112:
children between four and six months old with the precaution that the food is meant to be consumed in addition to breast milk or formula and is just for "practice". These practice foods are generally soft and runny. Examples include mashed fruit and vegetables. Certain foods are recommended to be avoided. The United
Kingdom's NHS recommends withholding foods including those "that contain wheat, gluten, nuts, peanuts, peanut products, seeds, liver, eggs, fish, shellfish, cows' milk and soft or unpasteurised cheese" until a baby is six months old, as they may cause food allergies or make the baby ill. However, recommendations such as these have been called into question by research that suggests early exposure to potential allergens does not increase the likelihood of allergies, and in some cases reduces it.
354:
496:
flavor during pregnancy and the first week after birth oriented preferentially toward cheese-flavored chicken. The weaning process normally begins when kittens are around four weeks old, and is usually completed when they reach 8–10 weeks. It is important to remember that abrupt removal from the mother cat can have a negative effect on the kitten's health and socialization skills. Weaning kittens should be done when the kittens reach 4 weeks old. They should be placed in a separate area for a few hours at a time to reduce their dependence on the mother's milk and her overall presence. The kittens should be put in their own special area with a litter box, food and water bowls.
86:
133:. So, from the perspective of the mother's evolutionary fitness, it makes sense for her to cease nursing the current infant as soon as the cost to future offspring exceeds the benefit to the current infant. But, assuming the current infant shares 50% of the future offspring's genes, from the perspective of the infant's own evolutionary fitness, it makes sense for the infant to continue nursing until the cost to future offspring exceeds twice the benefit to itself (perhaps less, depending on the number of potential future offspring). Weaning conflict has been studied for a variety of mammal species, including
1853:
1802:
483:
weaned at 3 weeks of age is because often the mother is pregnant again, especially in a laboratory setting or if owned by a rat breeder, and therefore the pups must be weaned off the mother before the next litter is born. By doing this it will prevent trampling of the pups, as well as over crowding, which can easily occur, especially if the mother is being kept in a monogamous pairs. Generally the pups are separated by sex when weaning occurs, but are never housed alone. After weaning has begun, the pups should be fed a supplemented diet for at least a month, but can be done up to 13 weeks.
1820:
1769:
408:
416:
calf from performing any behaviors other than suckling; they are still able to drink and graze normally. Most research has shown that this method reduces the amount of stress that the calves endure. Studies show that prior to separation there is no change in feeding habits, social interaction to other members of the herd. Once the nose flap is removed and the calves are separated from the dams, there has been data showing less vocalization, less pacing and spent more time eating than calves that were weaned on a more traditional method.
445:
gradual weaning. Abrupt weaning is when the mare and foal are separated, usually without contact. Gradual weaning consists of the separating the mare and foal, but still with contact, but not enough contact that allows nursing to occur, and then after a period of time the mare and foal are separated not allowing contact, or, in some cases, sight of each other. Foals that are weaned by the abrupt method have shown to have higher stressful behaviors displayed. Weaning foals in groups for both methods can reduce stress in the foals.
150:
36:
104:. The practice was important throughout human history in that it naturally gave a child a greatly improved protein source in addition to preventing iron deficiency. However, premasticated food from caregivers of lower socioeconomic status in areas of endemic diseases can result in the passing of the disease to the child.
491:
Weaning kittens involves transitioning the kittens from mother's milk to solid food. During weaning kittens gradually progress from dependence on a mother's care to social independence. Ideally, weaning is handled entirely by the mother cat. However, if the kitten, for instance, is separated from its
128:
At this point, the mother tries to force the infant to cease nursing, while the infant attempts to force the mother to continue. From an evolutionary perspective, weaning conflict may be considered the result of the cost of continued nursing to the mother, perhaps in terms of reduced ability to raise
119:
No matter what age baby food is introduced, it is generally a very messy affair, as young children do not have the coordination to eat neatly. Coordination for using utensils properly and eating with dexterity takes years to develop. Many babies begin using utensils between 10 and 14 months, but most
495:
Twenty-four hours after birth, kittens can discriminate between their mother's teat and a foreign teat. Studies indicate that kittens have different preferences when being weaned and this is based on specific prenatal and postnatal exposure to various flavours. For example, kittens exposed to cheese
427:
from the dam for the first few days, and then milk replacer. Dairy calves do not have ab libitum milk like beef calves. By limiting the amount of milk the calves receive it caused the calves to consume more feed which leads to faster development of the rumen. Dairy calves are usually weaned off milk
399:
Traditionally beef calves are weaned by abrupt separation, where the calves are separated from their dams and have no contact with each other, or by fence line weaning where the dam and calf have contact over a fence line. This has shown to cause high stress in both the dams and the calves. Both the
711:
457:
the puppies are slowly weaned off their mother, slowly reducing the amount of milk and care that the mother is giving to them. It generally is started when the puppies are 3–4 weeks old, and usually continues until they are 7–8 weeks old. By weaning the puppies slowly, it allows the mothers milk to
415:
Two-step weaning is used to wean off beef calves from their dams over the space of a couple of weeks. With this method the calf is fitted with a nose flap that prevents suckling for a period of time, after which the calf is separated from the dam preventing contact. The nose flap does not limit the
395:
The use of these methods depends on farm management style, feed availability, condition and age of cow (dam), type of production and whether or not the calves are heifers. Results vary between farms, and methods are still being researched as studies have shown contradicting results on stress levels
111:
The
American Academy of Pediatrics, the World Health Organization, the National Health Service Choices UK, and the National Health & Medical Research Council in Australia recommend waiting until six months to introduce baby food. However, many baby food companies market their "stage 1" foods to
482:
Rats that are raised in a laboratory, or are bred for selling purposes, are usually weaned at the age of 3 weeks. If the pups were left with their mother then weaning would not occur until they were older. This can have some health and behavioral benefits in the rats. The main reason that pups are
444:
is 4 to 5 months old, as by this point the foal no longer needs nutrients beyond what the mare offers. Prior to weaning the foal, there is usually a creep feeder set up to allow the foal to begin consuming feed that the mare cannot access. There are two main approaches to weaning foals, abrupt and
473:
While weaning the puppies should be fed a high quality diet that will be fed to them as they grow post weaning. It may be helpful to moisten the food with water or milk replacer for the first while. By feeding the puppies this it causes the puppies to reduce how much they rely on their mother for
461:
Naturally, in the wild, the mother will begin weaning off the puppies because the puppies will start developing teeth which will irritate the mother when the puppies are suckling. This causes her to continually leave the puppies for longer periods of time, causing them to gradually be weaned off
107:
How and when to wean a human infant is controversial. The
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends feeding a baby only breast milk for the first six months of its life. Many mothers find breastfeeding challenging, especially in countries where many mothers have to return to work relatively soon
400:
dams and the young express high vocalization, reduced feed intake, reduced rumination, and an increased amount of time searching for each other as well as disrupting the social structure of the herd and of the calves. There is evidence that calves can undergo a form of
129:
future offspring, exceeding the benefits to the mother in terms of increased survival of the current infant. This can come about because future offspring will be equally related to the mother as the current infant, but will share less than 100% of the current infant's
285:
has noted, citing a 1953 study by
Whiting & Child, that the most distressing time to wean a child is at 13–18 months. After this peak, weaning becomes progressively easier and less distressing for the child, with "older children frequently wean themselves".
707:
302:
documents that
Japanese children were usually not weaned until soon before a new sibling arrives. However the government promoted eighth-month weaning which was reluctantly adopted by the middle-class in the benefit of the baby. The factor that the
115:
Evidence from clinical trials shows that nutrition education of family members about infant weaning practices probably has a positive effect on babies' weight and height at 12 months compared with conventional management of weaning.
469:
During this weaning process the puppies will learn from their litter-mates, and from their mother certain behaviors such as understanding dominance, and learning to reduce their biting habit and when to be submissive to others.
376:
calves are not usually weaned off their dams until the calves are between 8 and 10 months of age. Before a calf is completely weaned off of milk, for both dairy and beef cattle, the calf must have developed a fully functioning
345:, there are special puppy or kitten foods commercially available. Alternatively, if the pet owner feeds the parent animals home-made pet food, the young can be fed the same foods chopped into small pieces.
203:
years to 7 years as the weaning age analogous to other primates – the "natural age of weaning". This depends on the measure, for example: weaning in non-human primates is often associated with eruption of
419:
Dairy calves are separated from their dam soon after they are born in most dairy operations. In some there is no contact between calf and cow for health related reasons, such as preventing bovine
1421:
676:
Premasticating Food for
Weaning African Infants: A Possible Vehicle for transmission of HIV, Elke R. Maritz, Martin Kidd, Mark F. Cotton Pediatrics Vol. 128 No. 3 September 1, 2011
1586:
100:
In some cultures, weaning progresses with the introduction of feeding the child food that has been prechewed by the parent along with continued breastfeeding, a practice known as
1211:
1733:
Ewer, R. F. (1961). "Further
Observations On Suckling Behaviour in Kittens, Together With Some General Considerations of the Interrelations of Innate and Acquired Responses".
1331:
323:
in a controlled environment, the weaning is defined as the moment when the pups are transferred out of the mothers' cage. Weaning is recommended at three to four weeks after
1681:
1245:
1964:
1924:
1176:
1491:
2584:
1902:
741:
1292:
597:
Pelto, Greta; Zhang, Yuanyuan; Habicht, Jean-Pierre (2010), "Premastication: the second arm of infant and young child feeding for health and survival?",
572:
1551:
411:
The yellow nose ring prevents the calf from suckling, but does not interfere with grazing or social contact with its dam or other members of the herd.
1413:
222:
to 6 years); comparing duration of nursing to length of pregnancy (gestation time) yields a factor of about 6 in chimpanzees and gorillas (humans:
795:
1621:
423:(Johne's disease). The main purpose of separating dairy cows from their calves to allow collection and selling of milk. The calves are then fed
174:
As there are significant ranges and skew in these numbers (some infants are never nursed, or only nursed briefly, for instance), looking at the
1006:
682:
353:
2311:
1123:
1096:
1064:
963:
901:
2082:
1957:
771:
554:
Introducing your baby to solid foods, also referred to as weaning or complementary feeding, starts when your baby is around 6 months old.
2338:
2250:
1578:
983:
65:
The process takes place only in mammals, as only mammals produce milk. The infant is considered to be fully weaned once it is no longer
1391:
921:
1450:
1203:
1821:"Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Olfactogustatory Experience on EarlyPreferences at Birth and Dietary Selection at Weaning in Kittens"
1323:
85:
816:
1673:
1353:
Enriquez; Ungerfeld; Quintans; Guidoni; Hotzel (2010). "The effects of alternative weaning methods on behaviour in beef calves".
1521:
2017:
1950:
294:
1234:
1920:
1168:
2012:
1263:
2195:
2092:
1146:
1044:
1711:
2498:
567:
2190:
1480:
407:
2569:
2185:
2052:
1871:
733:
463:
2579:
2102:
1284:
1643:
832:"Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants"
361:. This was strapped to the calf's face and made the calf's attempts to suckle very uncomfortable for the dam.
2632:
2097:
1543:
1113:
1052:
186:
2622:
2328:
510:
2087:
1770:"Prenatal and Early Sucking Influences on Dietary Preference in Newborn, Weaning, and Young Adult Cats"
792:
2627:
2306:
2245:
2145:
2119:
1613:
160:
Scientifically, one can ask various questions; some of the most straightforwardly empirical include:
1013:
678:
2574:
2559:
893:
641:
Stoltzfus, Rebecca J. (2011), "Iron
Interventions for Women and Children in Low-Income Countries",
22:
2067:
955:
2393:
2281:
2260:
2220:
2042:
1894:
1845:
1794:
1750:
1119:
1092:
1088:
1060:
959:
897:
861:
763:
660:
624:
401:
240:
years); body weight may be compared to birth weight (quadrupling of birth weight yields about
1768:
Hepper, P. G.; Wells, D. L.; Millsopp, S.; Kraehenbuehl, K.; Lyn, S. A.; Mauroux, O. (2012).
979:
679:"Premasticating Food for Weaning African Infants: A Possible Vehicle for Transmission of HIV"
120:
will not be able to feed themselves sufficiently well until about two or three years of age.
2175:
2150:
1886:
1835:
1784:
1742:
1383:
1362:
1080:
947:
885:
851:
843:
650:
614:
606:
505:
420:
304:
290:
1442:
917:
2599:
2549:
2478:
2453:
2423:
2333:
2240:
2180:
1048:
799:
320:
205:
886:
372:
in the United States are weaned off their mother at an average of around 7 weeks of age.
307:
did not include cow's milk or special vegetables for children also favored late weaning.
54:
to what will be its adult diet while withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk. In the
812:
2589:
2473:
2413:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2022:
1076:
943:
856:
831:
619:
282:
101:
74:
55:
149:
35:
2616:
2594:
2564:
2544:
2403:
2378:
2301:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2114:
2007:
1513:
1081:
948:
610:
515:
404:
post weaning, and have the potential to undergo illness that may need to be treated.
381:. For beef cattle, there are many methods of weaning that are used. Options include:
369:
299:
66:
59:
2433:
2428:
2408:
2388:
2374:
2318:
2165:
2047:
1997:
847:
366:
342:
338:
278:
of adult weight yields 5 to 7 years for humans); and similarly for other measures.
170:
In comparison with other animals, especially similar primates, by various measures.
535:
58:, weaning primarily refers to the introduction of solid foods at 6 months; in the
1366:
2539:
2534:
2508:
2398:
2383:
2364:
2323:
2291:
2286:
2124:
2002:
1674:"Weaning Kittens: How and When | What to Feed a Kitten | Bottle Feeding Kittens"
373:
324:
157:
There are significant individual and cultural variations in regards to weaning.
70:
1890:
391:
fenceline weaning, which physically separates the calf from its dam by a fence.
2518:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2296:
2170:
2032:
2027:
1983:
1754:
1154:
1041:
2503:
2369:
2348:
2230:
2155:
2107:
2037:
1992:
1840:
1789:
1746:
1703:
424:
334:
1898:
1849:
1798:
865:
664:
628:
655:
585:
Each child may be ready to wean, or stop breastfeeding, at different ages.
2554:
2493:
2483:
2418:
2255:
2235:
2160:
1942:
1819:
Becques, Aurélie; Larose, Claire; Gouat, Patrick; Serra, Jessica (2009).
1059:
pp. 39–73, ed. Patricia Stuart-Macadam and
Katherine A. Dettwyler, 1995,
2513:
2488:
982:. National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison.
179:
134:
29:
281:
Other studies are possible, as in psychological factors. For example,
2438:
2225:
2210:
1973:
358:
185:
Considering biological measures of maturity, notably investigated by
175:
89:
A shellfish diver prepares for her work as a toddler nurses. (Japan,
51:
47:
1651:
2343:
437:
406:
378:
352:
148:
84:
34:
388:
two-step weaning with the use of a nose ring or other device, and
2129:
458:
dry up at a slow pace, making it less stressful for the mother.
441:
316:
130:
1946:
540:
454:
331:
138:
1115:
319:
are frequently used in laboratory experiments. When breeding
1870:
Hetts, Suzanne; Heinke, Marsha L.; Estep, Daniel Q. (2004).
830:
Ojha, S; Elfzzani, Z; Kwok, TC; Dorling, J (July 25, 2020).
167:
At what age do various societies normatively choose to wean?
1872:"Behavior wellness concepts or general veterinary practice"
1908:
from the original on April 7, 2017 – via ADMIN.
16:
Process of abandoning maternal nourishment in mammals
1007:"Weaning in an arctic wolf pack:behavior mechanisms"
2527:
2357:
2274:
2138:
1981:
1704:"Weaning a Kitten from Mother's Milk to Solid Food"
1169:"Early Weaning Strategies (Dairy Cattle Nutrition)"
178:(half-way mark) is more useful than looking at the
888:Family Relationships: An Evolutionary Perspective
708:"Longer Breastfeeding Leads to Better Protection"
62:, it primarily refers to stopping breastfeeding.
1055:, brief version of chapter "A Time to Wean" in
492:mother weaning may have to be done by someone.
365:Weaning in cattle can be done by many methods.
466:food to transition the puppies to a new diet.
2468:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
1958:
1173:Dairy Cattle Nutrition (Penn State Extension)
396:of calves from different methods of weaning.
385:traditional weaning through total separation,
8:
1036:
1034:
1614:"Breeding Guide: Birth to Weaning Figure 3"
1481:"Weaning and Management of Weanling Horses"
836:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
46:is the process of gradually introducing an
1965:
1951:
1943:
1118:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 219.
573:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1839:
1788:
879:
877:
875:
855:
654:
618:
1544:"Breeding - Growing, Lactation, Weaning"
1285:"Weaning - Beef Cattle Research Council"
1083:The Cultural Nature Of Human Development
1057:Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives,
710:. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2010.
1624:from the original on September 12, 2016
1497:from the original on November 27, 2016.
1424:from the original on November 27, 2016.
1214:from the original on September 10, 2016
685:from the original on September 24, 2011
599:Journal of Maternal and Child Nutrition
527:
428:early, usually at 4 to 8 weeks of age.
1554:from the original on November 29, 2016
1524:from the original on November 29, 2016
1488:Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
1394:from the original on November 20, 2016
1334:from the original on November 27, 2016
1179:from the original on November 27, 2016
1005:Packard, J.M.; Mech, L.D.; Ream, R.R.
884:Salmon, C.; Shackelford, T.K. (2008).
714:from the original on September 8, 2014
1608:
1606:
1604:
1589:from the original on December 2, 2016
1573:
1571:
1569:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1378:
1376:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1279:
1277:
1198:
1196:
1194:
702:
700:
605:(1), Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 4–18,
7:
2083:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
1453:from the original on August 17, 2015
1251:from the original on August 8, 2017.
1087:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1012:. pp. 1269–1275. Archived from
986:from the original on October 2, 2009
954:. Oxford University Press. pp.
892:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1859:from the original on April 7, 2017.
1808:from the original on April 7, 2017.
1579:"Rodent Breeding Colony Management"
1295:from the original on August 7, 2016
1264:"Weaning management of Beef Calves"
1112:Benedict, Ruth (January 25, 2006).
950:Natural selection and social theory
819:from the original on April 5, 2011.
1714:from the original on April 7, 2017
1684:from the original on April 7, 2017
924:from the original on April 2, 2009
744:from the original on July 18, 2016
462:their mother. Wild dogs will also
164:At what age do children self-wean?
14:
1927:from the original on June 8, 2017
1262:Boriyo, Hawii (January 3, 2020).
774:from the original on July 7, 2016
611:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00200.x
108:after the birth of their child.
2018:Breastfeeding and mental health
734:"Your baby's first solid foods"
295:The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
21:For the Chinese TV series, see
848:10.1002/14651858.CD012241.pub2
189:, yields a range of ages from
1:
2013:Breastfeeding and medications
1514:"Weaning Puppies: What to Do"
440:usually takes place when the
90:
2575:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
2196:Infant cognitive development
2093:Neonatal intensive care unit
1741:(5). South Africa: 247–260.
1644:"National Fancy Rat Society"
1414:"Feeding Young Dairy Calves"
1367:10.1016/j.livsci.2009.10.007
39:Baby being offered baby food
2499:Supplemental nursing system
1418:The Merck Veterinary Manual
918:"Parent-offspring conflict"
768:Pregnancy, Birth & Baby
2649:
2251:Prenatal development table
2191:Irritant diaper dermatitis
1891:10.2460/javma.2004.225.506
536:"Weaning - Start for Life"
27:
20:
2570:Prenatal cocaine exposure
2358:Infant care and equipment
2275:Socialization and Culture
2186:Infant visual development
2053:Infant and toddler safety
793:"Solids: the first steps"
2580:Parental child abduction
2103:Oral rehydration therapy
1548:Vetwest Animal Hospitals
1384:"AFTER THE CALF IS BORN"
1042:A Natural Age of Weaning
764:"Introducing solid food"
289:In her study of pre-war
28:Not to be confused with
2585:Parental responsibility
2098:Newborn care and safety
1747:10.1163/156853961X00060
1242:Oregon State University
1053:Katherine Ann Dettwyler
802:. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
357:1938 drawing of a calf
187:Katherine Ann Dettwyler
153:Breastfeeding in tandem
2329:Grandparent visitation
1210:. September 13, 2007.
511:Extended breastfeeding
412:
362:
154:
97:
40:
2088:Infant sleep training
1841:10.1093/chemse/bjp080
1790:10.1093/chemse/bjs062
1235:"Weaning Beef Calves"
1204:"Weaning beef calves"
1157:on November 24, 2010.
656:10.3945/jn.110.128793
410:
356:
226:months = 54 months =
152:
88:
38:
2246:Prenatal development
2146:Attachment parenting
2120:Shaken baby syndrome
1654:on September 9, 2016
643:Journal of Nutrition
566:CDC (July 9, 2021).
2560:Infant ear piercing
1443:"Weaning Your Foal"
1289:www.beefresearch.ca
23:Weaning (TV series)
2068:Infant food safety
1208:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
1047:2012-03-30 at the
1019:on October 1, 2009
798:2010-07-30 at the
413:
363:
268:years for humans;
155:
98:
41:
2610:
2609:
2470:
2307:Children's rights
2221:Object permanence
2043:Failure to thrive
1921:"Weaning Kittens"
1355:Livestock Science
1125:978-0-547-52514-3
1098:978-0-19-513133-8
1065:978-0-202-01192-9
965:978-0-19-513062-1
903:978-0-19-532051-0
2640:
2466:
2151:Baby-led weaning
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1650:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1479:Freeman, David.
1476:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1320:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1268:Ag - Beef/Cattle
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1153:. Archived from
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1073:
1067:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
976:
970:
969:
953:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
907:
891:
881:
870:
869:
859:
827:
821:
820:
813:"The New Yorker"
809:
803:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
704:
695:
694:
692:
690:
674:
668:
667:
658:
649:(4): 756S–762S,
638:
632:
631:
622:
594:
588:
587:
582:
580:
563:
557:
556:
551:
549:
532:
506:Baby-led weaning
421:paratuberculosis
359:weaner nose ring
311:In other mammals
291:Japanese society
277:
276:
272:
267:
266:
262:
259:
253:
252:
248:
245:
239:
238:
234:
231:
225:
221:
220:
216:
213:
208:molars (humans:
202:
201:
197:
194:
124:Weaning conflict
95:
92:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:Paternity fraud
2550:Closed adoption
2523:
2479:Infant clothing
2454:Haberman Feeder
2424:Car seat safety
2353:
2334:Infant swimming
2312:UN Child rights
2270:
2181:Gestational age
2134:
1977:
1971:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1049:Wayback Machine
1039:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
978:
977:
973:
966:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
916:
915:
911:
904:
883:
882:
873:
842:(7): CD012241.
829:
828:
824:
811:
810:
806:
800:Wayback Machine
791:
787:
777:
775:
762:
761:
757:
747:
745:
732:
731:
727:
717:
715:
706:
705:
698:
688:
686:
677:
675:
671:
640:
639:
635:
596:
595:
591:
578:
576:
565:
564:
560:
547:
545:
544:. June 13, 2023
534:
533:
529:
524:
502:
489:
480:
451:
434:
351:
321:laboratory mice
313:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
257:
255:
250:
246:
243:
241:
236:
232:
229:
227:
223:
218:
214:
211:
209:
199:
195:
192:
190:
147:
126:
93:
83:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2633:Infant feeding
2630:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2590:Parenting plan
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Infant carrier
2471:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Baby transport
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Infant massage
2075:
2073:Infant formula
2070:
2065:
2063:Infant feeding
2060:
2058:Infant bathing
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Bottle feeding
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1976:and their care
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1919:PetPlace.com.
1911:
1885:(4): 506–513.
1862:
1811:
1783:(8): 755–766.
1760:
1725:
1695:
1665:
1635:
1600:
1565:
1535:
1500:
1464:
1427:
1405:
1372:
1361:(1–3): 20–27.
1345:
1306:
1273:
1254:
1225:
1190:
1160:
1147:"Raising Mice"
1138:
1124:
1104:
1097:
1068:
1030:
997:
971:
964:
935:
909:
902:
871:
822:
804:
785:
755:
725:
696:
669:
633:
589:
558:
526:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
501:
498:
488:
485:
479:
476:
450:
447:
433:
430:
393:
392:
389:
386:
350:
347:
312:
309:
305:Japanese meals
283:Barbara Rogoff
172:
171:
168:
165:
146:
143:
125:
122:
102:premastication
82:
79:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2645:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Breastfeeding
2621:
2620:
2618:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Open adoption
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Child neglect
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Hidden camera
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Child custody
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Nursery rhyme
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Kangaroo care
2204:
2202:
2201:Infant crying
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Preterm birth
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Breastfeeding
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1490:. ANSI-3978.
1489:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1023:September 23,
1015:
1008:
1001:
998:
990:September 23,
985:
981:
975:
972:
967:
961:
957:
952:
951:
945:
939:
936:
928:September 23,
923:
919:
913:
910:
905:
899:
895:
890:
889:
880:
878:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
814:
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
789:
786:
773:
769:
765:
759:
756:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
713:
709:
703:
701:
697:
684:
680:
673:
670:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
637:
634:
630:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
590:
586:
575:
574:
569:
562:
559:
555:
543:
542:
537:
531:
528:
521:
517:
516:Birth spacing
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
493:
486:
484:
477:
475:
471:
467:
465:
459:
456:
448:
446:
443:
439:
431:
429:
426:
422:
417:
409:
405:
403:
397:
390:
387:
384:
383:
382:
380:
375:
371:
368:
360:
355:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
301:
300:Ruth Benedict
297:
296:
292:
287:
284:
279:
207:
188:
183:
181:
177:
169:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
151:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
103:
87:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
31:
24:
19:
2528:Other topics
2467:
2434:Cradle board
2429:Cloth diaper
2389:Baby shampoo
2375:Baby monitor
2365:Baby bouncer
2319:Circumcision
2265:
2166:Birth defect
2048:Immunization
1998:Birth weight
1929:. Retrieved
1914:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1834:(1): 41–45.
1831:
1827:
1814:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1648:www.nfrs.org
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1618:ratguide.com
1617:
1591:. Retrieved
1582:
1558:November 28,
1556:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1528:November 28,
1526:. Retrieved
1517:
1487:
1457:November 26,
1455:. Retrieved
1447:asci.uvm.edu
1446:
1417:
1408:
1398:November 26,
1396:. Retrieved
1387:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1338:November 26,
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1299:November 26,
1297:. Retrieved
1288:
1267:
1257:
1241:
1228:
1218:November 26,
1216:. Retrieved
1207:
1183:November 26,
1181:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1155:the original
1150:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1114:
1107:
1082:
1071:
1056:
1021:. Retrieved
1014:the original
1000:
988:. Retrieved
974:
949:
938:
926:. Retrieved
912:
887:
839:
835:
825:
807:
788:
776:. Retrieved
767:
758:
746:. Retrieved
737:
728:
718:February 26,
716:. Retrieved
687:. Retrieved
672:
646:
642:
636:
602:
598:
592:
584:
577:. Retrieved
571:
561:
553:
546:. Retrieved
539:
530:
494:
490:
481:
472:
468:
460:
452:
435:
418:
414:
398:
394:
364:
329:
315:In science,
314:
293:
288:
280:
184:
173:
159:
156:
127:
118:
114:
110:
106:
99:
73:(or bottled
64:
43:
42:
18:
2628:Breast milk
2540:Babywearing
2535:Baby shower
2509:Swim diaper
2399:Baby walker
2384:Baby powder
2324:Foster care
2292:Child abuse
2287:Babysitting
2139:Development
2125:Soy formula
2003:Breast pump
1828:Chem Senses
1777:Chem Senses
1658:December 1,
1628:December 1,
1593:December 1,
1388:www.fao.org
1233:Filley, S.
1151:ko.cwru.edu
944:Trivers, R.
738:NHS Choices
689:February 1,
464:regurgitate
436:Weaning in
325:parturition
94: 1806
71:breast milk
2617:Categories
2519:Travel cot
2464:Infant bed
2459:High chair
2449:Baby wipes
2444:Diaper bag
2409:Baby swing
2297:Child care
2282:Attachment
2171:Childbirth
2033:Cradle cap
1984:Pediatrics
1583:www.bu.edu
1131:October 8,
1077:Rogoff, B.
522:References
487:In kittens
402:depression
335:carnivores
75:substitute
2595:Paternity
2504:Swaddling
2370:Baby gate
2349:Wet nurse
2339:Milk bank
2231:Parenting
2156:Baby talk
2108:Pedialyte
2038:Esotropia
1993:Baby food
1755:0005-7959
1735:Behaviour
1324:"BC SPCA"
980:"Gorilla"
568:"Weaning"
432:In horses
425:colostrum
349:In cattle
206:permanent
50:human or
2555:Cry room
2494:Stroller
2484:Pacifier
2419:Bassinet
2394:Baby toy
2256:Teething
2236:Peekaboo
2176:Crawling
2161:Babbling
1982:Health (
1931:April 7,
1925:Archived
1903:Archived
1899:15344354
1854:Archived
1850:19965899
1803:Archived
1799:22832482
1718:April 7,
1712:Archived
1688:April 7,
1682:Archived
1622:Archived
1587:Archived
1552:Archived
1522:Archived
1492:Archived
1451:Archived
1422:Archived
1392:Archived
1332:Archived
1293:Archived
1246:Archived
1212:Archived
1177:Archived
1079:(2003).
1045:Archived
984:Archived
946:(2002).
922:Archived
866:32710657
817:Archived
796:Archived
778:July 15,
772:Archived
748:July 15,
742:Archived
712:Archived
683:Archived
665:21367936
629:20073131
500:See also
337:such as
135:primates
2514:Teether
2489:Playpen
2266:Weaning
2261:Walking
1974:Infants
857:7388772
620:6860819
579:May 22,
548:May 22,
478:In rats
449:In dogs
273:⁄
263:⁄
249:⁄
235:⁄
217:⁄
198:⁄
180:average
139:canines
69:by any
44:Weaning
30:Weening
2439:Diaper
2226:Parent
2211:Mother
1897:
1848:
1797:
1753:
1328:BCSPCA
1122:
1095:
1063:
1051:", by
962:
958:–126.
900:
896:–149.
864:
854:
663:
627:
617:
474:food.
438:horses
370:calves
176:median
81:Humans
52:mammal
48:infant
2344:Nanny
2028:Colic
1906:(PDF)
1879:JAVMA
1875:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
1708:WebMD
1678:petMD
1518:WebMD
1495:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1091:–65.
1017:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
453:With
379:rumen
367:Dairy
224:6 × 9
131:genes
2241:Play
2130:SIDS
1933:2017
1895:PMID
1846:PMID
1795:PMID
1751:ISSN
1720:2017
1690:2017
1660:2016
1630:2016
1595:2016
1560:2016
1530:2016
1459:2016
1400:2016
1340:2016
1301:2016
1220:2016
1185:2016
1133:2021
1120:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1025:2009
992:2009
960:ISBN
930:2009
898:ISBN
862:PMID
840:2020
780:2016
750:2016
720:2012
691:2013
661:PMID
625:PMID
581:2024
550:2024
455:dogs
442:foal
374:Beef
343:cats
339:dogs
330:For
317:mice
137:and
2404:Bib
1887:doi
1883:225
1836:doi
1785:doi
1743:doi
1363:doi
1359:128
956:124
894:148
852:PMC
844:doi
651:doi
647:141
615:PMC
607:doi
541:NHS
341:or
332:pet
254:to
145:Age
77:).
67:fed
2619::
1923:.
1901:.
1893:.
1881:.
1877:.
1852:.
1844:.
1832:35
1830:.
1826:.
1801:.
1793:.
1781:37
1779:.
1775:.
1749:.
1739:17
1737:.
1710:.
1706:.
1680:.
1676:.
1646:.
1620:.
1616:.
1603:^
1585:.
1581:.
1568:^
1550:.
1546:.
1520:.
1516:.
1503:^
1486:.
1467:^
1449:.
1445:.
1430:^
1420:.
1416:.
1390:.
1386:.
1375:^
1357:.
1330:.
1326:.
1309:^
1291:.
1287:.
1276:^
1266:.
1244:.
1240:.
1206:.
1193:^
1175:.
1171:.
1149:.
1089:64
1033:^
920:.
874:^
860:.
850:.
838:.
834:.
815:.
770:.
766:.
740:.
736:.
699:^
681:.
659:,
645:,
623:,
613:,
601:,
583:.
570:.
552:.
538:.
327:.
298:,
182:.
141:.
91:c.
60:US
56:UK
2377:/
1986:)
1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
1935:.
1889::
1838::
1787::
1757:.
1745::
1722:.
1692:.
1662:.
1632:.
1597:.
1562:.
1532:.
1461:.
1402:.
1369:.
1365::
1342:.
1303:.
1270:.
1222:.
1187:.
1135:.
1101:.
1040:"
1027:.
994:.
968:.
932:.
906:.
868:.
846::
782:.
752:.
722:.
693:.
653::
609::
603:6
275:3
271:1
265:2
261:1
258:+
256:3
251:2
247:1
244:+
242:2
237:2
233:1
230:+
228:4
219:2
215:1
212:+
210:5
200:2
196:1
193:+
191:2
96:)
32:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
