
The dukes had to face Viking inroads and unrest for over a century, an instability that brought about the destruction of existing monasteries in Gascony and a decayed urban life. The dukes of Gascony faced up against the Norsemen (Vikings), and a king of Navarre is cited as providing assistance
537:
and the southwestern Pyrenees during the Roman period, but by the end of the 6th century the Vascones defined a confederacy of native tribes with similar language and traditions on both sides of the Pyrenees who had not been culturally Romanized. The name 'Vascone' is the etymological origin of
641:
By the year 602, the Duchy of Vasconia, under Frankish overlordship, was consolidated in the areas around the Garonne but may have extended up to Cantabria, in the Frankish domain at the time of and before the creation of the duchy. In the years 610 and 612 respectively, the Gothic kings
858:
in 778, during which Basques ambushed and slaughtered Charlemagne's rearguard after the Franks destroyed the walls of Pamplona. Heavily mythologised from the 11th century on as a clash between Christians and Muslims, this battle became one of the most celebrated events in the legendary
1341:. It is possible, however, that the notices in the cartulary of Saint-Seurin, which both elevate that religious house and at the same time distance the dukes of Gascony from any French vassalage, were forged in the late 12th century to advance the cause of the Plantagenets.
997:
would have been expected to pave the way for a reassertion of its regional identity, new borders, a more rigid structure derived from feudalization, and internal Basque divergences of culture, interest and language stopped that process. Dukes parcelled out the duchy as
2480:
La Vasconie: Ătude historique et critique sur les origines du royaume de Navarre, du duchĂ© de Gascogne, des comtĂ©s de Comminges, d'Aragon, de Foix, de Bigorre, d'Alava et de Biscaye, de la vicomtĂ© de BĂ©arn et des grands fiefs du duchĂ© de
729:
cites "Wasconia" as extending up to the Loire, although the actual geographical extent indicated by this name is contested; it further divides the territory into Guasconia (north of the Garonne) and Spanoguasconia (south of the Garonne).
722:
rivers), effectively ruling independently over Vasconia and at least part of Aquitaine. Under Felix and his successors, Frankish overlordship over these lands became merely nominal, and Vasconia became a prominent regional power. The
1502:
It has been suggested that some apparently Basque names are merely corruptions of late Germanic names. For example, Garsinde leading to Garsean, Gendolf or Centulf to Centule, Aginald or Hunnald to Enneko (in Flanders, and
792:. Aquitaine and its attendant marches were then nominally united with Francia, but Odo probably kept ruling the Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine more or less independently, about the same as before, until his death c. 735.
630:, but it extended at this stage to the lands south and around the axis provided by the river Garonne between Bordeaux and Toulouse. Around this period Duke Francio is reported to have vowed allegiance to the Franks in
943:, the Basque leader, was recognised as duke by Charles the Bald. During that same year, Muza of Tudela, relative of the Basque princes, invaded Vasconia and made Sans prisoner. In 855, Sans died and was succeeded by
799:, who, desiring the former independence which had been his father's, attacked Martel's successors, starting a war which lasted for two generations. In 743, the situation was further complicated by the arrival of
1436:
As of 778, Charlemagne started appointing counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Fezensac) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the grip on power of the dukes of Vasconia.
1474:
There is one duke of Gascony subject to a historiographical discussion, and that is Duke Seguin I (Segiwin, Sihimin,...). It has been contended that it actually hides a Basque "Semen"—written forms
1446:
names are also recorded in Gascon. Indeed, eventually the dukes of Gascony probably themselves adopted Gascon, which is reflected in the declining use of authentically Basque names by the last dukes.
866:
Muslims attacked Vasconia as well, taking possession of Pamplona for some time, but they were expelled by a rebellion in 798â801 that helped to create the Basque Muslim realm of the Banu Qasi around
1433:
judicial system, neither the Visigoth law nor Roman law seem to have been in use in the Duchy of Vasconia, and a native order may have prevailed at least until the Carolingian takeover in 768-769.
1150:
749:
succeeded Felix in sequence, with the last three belonging to the same lineage. Their ethnicities and even their names are not certain, however, since historical records are not conclusive.
1126:
1514:
In the list below, the dukes and counts of Gascony are listed according to their Gascon names (based on the current spelling of Gascon, not the medieval spelling, which was fluctuating).
3001:
1114:
1294:
1333:'s altar and then only take it up again after receiving the saint's standard. These practices parallel the practice of the French kings of receiving their kingdom from
2359:
2052:
I, was named Duke of Gascony in 1249. On his accession to the throne in 1272, the title was reunited with the kingdom of England and treated as another name for the
1102:
538:'Gascon' and 'Basque'. Whether the Vascones spread significantly north of the Pyrenees is disputed, but the ruling Goths and Franks referred to the area between the
1138:
2455:
1090:
581:
This military push from a stronger centralized authority in Toledo placed more pressure on the Vascones to leave the Ebro's rich farmland. In this period (585),
788:, could the Christians of Western Europe achieve the military unity necessary to decisively defeat the Umayyad invaders, which they finally accomplished at the
912:
too), Frankish vassals and the latter appointed Duke of Gascony, were captured by the joint Pamplonese and Banu Qasi forces, strengthening the independence of
1162:
916:. In the early 9th century, the lands around the Adour river were segregated from the Duchy under the name of County of Vasconia. Count Aznar's successor,
2580:
1404:, etc. In the following years, the same king is reported to have subjugated the whole of Vasconia, meaning that it extended beyond the Pyrenees as well.
424:. However, the duchy went through different periods, from its early years with its distinctively Basque element to the merger in personal union with the
3006:
2290:. Louis the Pious crossed the Pyrenees and "settled matters" in Pamplona, implying that it fell within his realm, obviously within the Gascon march.
753:
1002:
for their sons â the power of decision was gradually transferred in the 9th and 10th centuries to Gascony's smaller constituent counties, such as
1419:, suggesting that it lies south of the Loire. but the nature of this naming is subject to debate. At any rate, Basques on either side of the
1030:
1222:
2795:
939:
was killed trying to retake Bordeaux in 848, though some sources say he was only captured and later deposed by the king. By the year 853,
585:, Count of Bordeaux, is described as fighting the Vascones, who are portrayed as hiding out in the mountains, as well as the Cantabrians.
1270:
1487:(meaning "son", attested in Aquitanian engravings), or it may be "Seguin" (modern Gascon "Siguin"), a name of Germanic origin based on
1282:
877:
in 799 but after the death of Charlemagne in 814, uprisings started anew. The revolt in Pamplona crossed the Pyrenees north and in 816
854:
The time of Charlemagne's reign was rife with conflicts between Pagan Basques, Christian Franks and Arab Muslims. Most famous is the
2336:
2309:
1029:
The Duchy of Vasconia between the Adour and the Garonne, gradually became the Duchy of Gascony, moving away from the history of the
2549:
2393:
2154:
Juan José Larrea, Pierre Bonnassie: La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siÚcle: peuplement et société, pp. 123-129, De Boeck Université, 1998
1234:
886:
546:
launched major campaigns against the Vascones. In 587, Vascones are cited as raiding the plains of Aquitaine, maybe to the west of
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1982:
844:) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the influence of the dukes of Vasconia.
1246:
355:
341:
327:
302:
2573:
897:
130:
115:
1258:
851:(early 9th century), and enjoyed some safety from the west as the Asturians were immersed in continuous dynastic conflicts.
1576:(767-769), either Hunald I returning or a different Hunald, fled to Lupus II of Gascony and was handed over to Charlemagne.
967:
784:
plundered the country and captured Bordeaux. Only by Odo submitting to the authority of his Frankish archrival, the mayor
1313:
Under the Basque line of dukes that began in 864, Gascony became effectively independent of the Frankish kings. In 1004,
605:
created a frontier duchy to their southwest during the tripartite wars between Franks, Visigoths, and Basques. A certain
2069:
975:
940:
917:
421:
873:
Northern Basques, organized in the Duchy of Vasconia, collaborated with Franks during campaigns such as the capture of
2986:
2935:
1931:
1800:
1754:(836-855 or 864), brother of the previous, fought against the Franks since 848 and eventually became Duke of Vasconia.
1678:
773:
1701:
After Lop Centullo's death the duchy was divided: the County of Vasconia temporarily segregated from the Duchy. See:
1467:
is not the name of his father, but a nickname referring to his origin, probably "Menditarra", with a typical Basque
2945:
2940:
2915:
2900:
1949:
1769:
1751:
1454:, meaning "holy"), which can be found in Basque documents written Antso, Sanzio, Santio, Sanxo, Sancio, and so on.
1389:
756:
in 711 effected drastic shifts in political and cultural trends throughout southwestern Europe. Hitherto the duke
702:
2981:
2920:
2905:
2810:
2566:
2002:
1885:
1858:
1829:
1660:
885:
of Bordeaux for failing to suppress or sympathising with the rebellion. This started a widespread revolt, led by
890:
2930:
2589:
2463:
974:, cited in 864) appears to be the founder of a lineage of autochthonous independent dukes ruling Gascony up to
769:
2991:
2971:
2950:
2692:
2008:
1903:
1702:
1049:'s reign, Gascony distanced itself again from Pamplona. By 1053, Gascony was inherited and conquered by the
781:
2895:
2014:
1640:
1573:
1046:
882:
615:
as a way of better handling their relations with the Basques. At the same time, the Visigoths created the
2834:
562:
launched a series of military campaigns around the Iberian Peninsula, taking control from the Vascones ("
2488:
2084:
1620:
1557:
1330:
1066:
987:
796:
742:
543:
452:
2687:
1073:
1062:
626:
The boundary area of Vasconia (or Wasconia) was created with the purpose of controlling the Basques in
558:, who was stationed in Toulouse, to deal with the raids, but he was defeated. After taking the throne,
444:
92:
986:
by matrimonial alliances at the end of the 10th century, eventually bringing Gascony suzerain to King
2632:
2500:
2041:
2020:
1731:
1718:
1541:
1334:
936:
932:
734:
2885:
2866:
2815:
2806:
2760:
2037:
1563:
994:
855:
804:
800:
761:
746:
725:
547:
448:
429:
1763:
In 852, Sans II, from the rebel county, eventually reunited Gascony and regained the ducal title.
2910:
2861:
2824:
2819:
2781:
2769:
2728:
2644:
2620:
2449:
2353:
2215:
2089:
2053:
1995:
1535:
1050:
983:
913:
714:, a patrician from Toulouse of Gallo-Roman stock, received the ducal titles of both Vasconia and
711:
683:
679:
616:
509:
464:
437:
425:
348:
334:
2764:
760:
had been independent, refusing to recognise the authority of either the Merovingian king or his
686:, which is interpreted by some as a result of this city being under Basque or Frankish control.
650:
launched attacks against the Basques. After a Basque attack in the Ebro valley in the year 621,
2852:
2829:
2774:
2716:
2704:
2682:
2649:
2603:
2332:
2305:
1787:
1725:
1602:
1058:
1007:
944:
715:
460:
456:
417:
265:
2839:
570:, possibly up to the north of Castile), and founded a fortress called Victoriacum (dubiously
2996:
2976:
2848:
2802:
2785:
2437:
2139:
2057:
2033:
1745:
1554:) (688-735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, 710 or 715, unclear parentage.
1547:
1511:. The oldest Basque medieval names reflected totemic (animal) references, and family links.
921:
909:
905:
860:
807:, who repeatedly challenged Frankish overlordship. After a campaign against the Umayyads in
671:
611:
491:
485:
176:
73:
2890:
2856:
2397:
2131:
2123:
1923:
1508:
1034:
878:
867:
847:
The Basques, however, found a pivotal ally in the south in the Basque Muslim realm of the
816:
812:
789:
694:
662:
571:
172:
158:
105:
59:
45:
2475:
575:
2390:
1696:
Son of the predecessor, or of Centullo, brother of Sans I. Rebelled against the Franks.
1560:(735-748), son of previous, abdicated to monastery, may have returned later (see below).
2925:
2524:
2286:
1969:
1358:
1354:
1314:
1054:
785:
627:
517:
307:
154:
1365:. It follows that the Duchy of Vasconia comprised Basque areas north and south of the
2965:
2425:
2413:
768:
was captured by the Umayyads. In 721, Odo defeated the Arabian-African forces at the
757:
738:
508:
came to be transferred to the territory of central-western France later known as the
1381:
602:
162:
959:
2326:
2748:
2112:
1318:
1019:
837:
582:
551:
433:
242:
1361:
and, at least in some periods, also the lands south of the Pyrenees centred on
99:
2669:
1734:(846-848 or 852), son of Dhuoda, daughter of Sans I; died with no descendants.
1377:
808:
513:
495:
2523:
Zimmerman, Michel (1999). "Western Francia: The Southern Principalities". In
982:
against them near Bayonne. The Gascon ducal family became tied to the rising
803:
forces attacking Vasconia from the west. In 744, Hunald abdicated to his son
2615:
2543:
2379:
1393:
1338:
1325:
1015:
874:
848:
675:
651:
631:
559:
555:
2558:
593:
494:. By the 2nd century this province was extended to include much of western
2516:
Heresy in Medieval France: Dualism in Aquitaine and the Agenais, 1000â1249
2504:
2219:
2074:
1504:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1003:
999:
948:
841:
777:
765:
643:
567:
529:
516:
re-created the original province of Caesar's Aquitania under the name of
504:
481:
144:
17:
2079:
1919:
1529:
1420:
1401:
1023:
1011:
928:
828:
815:
turned his attention to Aquitaine and Waifer, unleashing a devastating
647:
635:
620:
539:
414:
406:
320:
1329:
1180, says specifically that the would-be count must lay his sword on
2639:
1898:
Son of Sans IV. Some historians believe his name was instead Gassia.
1523:
1397:
901:
606:
398:
373:
1120:
Vasconne participation in the Merovingian Council of Orleans (511).
2722:
2710:
2698:
2627:
1412:
978:(died in 1032), with loose ties, if any, to the Frankish Kingdom.
719:
667:
655:
592:
533:
were an Iberian people originally inhabiting a region between the
499:
402:
394:
377:
1384:
to rule over the territories between the Loire and the Pyrenees (
2506:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
2221:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
1411:
refers to Vasconia as the whole territory stretching out to the
634:, an area inhabited by the Basques, but c. 612, the Gothic king
534:
2562:
1918:
Brother of the predecessor. Might have been him who fought the
2529:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900 â c. 1024
459:
in its entirety in 1453. The corresponding portion within the
1096:
Vascon participation in the Visigothic Council of Agde (506).
1144:
Division of Vasconia between the Frankish sovereigns (548).
1076:, and the region thence became a permanent part of France.
1061:
and it formed a base of support for the English during the
619:
as a buffer against the Basques inhabiting west of current
661:
In 626, the Basques rebelled against the Franks, with the
2531:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 420â55.
2032:
After 1204, the title of Duke of Gascony was held by the
1994:
After 1053, the title of duke of Gascony was held by the
1655:
Brother of the predecessor, rebelled against the Franks.
65:
27:
Medieval duchy in present-day France and Spain (602â1453)
698:
Duchy of Vasconia after the Battle of Poitiers (734-743)
1156:
Vascon Synod of Eauze (551) and Council of Paris (552).
1057:
in the 12th century. The ducal title was reemployed by
1483:. It may be that native Basque name based on the word
1072:
England lost Gascony as a result of its defeat in the
706:
Duchy of Vasconia and both sides of the Pyrenees (760)
2224:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 378â379
1673:
Son of the predecessor. Rebelled against the Franks.
2325:
Douglass, William A.; Douglass, Bilbao, J. (2005) .
1428:
Social organisation during the Early Frankish period
1300:
Vascon Council of Saint-Pierre-de-Granon (673-675).
820:followers, or possibly by someone bribed by Pepin.
369:
262:
252:
238:
224:
214:
204:
194:
182:
168:
150:
140:
32:
1782:Brother of Aznar Sans, and the new duke from 852.
924:, as Charles didn't recognize him as legitimate.
889:(according to late traditions, a near-kinsman of
566:") in the upper reaches of the Ebro (present-day
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
1724:(819/23-846), son or grandson of Seguin I, also
1615:Probably the founder of a Gascon line of dukes.
1544:(670-676 or possibly until 710 in Vasconia only)
772:. However, in 732 he was utterly routed at the
106:Top: Flag during the France and Armagnac periods
1748:(820-836), son of Sans I, as count of Vasconia.
1388:) 'in the general area of Vasconia', including
2468:The Merovingian Archaeology of South-West Gaul
1168:Prince Chramm, viceroy of Aquitaine (556-560).
542:and the Atlantic as Vasconia. Around 580, the
3002:States and territories disestablished in 1453
2574:
1132:Councils of Orleans (533) and Clermont (535).
990:("the Great") for a short period up to 1035.
451:conquered most of Gascony by 1380, and under
8:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2358:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
405:, an area encompassing the modern region of
254:âą Duke appointed by the Frankish kings
51:
37:
2380:Ducado de Vasconia (Auñamendi Encyclopedia)
2742:
2663:
2597:
2581:
2567:
2559:
2544:Auñamendi Encyclopedia: Ducado de Vasconia
2493:Gascony: England's First Colony, 1204â1453
2454:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1369:at least until the definite detachment of
1069:called it England's first foreign colony.
654:defeated them and founded the fortress of
129:
29:
2470:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
1108:Frankish campaigns in Vasconia (507-509).
1041:Within the Duchy of Aquitaine (1053â1453)
2331:. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press.
2272:
2260:
2113:"The Duchy of Vasconia" kondaira.net/eng
2003:Guy Geoffrey (William VIII of Aquitaine)
1708:
1700:
1584:
958:
827:
701:
693:
490:Gascony was the core territory of Roman
2105:
1345:Extent during the Early Frankish period
1086:
690:Personal union with Aquitaine (660â769)
638:seems to have conquered the territory.
2447:
2351:
1795:Son of Sansa, sister of the previous.
1491:, meaning 'victory' (cf modern German
840:appointed counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse,
409:. The Duchy of Gascony, then known as
2328:Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World
261:
251:
247:
223:
213:
203:
193:
189:
181:
7:
2509:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
397:located in present-day southwestern
135:The Duchy of Gascony (Green) in 1150
108:Bottom: Union Gascona (12th century)
183:Duke of Gascony / Duchy of Vasconia
2640:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
2442:Bordeaux pendant le Haut Moyen Ăge
2432:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2420:(2nd ed.). London: Blackwell.
2304:. Cambridge, Ma: Basil Blackwell.
1380:made arrangements for his brother
955:Basque duchy of Gascony (864â1053)
780:, after which Muslim troops under
25:
2683:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
2518:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.
1317:, when visiting the monastery of
718:(located between the Garonne and
3007:1453 disestablishments in Europe
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
947:, who died fighting against the
353:
339:
325:
300:
114:
98:
91:
2911:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
2483:. Vol. 2 vols. Pau: Garet.
2163:Azkarate Garai-Olaun, A. (2004)
1288:Kingdom of Aquitaine (628-632).
1228:Kingdom of Aquitaine (584-585).
1053:. It thus became a part of the
993:While the gradual decay of the
682:was absent from the Visigothic
589:Early Frankish period (602â660)
220:William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine
2430:France in the Making, 843â1180
832:Political map of Europe in 814
795:Odo's realm passed to his son
1:
1570:) (748-767), son of previous.
1337:and carrying his banner, the
455:it was incorporated into the
420:formed to hold sway over the
2552:HistĂłria da LĂngua Espanhola
2070:History of the Basque people
1957:Brother of the predecessor.
1441:Dukes and counts of Vasconia
1276:Council of Clichy (626-627).
931:invaded Bordeaux and killed
210:Sancho VI William of Gascony
824:Carolingian duchy (769â864)
774:Battle of the River Garonne
597:Duchy of Vasconia (602â610)
3023:
2495:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
1710:
1471:suffix to express origin.
1376:In 628, the Frankish king
898:second Battle of Roncevaux
754:Umayyad invasion of Iberia
479:
2881:
2811:Principality of Catalonia
2756:
2745:
2741:
2678:
2666:
2662:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2056:, generally inclusive of
1938:
1776:
1740:County, as Frankish rebel
1738:
1713:Duchy, as Frankish vassal
1711:
1518:Frankish and native dukes
1252:Frankish kingdoms in 587.
1216:Frankish kingdoms in 581.
1204:Frankish kingdoms in 577.
1192:Frankish kingdoms in 567.
1180:Frankish kingdoms in 561.
963:Duchy of Vasconia in 1030
428:to the later period as a
279:
275:
248:
234:
190:
128:
87:
82:
2590:Spain in the Middle Ages
2284:Collins, relying on the
1944:Son of the predecessor.
1911:Urraca Garcés of Navarre
1880:Son of the predecessor.
1853:Son of the predecessor.
1635:Son of the predecessor.
900:took place, when counts
881:deposed the Basque Duke
502:. Thus, the name of the
2749:Feudal Christian realms
2514:Taylor, Claire (2005).
2300:Collins, Roger (1990).
2009:William IX of Aquitaine
1732:William I of Septimania
1703:Northern Basque Country
1373:from the Duchy in 824.
1264:Council of Paris (614).
1240:Council of Macon (585).
782:Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi
678:. From 589 to 684, the
230:Edward the Black Prince
2896:Monarchs of al-Andalus
2391:El Ducado de Vasconia.
2143:
2135:
2127:
2015:William X of Aquitaine
1080:Geopolitical evolution
964:
833:
707:
699:
598:
264:âą Annexed by the
66:
52:
38:
2085:French Basque Country
2048:and later King Edward
1610:Numabela of Cantabria
1417:Chronicle of Fredegar
1353:comprised the former
1067:Margaret Wade Labarge
988:Sancho III of Navarre
962:
831:
705:
697:
596:
544:Kingdom of the Franks
480:Further information:
453:Charles VII of France
173:Catholic Christianity
151:Common languages
2946:Monarchs of Valencia
2906:Monarchs of Asturias
2693:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
2633:Kingdom of the Suebi
2172:Fredegarius. IV, 54.
2028:House of Plantagenet
2021:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1499:, meaning 'friend'.
1477:Semeno, Xemen, Ximen
1409:Ravenna Cosmographer
498:as far north as the
2941:Monarchs of Navarre
2936:Monarchs of Majorca
2926:Monarchs of Granada
2921:Monarchs of Galicia
2916:Monarchs of Castile
2886:Visigothic monarchs
2867:Kingdom of Valencia
2835:Kingdom of Artajona
2816:Kingdom of Pamplona
2807:County of Barcelona
2761:Kingdom of Asturias
2216:Lewis, Archibald R.
2136:Baskoniako Dukerria
995:Carolingian dynasty
856:Battle of Roncevaux
762:mayor of the palace
726:Ravenna Cosmography
609:was then appointed
449:Charles V of France
413:, was originally a
53:Baskoniako Dukerria
2987:Dukedoms of France
2901:Monarchs of Aragon
2862:Kingdom of Majorca
2825:Kingdom of Viguera
2820:Kingdom of Navarre
2782:Kingdom of Castile
2770:Kingdom of Galicia
2729:Emirate of Granada
2688:Emirate of CĂłrdoba
2645:Duchy of Cantabria
2621:Visigothic Kingdom
2396:2006-12-08 at the
2196:Collins, R. (1990)
2090:Kingdom of Navarre
2054:Duchy of Aquitaine
1996:dukes of Aquitaine
1846:Amuna of AngoulĂȘme
1415:, and so does the
1074:Hundred Years' War
1063:Hundred Years' War
1051:Duchy of Aquitania
984:Kingdom of Navarre
968:Sancho III Mitarra
965:
836:Beginning in 778,
834:
770:Battle of Toulouse
733:Independent dukes
712:Felix of Aquitaine
708:
700:
684:Councils of Toledo
680:Bishop of Pamplona
617:Duchy of Cantabria
599:
510:Duchy of Aquitaine
465:Kingdom of Navarre
445:Hundred Years' War
426:Duchy of Aquitaine
349:Kingdom of Navarre
335:County of Armagnac
2959:
2958:
2877:
2876:
2853:Kingdom of Aragon
2830:Kingdom of Najera
2796:Kingdom of Toledo
2775:County of Castile
2737:
2736:
2717:Almohad Caliphate
2705:Almoravid Emirate
2658:
2657:
2650:Duchy of Vasconia
2604:Early Middle Ages
2489:Labarge, Margaret
2476:Jaurgain, Jean de
2438:Higounet, Charles
2263:, pp. 48â49.
2144:Ducat de Gasconha
2128:Duché de Vasconie
1990:House of Poitiers
1977:House of Armagnac
1964:House of Poitiers
1961:
1960:
1840:
1811:
1801:Sans III Sancion
1760:
1759:
1726:Count of Bordeaux
1719:Seguin II Seguin
1679:Lop III Centullo
1324:According to the
1059:Edward Longshanks
976:Sancho VI William
920:, fought against
710:In the year 660,
461:Iberian Peninsula
457:Kingdom of France
401:and northeastern
391:Duchy of Vasconia
383:
382:
365:
364:
361:
360:
313:
312:
266:Kingdom of France
67:Ducat de Gasconha
39:Duché de Vasconie
16:(Redirected from
3014:
2982:Dukes of Gascony
2931:Monarchs of LeĂłn
2849:County of Aragon
2843:
2803:Catalan counties
2786:Crown of Castile
2743:
2664:
2598:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2550:Sedycias, JoĂŁo.
2532:
2519:
2510:
2501:Lewis, Archibald
2496:
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2146:
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2115:
2110:
2051:
2045:
2034:kings of England
1932:Bernat I Guilhem
1836:
1824:Son of Sans II.
1807:
1709:
1585:
1581:House of Gascony
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
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1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1047:Sancho the Great
922:Charles the Bald
861:Matter of France
817:war on Aquitaine
564:partes Vasconiae
522:Aquitania Tertia
492:Gallia Aquitania
486:Gallia Aquitania
387:Duchy of Gascony
357:
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321:Guyenne province
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34:Duchy of Gascony
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2951:Military orders
2891:Suebic monarchs
2873:
2857:Crown of Aragon
2837:
2765:Kingdom of LeĂłn
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2733:
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2607:
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2398:Wayback Machine
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1966:
1950:Sans VI Guilhem
1914:
1912:
1904:Guilhem II Sans
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1849:
1847:
1838:(Gassia Okerra)
1835:
1830:Gassia II Sans
1820:
1806:
1770:Sans II Sancion
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957:
908:(identified as
879:Louis the Pious
826:
813:Pepin the Short
790:Battle of Tours
692:
663:Bishop of Eauze
591:
572:Vitoria-Gasteiz
488:
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2992:Lists of dukes
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2972:Basque history
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2538:External links
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2525:Timothy Reuter
2520:
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2497:
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2472:
2460:
2434:
2426:Dunbabin, Jean
2422:
2414:Collins, Roger
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2287:Vita Hludowici
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2242:Monlezun, 342.
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1859:Sans IV Gassia
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1424:the Pyrenees.
1359:Novempopulania
1355:Roman province
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1031:Basque Country
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953:
933:Duke Seguin II
887:GarcĂa JimĂ©nez
825:
822:
786:Charles Martel
691:
688:
628:Novempopulania
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587:
554:sent his duke
518:Novempopulania
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2278:
2275:, p. 50.
2274:
2273:Higounet 1963
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:Higounet 1963
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2228:September 11,
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:five children
1875:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:five children
1630:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:five children
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:Odo the Great
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:limes Spaniae
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1309:Feudal status
1308:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
961:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Aznar SĂĄnchez
907:
906:Aznar Galindo
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
839:
830:
823:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Odo the Great
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:Odo the Great
736:
731:
728:
727:
721:
717:
713:
704:
696:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:, maybe near
669:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
595:
588:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
487:
483:
475:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
375:
372:
370:Today part of
368:
352:
350:
347:
346:
338:
336:
333:
332:
324:
322:
319:
318:
315:
309:
306:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
257:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
209:
199:
185:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
132:
127:
117:
109:
101:
94:
86:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
2790:Castile-LeĂłn
2789:
2747:
2721:
2711:Second Taifa
2709:
2697:
2668:
2602:
2551:
2528:
2515:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2467:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2406:Bibliography
2386:
2342:. Retrieved
2327:
2320:
2301:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2220:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2119:
2108:
2031:
1993:
1939:
1893:
1873:
1870:two children
1866:
1850:six children
1837:
1831:
1817:
1808:
1803:the Terrible
1802:
1777:
1762:
1739:
1721:Mostelanicus
1720:
1712:
1693:two children
1689:
1680:
1668:
1648:
1641:Seguin I Lop
1628:
1567:
1551:
1513:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1385:
1382:Charibert II
1375:
1350:
1348:
1331:Saint Seurin
1323:
1312:
1071:
1044:
1028:
992:
980:
971:
966:
941:Sans Sancion
926:
918:Sans Sancion
896:In 824, the
895:
891:Ăñigo Arista
872:
865:
853:
846:
835:
794:
751:
732:
724:
709:
660:
640:
625:
612:dux wasconum
610:
603:Merovingians
601:In 602, the
600:
580:
576:Iruña-Veleia
563:
528:
526:
521:
503:
489:
442:
410:
390:
386:
384:
290:Succeeded by
289:
284:
226:âą 1362
216:âą 1052
206:âą 1009
163:Middle Latin
121:Coat of arms
2838: [
2723:Third Taifa
2699:First Taifa
2444:. Bordeaux.
2418:The Basques
2344:16 November
2302:The Basques
2038:Lord Edward
2023:(1137â1204)
2017:(1126â1137)
2011:(1086â1126)
2005:(1052â1086)
1985:(1039â1052)
1972:(1032â1039)
1774:852-855/64
1625:778/801-812
1335:Saint Denis
935:. His heir
838:Charlemagne
811:, the king
583:Galactorius
574:, possibly
552:Chilperic I
463:became the
434:Plantagenet
285:Preceded by
243:Middle Ages
196:âą 602
2966:Categories
2673:(711-1492)
2670:Al-Andalus
2096:References
1926:, in 970.
1746:Aznar Sans
1686:818-819/23
1621:Sans I Lop
1378:Dagobert I
972:Menditarra
809:Septimania
764:. In 714,
514:Diocletian
512:. In 293,
496:Roman Gaul
430:dependency
2616:Visigoths
2450:cite book
2354:cite book
2101:Citations
2040:, son of
1983:Bernat II
1954:1009-1032
1940:Unmarried
1936:996-1009
1915:one child
1908:c.961-996
1894:Unmarried
1890:c.950-961
1863:930-c.950
1821:one child
1778:Unmarried
1652:one child
1574:Hunald II
1532:(626-638)
1526:(602-626)
1394:Perigueux
1349:Frankish
1339:Oriflamme
1326:cartulary
1016:Comminges
1000:appanages
875:Barcelona
849:Banu Qasi
716:Aquitaine
676:Saragossa
652:Swinthila
632:Cantabria
560:Leovigild
556:Bladastes
476:Formation
436:kings of
169:Religion
2503:(1965).
2491:(1980).
2481:Gascogne
2478:(1898).
2466:(1977).
2440:(1963).
2428:(2000).
2416:(1990).
2394:Archived
2251:Labarge.
2218:(1965).
2075:Vascones
2064:See also
1832:the Bent
1558:Hunald I
1458:suffix -
1371:Pamplona
1367:Pyrenees
1363:Pamplona
1351:Wasconia
1319:La RĂ©ole
1020:NĂ©bouzan
1008:Armagnac
951:in 864.
927:In 844,
914:Pamplona
842:Fezensac
801:Asturian
778:Bordeaux
766:Pamplona
644:Gundemar
548:Toulouse
530:Vascones
505:Aquitani
482:Aquitani
415:Frankish
411:Wasconia
145:Bordeaux
83:602â1453
18:Vasconia
2997:Gascony
2977:Francia
2527:(ed.).
2140:Occitan
2080:Gascony
2058:Guyenne
1924:Galicia
1920:Vikings
1874:Unknown
1867:Unknown
1843:893-930
1818:Unknown
1814:864-893
1752:Sans II
1690:Unknown
1669:Unknown
1665:816-818
1649:Unknown
1645:812-816
1629:Unknown
1594:Consort
1568:Gaifier
1542:Lupus I
1530:Aeghyna
1505:Frisian
1495:), and
1465:Mitarra
1452:sanctus
1421:Garonne
1402:Agenais
1390:Saintes
1026:, etc.
1024:Labourd
1012:Bigorre
937:William
929:Vikings
672:Tardets
648:Sisebut
636:Sisebut
621:Navarre
540:Garonne
471:History
443:In the
438:England
432:of the
422:Basques
407:Gascony
141:Capital
74:Occitan
2335:
2308:
2132:Basque
2124:French
2050:
2044:
1792:855/64
1788:Arnaut
1603:Lop II
1597:Notes
1564:Waifer
1538:(660s)
1524:Genial
1481:Jimeno
1469:-tarra
1398:Cahors
1045:After
1035:Gascon
945:Arnold
883:Seguin
868:Tudela
805:Waifer
797:Hunald
747:Waifer
743:Hunald
668:Subola
607:Genial
399:France
393:was a
374:France
200:Genial
186:
159:Basque
155:Gascon
70:
60:Basque
56:
46:French
42:
2842:]
2628:Suebi
2042:Henry
1970:Eudes
1913:c.972
1848:c.875
1681:Wasco
1591:Dates
1588:Ruler
1552:Eudes
1536:Felix
1479:, or
1413:Loire
1004:BĂ©arn
949:Norse
776:near
735:Lupus
720:Loire
656:Olite
568:Ălava
500:Loire
418:march
403:Spain
395:duchy
378:Spain
2809:) â
2456:link
2360:link
2346:2013
2333:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2230:2012
1566:(or
1550:(or
1493:Sieg
1485:seme
1407:The
970:(or
904:and
902:Eblo
752:The
745:and
646:and
535:Ebro
527:The
484:and
385:The
271:1453
2046:III
1922:in
1497:win
1489:sig
1357:of
1033:as
578:).
520:or
389:or
258:602
2968::
2855:â
2851:â
2840:eu
2818:â
2792:)
2784:â
2763:â
2452:}}
2448:{{
2368:^
2356:}}
2352:{{
2201:^
2177:^
2142::
2138:;
2134::
2130:;
2126::
2060:.
2036:.
1998:.
1742::
1715::
1460:ez
1400:,
1396:,
1392:,
1065:.
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
863:.
741:,
737:,
658:.
623:.
550:.
524:.
467:.
447:,
440:.
2805:(
2788:(
2582:e
2575:t
2568:v
2554:.
2546:.
2458:)
2362:)
2348:.
2314:.
2232:.
1728:.
1705:.
76:)
72:(
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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