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with barbed wire and had four lookout towers. Approximately 900 people were being held in this camp. The CO visited the officers kitchens and medical room and found the food and medical supplies to be in fairly good condition. While in the kitchen a number of A Co(mpan)y boys were observed helping the girls peel potatoes. It's surprising the influence girls, especially pretty ones, have with soldiers. It's a pity our cooks are unable to apply the same methods. Visiting a camp like this brings home to us the reality of what we are fighting for. It makes the average
Canadian indignant and he asks "Who do the Germans think they are that they enclose other humans behind barbed wire simply because they are born Jews!"
68:
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783:
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617:. Gestapo officer Albert Konrad Gemmeker had overall command of the camp and was responsible for sending up to 100,000 Jews to the death camps. After the war, Gemmeker was sentenced to just ten years in prison. His light sentence was apparently due to his defense claim that he had no idea what would happen to the Jews after they were transported out of Westerbork. Within the confines of the camp, German SS members were in charge of inmates, but squads of Jewish police and security under
52:
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419:
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cruel or violent". Furthermore, "Schol, who was anti-German, understood that a strict organisation of the camp was the best way to keep the
Germans from taking over the camp". In 1941, German authorities understood that "Schol was too lenient and because of this attitude, the Jews felt too comfortable in the camp".
426:
However, after the German invasion of the
Netherlands in May 1940, that original purpose no longer existed. By 1942, Camp Westerbork was repurposed as a staging ground for the deportation of Jews. Only one-half square kilometre (119 acres) in area, the camp was not built for the purpose of industrial
778:
A museum was created two miles from
Westerbork to keep the memories of those imprisoned in the camp alive. As a tribute to those inmates who were killed after deportation, a memorial was commissioned; it consists of 102,000 stones, representing each person who was deported from Westerbork and never
605:
Jacques Schol, a
Dutchman, was commander of the camp from 16 July 1940 and until January 1943. Certain accounts report he was known for his brutality against Jewish inmates, allegedly kicking inmates to death. Other accounts state on the contrary that "although strict and organised, Schol was never
638:
At 0930 hrs Lt-Col V Stott, DSO, accompanied by the I(ntelligence)O(fficer), Lt JD Cade, visited the Jewish
Concentration Camp at (map reference) 2480. It was a rather startling sight as you approached the camp to see what is normally the appearance of a penitentiary. It was completely surrounded
559:
chronicled his family's experiences while interned in
Westerbork and in 1948 conducted an interview with its Commander Albert Konrad Gemmeker while Gemmeker awaited trial. The published interview in Dutch and English became the basis for a docudrama created in September 2019. The film features
794:
on 4 May 1970. Also, a monument of a broken railroad track torn from the ground is displayed near the camp to symbolize the destruction the camp, as well as others, wrought on the
European Jewish population, and the determination that the tracks would never again carry people to their deaths.
633:
neared
Westerbork in early April 1945 after German officials abandoned the camp. Westerbork was liberated by Canadian forces on 12 April 1945. A total of 876 inmates were found. The War Diary of the South Saskatchewan Regiment referenced the camp in its entry for 12 April 1945:
727:
were left in political unrest. Some people who had worked with French, Algerian and Dutch militaries were evacuated, because they were the subject of anger by the other indigenous people who had resisted colonisation and felt betrayed at the
Moluccan peoples siding with their
483:
which was required to assist with transports and keep order. The SS had little involvement with selecting transferees; this job fell to another class of inmates. Most of these 2,000 "permanent" inmates were eventually sent to concentration or death camps themselves.
435:
standards as "humane". Jewish, Sinti and Roma inmates with families were housed in 200 interconnected cottages that contained two rooms, a toilet, a hot plate for cooking, as well as a small yard. Single inmates were placed in oblong
519:
for two weeks and then volunteered to accompany the first group of Jews sent to Westerbork. Hillesum stayed at Westerbork until 7 September 1943, when she was deported to Auschwitz, where she was killed three months later.
443:
Transport trains arrived at Westerbork every Tuesday from July 1942 to September 1944; an estimated 97,776 Jews, Sinti and Roma were deported during the period. Jewish, Sinti and Roma inmates were deported in waves to
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officials to give inmates a false sense of hope for survival and to aid in avoiding problems during transportation. Cultural activities provided by the Nazis for designated deportees included metalwork, jobs in
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German authorities took control of Westerbork from the Government of the Netherlands on 1 July 1942 when Schol was replaced by a German commander. Deportations began under the orders of
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2991:
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508:, each of whom wrote of their experiences in diaries discovered after the war. Frank remained at the camp in a small hut until 3 September, when she was deported to Auschwitz.
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A special, separate work cadre of 2,000 "permanent" Jewish, Sinti and Roma inmates were used as a camp labour force. Within this group was a subgroup constituting a camp
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Hillesum was able to avoid the Nazi dragnet that identified Jews until April 1942. Even after being labeled a Jew, she began to report on
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593:(Tata Mirando) and Meinhardt, who lost some 200 members of their families to the Holocaust, transported from Westerbork camp to
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2367:
1829:
1390:
1038:
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The camp location was established by the Government of the Netherlands in the summer of 1939 to serve as a refugee camp for
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2866:
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1936:
1883:
1864:
1844:
1814:
1707:
839:
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and the extent of the collaboration by the non-Jewish Dutch population. The results were published fifteen years later in
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2524:
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1951:
1926:
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766:" monument at Westerbork. Each individual stone represents a single person that stayed at Westerbork and was killed in
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1941:
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583:
31:
2051:
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Westerbork was completely disassembled in the 1960s by the Government of the Netherlands. Later, the Dutch built the
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2810:
2780:
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1985:
1946:
1903:
1839:
1712:
1588:
1198:
791:
202:
802:, to document everyday life in the Westerbork transit camp, were submitted by the Netherlands and included in the
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732:. The peoples were promised a quick return to their homeland. However, from 1951 to 1971, former indigenous
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1998:
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2017:
2012:
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460:(9 train-loads; 4,894 people). Almost all of the 94,643 persons deported to Auschwitz and Sobibór in
364:
248:
141:
2172:
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who survived the camp when his mother secured his family's release by fabricating English ancestry.
492:
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2162:
807:
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272:
1212:
Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy
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soldiers and their families were made to stay in the camp. During this time, the camp was renamed
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2411:
1918:
798:
In 2017, films commissioned by the German camp commander Albert Gemmeker from a Jewish prisoner,
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428:
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675:, on the site. Only the former camp commander’s house has been preserved, in a glass container.
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Het Nationaal Monument Westerbork wordt op 4 mei 1970 officieel door Koningin Juliana onthuld
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Der letzte Judenälteste von Bergen-Belsen. Josef Weiss - würdig in einer unwürdigen Umgebung
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Camp Westerbork also had a school, orchestra, hairdresser and even restaurants designed by
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who was interned there with her family before being sent to Auschwitz and Professor Sir
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1317:(5th rev. ed.) (Trans. B. Bonowitz). San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row Publishers.
1235:
418:
403:(German and Austrian Jews in particular), who had fled to the Netherlands to escape
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547:("Childhood"), published in the Netherlands in 1978 and later made into the film,
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Information on the deportation of Hans Mossel via the Arolson online archives.
1089:"Première korte speelfilm Gemmeker met historische transport beelden in kleur"
501:
432:
384:
228:
589:
On 16 May 2024, a memorial was erected to remember the famous Sinti families
560:
colorization of original video of transports from Westerbork by photographer
113:
100:
2918:
2724:
733:
661:
579:
400:
2579:
567:
Another prisoner at Camp Westerbork from 9 March 1944 to 23 March 1944 was
1430:
Cabaret Behind Barbed Wire: Max Ehrlich & the Westerbork Theater Group
17:
2444:
2244:
1033:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 167–191.
575:
516:
437:
133:
Polizeiliches Durchgangslager Westerbork, Judendurchgangslager Westerbork
831:, 1944 film shot in transit camp Westerbork directed by Rudolf Breslauer
610:
396:
348:
504:, who was transported to Camp Westerbork on 8 August 1944, as well as
2954:
1383:
Kamp Westerbork, transit camp to eternity : the liberation story
803:
404:
328:
543:
wrote of his experience as a small child at Westerbork in his book,
790:
The National Westerbork Memorial was unveiled at the site by Queen
531:
Camp Westerbork also housed German film actress and cabaret singer
2319:
1298:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1031:
Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum Inscribing Spirituality and Sexuality
781:
750:
682:
522:
491:
417:
409:
376:
695:
to investigate the events connected with the mass deportation of
1444:
1423:
629:
Transports came to a halt at Camp Westerbork in September 1944.
527:
Parts of a rebuilt hut at Westerbork, which once held Anne Frank
372:
2836:
2657:
2288:
1778:
1448:
1350:
Boulevard des Misères: the Story of the Transit Camp Westerbork
1385:. Clementsport, N.S. : Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 2000
1429:
371:. Camp Westerbork was used as a staging location for sending
1331:. Oegstgeest, The Netherlands: Amsterdam Publishers, 2021,
295:
910:
Boulevard Des Miseres The Story of Transit Camp Westerbork
656:. It housed later Dutch nationals who fled the former
27:
Nazi transit camp for Jews in the occupied Netherlands
1015:. New York, New York: Harper Collins. pp. 53–59.
912:. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. pp. 3–32.
3014:
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2201:
2153:
2139:
2101:
2060:
1960:
1917:
1795:
1690:
1659:
1486:
691:In 1950, the government appointed Jewish historian
290:
278:
224:
214:
190:
182:
166:
158:
148:
137:
129:
90:
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1413:New York: Dutton, 1969, translated by A. Pomerans.
648:Following the war, Westerbork was first used as a
990:. STIWOT (Stichting Informatie Wereldoorlog Twee)
30:"Westerbork" redirects here. For other uses, see
1236:"Jodenvervolging: Nationaal Monument Westerbork"
2612:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
74:
621:were used to keep order and aid in transport.
2972:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
1460:
1013:Anne Frank: The Book, The Life, The Aftermath
496:Class photo from the school within Westerbork
8:
3160:20th-century architecture in the Netherlands
1374:(originally published in the Netherlands as
2671:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
1155:, Penguin Press, pg 176, ISBN 9780593296646
1065:Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women.
2856:
2833:
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2654:
2307:
2298:
2285:
2150:
1792:
1775:
1483:
1467:
1453:
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1352:. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1985
687:Model of the Westerbork concentration camp
613:sub-Department IV-B4, which was headed by
36:
500:Notable prisoners in Westerbork included
448:(65 train-loads totaling 60,330 people),
440:which contained a bathroom for each sex.
82:Location of Westerbork within Netherlands
719:In 1949, when the Dutch left their over
3150:World War II museums in the Netherlands
886:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
855:
56:Barracks at Westerbork after liberation
3120:1939 establishments in the Netherlands
422:Reconstructed watchtower at Westerbork
1261:
1259:
951:
949:
7:
2259:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1054:
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865:
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669:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
3155:Internment camps in the Netherlands
3125:Buildings and structures in Drenthe
3064:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1271:Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork
715:Holding place for Moluccan soldiers
707:). Presser also published a novel,
1267:"The National Westerbork Memorial"
786:Memorial stones at Camp Westerbork
25:
1411:The Destruction of the Dutch Jews
1140:"Camp Westerbork - Jacques Schol"
1059:Hanan, Frenk (31 December 1999).
452:(19 train-loads; 34,313 people),
2627:Polish leaders and intellectuals
2117:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1210:Polakow-Suransky, Sasha (2017).
1142:, The Holocaust: Lest We Forget.
835:Herzogenbusch concentration camp
458:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
73:
66:
50:
1424:Memorial Center Camp Westerbork
1091:(in Dutch). September 12, 2019.
711:, which was set in Westerbork.
476:and other cultural activities.
431:. Westerbork was considered by
2555:Attack on the twentieth convoy
2368:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1376:Het denkende hart van de barak
1329:One-Way Ticket from Westerbork
515:policies. She took a job with
219:Canadian 2nd Infantry Division
1:
1116:Holocaust Education Revisited
840:Amersfoort concentration camp
652:for alleged and accused Nazi
2892:Jewish war conspiracy theory
2083:Extermination through labour
1366:. New York: Pantheon, 1986
1214:. Nation Books. p. 19.
582:, before he was sent to the
550:Jonah Who Lived in the Whale
446:Auschwitz concentration camp
333:Börker Kamp; Kamp Westerbörk
3074:Righteous Among the Nations
1760:Righteous Among the Nations
197:97,776 deported, mostly to
32:Westerbork (disambiguation)
3176:
2811:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2781:Lithuanian Security Police
2700:Reich Security Main Office
1667:Evidence and documentation
792:Juliana of the Netherlands
709:The Night of the Girondins
601:Leadership within the Camp
464:were killed upon arrival.
391:Purpose of Camp Westerbork
325:Durchgangslager Westerbork
284:The Night of the Girondins
29:
3027:Books and other resources
2855:
2832:
2666:
2653:
2297:
2284:
1791:
1774:
1559:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
1482:
1119:. Springer. p. 114.
1029:De Costa, Denise (1998).
958:"Westerbork Transit Camp"
61:
49:
44:
2617:People with disabilities
2550:Aid and Rescue Committee
1315:Edith Stein: A biography
1011:Prose, Francine (2009).
880:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
359:. It was located in the
3145:Westerbork transit camp
2758:Order Police battalions
1440:Holocaust Encyclopaedia
1435:Netherlands: Westerbork
1399:. Penguin Press, 1992,
1397:The Discovery of Heaven
1364:Letters from Westerbork
1313:Herbstrith, W. (1983).
337:Westerbork transit camp
2607:Soviet urban residents
1698:International response
1672:Contemporary knowledge
1067:Jewish Women's Archive
962:Jewish Virtual Library
787:
775:
688:
571:(1905–1944), a Jewish-
528:
497:
462:German-occupied Poland
423:
415:
414:Map of Camp Westerbork
324:
316:
3054:Memorials and museums
2992:Reparations Agreement
2987:Holocaust restitution
2565:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
2088:Human experimentation
1927:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1113:Ballis, Anja (2019).
785:
754:
743:(Camp Schattenberg).
686:
526:
495:
454:Theresienstadt ghetto
421:
413:
2254:Jewish Ghetto Police
2123:Politische Abteilung
2018:Risiera di San Sabba
1879:Natzweiler-Struthof
1327:Jonathan Gardiner:
1240:Drenthe in de oorlog
1151:Buruma, Ian (2023).
908:Boas, Jacob (1985).
427:murder as were Nazi
351:in the Northeastern
343:transit camp in the
249:Selma Wijnberg-Engel
114:52.91750°N 6.60722°E
3032:Days of remembrance
2945:Holocaust survivors
2940:Depopulated shtetls
2791:Rollkommando Hamann
2637:Jehovah's Witnesses
2455:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1517:Bohemia and Moravia
1341:Hans-Dieter Arntz:
1296:Memory of the World
1164:Buruma, pgs 221-222
808:Memory of the World
772:extermination camps
721:300 year occupation
557:Maurice Frankenhuis
429:extermination camps
385:concentration camps
273:Maurice Frankenhuis
178:(as a transit camp)
172:(as a refugee camp)
110: /
3140:Museums in Drenthe
3130:History of Drenthe
3015:History and memory
2919:Forced euthanasia
2867:Nazi racial policy
2570:Danish underground
2417:Operation Reinhard
2412:Wannsee Conference
1426:, official website
1292:"Westerbork films"
788:
776:
768:Nazi concentration
757:The 102,000 stones
725:native Indonesians
689:
595:Auschwitz-Birkenau
584:Auschwitz III camp
529:
498:
424:
416:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
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2950:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
2897:Jewish emigration
2887:Hitler's prophecy
2882:Haavara Agreement
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2816:Ypatingasis būrys
2713:Sicherheitsdienst
2649:
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2645:
2644:
2588:
2587:
2508:Bielski partisans
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2111:Totenkopfverbände
1770:
1769:
1175:"Camp Westerbork"
1153:The Collaborators
984:"Camp Westerbork"
741:Kamp Schattenberg
658:Dutch East Indies
644:Post World War II
488:Notable prisoners
335:), also known as
306:
305:
269:Settela Steinbach
191:Number of inmates
119:52.91750; 6.60722
16:(Redirected from
3167:
2999:Holocaust denial
2977:Nuremberg trials
2967:Postwar violence
2922:
2857:
2834:
2796:Special Brigades
2786:Nederlandsche SS
2753:Police Regiments
2677:
2655:
2515:Ghetto uprisings
2503:Jewish partisans
2450:Harvest Festival
2422:Holocaust trains
2308:
2299:
2286:
2151:
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2007:
1988:
1970:
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982:Prenger, Kevin.
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829:
821:Westerbork movie
800:Rudolf Breslauer
765:
619:Kurt Schlesinger
562:Rudolf Breslauer
302:
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2909:Madagascar Plan
2902:Kindertransport
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2719:Ordnungspolizei
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2489:
2460:Maly Trostenets
2431:Mass executions
2426:
2396:
2334:
2293:
2268:
2238:
2197:
2135:
2097:
2056:
2045:
2023:
2005:
1986:
1968:
1956:
1913:
1787:
1766:
1686:
1677:Hidden children
1655:
1513:Czechoslovakia
1478:
1473:
1420:
1409:Jacob Presser,
1395:Harry Mulisch,
1362:Etty Hillesum,
1324:
1322:Further reading
1310:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1061:"Etty Hillesum"
1058:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1002:
993:
991:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
955:
954:
927:
920:
907:
906:
893:
879:
878:
857:
853:
823:
816:
759:
749:
717:
701:The Catastrophe
693:Jacques Presser
681:
673:radio telescope
646:
627:
603:
537:William Asscher
490:
474:health services
393:
317:Kamp Westerbork
309:Camp Westerbork
294:
257:Wilhelm Mautner
225:Notable inmates
210:
177:
175:
173:
171:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Midden-Drenthe
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:trivialization
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2982:Eichmann trial
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Nuremberg Laws
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2860:Early elements
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:Early elements
2838:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Arajs Kommando
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:Einsatzgruppen
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:Responsibility
2658:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2439:Einsatzgruppen
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2403:Final Solution
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
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2316:
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2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2264:Ústredňa Židov
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:Theresienstadt
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Einsatzgruppen
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Mittelbau-Dora
1871:
1862:
1857:
1855:Kraków-Płaszów
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1745:Rescue of Jews
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
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1663:
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1656:
1654:
1653:
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1651:
1646:
1638:
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1606:
1601:
1596:
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1568:
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1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1418:External links
1416:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1379:
1360:
1346:
1345:. Aachen 2012.
1339:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1283:
1255:
1227:
1221:978-1568585925
1220:
1202:
1191:
1166:
1157:
1144:
1132:
1125:
1105:
1094:
1080:
1046:
1039:
1018:
1000:
974:
956:Project Aice.
925:
918:
891:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:Camp Barneveld
842:
837:
832:
815:
812:
748:
745:
723:of Indonesia,
716:
713:
680:
679:Historiography
677:
645:
642:
641:
640:
626:
623:
615:Adolf Eichmann
602:
599:
489:
486:
392:
389:
369:Midden-Drenthe
367:, current-day
304:
303:
292:
288:
287:
280:
276:
275:
265:Walter Süskind
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
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41:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3172:
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3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
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3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
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3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
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2980:
2978:
2975:
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2968:
2965:
2961:
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2946:
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2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Nazi eugenics
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Topf and Sons
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2768:Collaborators
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:Referat IV B4
2704:
2703:
2702: (RSHA)
2701:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:Schutzstaffel
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:Organizations
2678:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Romani people
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Working Group
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Kastner train
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
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2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
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2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:Kristallnacht
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
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2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
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2287:
2283:
2265:
2262:
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2257:
2255:
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2251:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
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2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2130:Sanitätswesen
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2093:Death marches
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
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2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1919:Extermination
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Sachsenhausen
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1880:
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1866:
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1835:Herzogenbusch
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Bergen-Belsen
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1797:Concentration
1794:
1790:
1786:
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1777:
1773:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
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1734:
1733:United States
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1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
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1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:and colonies
1572:
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1502:
1500:
1497:
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1481:
1477:
1476:The Holocaust
1470:
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1433:
1431:
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1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:0-1402-3937-5
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:0-394-55350-0
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:0-208-01977-4
1355:
1351:
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1340:
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1337:9789493056756
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1199:SSR War Diary
1195:
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1180:
1179:Kamparchieven
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
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1126:9783658242053
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1103:
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1069:
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1051:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
989:
988:Traces of War
985:
978:
975:
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
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868:
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843:
841:
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818:
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813:
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805:
801:
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773:
769:
763:
758:
753:
746:
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742:
738:
735:
731:
726:
722:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:collaborators
651:
650:remand prison
643:
637:
636:
635:
632:
631:Allied troops
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
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563:
558:
554:
552:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
525:
521:
518:
514:
509:
507:
506:Etty Hillesum
503:
494:
487:
485:
482:
477:
475:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
441:
439:
434:
430:
420:
412:
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407:persecution.
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1984:
1967:
1750:by Catholics
1619:Soviet Union
1487:By territory
1410:
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1348:Jacob Boas,
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1300:. Retrieved
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882:"Westerbork"
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541:Jona Oberski
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361:municipality
357:World War II
336:
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308:
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282:
241:Philip Slier
215:Liberated by
162:Refugee camp
159:Original use
45:Transit camp
3090:Never again
2921:(Action T4)
2847:Remembrance
2632:Homosexuals
2602:Soviet POWs
2530:Częstochowa
2078:Gas chamber
1889:Ravensbrück
1830:Gross-Rosen
1825:Flossenbürg
1708:Philippines
1640:Yugoslavia
1599:Netherlands
1527:Sudetenland
1381:Cecil Law,
967:28 February
824: [
760: [
697:Dutch Jewry
580:saxophonist
576:clarinetist
569:Hans Mossel
545:Kinderjaren
533:Dora Gerson
513:antisemitic
387:elsewhere.
353:Netherlands
298:.westerbork
261:Ellen Burka
253:Max Ehrlich
245:Edith Stein
233:Dora Gerson
170:1939 – 1940
167:Operational
149:Operated by
130:Other names
117: /
92:Coordinates
3114:Categories
3079:Yad Vashem
3059:Uniqueness
2914:Nisko Plan
2687:Nazi Party
2495:Resistance
2465:Ninth Fort
2330:Vel' d'Hiv
2102:Nazi units
2040:Westerbork
2030:Amersfoort
1884:Neuengamme
1865:Mauthausen
1845:Kaiserwald
1815:Buchenwald
1594:Luxembourg
1391:1896551351
1302:2018-10-09
1246:2019-02-08
1242:(in Dutch)
1040:0813525500
994:2021-05-18
919:0208019774
851:References
810:Register.
779:returned.
730:colonisers
671:, a large
625:Liberation
502:Anne Frank
365:Westerbork
229:Anne Frank
142:Westerbork
40:Westerbork
18:Westerbork
3037:Education
2932:Aftermath
2844:Aftermath
2806:Trawnikis
2730:Wehrmacht
2725:Waffen-SS
2525:Białystok
2353:Bucharest
2325:Marseille
2202:Elsewhere
2163:Białystok
1975:Breendonk
1952:Treblinka
1805:Auschwitz
1589:Lithuania
747:Memorials
662:Indonesia
401:Austrians
355:, during
199:Auschwitz
105:6°36′26″E
102:52°55′3″N
3022:Academia
2475:Piaśnica
2445:Babi Yar
2373:Jedwabne
2312:Roundups
2245:Judenrat
2209:Budapest
1980:Mechelen
1942:Majdanek
1899:Stutthof
1860:Majdanek
1755:by Poles
1713:Portugal
1691:Response
1682:Timeline
1660:Overview
1522:Slovakia
1509:Bulgaria
1184:20 March
1073:20 April
814:See also
734:Moluccan
517:Judenrat
438:barracks
345:province
339:, was a
138:Location
3049:Lessons
2485:Rumbula
2358:Dorohoi
2339:Pogroms
2291:Victims
2141:Ghettos
2073:Gas van
2061:Methods
2035:Schoorl
2013:Bolzano
1961:Transit
1947:Sobibor
1937:Chełmno
1904:Vaivara
1840:Hinzert
1785:ghettos
1738:Vatican
1644:Croatia
1634:Ukraine
1624:Belarus
1614:Romania
1566:Hungary
1549:Germany
1539:Estonia
1534:Denmark
1504:Belgium
1499:Austria
1494:Albania
1378:, 1982)
611:Gestapo
450:Sobibór
397:Germans
349:Drenthe
291:Website
203:Sobibór
183:Inmates
2955:Bricha
2721:(Orpo)
2594:Others
2580:Żegota
2542:Rescue
2520:Warsaw
2480:Ponary
2390:Kaunas
2193:Warsaw
2178:Lublin
2168:Kraków
2155:Poland
1999:Drancy
1932:Belzec
1909:Warsaw
1820:Dachau
1728:Turkey
1723:Sweden
1649:Serbia
1629:Russia
1609:Poland
1604:Norway
1584:Latvia
1554:Greece
1544:France
1403:
1389:
1370:
1356:
1335:
1218:
1123:
1037:
916:
804:UNESCO
329:Drents
321:German
3069:Humor
3042:Films
2739:Units
2470:Odesa
2320:Izieu
2234:Vilna
2219:Minsk
2214:Kovno
2188:Radom
2052:Sereď
1869:Gusen
1850:Kauen
1781:Camps
1718:Spain
1703:Japan
1577:Libya
1571:Italy
1276:1 May
828:]
764:]
591:Weiss
573:Dutch
377:Sinti
313:Dutch
2960:List
2715:(SD)
2695:(SS)
2378:Lviv
2363:Iași
2303:Jews
2224:Riga
2183:Lwów
2173:Łódź
2145:list
1994:Gurs
1867:and
1783:and
1401:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1278:2018
1216:ISBN
1186:2018
1121:ISBN
1075:2018
1035:ISBN
969:2018
914:ISBN
770:and
737:KNIL
578:and
456:and
433:Nazi
405:Nazi
399:and
381:Roma
379:and
373:Jews
341:Nazi
201:and
186:Jews
2109:SS-
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383:to
363:of
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300:.nl
296:www
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