29:
4924:
533:
5049:
589:
individualist theory of natural rights and limited government. Tyrrell's moderate position came to dominate
Whiggism and British constitutionalism as a whole from 1688 to the 1770s. The more radical ideas of Sidney and Locke, argues Ward, became marginalised in Britain, but emerged as a dominant strand in American republicanism. The issues raised by the Americans, starting with the
584:. Tyrrell propounded a moderate Whiggism which interpreted England's balanced and mixed constitution "as the product of a contextualized social compact blending elements of custom, history, and prescription with inherent natural law obligations". Sidney, on the other hand, emphasised the main themes of
588:
and based Whig ideology in the sovereignty of the people by proposing a constitutional reordering that would both elevate the authority of
Parliament and democratise its forms. Sidney also emphasised classical republican notions of virtue. Ward says that Locke's liberal Whiggism rested on a radically
1008:
The history of
Whiggism: or, The Whiggish-plots, principles, and practices, (mining and countermining the Tory-plots and principles) in the reign of King Charles the first, during the conduct of affaires, under the influence of the three great minions and favourites, Buckingham, Laud, and Strafford;
647:
introduced
Whiggism into the mainstream of Indian political thought. The Indians adopted the basic assumptions of Whiggism, especially the natural leadership of an elite, the political incapacity of the masses, the great partnership of the civil society and the best methods of achieving social
387:
asserted: "We can never enjoy a settled uninterrupted Union and
Tranquility in this Nation, till the Spirit of Whiggisme, Faction, and Schism is melted down like the Old-Money". The name probably originates from a shortening of Whiggamore referring to the
524:. It made Parliament, not the Crown, supreme. It established free elections to the Commons (although they were mostly controlled by the local landlord), free speech in parliamentary debates, and asserted the prohibition of "cruel or unusual punishment".
500:
and arbitrary Power... Formerly the Crown of Spain, and now France, supports this root of Popery amongst us; but lay Popery flat, and there's an end of arbitrary
Government and power. It is a mere chimera, or notion, without
4408:
313:, these reformist Whigs refused to use the word "Tory" as anything other than a term of abuse against those with more traditionalist Whig ideology, which ultimately changed the word's meaning completely.
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
725:
The
Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
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5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4025:
4020:
4015:
277:, while also co-opting many traditionally Jacobite and early Tory positions. A similar but far more discreet co-opting was also taking place among many self-described Whigs, such as
1009:
and the sad forre-runners and prologues to that fatal-year (to
England and Ireland) 41: Where in (as in a mirrour) is shown the face of the late (we do not say the present) times
4579:
4574:
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4464:
4459:
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4419:
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4402:
4397:
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4387:
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4372:
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4332:
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4317:
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4292:
4287:
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4232:
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4212:
4207:
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4912:
513:
of 1688. By that event, a new supremacy of parliament was established, which itself was one of the principles of
Whiggism, much as it had been the chief principle of the
5772:
5133:
167:
Even after 1760, the Whigs still included about half of the noble families in
England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, as well as most merchants, dissenters, and the
3125:
5634:
5522:
2929:
2899:
3608:
2224:
160:
was crowned and allowed the Tories back into the Government. Even so, some modern historians now call the period between 1714 and 1783 the, "age of the Whig
5747:
2934:
1823:
5619:
4960:
1144:
4631:
2914:
306:
230:, and many other political reforms, and which shared a substantial overlap with and heavily influenced both early Toryism and what is now termed
4905:
2370:
2342:
28:
301:. Even though they were often influenced in this regard by the writings of early Tories and other intellectual critics of the Whig party like
5767:
3682:
2981:
2291:
2003:
5517:
5128:
4626:
2266:
2192:
2132:
2065:
2023:
1286:
56:
234:. While in power, Whig politicians frequently denounced all their political opponents and critics as "Jacobites" or "dupes of Jacobites".
365:
Quickly following the adoption of "Whig" as the name of a political faction, the word "Whiggism" arose from the appendage of the suffix "
2954:
2559:
2337:
2038:
593:
crisis of 1765, ripped Whiggism apart in a battle of parliamentary sovereignty (Tyrrell) versus popular sovereignty (Sidney and Locke).
5048:
4857:
3118:
2377:
2347:
2251:
2157:
2070:
2033:
2028:
1127:
977:
894:
637:
270:
2703:
5121:
4898:
4597:
3978:
2944:
2162:
942:
36:
4987:
5737:
5534:
5031:
4890:
4877:
3601:
2182:
610:
568:
219:
5529:
5026:
3936:
3677:
2322:
1500:
5624:
5512:
3983:
3638:
2753:
1532:
969:
250:
5757:
5752:
5742:
5711:
5598:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5004:
4792:
3111:
2117:
2102:
2018:
852:
613:, Scottish Whigs gave a higher priority to using power for religious purposes, including maintaining the authority of the
505:
Although they were unsuccessful in preventing the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, the Whigs in alliance with
258:
48:
5071:
4651:
3968:
3785:
3535:
3134:
1953:
5111:
4847:
4807:
4772:
4694:
3924:
3807:
3633:
3594:
3510:
2833:
1960:
1510:
1404:
602:
558:
489:
231:
2723:
5762:
5410:
5088:
4975:
4852:
4671:
4656:
4030:
3963:
2758:
2439:
1879:
1849:
1495:
847:
744:
410:
79:
44:
5675:
5083:
4997:
4661:
3919:
2919:
2713:
2167:
1935:
1754:
1749:
318:
83:
532:
5507:
5502:
4928:
4782:
4767:
4666:
3958:
3941:
3840:
2949:
2112:
2097:
1771:
1414:
1279:
629:
294:
238:
149:
40:
2808:
2693:
628:
There were also Whigs in the North American colonies and while Whiggism there had much in common with that in
465:. This crisis was prompted by Charles's lack of a legitimate heir, by the discovery in 1673 that James was a
445:
crisis of 1678 to 1681, in which a country party battled a court party in an unsuccessful attempt to exclude
5690:
5629:
4842:
4830:
4759:
4686:
3746:
3398:
3040:
2909:
2748:
2589:
2365:
2281:
2092:
1910:
1791:
1663:
1348:
1313:
606:
246:
130:
5021:
5639:
4992:
4965:
4704:
3988:
3870:
3555:
3257:
2924:
2894:
2332:
2271:
2256:
2187:
2152:
2147:
2127:
1889:
1333:
618:
545:
506:
434:
2683:
2524:
648:
progress, analysing the nature of society and the nation and depicting the character of the ideal state.
5706:
5603:
4970:
4819:
4797:
4787:
3973:
3914:
3741:
3446:
3192:
3074:
2996:
2971:
2939:
2838:
2813:
2803:
2708:
2539:
2424:
2301:
2234:
2197:
2177:
2107:
2055:
2050:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1152:
577:
450:
414:
114:
3830:
661:(London: The Cresset Press, 1954) deals with Thomas Wharton, George Dodington, and Charles James Fox
601:
Whiggism took different forms in England and Scotland, even though from 1707 the two nations shared a
5038:
4643:
3845:
3800:
3660:
3403:
3209:
3182:
3062:
2499:
2489:
2464:
2327:
2317:
2286:
2276:
2239:
2172:
2142:
2137:
2122:
2087:
2060:
2013:
1975:
1965:
1925:
1818:
1813:
1801:
1671:
1617:
1583:
1537:
1382:
681:
418:
192:
103:
71:
5685:
4724:
4602:
4589:
3931:
3883:
3773:
3719:
3709:
3697:
3515:
3453:
3252:
3197:
3057:
2823:
2594:
2534:
2484:
2202:
1930:
1915:
1905:
1864:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1761:
1676:
1595:
1590:
1468:
1387:
1328:
1272:
1003:
990:
805:
633:
521:
510:
458:
446:
372:
371:", creating a term for the Whigs' political ideology. It was already in use by the 1680s. In 1682,
354:
290:
286:
266:
211:
141:
126:
87:
2698:
5655:
4950:
4945:
4777:
4716:
3953:
3850:
3795:
3778:
3758:
3650:
3625:
3617:
3570:
3202:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3150:
2863:
2798:
2296:
2261:
1948:
1920:
1830:
1463:
1443:
756:
Cultures of Whiggism: New Essays on English Literature and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century
614:
462:
454:
438:
215:
145:
118:
99:
2514:
1654:
425:, but only after the example of the successful use of violent opposition to the king set by the
605:. While English Whiggism had at its heart the power of parliament, creating for that purpose a
5732:
5680:
4729:
3835:
3734:
3687:
3282:
3172:
3145:
3093:
2843:
2599:
2529:
2504:
2494:
2474:
1786:
1716:
1691:
1627:
1505:
1392:
1323:
1123:
973:
965:
938:
906:
898:
890:
795:
778:
581:
422:
262:
227:
223:
184:
180:
176:
153:
125:. They were seeking to prevent a Catholic ascension to the English throne, especially that of
52:
1117:
790:
5078:
5014:
4825:
4739:
3909:
3768:
3751:
3478:
3468:
3441:
3410:
3304:
3267:
3015:
3008:
2818:
2768:
2738:
2733:
2678:
2584:
2569:
2544:
2479:
2449:
1835:
1808:
1721:
1704:
1699:
1622:
1527:
1478:
1453:
1436:
1431:
1365:
914:
837:
426:
322:
5665:
5066:
4980:
4835:
4815:
4734:
4676:
3865:
3825:
3702:
3655:
3575:
3473:
3232:
2878:
2868:
2853:
2773:
2763:
2743:
2634:
2614:
2574:
2549:
2459:
1607:
1564:
1552:
1542:
1483:
1343:
1338:
921:
882:
842:
664:
563:
389:
342:
334:
5660:
5116:
4699:
4614:
3946:
3860:
3724:
3672:
3361:
3341:
3336:
3324:
3079:
3052:
3047:
3020:
2976:
2793:
2783:
2728:
2604:
2579:
2554:
2519:
2469:
2409:
1776:
1681:
1637:
1547:
1448:
1409:
1399:
886:
590:
466:
442:
350:
338:
326:
302:
242:
122:
1022:
The shortest way with the Dissenters: or Proposals for the establishment of the Church
5726:
5565:
5544:
4749:
3855:
3714:
3545:
3505:
3393:
3297:
3219:
3035:
2828:
2788:
2718:
2688:
2654:
2649:
2629:
2509:
2434:
2207:
1728:
1632:
1600:
1557:
1420:
870:
832:
827:
585:
573:
497:
481:
346:
298:
282:
254:
196:
188:
95:
5549:
4872:
4744:
4609:
3995:
3790:
3729:
3692:
3292:
3277:
3272:
3069:
2873:
2848:
2778:
2624:
2454:
2444:
2075:
1644:
1458:
822:
768:
685:
644:
441:
on the other. However, the immediate origins of the Whigs and Whiggism were in the
384:
330:
314:
278:
168:
91:
20:
2043:
732:
Whig principles and party politics: Earl Fitzwilliam and the Whig party, 1748–1833
874:
3904:
3888:
3763:
3665:
3500:
3463:
3458:
3388:
3309:
3287:
3237:
3214:
2858:
2659:
2644:
2619:
2414:
2399:
1709:
1649:
1517:
1370:
1318:
782:
622:
488:
outlined the principal motivation of the cry of "no popery" when he said in the
485:
470:
137:
918:
5670:
5539:
5093:
5009:
4862:
4621:
3560:
3520:
3490:
3376:
3356:
3247:
3025:
2991:
2986:
2639:
2429:
2404:
1522:
1375:
1355:
1296:
553:
514:
310:
274:
207:
204:
200:
157:
107:
3643:
3550:
3495:
3485:
3420:
3415:
3371:
3262:
3242:
2564:
1733:
1060:
1011:(London: Printed for E. Smith, at the Elephant and Castle in Cornhill, 1682)
812:(London: Printed for E. Smith, at the Elephant and Castle in Cornhill, 1682)
674:
Dickinson, H. T. "Whiggism in the eighteenth century", in John Cannon, ed.,
643:
In India, Prashad (1966) argues that the profound influence of the ideas of
397:
367:
161:
110:
75:
1035:"whig | Origin and meaning of the name whig by Online Etymology Dictionary"
321:
to justify the party's political ideology and past practices, remained the
152:
politics until about 1760, after which the Whigs splintered into different
902:
810:
The history of Whiggism: or, The Whiggish-plots, principles, and practices
544:
Lee Ward (2008) argues that the philosophical origins of Whiggism came in
480:, that was always much more than a mere religious preference in favour of
5575:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3381:
3351:
3346:
3331:
3187:
3157:
3030:
3003:
2419:
2080:
1940:
1612:
1473:
430:
5570:
3817:
3565:
3425:
3366:
3314:
3103:
2609:
1426:
1360:
1257:
1034:
949:... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...
910:
3586:
3319:
2244:
1490:
477:
429:, which were fought between the same king in his capacity as king of
1119:
Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism
47:, labelled a "Great Whig", and implied to be under the influence of
935:
In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott
5580:
3899:
531:
257:, but the name of "Old Whigs" was largely adopted by the American
27:
706:(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1942)
401:", has a similar meaning and has been used since the late 1600s.
4005:
1104:
Radical Whigs and conspiratorial politics in late Stuart England
380:
172:
4894:
3590:
3107:
1268:
4867:
1264:
409:
The true origins of what became known as Whiggism lie in the
102:
of the realm. The Whigs ultimately conceded strictly limited
5047:
1167:
The Politics of Liberty in England and Revolutionary America
994:
at oed.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011 (subscription required)
739:
The Politics of Liberty in England and Revolutionary America
718:
The Rise of Party in England: The Rockingham Whigs 1760–1782
395:
The word "Whiggery", deriving from "Whig" and the suffix "
129:
or his descendants. The ideology is associated with early
1116:
Maurice Adams; Anne Meuwese; Ernst Hirsch Ballin (2017).
632:, it too had its own priorities. In the unfolding of the
1228:
Claiming Scotland: national identity and liberal culture
695:
Goldie, Mark, "The Roots of True Whiggism, 1688–94", in
187:, many Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, most of the
86:(as opposed to that of the king), and opposed granting
962:
The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783
476:
While a major principle of Whiggism was opposition to
329:
until serious challenges were raised to its claims by
269:, American Whiggism transitioned from monarchism into
676:
The Whig Ascendancy: Colloquies on Hanoverian Britain
659:
The Old Cause: Three Biographical Studies in Whiggism
5699:
5648:
5612:
5591:
5558:
5104:
5059:
4935:
4806:
4758:
4715:
4685:
4642:
4588:
3879:
3816:
3624:
3434:
2962:
2905:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2888:
2670:
2390:
2358:
2310:
2223:
1974:
1898:
1857:
1848:
1742:
1690:
1662:
1582:
1575:
1304:
754:Womersley, David, Paddy Bullard, Abigail Williams,
688:, Neo-Whiggism and Early Stuart Historiography" in
175:position was held by the other great families, the
785:: or, Whiggism in its relations to literature" in
484:, although most Whigs did have such a preference.
379:. In 1702, writing satirically in the guise of a
494:
4906:
3602:
3119:
2930:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
2900:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
1280:
720:(London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1975)
8:
1241:English whiggism and the American revolution
704:English Whiggism and the American Revolution
751:(Oxford History of England) (2nd ed. 1962)
33:Whiggism, or Master Billy learning his task
4913:
4899:
4891:
3609:
3595:
3587:
3126:
3112:
3104:
1854:
1579:
1287:
1273:
1265:
572:(1698). All three were united in opposing
2935:International Federation of Liberal Youth
960:Holmes, Geoffrey; and Szechi, D. (2014).
191:and the traditional officer class of the
5773:Politics of the Kingdom of Great Britain
1256:Vol. 81, No. 3 (Sep. 1966), pp. 412–431
1222:
1220:
98:to anyone who worshipped outside of the
19:For the Whig philosophy of history, see
2915:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
1059:Oxford English Dictionary (July 2023).
863:
773:An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs
520:The great Whiggish achievement was the
800:Whigs and Whiggism: political writings
249:. Whiggism originally referred to the
237:The term "Old Whigs" was also used in
1252:Ganesh Prashad, "Whiggism in India,"
758:(University of Delaware Press, 2005)
82:(1639–1651). The Whigs advocated the
7:
734:(Manchester University Press, 1975)
214:and civil rights to all outside the
43:. The schoolroom contains images of
2955:Liberal South East European Network
741:(Cambridge University Press, 2004)
671:(University of London Press, 1973)
611:Protestant succession to the throne
421:, which eventually turned into the
413:and the power struggle between the
1169:(Cambridge University Press, 2004)
1145:"Britain's unwritten constitution"
879:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
692:, vol. 26 (1987), pp. 133–149
14:
2945:Liberal Network for Latin America
496:From Popery came the notion of a
317:, which was largely developed by
144:of 1688–1689, Whiggism dominated
5748:Liberalism in the United Kingdom
5635:Scottish 18th-century literature
4922:
937:. Imprint Academic. p. 14.
569:Discourses Concerning Government
538:Discourses Concerning Government
220:devolution in the United Kingdom
3678:England in the late Middle Ages
55:, labelled a "True Whig"; and
5625:Romantic literature in English
1533:Separation of church and state
1093:(Phoenix Press, 2000), pp. 2–3
669:Walpole and the Whig Supremacy
636:such Whiggism became known as
449:, from succeeding his brother
1:
5052:Floral Badge of Great Britain
933:Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013).
853:Patriot (American Revolution)
749:The Whig Supremacy, 1714–1760
5768:Political history of England
4988:Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
1122:. Cambridge UP. p. 97.
697:History of Political Thought
241:for those Whigs who opposed
4942:Constitutional development
1254:Political Science Quarterly
702:Guttridge, George Herbert,
559:Two Treatises of Government
232:traditionalist conservatism
195:. Whigs especially opposed
5789:
3683:Economy in the Middle Ages
1239:George Herbert Guttridge,
1066:. Oxford University Press.
919:10.4135/9781412965811.n328
848:Whig Party (United States)
787:Works of Thomas de Quincey
699:1 (1980), pp. 195–236
517:in an earlier generation.
411:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
80:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
59:, labelled a "False Whig."
18:
5676:Proclamation of Rebellion
5045:
3228:
3141:
3090:
3075:Sexually liberal feminism
2982:Bias in American academia
2920:European Democratic Party
1755:Constitutional patriotism
1078:Rehearsing the revolution
1064:Oxford English Dictionary
597:Across the British Empire
319:Thomas Babington Macaulay
156:. In the same year, King
4929:Kingdom of Great Britain
1415:Labor theory of property
798:, ed. William Hutcheon,
509:brought him down in the
433:on the one side and the
295:William Pitt the Younger
265:. Before and during the
199:efforts by adherents of
41:William Pitt the Younger
39:acts as schoolmaster to
5738:Conservative liberalism
5691:Welsh Methodist revival
5630:Romanticism in Scotland
5027:Agricultural Revolution
4993:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)
3747:Commonwealth of England
2910:Arab Liberal Federation
1792:Neoclassical liberalism
1314:Consent of the governed
730:Smith, Ernest Anthony,
678:(1981), pp. 28–44
607:constitutional monarchy
550:Patriarcha Non Monarcha
536:Title page of Sidney's
469:, and by the so-called
131:conservative liberalism
113:, while continuing the
84:supremacy of Parliament
5640:Blue Stockings Society
5053:
4976:American Revolutionary
2925:European Liberal Youth
2895:Africa Liberal Network
1334:Economic globalization
619:Protestant Reformation
541:
522:Bill of Rights of 1689
503:
435:Parliament of Scotland
396:
366:
60:
5051:
2972:Anti-authoritarianism
2940:Liberal International
711:Whig World: 1760–1837
535:
415:Parliament of England
140:of the 1670s and the
115:religious persecution
74:that grew out of the
31:
5758:Political philosophy
5753:Political ideologies
5743:Classical liberalism
5039:Financial Revolution
4998:French Revolutionary
4598:Anglo-Saxon military
3786:Overseas possessions
3135:Political ideologies
1802:Right-libertarianism
1672:Liberal conservatism
1538:Separation of powers
964:. Routledge. p. xi.
881:(Thousand Oaks, CA:
806:Hickeringill, Edmund
802:(new edition, 1971)
747:, and C. H. Stuart,
682:William Herbert Dray
216:Established Churches
193:British armed forces
183:factions within the
104:religious toleration
100:Established Churches
72:political philosophy
16:Political philosophy
5686:Speenhamland system
5134:Acts of Parliament:
5129:List of parliaments
4012:Acts of Parliament:
3779:Union with Scotland
3774:Glorious Revolution
3720:Union of the Crowns
3710:English Renaissance
3698:English Reformation
3639:Anglo-Saxon England
3253:Christian democracy
1797:Paleolibertarianism
1782:Left-libertarianism
1496:Civil and political
1469:Popular sovereignty
1329:Economic liberalism
1143:Blackburn, Robert.
1004:Edmund Hickeringill
723:Robbins, Caroline.
634:American Revolution
511:Glorious Revolution
447:James, Duke of York
377:History of Whiggism
373:Edmund Hickeringill
361:Origins of the term
355:John Lorne Campbell
287:William Wilberforce
267:American Revolution
212:freedom of religion
142:Glorious Revolution
88:freedom of religion
35:, cartoon of 1784.
5656:East India Company
5054:
5022:Panic of 1796–1797
3969:Secretary of State
3651:Kingdom of England
3618:Kingdom of England
3168:Political spectrum
1949:Centrist reformist
1464:Permissive society
1444:Limited government
1243:(1974), pp. 10, 68
1039:www.etymonline.com
796:Disraeli, Benjamin
779:De Quincey, Thomas
709:Mitchell, Leslie,
690:History and Theory
621:and emulating the
615:Church of Scotland
609:and a permanently
542:
492:on 27 April 1679:
439:Church of Scotland
423:English Civil Wars
228:minority languages
154:political factions
119:disenfranchisement
61:
5763:Political culture
5720:
5719:
5681:South Sea Company
4971:French and Indian
4888:
4887:
4730:Church of England
3688:Wars of the Roses
3584:
3583:
3283:Constitutionalism
3146:The Establishment
3101:
3100:
3094:Liberalism Portal
2987:Bias in the media
2386:
2385:
2225:Latin America and
1844:
1843:
1787:Geolibertarianism
1717:Liberal socialism
1628:Civic nationalism
1501:Natural and legal
1214:Ward, pp. 327–350
1102:Melinda S. Zook,
716:O'Gorman, Frank,
617:, justifying the
603:single parliament
582:absolute monarchy
574:Sir Robert Filmer
507:William of Orange
263:Thirteen Colonies
224:linguistic rights
185:Church of England
53:Charles James Fox
5780:
5122:House of Commons
5015:Jacobite risings
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4848:Royal supporters
4695:English language
3942:Council of State
3932:King's Secretary
3925:House of Commons
3910:Magnum Concilium
3808:Maritime history
3769:Exclusion Crisis
3752:The Protectorate
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3511:Internationalism
3442:Authoritarianism
3411:Social democracy
3305:Environmentalism
3268:Communitarianism
3128:
3121:
3114:
3105:
3016:Economic freedom
3009:Radical centrism
1855:
1809:Radical centrism
1722:Social democracy
1705:Liberal feminism
1580:
1528:Secular humanism
1454:Natural monopoly
1405:Internationalism
1299:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1226:Jonathan Hearn,
1224:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:. Archived from
1140:
1134:
1133:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
987:
981:
958:
952:
951:
930:
924:
868:
838:Rockingham Whigs
657:Carswell, John,
490:House of Commons
323:official history
307:Lord Bolingbroke
291:Daniel O'Connell
203:, a movement of
138:Titus Oates plot
5788:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5695:
5666:Longitude prize
5644:
5608:
5587:
5554:
5100:
5055:
5043:
4981:Boston Massacre
4931:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4889:
4884:
4878:St George's Day
4853:Royal standards
4836:College of Arms
4802:
4754:
4711:
4681:
4638:
4584:
3893:
3875:
3812:
3759:The Restoration
3703:Elizabethan era
3656:Norman Conquest
3620:
3615:
3585:
3580:
3576:Totalitarianism
3430:
3233:Accelerationism
3224:
3137:
3132:
3102:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3084:
2958:
2950:Liberal parties
2884:
2883:
2882:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2382:
2354:
2306:
2226:
2219:
1970:
1894:
1840:
1738:
1686:
1658:
1608:Equity feminism
1571:
1570:
1569:
1565:State of nature
1553:Social services
1543:Social contract
1506:To own property
1300:
1295:
1293:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1155:on 2 July 2015.
1149:British Library
1142:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1091:The Popish Plot
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1002:
998:
988:
984:
959:
955:
945:
932:
931:
927:
869:
865:
861:
843:True Whig Party
819:
765:
763:Primary sources
745:Williams, Basil
665:H. T. Dickinson
654:
652:Further reading
599:
564:Algernon Sidney
530:
486:Sir Henry Capel
407:
390:Whiggamore Raid
363:
343:G.K. Chesterton
335:William Cobbett
245:as part of the
210:which promised
171:. The opposing
123:Roman Catholics
78:faction in the
76:Parliamentarian
45:King George III
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5786:
5784:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5725:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:British Empire
5658:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5518:Prime Minister
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5117:House of Lords
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5007:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:External wars
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4823:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:English Gothic
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4700:English people
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:New Model Army
4607:
4606:
4605:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:Lord Protector
3944:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3920:House of Lords
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Gunpowder Plot
3722:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Angevin Empire
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Libertarianism
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Fundamentalism
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3325:Third Position
3322:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:Utilitarianism
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3053:Libertarianism
3050:
3048:Land value tax
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Egalitarianism
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Anti-communism
2974:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:Related topics
2960:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Wollstonecraft
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:United Kingdom
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1777:Libertarianism
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1750:Constitutional
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:Encyclopaedist
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1548:Social justice
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Market economy
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1410:Invisible hand
1407:
1402:
1400:Harm principle
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1245:
1232:
1230:(2000), p. 138
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1158:
1135:
1129:978-1316883259
1128:
1108:
1106:(1999), p. xiv
1095:
1082:
1076:Odai Johnson,
1069:
1061:"Whiggery, n."
1051:
1026:
1020:Daniel Defoe,
1013:
996:
982:
978:978-1317894261
953:
943:
925:
895:978-1412965804
887:Cato Institute
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
815:
814:
813:
803:
793:
776:
764:
761:
760:
759:
752:
742:
735:
728:
727:(1959, 2004).
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
679:
672:
662:
653:
650:
598:
595:
576:'s defence of
529:
526:
467:Roman Catholic
443:Exclusion Bill
419:King Charles I
406:
403:
375:published his
362:
359:
351:Saunders Lewis
339:Hilaire Belloc
327:British Empire
303:Jonathan Swift
243:Robert Walpole
169:middle classes
57:Lord Shelburne
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5785:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:Great Britain
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:Patriot Whigs
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Privy Council
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:Union of 1801
4949:
4947:
4946:Union of 1707
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:National flag
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:Country dance
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
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4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4630:
4628:
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4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4604:
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4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
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4587:
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4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
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4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
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4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:Temp. incert.
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Privy Council
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3871:Orange-Nassau
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:Stuart period
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:Anglo-Normans
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Progressivism
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Individualism
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:Republicanism
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:Social credit
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:Revolutionary
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:Individualism
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2889:Organisations
2887:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
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2837:
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2832:
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2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
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2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
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2757:
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2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
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2690:
2687:
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2677:
2673:
2669:
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2658:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
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2628:
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2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2491:
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2483:
2481:
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2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
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2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
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2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:United States
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:North America
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2227:the Caribbean
2222:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:International
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Progressivism
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Anti-clerical
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:Welfare state
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:Laissez-faire
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1196:Ward, ch. 8–9
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:John Kenyon,
1086:
1083:
1080:(2000), p. 14
1079:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1024:(1702), p. 15
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
957:
954:
950:
946:
944:9781845404680
940:
936:
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Ronald Hamowy
867:
864:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
833:Radical Whigs
831:
829:
828:Patriot Whigs
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:Burke, Edmund
767:
766:
762:
757:
753:
750:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
641:
639:
638:republicanism
635:
631:
630:Great Britain
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:
594:
592:
587:
586:republicanism
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:James Tyrrell
539:
534:
527:
525:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
499:
498:standing army
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:Protestantism
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Bishops' Wars
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
399:
393:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
347:Roger Scruton
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:British Isles
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Henry Grattan
280:
276:
272:
271:republicanism
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:British Isles
252:
248:
247:Country Party
244:
240:
239:Great Britain
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
197:regime change
194:
190:
189:landed gentry
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:voting rights
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5592:Architecture
5550:Kit-Cat Club
5060:Royal houses
4961:Seven Years'
4858:Crown Jewels
4843:Royal badges
4831:Coat of arms
4760:Architecture
4745:Morris dance
4687:Demographics
4610:English Army
4407:
4031:
4000:
3996:Star Chamber
3818:Royal Houses
3801:Protectorate
3730:Jacobean era
3693:Tudor period
3454:Collectivism
3293:Distributism
3278:Conservatism
3273:Confucianism
3193:Centre-right
3070:Pirate Party
2799:Lloyd George
2391:Philosophers
2333:Jeffersonian
2212:
2076:Berlusconism
1942:
1880:South Africa
1664:Conservative
1650:Physiocratic
1511:To bear arms
1459:Open society
1419:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1210:
1205:Ward, ch. 11
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1153:the original
1148:
1138:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1007:
999:
991:Whiggism, n.
989:
985:
961:
956:
948:
934:
928:
878:
866:
823:Whig history
809:
799:
786:
772:
755:
748:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
686:J. H. Hexter
675:
668:
658:
645:Edmund Burke
642:
627:
600:
578:divine right
567:
557:
549:
543:
537:
519:
504:
495:
475:
408:
394:
385:Daniel Defoe
376:
364:
331:John Lingard
315:Whig history
279:Edmund Burke
236:
166:
135:
92:civil rights
67:
63:
62:
37:Lord Thurlow
32:
25:
21:Whig history
5620:Periodicals
4966:Jenkins Ear
4783:Elizabethan
4768:Anglo-Saxon
3989:Elizabethan
3979:Anglo-Saxon
3905:Curia regis
3846:Plantagenet
3796:Proprietary
3764:Popish Plot
3742:Interregnum
3666:The Anarchy
3556:Regionalism
3501:Imperialism
3464:Culturalism
3459:Colonialism
3389:Nationalism
3310:Familialism
3288:Corporatism
3258:Communalism
3238:Agrarianism
3215:Reactionary
3183:Centre-left
2869:Verhofstadt
2864:Balcerowicz
2671:Politicians
2600:Collingwood
2540:Tocqueville
2415:Montesquieu
2378:New Zealand
2348:Progressive
2338:Libertarian
2193:Libertarian
2188:Gladstonian
2168:Switzerland
2118:Netherlands
2019:Czech lands
1961:Philippines
1954:Progressive
1936:South Korea
1710:Ecofeminism
1638:Utilitarian
1518:Rule of law
1319:Due process
1187:Ward, ch. 6
1178:Ward, p. 14
1044:13 February
922:pp. 542–543
783:Samuel Parr
737:Ward, Lee,
623:Covenanters
562:(1689) and
471:Popish Plot
453:as king of
208:monarchists
181:high church
5727:Categories
5712:Royal arms
5671:Window tax
5613:Literature
5599:Queen Anne
5540:Whig Junto
5411:Elections:
5112:Parliament
5094:George III
5010:Jacobitism
5005:Whig plots
4863:Tudor rose
4793:Queen Anne
4622:Royal Navy
3974:Governance
3964:Ministries
3915:Parliament
3571:Syncretism
3561:Separatism
3521:Militarism
3491:Federalism
3377:Monarchism
3357:Liberalism
3248:Capitalism
3198:Right-wing
3026:Empiricism
2997:Democratic
2992:Capitalism
2328:Jacksonian
2198:Manchester
2113:Montenegro
2098:Luxembourg
1633:Republican
1523:Secularism
1356:Federalism
1297:Liberalism
1165:Lee Ward,
970:131789426X
875:"Whiggism"
859:References
791:from p. 30
789:, vol. v,
554:John Locke
528:Variations
515:Roundheads
451:Charles II
311:David Hume
275:Federalism
205:legitimist
201:Jacobitism
177:non-juring
158:George III
136:After the
111:dissenters
108:Protestant
5559:Geography
5224:1760–1764
5219:1755–1759
5214:1750–1754
5209:1745–1749
5204:1740–1744
5199:1735–1739
5194:1730–1734
5189:1725–1729
5184:1720–1724
5179:1715–1719
5089:George II
4873:St George
4644:Geography
4409:1642–1660
4058:1422–1460
4053:1413–1421
4048:1399–1411
4043:1377–1397
4038:1327–1376
4026:1308–1325
4021:1275–1307
4016:1225–1267
3851:Lancaster
3831:Knýtlinga
3735:Civil War
3644:Heptarchy
3551:Reformism
3536:Pluralism
3496:Globalism
3486:Extremism
3421:Third Way
3416:Socialism
3399:Classical
3372:Masculism
3263:Communism
3243:Anarchism
3203:Far-right
3178:Left-wing
3041:Anarchist
2839:Roosevelt
2809:Ståhlberg
2804:Venizelos
2759:Sarmiento
2749:Gladstone
2709:Lamartine
2679:Jefferson
2530:Martineau
2480:De Gouges
2465:Condorcet
2450:Priestley
2366:Australia
2282:Nicaragua
2103:Macedonia
2093:Lithuania
2044:Orléanist
1911:Hong Kong
1850:By region
1819:Christian
1814:Religious
1767:Corporate
1734:Third Way
1584:Classical
1324:Democracy
911:2008-9151
903:750831024
591:Stamp Act
473:of 1678.
297:, in the
162:oligarchy
49:Lord Bute
5733:Whiggism
5604:Georgian
5576:Scotland
5503:Monarchy
5105:Politics
5084:George I
5032:Scotland
4868:Oak tree
4826:Heraldry
4798:Georgian
4788:Jacobean
4740:Folklore
4725:Religion
4652:Counties
4590:Military
3984:Medieval
3937:Monarchy
3884:Politics
3836:Normandy
3634:Timeline
3541:Populism
3531:Pacifism
3526:Nihilism
3516:Localism
3435:See also
3382:Royalism
3352:Islamism
3347:Hindutva
3332:Feminism
3188:Centrism
3173:Far-left
3163:Moderate
3158:Hardline
3031:Humanism
3004:Centrism
2819:Rathenau
2794:Milyukov
2714:Macaulay
2684:Kołłątaj
2655:Kymlicka
2635:Friedman
2580:Cassirer
2570:Hobhouse
2505:Constant
2500:Humboldt
2460:Beccaria
2425:Rousseau
2420:Voltaire
2292:Paraguay
2272:Honduras
2257:Colombia
2213:Whiggist
2203:Muscular
2153:Slovenia
2148:Slovakia
2128:Portugal
2081:Liberism
2004:Bulgaria
1943:Chinilpa
1890:Zimbabwe
1762:Cultural
1677:National
1613:Georgist
1591:Economic
1474:Property
1437:Positive
1432:Negative
1388:Religion
1366:Economic
1339:Equality
1258:in JSTOR
817:See also
552:(1681),
459:Scotland
437:and the
431:Scotland
259:Patriots
127:James II
68:Whiggery
64:Whiggism
5700:Symbols
5571:England
5079:Hanover
4936:History
4808:Symbols
4735:Cuisine
4717:Culture
4677:Palaces
4672:Castles
4657:Islands
4632:History
4603:Warfare
3954:Peerage
3841:Angevin
3626:History
3566:Statism
3426:Zionism
3367:Marxism
3315:Fascism
3210:Radical
2859:Jenkins
2854:Kennedy
2844:Pearson
2829:Einaudi
2814:Gokhale
2774:Itagaki
2769:Naoroji
2764:Mommsen
2744:Lincoln
2734:Mazzini
2719:Kossuth
2704:Broglie
2699:Bolívar
2694:Artigas
2689:Madison
2550:Spencer
2535:Emerson
2525:Bastiat
2510:Ricardo
2470:Bentham
2410:Spinoza
2371:Small-l
2359:Oceania
2302:Uruguay
2267:Ecuador
2235:Bolivia
2208:Radical
2178:Ukraine
2133:Romania
2108:Moldova
2066:Hungary
2056:Germany
2051:Georgia
2034:Finland
2029:Estonia
2024:Denmark
2009:Croatia
1999:Belgium
1994:Austria
1989:Armenia
1984:Albania
1885:Tunisia
1875:Senegal
1870:Nigeria
1831:Secular
1824:Islamic
1618:Radical
1576:Schools
1479:Private
1427:Liberty
1361:Freedom
889:2008),
781:. "Dr.
713:(2006)
501:Popery.
463:Ireland
455:England
405:Origins
325:of the
261:in the
253:of the
150:British
146:English
5535:Tories
5067:Stuart
4662:Places
4006:Tories
3866:Stuart
3826:Wessex
3404:Modern
3320:Nazism
2879:Macron
2824:Madero
2789:Deakin
2779:Levski
2754:Cavour
2739:Juárez
2729:Cobden
2660:Badawi
2650:Nozick
2630:Berlin
2620:Popper
2595:Keynes
2590:Ortega
2555:Arnold
2515:Guizot
2475:Korais
2440:Turgot
2400:Milton
2343:Modern
2318:Canada
2287:Panama
2277:Mexico
2245:Lulism
2240:Brazil
2173:Turkey
2163:Sweden
2143:Serbia
2138:Russia
2123:Norway
2088:Latvia
2061:Greece
2039:France
2014:Cyprus
1976:Europe
1966:Turkey
1926:Israel
1858:Africa
1836:Techno
1692:Social
1596:Fiscal
1491:Rights
1484:Public
1393:Speech
1371:Market
1344:Gender
1126:
976:
968:
941:
909:
901:
893:
775:(1791)
540:(1698)
478:popery
353:, and
309:, and
293:, and
5649:Other
5581:Wales
5530:Whigs
5508:Peers
4778:Tudor
4667:Towns
4627:Ships
4001:Whigs
3900:Witan
3861:Tudor
3791:Crown
3479:Multi
3469:Inter
3342:Green
3063:Right
2874:Obama
2849:Ohlin
2784:Kemal
2640:Rawls
2615:Hayek
2605:Čapek
2585:Mises
2575:Croce
2565:Weber
2560:Acton
2490:Staël
2455:Paine
2445:Burke
2430:Smith
2405:Locke
2252:Chile
2158:Spain
2071:Italy
1941:Anti-
1931:Japan
1916:India
1906:China
1865:Egypt
1743:Other
1700:Green
1383:Press
1376:Trade
1349:Legal
1305:Ideas
251:Whigs
94:, or
70:is a
5707:Flag
5523:list
5496:1796
5491:1790
5486:1784
5481:1780
5476:1774
5471:1768
5466:1761
5461:1754
5456:1747
5451:1741
5446:1734
5441:1727
5436:1722
5431:1715
5426:1713
5421:1710
5416:1708
5404:1800
5399:1799
5394:1798
5389:1797
5384:1796
5379:1795
5374:1794
5369:1793
5364:1792
5359:1791
5354:1790
5349:1789
5344:1788
5339:1787
5334:1786
5329:1785
5324:1784
5319:1783
5314:1782
5309:1781
5304:1780
5299:1779
5294:1778
5289:1777
5284:1776
5279:1775
5274:1774
5269:1773
5264:1772
5259:1771
5254:1770
5249:1769
5244:1768
5239:1767
5234:1766
5229:1765
5174:1714
5169:1713
5164:1712
5159:1711
5154:1710
5149:1709
5144:1708
5139:1707
5072:Anne
4820:list
4705:list
4580:1706
4575:1705
4570:1704
4565:1703
4560:1702
4555:1701
4550:1700
4545:1698
4540:1697
4535:1696
4530:1695
4525:1694
4520:1693
4515:1692
4510:1691
4505:1690
4500:1689
4495:1688
4490:1685
4485:1680
4480:1679
4475:1678
4470:1677
4465:1675
4460:1672
4455:1670
4450:1667
4445:1666
4440:1665
4435:1664
4430:1663
4425:1662
4420:1661
4415:1660
4403:1640
4398:1627
4393:1625
4388:1623
4383:1620
4378:1609
4373:1606
4368:1605
4363:1603
4358:1601
4353:1597
4348:1592
4343:1588
4338:1586
4333:1584
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