946:. ORV programs typically attractive baits to deliver the vaccine to targeted animals. In the United States, RABORAL V-RG (Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA, USA) has been the only licensed ORV for rabies virus management since 1997. However, ONRAB "Ultralite" (Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada) baits have been distributed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in select areas of the eastern United States under an experimental permit to target raccoons since 2011. RABORAL V-RG baits consist of a small packet containing the oral vaccine which is then either coated in a fishmeal paste or encased in a fishmeal-polymer block. ONRAB "Ultralite" baits consist of a blister pack with a coating matrix of vanilla flavor, green food coloring, vegetable oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat. When an animal bites into the bait, the packets burst and the vaccine is administered. Current research suggests that if adequate amounts of the vaccine is ingested, immunity to the virus should last for upwards of one year. By immunizing wild or stray animals, ORV programs work to create a buffer zone between the rabies virus and potential contact with humans, pets, or livestock. Landscape features such as large bodies of water and mountains are often used to enhance the effectiveness of the buffer
595:
675:
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42:
479:(WHO) recommends vaccinating those who are at high risk of the disease, such as children who live in areas where it is common. Other groups may include veterinarians, researchers, or people planning to travel to regions where rabies is common. Three doses of the vaccine are given over a one-month period on days zero, seven, and either twenty-one or twenty-eight.
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727:
440:. It is recommended that those who are at high risk of exposure be vaccinated before potential exposure. Rabies vaccines are effective in humans and other animals, and vaccinating dogs is very effective in preventing the spread of rabies to humans. A long-lasting immunity to the virus develops after a full course of treatment.
865:
by the 1970s. Development of an oral immunization for wildlife began in the United States with laboratory trials using the live, attenuated Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abselseth (ERA) vaccine, derived from the Street
Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain. The first ORV field trial using the live attenuated vaccine to
491:
with the first dose. This is known as post-exposure vaccination. For people who have previously been vaccinated, only a single dose of the rabies vaccine is required. However, vaccination after exposure is neither a treatment nor a cure for rabies; it can only prevent the development of rabies in a
844:
Wildlife species, primarily bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes, act as reservoir species for different variants of the rabies virus in distinct geographic regions of the United States. This results in the general occurrence of rabies as well as outbreaks in animal populations. Approximately 90% of
634:
The
Pasteur-Roux vaccine attenuated the harvested virus samples by allowing them to dry for five to ten days. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used in some countries, and while they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines, they are not as effective. Neural tissue vaccines
551:
rabies vaccines are now available and are recommended for use by the WHO. The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the rabies virus, and uses the Vero cell line as its host. CCEEVs can be used in both pre- and post-exposure vaccinations. CCEEVs use inactivated
500:
Immunity following a course of doses is typically long lasting, and additional doses are usually not needed unless the person has a high risk of contracting the virus. Those at risk may have tests done to measure the amount of rabies antibodies in the blood, and then get rabies boosters as needed.
913:
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs have been used in many countries in an effort to control the spread of rabies and limit the risk of human contact with the rabies virus. ORV programs were initiated in Europe in the 1980s, Canada in 1985, and in the United States in 1990. ORV is a preventive
648:
When the modern cell-culture rabies vaccine was first introduced in the early 1980s, it cost $ 45 per dose, and was considered to be too expensive. The cost of the rabies vaccine continues to be a limitation to acquiring pre-exposure rabies immunization for travelers from developed countries. In
950:
The effectiveness of ORV campaigns in specific areas is determined through trap-and-release methods. Titer tests are performed on the blood drawn from the sample animals in order to measure rabies antibody levels in the blood. Baits are usually distributed by aircraft to more efficiently cover
951:
large, rural regions. In order to place baits more precisely and to minimize human and pet contact with baits, they are distributed by hand in suburban or urban regions. The standard bait distribution density is 75 baits/km in rural areas and 150 baits/km in urban and developed areas.
954:
Implementation of ORV programs in the United States has led to the elimination of the coyote rabies virus variant in 2003 and gray fox variant during 2013. Furthermore, ORV has been successful in preventing the westward expansion of the raccoon rabies enzootic front beyond
Alabama.
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Oral rabies vaccines (see below for details) have been trialled on feral/stray dogs in some areas with high rabies incidence, as it could potentially be more efficient than catching and injecting them. However these have not been deployed for dogs at large scale yet.
432:
after exposure to prevent the disease. Transmission of rabies virus to humans typically occurs through a bite or scratch from an infectious animal, but exposure can occur through indirect contact with the saliva from an infectious individual.
626:
pm, which was followed with 12 additional doses administered over the following 10 days. The first injection was derived from the spinal cord of an inoculated rabbit which had died of rabies 15 days earlier. All the doses were obtained by
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Fehlner-Gardiner C, Rudd R, Donovan D, Slate D, Kempf L, Badcock J (January 2012). "Comparing ONRAB® AND RABORAL V-RG® oral rabies vaccine field performance in raccoons and striped skunks, New
Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, USA".
760:
Imrab is an example of a veterinary rabies vaccine containing the
Pasteur strain of killed rabies virus. Several different types of Imrab exist, including Imrab, Imrab 3, and Imrab Large Animal. Imrab 3 has been approved for
2166:
1274:
4507:
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Modified live viruses administered orally (by mouth): Live rabies virus from attenuated strains. Attenuated means strains that have developed mutations that cause them to be weaker and do not cause disease.
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Rabies vaccines may be used safely by all age groups. About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief period of redness and pain at the injection site, and 5 to 15 percent of people may experience
1744:
254:
2447:
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Vaccines made from nerve tissue are used in a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin
America, but are less effective and have greater side effects. Their use is thus not recommended by the
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Rabies vaccines are safe in all age groups. About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief period of redness and pain at the injection site, and 5 to 15 percent of people may experience
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expressing rabies glycoprotein (V-RG): This is a strain of the vaccinia virus (originally a smallpox vaccine) that has been engineered to encode the gene for the rabies glycoprotein.
458:
The first rabies vaccine was introduced in 1885 and was followed by an improved version in 1908. Over 29 million people worldwide receive human rabies vaccine annually. It is on the
2191:
824:, a rabies control program was initiated to give dog owners free vaccination to promote mass vaccination which was sponsored by their government. The vaccine is known as Rabisin (
492:
person if given before the virus reaches the brain. Because the rabies virus has a relatively long incubation period, post-exposure vaccinations are typically highly effective.
199:
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Aside from vaccinating humans, another approach was also developed by vaccinating dogs to prevent the spread of the virus. In 1979, the Van
Houweling Research Laboratory of the
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399:
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Following administration of a booster dose, one study found 97% of immunocompetent individuals demonstrated protective levels of neutralizing antibodies after ten years.
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Chipman RB, Gilbert AT, Slate D (2023). "Wildlife Rabies
Management in the New World: Prevention, Control and Elimination in Mesocarnivores". In Rupprecht CE (ed.).
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2775:
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93:
428:. There are several rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective. Vaccinations must be administered prior to rabies virus exposure or within the
2324:
3536:
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657:. It is possible and more cost-effective to split one intramuscular dose of the vaccine into several intradermal doses. This method is recommended by the
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2405:"Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies: guidance for research on oral rabies vaccines and Field application of oral vaccination of dogs against rabies"
1738:
1657:
1619:
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Touihri L, Zaouia I, Elhili K, Dellagi K, Bahloul C (March 2011). "Evaluation of mass vaccination campaign coverage against rabies in dogs in
Tunisia".
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2458:
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based rabies vaccine only used countrywide. Vaccinations are often administered when owners take in their dogs for check-ups and visits at the vet.
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has been used on domesticated and wild populations. In many jurisdictions, domestic dogs, cats, ferrets, and rabbits are required to be vaccinated.
3933:
1686:"An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on travellers and rabies vaccine"
1100:
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Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Slate D (2004). "Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control".
1708:
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1433:
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661:(WHO) in areas that are constrained by cost or with supply issues. The route is as safe and effective as intramuscular according to the WHO.
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For individuals who have been potentially exposed to the virus, four doses over two weeks are recommended, as well as an injection of
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1936:"Production and evaluation of a chromatographically purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) in China using microcarrier technology"
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vaccination was conceived during the 1960s, and modified-live rabies viruses were used for the experimental oral vaccination of
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vaccination was conceived during the 1960s, and modified-live rabies viruses were used for the experimental oral vaccination of
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239:
125:
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2617:"Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia-rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG): a global review"
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1994:
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618:(1876–1940), who had been mauled by a rabid dog, was the first human to receive this vaccine. The treatment started with a
436:
Doses are usually given by injection into the skin or muscle. After exposure, the vaccination is typically used along with
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3836:
3541:
1264:"List of nationally authorised medicinal products, Active substance: rabies vaccine, Procedure no.: PSUSA/00009277/202103"
455:. After exposure to rabies, there is no contraindication to its use, because the untreated virus is virtually 100% fatal.
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2764:
2747:
1807:
429:
350:
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2818:
1899:
Toovey S (November 2007). "Preventing rabies with the
Verorab vaccine: 1985-2005 Twenty years of clinical experience".
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547:
In addition to these developments, newer and less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccines (CCEEV) and purified
4421:
3173:"Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003"
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1580:
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There are two main types of vaccines used for domesticated animals and pets (including pets from wildlife species):
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Oral rabies vaccines are distributed across the landscape, targeting reservoir species, in an effort to produce a
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rabies virus grown from either embryonated eggs or in cell cultures and are safe for use in humans and animals.
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2744:
Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)
619:
599:
3080:"Modeling Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Habitat Connectivity to Identify Potential Corridors for Rabies Spread"
1007:
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Islands. The successful program in the Philippines was later used as a model by other countries, such as
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4219:
4214:
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3611:
3521:
488:
437:
2061:"Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure"
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2511:
2385:
2033:
1829:
Hayflick L, Moorhead PS (December 1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains".
628:
155:
2110:
Plotkin SA (1980). "Rabies vaccine prepared in human cell cultures: progress and perspectives".
1197:"Imovax Rabies (rabies virus strain pm-1503-3m antigen- propiolactone inactivated and water kit"
3257:
753:
Inactivated rabies virus (similar technology to that given to humans) administered by injection
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4314:
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4147:
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1965:
1916:
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83:
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Sidwa TJ, Wilson PJ, Moore GM, Oertli EH, Hicks BN, Rohde RE, Johnston DH (September 2005).
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3009:
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2710:
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2615:
Maki J, Guiot AL, Aubert M, Brochier B, Cliquet F, Hanlon CA, et al. (September 2017).
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2493:
2408:
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2082:
2072:
2025:
1955:
1947:
1908:
1873:
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1406:
1359:
797:. The development of the vaccine resulted in the elimination of rabies in many parts of the
571:
560:
3288:
521:. Because of the certain fatality of the virus, receiving the vaccine is always advisable.
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359:
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4278:
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3883:
3841:
3707:
3677:
3660:
3586:
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3445:
3441:
3390:
1494:
2974:
2283:
2214:"State Rabies Vaccination Laws for Domestic Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets in the United States"
885:
V-RG has been proven safe in over 60 animal species including cats and dogs. The idea of
873:
Modified live virus: Attenuated vaccine strains of rabies virus such as SAG2 and SAD B19
3078:
Algeo TP, Slate D, Caron RM, Atwood T, Recuenco S, Ducey MJ, et al. (August 2017).
2706:
2536:. Fascinating Life Sciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 143–198.
1864:
Hayflick L (March 1965). "The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains".
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4415:
4142:
4033:
3993:
3694:
3633:
3106:
3079:
2998:"Efficacy of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Baits (ONRAB) against rabies infection in raccoons"
2643:
2616:
2213:
2087:
2060:
1960:
1935:
879:
829:
766:
615:
567:
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cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) was started in 1967. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines are
2714:
1410:
103:
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854:
611:
607:
188:
117:
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2873:
2515:
2016:
Geison GL (April 1978). "Pasteur's work on rabies: reexamining the ethical issues".
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Virtually all infections with rabies resulted in death until two French scientists,
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2534:
History of Rabies in the Americas: From the Pre-Columbian to the Present, Volume I
2389:
975:
869:
There are currently three different types of oral wildlife rabies vaccine in use:
2996:
Gilbert A, Johnson S, Walker N, Wickham C, Beath A, VerCauteren K (August 2018).
1983:
690:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
582:. Verorab is approved for medical use in Australia and the European Union and is
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927:
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111:
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33:
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810:
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Tordo N, Foumier A, Jallet C, Szelechowski M, Klonjkowski B, Eloit M (2008).
2797:
Tordo N, Foumier A, Jallet C, Szelechowski M, Klonjkowski B, Eloit M (2008).
1552:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
4337:
3908:
3776:
3345:
3230:
3213:
2888:
2798:
782:
583:
575:
563:, an Associate Member, who developed this normal human diploid cell strain.
548:
514:
448:
97:
41:
3239:
3198:
3115:
3023:
2904:
2865:
2814:
2746:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. July 1998. Archived from
2679:
2652:
2566:
2507:
2498:
2481:
2381:
2162:
2096:
1969:
1920:
1885:
1850:
1704:
1524:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1418:
906:
Other oral rabies experimental vaccines in development include recombinant
2722:
2582:
2131:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4137:
3893:
3829:
3824:
2045:
1397:
Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T (June 2002). "Rabies re-examined".
1233:
1201:
1008:"Rabies vaccine, human diploid cell (Imovax Rabies) Use During Pregnancy"
886:
858:
802:
307:
139:
2412:
1560:
1532:
1364:
1165:"Rabipur pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
323:
316:
3898:
3655:
3337:
2147:"Diagnostic dilemma in flaccid paralysis following anti-rabies vaccine"
2037:
923:
821:
806:
798:
537:
421:
66:
49:
17:
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726:
4201:
4186:
3472:
1951:
935:
931:
915:
825:
794:
762:
518:
452:
425:
59:
2244:"3.1.17 Rabies (Infection with Rabies Virus and Other Lyssaviruses)"
2029:
813:, in their fight against rabies conducted in collaboration with the
649:
2015, in the United States, a course of three doses could cost over
586:
for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies.
2368:(2). Institut Pasteur de Tunis and Blackwell Verlag GmbH: 110–118.
386:
4196:
4081:
3682:
3616:
2693:
Winkler WG, Bögel K (June 1992). "Control of rabies in wildlife".
733:
725:
593:
556:
510:
444:
544:
made using the attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus.
3491:
614:, developed the first rabies vaccination in 1885. Nine-year-old
559:
which was gifted to Hilary Koprowski at the Wistar Institute by
377:
286:
261:
3302:
1133:"Rabies Vaccine BP - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
274:
134:
939:
919:
668:
555:
The vaccine was attenuated and prepared in the H.D.C. strain
1038:"Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database"
2145:
Srivastava AK, Sardana V, Prasad K, Behari M (March 2004).
248:
166:
1934:
Yu P, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Liang G (September 2012).
635:
also carry a certain risk of neurological complications.
4508:
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
1536:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
845:
all reported rabies cases in the US are from wildlife.
460:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
406:
3218:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
3214:"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006"
3177:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
683:
A major contributor to this section appears to have a
4438:
1466:
Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control
2737:"Field application of oral rabies vaccines for dogs"
866:
immunize foxes occurred in Switzerland during 1978.
578:
rabies vaccine (PVRV). The first is approved by the
4368:
4307:
4239:
4130:
4102:
4069:
3738:
3569:
3562:
3481:
3409:
3361:
3212:Blanton JD, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE (August 2007).
631:, but later ones were progressively more virulent.
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92:
82:
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65:
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48:
2407:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
1345:"Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018"
4354:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1434:"Rabies 99.9% fatal, but highly preventable —PCP"
27:Vaccines to prevent rabies in humans and animals
2527:
2525:
970:
968:
738:Machine for distribution of baits from airplane
2253:. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2018.
3314:
3133:"Oral Rabies Vaccination Program in the East"
1734:"National Rabies Management Program Overview"
1258:
1256:
1065:
1063:
8:
2482:"Rabies virus vectors and reservoir species"
1101:"VERORAB (Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd)"
143:
32:
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1333:
1331:
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1323:
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1319:
1317:
1315:
294:In general: â„ž (Prescription only)
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3321:
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3299:
3141:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
3051:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2943:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2770:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2453:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1739:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1658:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1620:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1586:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1313:
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1303:
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918:in wild animal vectors of disease, mainly
40:
3291:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3229:
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3105:
3095:
3013:
2889:"Canine adenovirus based rabies vaccines"
2799:"Canine adenovirus based rabies vaccines"
2642:
2632:
2497:
2086:
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1959:
1559:
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1363:
714:Learn how and when to remove this message
598:Early-20th-century rabies vaccination in
365:
358:
3084:Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
2065:Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
898:ONRAB: an experimental live recombinant
653:, while in Europe a course costs around
4445:
1940:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
1653:"Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)"
964:
730:Baits with vaccine for oral vaccination
322:
315:
116:
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2608:
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2604:
2194:from the original on 28 September 2022
2181:"Vaccinations and immunization Rabies"
1901:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
1614:"Rabies Vaccine Information Statement"
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1042:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
31:
2951:from the original on 14 November 2019
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2926:
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2434:
2419:from the original on 25 November 2022
1997:from the original on 24 November 2022
1810:from the original on 15 February 2015
1666:from the original on 21 December 2019
1554:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1526:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1081:from the original on 22 November 2022
1018:from the original on 29 December 2019
793:that gave a three-year immunity from
102:
7:
3127:
3125:
2911:from the original on 29 January 2023
2821:from the original on 29 January 2023
2589:from the original on 8 November 2023
2224:from the original on 22 January 2020
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:from the original on 6 November 2019
1575:
1573:
1571:
1444:from the original on 11 October 2023
1280:from the original on 1 February 2023
988:from the original on 5 February 2023
221:
211:
3284:. 19 December 2019. STN: BL 103334.
3059:from the original on 17 August 2020
2778:from the original on 17 August 2020
2567:"Rabies--an historical perspective"
2403:Organization, World Health (2007).
2169:from the original on 2 August 2009.
1714:from the original on 31 August 2020
1594:from the original on 23 August 2019
1375:from the original on 7 October 2022
385:
4381:Eradication of infectious diseases
4138:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2300:. World Rabies Day. Archived from
1747:from the original on 3 August 2020
1693:Canada Communicable Disease Report
1483:from the original on 5 March 2016.
1241:from the original on 24 March 2021
1209:from the original on 24 March 2021
1113:from the original on 27 March 2023
1106:Department of Health and Aged Care
981:Department of Health and Aged Care
88:RabAvert, Rabipur, Rabivax, others
25:
3971:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2938:"Oral Rabies Vaccine Information"
2715:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-86
2298:"Dr. George W. Beran's Biography"
2024:(2). The Hastings Center: 26–33.
1177:from the original on 20 June 2021
1048:from the original on 3 April 2022
4460:
4448:
4360:Alternative vaccination schedule
3330:Artificial induction of immunity
3268:. 16 December 2019. STN: 103931.
2374:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01306.x
2260:from the original on 3 July 2021
1075:Therapeutic Goods Administration
694:. Please discuss further on the
673:
2486:Revue Scientifique et Technique
1399:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1170:Electronic Medicines Compendium
1138:Electronic Medicines Compendium
4192:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3145:. January 2011. Archived from
2325:"One World, One Health Rabies"
2112:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1229:"Rabavert- rabies vaccine kit"
1141:. 28 June 2020. Archived from
1:
3723:Group B streptococcal disease
3542:Vaccines for Children Program
3015:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.052
2571:Infectious Agents and Disease
1411:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00287-6
1352:Weekly Epidemiological Record
3280:Food and Drug Administration
3264:Food and Drug Administration
3046:"Frequently Asked Questions"
2846:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2765:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1878:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9
1843:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6
1432:Ombary G (10 October 2023).
3274:"RabAvert - Rabies Vaccine"
2893:Developments in Biologicals
2803:Developments in Biologicals
2668:Developments in Biologicals
2542:10.1007/978-3-031-25052-1_7
1913:10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.07.004
1699:(ACS-4): 1–12. March 2002.
938:, but also can be used for
4524:
3190:10.2460/javma.2005.227.785
3097:10.3390/tropicalmed2030044
2858:10.7589/0090-3558-48.1.157
2480:Gilbert AT (August 2018).
2362:Zoonoses and Public Health
2078:10.3390/tropicalmed2020005
2059:Tarantola A (March 2017).
2018:The Hastings Center Report
1866:Experimental Cell Research
1831:Experimental Cell Research
1581:"Preexposure Vaccinations"
1564:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
4399:
2971:"Oral rabies vaccination"
2634:10.1186/s13567-017-0459-9
2448:"Oral Rabies Vaccination"
2186:World Health Organization
1989:World Health Organization
1802:World Health Organization
1771:World Health Organization
1767:"Rabies - Human Vaccines"
1548:World Health Organization
1520:World Health Organization
1341:World Health Organization
1271:European Medicines Agency
815:World Health Organization
809:and the Mexican state of
789:developed and produced a
659:World Health Organization
580:World Health Organization
570:and Speeda, developed by
526:World Health Organization
477:World Health Organization
396:
39:
3718:Clostridioides difficile
3293:Medical Subject Headings
2282:. Merial. Archived from
1469:. Springer. p. 63.
1273:(EMA). 21 October 2021.
1077:(TGA). 28 October 2022.
3981:Tick-borne encephalitis
3231:10.2460/javma.231.4.540
2565:Baer GM (August 1994).
2332:OneHealthInitiative.com
2124:10.1093/clinids/2.3.433
622:on 6 July 1885, at 8:00
4391:List of vaccine topics
3386:Mathematical modelling
3008:(32 Pt B): 4919–4926.
2499:10.20506/rst.37.2.2808
2251:OIE Terrestrial Manual
739:
731:
620:subcutaneous injection
603:
566:Verorab, developed by
4386:Vaccinate Your Family
3837:Japanese encephalitis
1773:(WHO). Archived from
1237:. 18 September 2019.
914:measure to eliminate
737:
729:
692:neutral point of view
597:
489:rabies immunoglobulin
438:rabies immunoglobulin
4493:Inactivated vaccines
4269:John Franklin Enders
3055:. 12 November 2019.
2947:. 12 November 2019.
2774:. 12 November 2019.
1662:. 16 November 2019.
1044:. 21 December 2022.
1014:. 22 November 2019.
944:developing countries
857:effect. The idea of
765:and, in some areas,
542:inactivated vaccines
3450:Virus-like particle
3374:Vaccine ingredients
3152:on 11 February 2017
2753:on 14 October 2006.
2707:1992SciAm.266f..86W
2695:Scientific American
2621:Veterinary Research
1463:Nunnally B (2014).
1205:. 21 October 2020.
984:. 28 October 2022.
849:Oral rabies vaccine
779:Silliman University
639:Society and culture
270:(Prescription only)
257:(Prescription only)
50:Vaccine description
36:
4426:Never to phase III
4225:Hexavalent vaccine
4039:Epstein–Barr virus
3934:Oxford–AstraZeneca
3622:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1777:on 3 November 2012
1109:. 6 October 2022.
781:Medical Center in
740:
732:
604:
4488:French inventions
4436:
4435:
4348:Vaccines and SIDS
4235:
4234:
4009:Hepatitis A and B
3985:Varicella zoster
3442:Subunit/component
2977:on 7 January 2014
2551:978-3-031-25051-4
1590:. 22 April 2011.
724:
723:
716:
687:with its subject.
414:
413:
290:
278:
265:
252:
170:
137:
16:(Redirected from
4515:
4465:
4464:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4327:MMR autism fraud
4274:Maurice Hilleman
4259:Hilary Koprowski
3567:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3285:
3269:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3137:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3017:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2973:. Archived from
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2457:. Archived from
2444:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2334:. Archived from
2329:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2304:on 15 April 2010
2294:
2288:
2287:
2286:on 9 April 2005.
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:. 22 June 2005.
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1952:10.4161/hv.20985
1946:(9): 1230–1235.
1931:
1925:
1924:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1349:
1337:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
972:
719:
712:
708:
705:
699:
685:close connection
677:
676:
669:
656:
652:
625:
572:Liaoning Chengda
561:Leonard Hayflick
496:Additional doses
424:used to prevent
410:
409:
402:
389:
369:
362:
326:
319:
288:
285:
276:
273:
263:
260:
250:
247:
225:
215:
168:
165:
147:
136:
133:
120:
106:
44:
37:
35:
21:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4483:Animal vaccines
4473:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4416:Clinical trials
4395:
4364:
4303:
4279:Stanley Plotkin
4241:
4231:
4143:Cancer vaccines
4126:
4120:Schistosomiasis
4098:
4092:Trypanosomiasis
4065:
4029:Cytomegalovirus
3939:Pfizer–BioNTech
3734:
3558:
3507:Vaccine wastage
3477:
3405:
3357:
3327:
3289:Rabies Vaccines
3272:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2446:
2445:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2341:on 24 July 2011
2338:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2151:Neurology India
2144:
2143:
2139:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2030:10.2307/3560403
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1477:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1438:GMA News Online
1431:
1430:
1426:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1145:on 6 March 2022
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
974:
973:
966:
961:
851:
842:
775:
720:
709:
703:
700:
689:
678:
674:
667:
654:
650:
646:
641:
623:
592:
534:
507:
498:
485:
473:
471:Before exposure
468:
405:
403:
400:(what is this?)
397:
392:
372:
345:
329:
297:
229:
183:
176:
157:
150:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4294:Katalin KarikĂł
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Herpes simplex
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:Sinopharm BIBP
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:Bharat Biotech
3896:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3522:Vaccine injury
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3482:Administration
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3456:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3270:
3252:
3251:External links
3249:
3246:
3245:
3224:(4): 540–556.
3204:
3183:(5): 785–792.
3163:
3121:
3070:
3037:
2988:
2962:
2922:
2879:
2852:(1): 157–167.
2832:
2789:
2756:
2728:
2685:
2658:
2600:
2577:(4): 168–180.
2557:
2550:
2521:
2492:(2): 371–384.
2472:
2461:on 8 July 2020
2430:
2395:
2352:
2315:
2289:
2271:
2235:
2205:
2172:
2157:(1): 132–133.
2137:
2118:(3): 433–448.
2102:
2051:
2008:
1975:
1926:
1907:(6): 327–348.
1891:
1872:(3): 614–636.
1856:
1837:(3): 585–621.
1821:
1788:
1758:
1725:
1677:
1639:
1605:
1567:
1539:
1511:
1486:
1475:
1455:
1424:
1405:(6): 327–343.
1386:
1358:(16): 201–19.
1291:
1252:
1220:
1188:
1156:
1124:
1092:
1059:
1029:
999:
963:
962:
960:
957:
904:
903:
896:
895:
894:
880:vaccinia virus
874:
850:
847:
841:
838:
828:), which is a
774:
771:
758:
757:
754:
722:
721:
681:
679:
672:
666:
665:Veterinary use
663:
645:
642:
640:
637:
616:Joseph Meister
600:Santa Catarina
591:
588:
568:Sanofi-Aventis
533:
530:
506:
503:
497:
494:
484:
483:After exposure
481:
472:
469:
467:
464:
418:rabies vaccine
412:
411:
394:
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
363:
355:
353:
347:
346:
344:
343:
339:
337:
331:
330:
328:
327:
320:
312:
310:
304:
303:
299:
298:
296:
295:
292:
283:
271:
258:
244:
242:
236:
235:
231:
230:
228:
227:
204:
202:
196:
195:
186:
184:administration
178:
177:
175:
174:
172:
162:
160:
152:
151:
149:
148:
130:
128:
122:
121:
114:
108:
107:
100:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
46:
45:
34:Rabies vaccine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4520:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4446:
4442:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:Drew Weissman
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:H. Fred Clark
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Louis Pasteur
4252:
4250:
4249:Edward Jenner
4247:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4218:
4216:
4215:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:combination:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4104:Helminthiasis
4101:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:combination:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
3701:
3700:
3699:combination:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:Meningococcus
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Leptospirosis
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Vaccine court
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:GAVI Alliance
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1624:. June 2022.
1623:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1476:9783662450246
1472:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
987:
983:
982:
977:
971:
969:
965:
958:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
909:
901:
897:
893:by the 1970s.
892:
888:
884:
883:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
864:
860:
856:
855:herd immunity
848:
846:
839:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:Pre-exposure
736:
728:
718:
715:
707:
704:February 2015
697:
693:
688:
686:
680:
671:
670:
664:
662:
660:
643:
638:
636:
632:
630:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Louis Pasteur
601:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
574:are purified
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
550:
545:
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
495:
493:
490:
482:
480:
478:
470:
465:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
434:
431:
430:latent period
427:
423:
419:
408:
401:
395:
388:
384:
383:
381:
379:
375:
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:
354:
352:
348:
341:
340:
338:
336:
332:
325:
321:
318:
314:
313:
311:
309:
305:
300:
293:
291: Rx-only
284:
282:
272:
269:
259:
256:
246:
245:
243:
241:
237:
232:
224:
219:
214:
209:
206:
205:
203:
201:
197:
194:
190:
189:Intramuscular
187:
185:
179:
173:
164:
163:
161:
159:
153:
146:
141:
132:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
78:Clinical data
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
4376:Epidemiology
4352:
4324:
4210:DTaP-IPV/Hib
4001:Yellow fever
3914:EpiVacCorona
3873:
3666:Tuberculosis
3639:Pneumococcal
3607:Lyme disease
3435:Heterologous
3334:Immunization
3277:
3261:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3147:the original
3139:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2941:
2913:. Retrieved
2896:
2892:
2882:
2849:
2845:
2823:. Retrieved
2806:
2802:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2748:the original
2743:
2731:
2701:(6): 86–92.
2698:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2624:
2620:
2591:. Retrieved
2574:
2570:
2560:
2533:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2451:
2421:. Retrieved
2413:10665/331036
2398:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2331:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2292:
2284:the original
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2250:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2218:lawatlas.org
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1696:
1692:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1656:
1632:27 September
1630:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1584:
1561:10665/345533
1551:
1542:
1533:10665/325771
1523:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1465:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1402:
1398:
1377:. Retrieved
1365:10665/272372
1355:
1351:
1282:. Retrieved
1243:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1136:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1050:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
979:
953:
947:
928:raccoon dogs
912:
905:
868:
852:
843:
840:Wild animals
834:
819:
776:
759:
748:
744:immunization
741:
710:
701:
682:
647:
633:
605:
565:
554:
546:
535:
523:
508:
499:
486:
474:
466:Medical uses
457:
442:
435:
417:
415:
404:
398:
240:Legal status
234:Legal status
126:License data
67:Vaccine type
29:
4412:from market
4308:Controversy
4242:researchers
4158:Hepatitis B
4044:Hepatitis C
3989:Chicken pox
3815:Hepatitis E
3810:Hepatitis B
3805:Hepatitis A
3751:Chikungunya
3728:Shigellosis
3582:Brucellosis
3468:Therapeutic
3422:Inactivated
3362:Development
3350:Inoculation
3342:Vaccination
3156:19 November
3063:19 November
2981:21 February
2955:18 November
2899:: 467–476.
2809:: 467–476.
2782:19 November
2674:: 173–184.
2593:14 November
2465:12 November
2423:25 November
2198:25 November
2001:23 November
1814:21 November
1751:12 November
1670:19 November
1598:19 November
1499:www.who.int
1284:23 November
1085:23 November
1022:29 December
877:Recombinant
791:dog vaccine
787:Philippines
629:attenuation
302:Identifiers
193:intradermal
112:MedlinePlus
84:Trade names
72:Inactivated
4477:Categories
4343:Thiomersal
4289:Paul Offit
4264:Jonas Salk
4240:Inventors/
4111:research:
4088:research:
4025:research:
3954:Skycovione
3944:Sanofi–GSK
3889:SARS-CoV-2
3800:Hantavirus
3761:rVSV-ZEBOV
3746:Adenovirus
3714:research:
3592:Diphtheria
3430:Attenuated
2915:29 January
2825:29 January
2323:Beran GW.
2228:22 January
1448:14 October
1245:2 November
1213:2 November
1181:2 November
1149:2 November
959:References
910:vaccines.
908:adenovirus
900:adenovirus
891:carnivores
863:carnivores
767:pet skunks
612:Émile Roux
536:The human
367:C4HQF74XMW
360:FK894Q51YE
335:ChemSpider
4422:Phase III
4410:Withdrawn
4338:Pox party
4148:ALVAC-CEA
4070:Protozoan
3959:Sputnik V
3909:CoronaVac
3879:Rotavirus
3777:Pandemrix
3629:Pertussis
3570:Bacterial
3454:Synthetic
3417:Conjugate
3369:Adjuvants
3346:Infection
3090:(3): 44.
2627:(1): 57.
2280:"Imrab 3"
1984:"Verorab"
1781:1 October
1718:7 January
1504:13 August
1379:28 August
1071:"Verorab"
1052:2 January
1012:Drugs.com
976:"Verorab"
783:Dumaguete
696:talk page
651:US$ 1,000
644:Economics
584:indicated
576:vero cell
549:Vero cell
515:headaches
449:headaches
182:Routes of
156:Pregnancy
104:Monograph
98:Drugs.com
4503:Vaccines
4455:Medicine
4180:Prostvac
4173:Gardasil
4168:Cervarix
4115:Hookworm
3994:Shingles
3976:Smallpox
3894:Corbevax
3830:Gardasil
3825:Cervarix
3563:Vaccines
3517:Schedule
3488:Global:
3396:Timeline
3338:Vaccines
3258:"Imovax"
3240:17696853
3199:16178403
3116:30270901
3057:Archived
3032:51714285
3024:30037482
2949:Archived
2909:Archived
2905:18634509
2874:22571547
2866:22247384
2819:Archived
2815:18634509
2776:Archived
2680:15742629
2653:28938920
2587:Archived
2516:73436726
2508:30747141
2417:Archived
2382:20042063
2345:23 April
2308:23 April
2255:Archived
2222:Archived
2192:Archived
2167:Archived
2163:15069272
2097:30270864
2071:(2): 5.
1995:Archived
1970:22894963
1921:17983973
1886:14315085
1851:13905658
1808:Archived
1797:"Rabies"
1745:Archived
1709:Archived
1705:11889905
1664:Archived
1626:Archived
1592:Archived
1550:(2021).
1522:(2019).
1495:"Rabies"
1481:Archived
1442:Archived
1419:12144896
1370:Archived
1343:(2018).
1275:Archived
1239:Archived
1234:DailyMed
1207:Archived
1202:DailyMed
1175:Archived
1117:31 March
1111:Archived
1079:Archived
1046:Archived
1016:Archived
992:31 March
986:Archived
924:raccoons
902:vaccine
887:wildlife
859:wildlife
803:Mindanao
602:, Brazil
407:(verify)
308:DrugBank
200:ATC code
171: B2
158:category
145:Rabavert
140:DailyMed
4467:Viruses
4441:Portals
4369:Related
4315:General
4077:Malaria
3964:Valneva
3929:Novavax
3924:Moderna
3919:Janssen
3904:CanSino
3884:Rubella
3842:Measles
3708:Td/Tdap
3678:Typhoid
3661:Tetanus
3656:Q fever
3587:Cholera
3577:Anthrax
3446:Peptide
3410:Classes
3391:Storage
3143:(APHIS)
3107:6082097
3053:(APHIS)
3002:Vaccine
2945:(APHIS)
2772:(APHIS)
2723:1585150
2703:Bibcode
2644:5610451
2583:7827785
2455:(APHIS)
2264:22 July
2132:6158081
2088:6082082
2038:3560403
1961:3579903
1741:(APHIS)
936:jackals
932:coyotes
822:Tunisia
811:Yucatán
807:Ecuador
799:Visayas
785:in the
763:ferrets
590:History
538:diploid
422:vaccine
324:DB10062
317:DB10283
220: (
218:J06AA06
216:)
210: (
208:J07BG01
142::
118:a607023
18:Verorab
4498:Rabies
4405:WHO-EM
4325:Lancet
4202:TA-NIC
4187:NicVAX
4034:Dengue
3874:Rabies
3695:Typhus
3634:Plague
3512:Policy
3473:Toxoid
3401:Trials
3295:(MeSH)
3238:
3197:
3114:
3104:
3030:
3022:
2903:
2872:
2864:
2813:
2721:
2678:
2651:
2641:
2581:
2548:
2514:
2506:
2390:232553
2388:
2380:
2161:
2130:
2095:
2085:
2046:348641
2044:
2036:
1968:
1958:
1919:
1884:
1849:
1703:
1473:
1417:
916:rabies
826:MĂ©rial
795:rabies
624:
519:nausea
505:Safety
453:nausea
426:rabies
387:D06504
281:â„ž-only
279:
266:
253:
138:
60:Rabies
56:Target
4333:NCVIA
4197:TA-CD
4131:Other
4082:RTS,S
3862:Sabin
3857:Polio
3852:Mumps
3756:Ebola
3739:Viral
3688:ViCPS
3683:Ty21a
3617:MeNZB
3547:VAERS
3497:NITAG
3426:Live
3282:(FDA)
3278:U.S.
3266:(FDA)
3262:U.S.
3150:(PDF)
3136:(PDF)
3028:S2CID
2870:S2CID
2751:(PDF)
2740:(PDF)
2512:S2CID
2386:S2CID
2339:(PDF)
2328:(PDF)
2258:(PDF)
2247:(PDF)
2188:(WHO)
2034:JSTOR
1804:(WHO)
1712:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1660:(CDC)
1622:(CDC)
1618:U.S.
1588:(CDC)
1373:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
920:foxes
557:WI-38
532:Types
517:, or
511:fever
451:, or
445:fever
420:is a
4059:Zika
4019:MMRV
3867:Salk
3847:Mpox
3793:LAIV
3788:H5N8
3783:H5N1
3773:H1N1
3649:PPSV
3532:ACIP
3528:US:
3502:SAGE
3463:mRNA
3379:list
3236:PMID
3195:PMID
3158:2019
3112:PMID
3065:2019
3020:PMID
2983:2014
2957:2019
2917:2023
2901:PMID
2862:PMID
2827:2023
2811:PMID
2784:2019
2719:PMID
2676:PMID
2649:PMID
2595:2023
2579:PMID
2546:ISBN
2504:PMID
2467:2019
2425:2022
2378:PMID
2347:2010
2310:2010
2266:2021
2230:2020
2200:2022
2159:PMID
2128:PMID
2093:PMID
2042:PMID
2003:2022
1991:(WHO
1966:PMID
1917:PMID
1882:PMID
1847:PMID
1816:2019
1783:2012
1753:2019
1720:2020
1701:PMID
1672:2019
1634:2019
1600:2019
1506:2024
1471:ISBN
1450:2023
1415:PMID
1381:2022
1286:2022
1247:2020
1215:2020
1183:2020
1151:2020
1119:2023
1087:2022
1054:2023
1024:2019
994:2023
940:dogs
934:and
830:cell
801:and
773:Dogs
655:€100
610:and
475:The
416:The
378:KEGG
351:UNII
342:none
94:AHFS
4320:MMR
4163:HPV
4153:BCG
4054:HIV
4014:MMR
3820:HPV
3768:Flu
3671:BCG
3644:PCV
3597:Hib
3552:VSD
3459:DNA
3354:J07
3226:doi
3222:231
3185:doi
3181:227
3102:PMC
3092:doi
3010:doi
2897:131
2854:doi
2807:131
2711:doi
2699:266
2672:119
2639:PMC
2629:doi
2538:doi
2494:doi
2409:hdl
2370:doi
2120:doi
2083:PMC
2073:doi
2026:doi
1956:PMC
1948:doi
1909:doi
1874:doi
1839:doi
1556:hdl
1528:hdl
1407:doi
1360:hdl
942:in
820:In
268:POM
223:WHO
213:WHO
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