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influence the resultant mechanical behaviour (e.g., Young's modulus, compressive and tensile strength, and the pressure at which they transition from brittle to ductile behaviour). As for other crustal rocks, volcanic rocks are brittle and ductile at low and high effective confining pressures, respectively. Brittle behaviour is manifest as faults and fractures, and ductile behaviour can either be distributed (cataclastic pore collapse) or localised (compaction bands). Understanding the mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks can help us better understand volcanic hazards, such as flank collapse.
877:) are commonly arranged in subparallel winding lines that follow the direction of movement (fluxion or fluidal structure)—and larger early minerals that previously crystallized may show the same arrangement. Most lavas fall considerably below their original temperatures before emitted. In their behavior, they present a close analogy to hot solutions of salts in water, which, when they approach the saturation temperature, first deposit a crop of large, well-formed crystals (labile stage) and subsequently precipitate clouds of smaller less perfect crystalline particles (metastable stage).
380:
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filled with enclosures of glassy or finely crystalline material like that of the ground-mass . Microscopic examination of the phenocrysts often reveals that they have had a complex history. Very frequently they show layers of different composition, indicated by variations in color or other optical properties; thus augite may be green in the center surrounded by various shades of brown; or they may be pale green centrally and darker green with strong
133:
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889:; the smaller crystals of the surrounding matrix or ground-mass belong to the post-effusion stage. More rarely lavas are completely fused at the moment of ejection; they may then cool to form a non-porphyritic, finely crystalline rock, or if more rapidly chilled may in large part be non-crystalline or glassy (vitreous rocks such as obsidian,
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285:
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mixed with pale green augite. The hornblende or biotite substance has proved unstable at a certain stage of consolidation, and has been replaced by a paramorph of augite and magnetite, which may partially or completely substitute for the original crystal but still retains its characteristic outlines.
934:
The phenocrysts or porphyritic minerals are not only larger than those of the ground-mass; as the matrix was still liquid when they formed they were free to take perfect crystalline shapes, without interference by the pressure of adjacent crystals. They seem to have grown rapidly, as they are often
880:
In igneous rocks the first generation of crystals generally forms before the lava has emerged to the surface, that is to say, during the ascent from the subterranean depths to the crater of the volcano. It has frequently been verified by observation that freshly emitted lavas contain large crystals
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In the feldspars the center is usually richer in calcium than the surrounding layers, and successive zones may often be noted, each less calcic than those within it. Phenocrysts of quartz (and of other minerals), instead of sharp, perfect crystalline faces, may show rounded corroded surfaces, with
458:
have their own specialized classification, but these rarely occur as volcanic rocks. Some fields of the TAS diagram are further subdivided by the ratio of potassium oxide to sodium oxide. Additional classifications may be made on the basis of other components, such as aluminum or iron content.
967:
The mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks is complicated by their complex microstructure. For example, attributes such as the partitioning of the void space (pores and microcracks), pore and crystal size and shape, and hydrothermal alteration can all vary widely in volcanic rocks and can all
861:
The lavas, having cooled rapidly in contact with the air or water, are mostly finely crystalline or have at least fine-grained ground-mass representing that part of the viscous semi-crystalline lava flow that was still liquid at the moment of eruption. At this time they were exposed only to
476:. Because the TAS diagram uses weight fraction and the boundary between alkaline and subalkaline rock is defined in terms of molar fraction, the position of this curve on the TAS diagram is only approximate. Peralkaline volcanic rocks are defined as rocks having Na
943:
the points blunted and irregular tongue-like projections of the matrix into the substance of the crystal. It is clear that after the mineral had crystallized it was partly again dissolved or corroded at some period before the matrix solidified.
862:
atmospheric pressure, and the steam and other gases, which they contained in great quantity were free to escape; many important modifications arise from this, the most striking being the frequent presence of numerous steam cavities (
371:
Most modern petrologists classify igneous rocks, including volcanic rocks, by their chemistry when dealing with their origin. The fact that different mineralogies and textures may be developed from the same initial
507:
The chemistry of volcanic rocks is dependent on two things: the initial composition of the primary magma and the subsequent differentiation. Differentiation of most magmas tends to increase the silica (
1001:
Wilkinson, Bruce H; McElroy, Brandon J; Kesler, Stephen E; Peters, Shanan E; Rothman, Edward D (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies".
1105:
Corfu, Fernando; Larsen, Bjørn Tore (December 2020). "U-Pb systematics in volcanic and plutonic rocks of the
Krokskogen area: Resolving a 40 million years long evolution in the Oslo Rift".
776:). To convey anything about the physical or chemical properties of the rock, a more specific term should be used; a good supplier will know what sort of volcanic rock they are selling.
1470:
Pinkerton, Harry; Norton, Gill (1 November 1995). "Rheological properties of basaltic lavas at sub-liquidus temperatures: laboratory and field measurements on lavas from Mount Etna".
908:; similar bodies are often produced artificially in glasses that are allowed to cool slowly. Rarely these spherulites are hollow or consist of concentric shells with spaces between (
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Volcanic rocks are among the most common rock types on Earth's surface, particularly in the oceans. On land, they are very common at plate boundaries and in
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Volcanic rocks are also broadly divided into subalkaline, alkaline, and peralkaline volcanic rocks. Subalkaline rocks are defined as rocks in which
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are rare but well-known xenocrysts; the kimberlites do not create the diamonds, but pick them up and transport them to the surface of the Earth.
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As crystallization was going on while the mass was still creeping forward under the surface of the Earth, the latest formed minerals (in the
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Pinkerton, H; Bagdassarov, N (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials".
551:
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522:, albeit small differences in initial compositions may result in multiple differentiation series. The most common of these series are the
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904:), consisting of fine divergent fibres radiating from a center; they consist of imperfect crystals of feldspar, mixed with quartz or
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402:) weight contents. Blue area is roughly where alkaline rocks plot; yellow area where subalkaline rocks plot. Original source: *
296:); upper picture is plane-polarized light, bottom picture is cross-polarized light, scale box at left-center is 0.25 millimeter.
93:. For these reasons, in geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct. In the context of
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The terms lava stone and lava rock are more used by marketers than geologists, who would likely say "volcanic rock" (because
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structure, also common in glasses, consists of the presence of concentric rounded cracks owing to contraction on cooling.
573:. While still dominated by silicates, more primitive volcanic rocks have mineral assemblages with less silica, such as
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1283:
Irvine, T. N.; Baragar, W. R. A. (1 May 1971). "A Guide to the
Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks".
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The lavas of different volcanoes, when cooled and hardened, differ much in their appearance and composition. If a
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469:< -3.3539 × 10 × A + 1.2030 × 10 × A - 1.5188 × 10 × A + 8.6096 × 10 × A - 2.1111 × A + 3.9492 × A + 39.0
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Occasionally, a magma may pick up crystals that crystallized from another magma; these crystals are called
77:. Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into
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554:. Thus, more evolved volcanic rocks tend to be richer in minerals with a higher amount of silica such as
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structure) often drawn out to elongated shapes subsequently filled up with minerals by infiltration (
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erupted into the air are called "pyroclastics," and these are also technically sedimentary rocks.
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115:. It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's current land surface.
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Heap, Michael J; Farquharson, Jamie; Baud, Patrick; Lavallée, Yan; Reuschlé, Thierry (2015).
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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is a volcanic rock with high silica content. Rhyolite has silica content similar to that of
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815:(to differentiate them from igneous rocks that form from magma below the surface, called
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correctly predicts the order of formation of the most common minerals in volcanic rocks.
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has led petrologists to rely heavily on chemistry to look at a volcanic rock's origin.
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lava-stream cools quickly, it can quickly freeze into a black glassy substance called
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701:(high in silica). Pyroclastic rocks are often the result of volcanic debris, such as
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The chemical classification of igneous rocks is based first on the total content of
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Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
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Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, AL (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
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An aphanitic volcanic sand grain, with fine-grained groundmass, as seen under a
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830:. When filled with bubbles of gas, the same lava may form the spongy appearing
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borne along in a molten, liquid mass. The large, well-formed, early crystals (
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1512:"The mechanical behaviour and failure modes of volcanic rocks: a review"
1391:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
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supported by a rolled U.S. $ 20 bill demonstrates its very low density.
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where both silica and total alkali oxide content (A) are expressed as
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flow basalt, and is sometimes used to describe rocks that were never
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546:. Differentiation of volcanic rocks tends to increase the silica (SiO
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are very common in some lavas; they are surrounded by black rims of
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A common feature of glassy rocks is the presence of rounded bodies (
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geology, the term "volcanic" is often applied to what are strictly
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The sub-family of rocks that form from volcanic lava are called
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is solid). "Lava stone" may describe anything from a friable
1859:
430:) expressed as weight fraction of silica and alkali oxides (
1569:"Fracture and compaction of andesite in a volcanic edifice"
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1259:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
735:, which possess structure similar to volcanic rather than
739:
rocks, are also considered to be volcanic, shading into
697:
are the product of explosive volcanism. They are often
492:, so that some of the alkali oxides must be present as
412:
A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms
144:
30:"Volcanics" redirects here. For Volcanic pistols, see
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1276:
1215:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
1084:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
390:
volcanic rocks according to their relative alkali (Na
194:
446:). These place the rock in one of the fields of the
2188:
2030:
1897:
793:Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve
1505:
1503:
1501:
651:Volcanic rocks are named according to both their
228:Agglomerate, bed of blocks or bomb, block tephra
1257:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1472:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1404:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1208:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
1080:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
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1433:
542:Most volcanic rocks share a number of common
104:. Volcanic rocks and sediment that form from
8:
1255:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
518:. The initial composition of most magmas is
85:and constitute an important element of some
27:Rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano
300:Volcanic rocks are usually fine-grained or
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671:while basalt is compositionally equal to
217:Primarily consolidated: pyroclastic rock
659:is a very common volcanic rock with low
340:embedded in a very fine grained matrix.
304:to glass in texture. They often contain
242:Layer, bed of lapilli or lapilli tephra
192:
1510:Heap, Michael J; Violay, Marie (2021).
1316:
1314:
993:
643:A 15-centimeter (5.9 in) piece of
359:is a highly vesicular rock produced in
1094:from the original on 24 November 2016.
1003:Geological Society of America Bulletin
963:Mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks
675:. Intermediate volcanic rocks include
324:and are identifiable with the unaided
720:. Examples of pyroclastic rocks are
7:
2263:
1451:from the original on 27 October 2016
1328:. Red Dome Lava Rock. Archived from
769:, but look as if they were (such as
2287:
1285:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
774:limestone with dissolution pitting
25:
1233:"Classification of igneous rocks"
1156:Journal of the Geological Society
1038:Journal of the Geological Society
231:Agglomerate, pyroclastic breccia
214:Primarily unconsolidated: tephra
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2021:
1441:"Der online Shop für Lavasteine"
1364:
131:
51:, a volcanic rock deposited by
623:Vesicular olivine basalt from
1:
1424:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x
939:(aegirine) at the periphery.
780:Composition of volcanic rocks
414:, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
1492:10.1016/0377-0273(95)00018-7
1123:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105755
361:explosive volcanic eruptions
343:Volcanic rocks often have a
273:Fine (ash) tuff (dust tuff)
267:Fine ash grain (dust grain)
65:in scientific contexts) are
1377:Flett, John Smith (1911). "
2341:
1537:10.1007/s00445-021-01447-2
789:ʻAʻā next to pāhoehoe lava
552:fractional crystallization
36:
29:
2246:
2019:
1663:
1593:10.1007/s00445-015-0938-7
807:, a type of volcanic rock
562:including the feldspars,
347:caused by voids left by
332:is an example with large
320:that are larger than the
202:
1925:Cryptovolcanic structure
1186:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
1058:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
946:Corroded phenocrysts of
290:volcanic lithic fragment
2206:Eruptions by death toll
1573:Bulletin of Volcanology
1516:Bulletin of Volcanology
1388:Encyclopædia Britannica
795:, Idaho, United States.
750:is a molten liquid and
614:petrographic microscope
583:Bowen's reaction series
32:Volcanic Repeating Arms
931:
858:
842:
817:igneous plutonic rocks
813:igneous volcanic rocks
808:
796:
648:
636:
616:
415:
351:trapped in the molten
297:
113:flood basalt provinces
55:
1239:on 30 September 2011.
922:
848:
840:
802:
787:
642:
622:
611:
516:crystal fractionation
514:) content, mainly by
382:
288:Photomicrograph of a
287:
47:
39:Volcanic Rock (album)
1332:on 10 September 2017
1090:. NERC: 1–52. 1999.
841:A sample of rhyolite
803:A German example of
653:chemical composition
550:) content mainly by
203:Pyroclastic deposit
61:(often shortened to
1585:2015BVol...77...55H
1528:2021BVol...83...33H
1484:1995JVGR...68..307P
1416:2004JVGR..132..115B
1322:"What is Lava Rock"
1297:1971CaJES...8..523I
1168:1991JGSoc.148..825L
1115:2020Litho.37605755C
1050:1991JGSoc.148..825L
1015:2009GSAB..121..760W
857:in the Indian Ocean
422:and alkali metals (
195:
37:For the album, see
2201:Lists of volcanoes
1988:Subglacial volcano
1963:Pyroclastic shield
1790:Diabase (Dolerite)
1109:. 376–377 105755.
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859:
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398:O) and silica (SiO
386:classification of
316:. Phenocrysts are
298:
259:Coarse (ash tuff)
250:2 to 1/16 mm
193:
143:. You can help by
102:metavolcanic rocks
56:
2320:Igneous petrology
2302:
2301:
2055:Basaltic andesite
1993:Submarine volcano
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1824:Microgranodiorite
1754:Subvolcanic rocks
885:) are said to be
695:Pyroclastic rocks
345:vesicular texture
277:
276:
253:Coarse ash grain
208:Clast size in mm
161:
160:
91:sedimentary rocks
83:metamorphic rocks
53:pyroclastic flows
16:(Redirected from
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2211:Decade Volcanoes
2189:Lists and groups
2180:Pyroclastic flow
2175:Pyroclastic fall
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1958:Pyroclastic cone
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1023:10.1130/B26457.1
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923:Volcanic rocks,
855:Amsterdam Island
405:
270:Fine ash (dust)
236:64 to 2 mm
222:> 64 mm
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124:Setting and size
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2013:Harmonic tremor
1915:Complex volcano
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1410:(2–3): 115–36.
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404:Le Maitre, R.W.
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141:needs expansion
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119:Characteristics
73:erupted from a
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2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2032:Volcanic rocks
2028:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Shield volcano
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Parasitic cone
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1781:
1772:Picrite basalt
1769:
1767:
1761:Plutonic rocks
1747:Volcanic rocks
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1654:classified by
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1559:
1497:
1478:(4): 307–323.
1462:
1429:
1394:
1383:Chisholm, Hugh
1343:
1310:
1291:(5): 523–548.
1272:
1265:
1242:
1224:
1199:
1162:(5): 825–833.
1146:
1097:
1071:
1028:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
983:Intrusive rock
980:
978:Extrusive rock
973:
970:
964:
961:
781:
778:
605:
602:
560:tectosilicates
547:
539:
536:
510:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:molar fraction
466:
441:
433:
399:
395:
391:
368:
365:
330:Rhomb porphyry
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
199:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
159:
158:
138:
136:
125:
122:
120:
117:
59:Volcanic rocks
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2337:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Volcanic belt
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Phonotephrite
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Volcanic cone
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Stratovolcano
1981:
1979:
1978:Somma volcano
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Rootless cone
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:igneous rocks
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1447:(in German).
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1373:public domain
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:9780521880060
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:: 1–52. 1999.
1220:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:(5): 825–33.
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
969:
962:
960:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
938:
930:
926:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
876:
871:
869:
865:
856:
852:
847:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
806:
801:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:and texture.
654:
646:
641:
634:
630:
626:
621:
615:
610:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
537:
535:
533:
529:
528:calc-alkaline
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
499:
495:
475:
470:
463:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
429:
425:
421:
413:
409:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
291:
286:
279:
272:
269:
266:
264:< 1/16 mm
263:
262:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:Lapilli tuff
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
200:
198:
197:
191:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Volcanic bomb
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
155:
146:
142:
139:This section
137:
134:
130:
129:
123:
118:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2216:Volcanic arc
2160:Trachybasalt
2031:
1998:Supervolcano
1930:Fissure vent
1841:Microgranite
1835:
1828:Granodiorite
1818:
1807:Microdiorite
1801:
1784:
1770:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1712:Intermediate
1699:Intermediate
1576:
1572:
1562:
1519:
1515:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1444:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:the original
1325:
1288:
1284:
1256:
1237:the original
1227:
1218:
1214:
1202:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1106:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1006:
1002:
996:
966:
945:
941:
933:
899:
879:
872:
870:structure).
868:amygdaloidal
860:
821:
810:
745:
730:
713:, and other
693:
650:
587:
541:
506:
500:rather than
471:
464:
461:
456:carbonatites
417:
411:
407:
370:
342:
299:
225:Bomb, block
189:
185:Volcanic ash
149:
145:adding to it
140:
110:
69:formed from
62:
58:
57:
2325:Volcanology
2293:WikiProject
2236:polygenetic
2231:monogenetic
2110:Nephelinite
2065:Blairmorite
2040:Agglomerate
1948:Mud volcano
1920:Cryovolcano
1910:Cinder cone
1326:reddome.com
1132:10852/83877
937:pleochroism
925:Porto Moniz
910:lithophysae
902:spherulites
887:porphyritic
883:phenocrysts
875:ground-mass
771:sedimentary
741:subvolcanic
629:phenocrysts
598:kimberlites
448:TAS diagram
338:phenocrysts
314:phenocrysts
256:Coarse ash
95:Precambrian
2309:Categories
2135:Rhyodacite
2085:Ignimbrite
2060:Benmoreite
1777:Peridotite
1673:Ultramafic
1579:(55): 55.
1522:(33): 33.
989:References
952:hornblende
895:pitchstone
733:intrusions
726:ignimbrite
590:xenocrysts
567:polymorphs
538:Mineralogy
524:tholeiitic
294:sand grain
211:Pyroclast
79:hypabyssal
49:Ignimbrite
2120:Phonolite
2105:Leucitite
2090:Komatiite
1938:Lava dome
1934:Lava cone
1891:Volcanoes
1554:233217231
1546:0258-8900
1379:Petrology
1172:CiteSeerX
1141:225300187
956:magnetite
906:tridymite
891:tachylyte
864:vesicular
849:Basaltic
761:to solid
663:content.
596:found in
579:pyroxenes
571:muscovite
498:amphibole
496:or sodic
484:O > Al
428:potassium
410:); 1989:
388:aphanitic
367:Chemistry
349:volatiles
308:of other
302:aphanitic
239:Lapillus
87:sediments
63:volcanics
18:Volcanics
2257:Category
2165:Trachyte
2140:Rhyolite
2115:Obsidian
2045:Andesite
1837:Rhyolite
1803:Andesite
1732:>69%
1676:<45%
1611:26321781
1449:Archived
1194:28548230
1092:Archived
1066:28548230
972:See also
914:Perlitic
828:obsidian
824:rhyolite
737:plutonic
731:Shallow
715:volcanic
685:trachyte
677:andesite
665:Rhyolite
625:La Palma
594:Diamonds
577:and the
544:minerals
532:alkaline
520:basaltic
502:feldspar
494:aegirine
318:crystals
152:May 2011
2269:Commons
2196:Hotspot
2095:Lapilli
2080:Felsite
1905:Caldera
1845:Granite
1811:Diorite
1719:63–69%
1702:52–63%
1689:45–52%
1658:content
1650:Common
1602:4551152
1581:Bibcode
1524:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1412:Bibcode
1385:(ed.).
1375::
1293:Bibcode
1164:Bibcode
1111:Bibcode
1046:Bibcode
1011:Bibcode
948:biotite
929:Madeira
791:at the
756:silicic
669:granite
633:olivine
627:(green
575:olivine
420:silicon
336:shaped
280:Texture
180:Lapilli
75:volcano
2281:Portal
2145:Tephra
2130:Pumice
2100:Latite
2075:Dacite
2070:Cinder
2050:Basalt
2003:Tossol
1820:Dacite
1794:Gabbro
1786:Basalt
1729:Felsic
1716:felsic
1609:
1599:
1552:
1544:
1455:27 Oct
1381:". In
1369:
1263:
1192:
1174:
1139:
1107:Lithos
1064:
851:scoria
832:pumice
805:latite
759:pumice
718:ejecta
711:tephra
699:felsic
689:latite
687:, and
681:dacite
673:gabbro
661:silica
657:Basalt
645:pumice
604:Naming
564:quartz
556:phyllo
530:, and
424:sodium
374:magmas
357:Pumice
322:matrix
306:clasts
170:Tephra
98:shield
1898:Types
1686:Mafic
1550:S2CID
1336:9 Sep
1211:(PDF)
1190:S2CID
1137:S2CID
1062:S2CID
853:from
763:mafic
707:bombs
480:O + K
438:plus
394:O + K
334:rhomb
310:rocks
106:magma
67:rocks
2170:Tuff
1943:Maar
1669:Type
1607:PMID
1542:ISSN
1457:2016
1338:2017
1261:ISBN
950:and
767:lava
752:rock
748:lava
724:and
722:tuff
709:and
631:are
569:and
558:and
454:and
426:and
384:IUGS
353:lava
312:and
165:Lava
89:and
81:and
71:lava
1734:SiO
1721:SiO
1704:SiO
1691:SiO
1678:SiO
1597:PMC
1589:doi
1532:doi
1488:doi
1420:doi
1408:132
1301:doi
1182:doi
1160:148
1127:hdl
1119:doi
1054:doi
1042:148
1019:doi
1007:121
912:).
897:).
819:).
703:ash
509:SiO
465:SiO
408:ed.
326:eye
147:.
2311::
1605:.
1595:.
1587:.
1577:77
1575:.
1571:.
1548:.
1540:.
1530:.
1520:83
1518:.
1514:.
1500:^
1486:.
1476:68
1474:.
1443:.
1432:^
1418:.
1406:.
1346:^
1324:.
1313:^
1299:.
1287:.
1275:^
1245:^
1217:.
1213:.
1188:.
1180:.
1170:.
1158:.
1135:.
1125:.
1117:.
1086:.
1082:.
1060:.
1052:.
1040:.
1017:.
1005:.
927:,
893:,
743:.
728:.
705:,
691:.
683:,
679:,
635:).
592:.
581:.
534:.
526:,
504:.
450:.
440:Na
363:.
355:.
328:.
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1763::
1756::
1749::
1736:2
1723:2
1714:–
1706:2
1693:2
1680:2
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1613:.
1591::
1583::
1556:.
1534::
1526::
1494:.
1490::
1482::
1459:.
1426:.
1422::
1414::
1340:.
1307:.
1303::
1295::
1289:8
1269:.
1219:1
1196:.
1184::
1166::
1143:.
1129::
1121::
1113::
1088:1
1068:.
1056::
1048::
1025:.
1021::
1013::
548:2
511:2
490:3
488:O
486:2
482:2
478:2
467:2
444:O
442:2
436:O
434:2
432:K
406:(
400:2
396:2
392:2
292:(
154:)
150:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
