48:
32:
40:
22:
493:
Damu AG, Kuo PC, Su CR, Kuo TH, Chen TH, Bastow KF, Lee KH, Wu TS (July 2007). "Isolation, structures, and structure — cytotoxic activity relationships of withanolides and physalins from
816:
Kupchan SM, Anderson WK, Bollinger P, Doskotch RW, Smith RM, Saenz-Renauld JA, Schnoes HK, Burlingame AL, Smith DH (1969). "Tumor inhibitors. XXXIX. Active principles of
101:
of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores.
534:
Nicotra VE, Basso AV, Ramacciotti NS, Misico RI (December 2013). "Withanolides with phytotoxic activity from two species of the genus
Salpichroa:
589:
Preet R, Gupta RC, Kaur M (2019). "Simultaneous High-Performance Thin-Layer
Chromatographic Quantification of Withaferin A and Withanolide A in
740:
Nicotra VE, Ramacciotti NS, Gil RR, Oberti JC, Feresin GE, Guerrero CA, Baggio RF, Garland MT, Burton G (2006). "Phytotoxic withanolides from
452:
Carrero D, Batista P, Souza L, Pinto F, de
Vasconcelos M, Teixeira E, Canuto K, Santiago G, Silveira E, Pessoa O (2017).
544:
499:
855:
Bado S, Mareggiani G, Amiano N, Burton G, Veleiro AS (2004). "Lethal and
Sublethal Effects of Withanolides from
311:
270:
Kirson I, Glotter E (1981). "Recent
Developments in Naturally Occurring Ergostane-Type Steroids. A Review".
198:
687:
94:
696:
375:
320:
190:
67:
618:
434:
344:
305:
Guo R, Liu Y, Xu ZP, Xia YG, Yang BY, Kuang HX (November 2018). "Withanolides from the leaves of
203:
182:
148:
924:
919:
914:
890:
837:
771:
722:
659:
610:
571:
516:
475:
426:
418:
336:
287:
252:
244:
880:
872:
829:
798:
761:
753:
712:
704:
651:
602:
561:
553:
508:
465:
410:
383:
328:
279:
236:
700:
379:
324:
717:
678:
908:
622:
387:
438:
348:
332:
820:. Isolation and structural and spectral studies of withaferin a and withacnistin".
210:). For this reason, potential pesticide uses for the compounds are being explored.
178:
25:
708:
655:
642:
470:
453:
401:
Hansel R, Huang JT, Rosenberg D (1975). "Zwei
Withanolide aus Lycium chinense".
47:
606:
136:
75:
31:
614:
479:
422:
414:
291:
248:
166:
98:
79:
63:
39:
894:
775:
726:
663:
575:
520:
340:
841:
430:
256:
21:
802:
240:
160:
154:
130:
124:
112:
59:
833:
283:
885:
766:
636:
Suleiman RK, Zarga MA, Sabri SS (October 2010). "New withanolides from
566:
142:
104:
Genera within the nightshade family that produce withanolides include:
90:
86:
876:
757:
557:
512:
227:
Glotter E (1991). "Withanolides and related ergostane-type steroids".
362:
Alfonso D, Bernardinelli G, Kapetanidis I (1993). "Withanolides from
118:
106:
71:
46:
38:
30:
20:
202:) exhibit an inhibitory effect on the growth of larva of the
640:: first report of withanolides from the Genus Mandragora".
789:
Lavie D, Glotter E, Shvo Y (1965). "1371. Constituents of
181:, the first withanolide to be isolated, was found in
677:Tong X, Zhang H, Timmermann BN (December 2011).
58:are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring
793:Dun. Part IV. The structure of withaferin A".
8:
595:Journal of Planar Chromatography: Modern TLC
865:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
884:
765:
716:
565:
469:
462:Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
196:Salpichrolides A, B and G (isolated from
164:. No withanolide has been discovered in
85:Structurally, withanolides consist of a
219:
7:
14:
822:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
795:Journal of the Chemical Society
679:"Chlorinated Withanolides from
333:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.005
1:
454:"Withanolides from Leaves of
709:10.1016/j.phytol.2011.04.016
656:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.05.013
388:10.1016/0031-9422(93)80038-T
746:Journal of Natural Products
545:Journal of Natural Products
500:Journal of Natural Products
471:10.21577/0103-5053.20170105
272:Journal of Natural Products
941:
16:Group of steroid compounds
607:10.1556/1006.2019.32.4.10
593:L. "Black Nightshade"".
415:10.1002/ardp.19753080814
97:; they are produced via
66:skeleton. They occur as
857:Salpichroa origanifolia
229:Natural Product Reports
204:Mediterranean fruit fly
199:Salpichroa origanifolia
688:Phytochemistry Letters
638:Mandragora officinarum
52:
44:
36:
28:
78:, for example in the
68:secondary metabolites
50:
42:
34:
24:
818:Acnistus arborescens
803:10.1039/JR9650007517
403:Archiv der Pharmazie
241:10.1039/np9910800415
191:Acnistus arborescens
834:10.1021/jo01264a027
701:2011PChL....4..411T
456:Nicandra physalodes
380:1993PChem..34..517A
325:2018PChem.155..136G
284:10.1021/np50018a001
861:Ceratitis capitata
791:Withania somnifera
681:Withania somnifera
364:Iochroma coccineum
208:Ceratitis capitata
187:Withania somnifera
53:
45:
37:
29:
877:10.1021/jf035508a
859:and Analogues on
758:10.1021/np0600090
558:10.1021/np400559p
542:var. lehmannii".
513:10.1021/np0701374
495:Physalis angulata
76:Nightshade family
932:
899:
898:
888:
852:
846:
845:
813:
807:
806:
786:
780:
779:
769:
742:Jaborosa rotacea
737:
731:
730:
720:
674:
668:
667:
633:
627:
626:
586:
580:
579:
569:
531:
525:
524:
490:
484:
483:
473:
449:
443:
442:
398:
392:
391:
359:
353:
352:
302:
296:
295:
267:
261:
260:
224:
87:steroid backbone
51:Ixocarpalacton A
940:
939:
935:
934:
933:
931:
930:
929:
905:
904:
903:
902:
854:
853:
849:
828:(12): 3858–66.
815:
814:
810:
788:
787:
783:
739:
738:
734:
676:
675:
671:
635:
634:
630:
588:
587:
583:
552:(12): 2219–25.
536:S. origanifolia
533:
532:
528:
492:
491:
487:
451:
450:
446:
400:
399:
395:
361:
360:
356:
304:
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269:
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264:
226:
225:
221:
216:
176:
17:
12:
11:
5:
938:
936:
928:
927:
922:
917:
907:
906:
901:
900:
871:(10): 2875–8.
847:
808:
781:
732:
669:
628:
601:(4): 339–342.
591:Solanum nigrum
581:
526:
507:(7): 1146–52.
485:
444:
393:
374:(2): 517–521.
368:Phytochemistry
354:
312:Phytochemistry
297:
278:(6): 633–647.
262:
235:(4): 415–440.
218:
217:
215:
212:
175:
172:
93:or one of its
35:Salpichrolid A
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
937:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
809:
804:
800:
797:: 7517–7531.
796:
792:
785:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:
684:
682:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
632:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
530:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
489:
486:
481:
477:
472:
467:
463:
459:
457:
448:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
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318:
314:
313:
308:
301:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
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258:
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250:
246:
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238:
234:
230:
223:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
183:winter cherry
180:
173:
171:
169:
168:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
138:
133:
132:
127:
126:
121:
120:
115:
114:
109:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
70:primarily in
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
43:Nicandrenon-1
41:
33:
27:
23:
19:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
825:
821:
817:
811:
794:
790:
784:
752:(5): 783–9.
749:
745:
741:
735:
695:(4): 411–4.
692:
686:
680:
672:
650:(7): 864–8.
647:
641:
637:
631:
598:
594:
590:
584:
549:
543:
539:
535:
529:
504:
498:
494:
488:
461:
455:
447:
409:(8): 653–4.
406:
402:
396:
371:
367:
363:
357:
316:
310:
307:Datura metel
306:
300:
275:
271:
265:
232:
228:
222:
207:
197:
195:
186:
179:Withaferin A
177:
165:
159:
153:
147:
141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
111:
105:
103:
84:
62:built on an
56:Withanolides
55:
54:
26:Withaferin A
18:
886:11336/88183
767:11336/32933
643:Fitoterapia
567:11336/18683
319:: 136–146.
95:derivatives
89:bound to a
909:Categories
540:S. tristis
214:References
149:Mandragora
137:Salpichroa
623:199075587
615:0933-4173
480:0103-5053
423:0365-6233
292:0163-3864
249:0265-0568
170:to date.
167:Nicotiana
99:oxidation
80:tomatillo
64:ergostane
925:Epoxides
920:Lactones
915:Steroids
895:15137828
776:16724841
727:22125584
664:20580923
576:24303781
521:17580910
439:83568459
349:52068105
341:30121428
174:Examples
161:Jaborosa
155:Withania
131:Physalis
125:Nicandra
113:Iochroma
60:steroids
842:5357526
718:3223914
697:Bibcode
431:1190992
376:Bibcode
321:Bibcode
257:1787922
143:Solanum
91:lactone
74:of the
893:
840:
774:
725:
715:
662:
621:
613:
574:
519:
478:
437:
429:
421:
347:
339:
290:
255:
247:
189:) and
158:, and
119:Lycium
107:Datura
72:genera
619:S2CID
435:S2CID
345:S2CID
891:PMID
838:PMID
772:PMID
723:PMID
660:PMID
611:ISSN
572:PMID
538:and
517:PMID
476:ISSN
427:PMID
419:ISSN
337:PMID
309:L".
288:ISSN
253:PMID
245:ISSN
881:hdl
873:doi
863:".
830:doi
799:doi
762:hdl
754:doi
744:".
713:PMC
705:doi
652:doi
603:doi
562:hdl
554:doi
509:doi
497:".
466:doi
411:doi
407:308
384:doi
366:".
329:doi
317:155
280:doi
237:doi
911::
889:.
879:.
869:52
867:.
836:.
826:34
824:.
770:.
760:.
750:69
748:.
721:.
711:.
703:.
691:.
685:.
658:.
648:81
646:.
617:.
609:.
599:32
597:.
570:.
560:.
550:76
548:.
515:.
505:70
503:.
474:.
464:.
460:.
433:.
425:.
417:.
405:.
382:.
372:34
370:.
343:.
335:.
327:.
315:.
286:.
276:44
274:.
251:.
243:.
231:.
193:.
152:,
146:,
140:,
134:,
128:,
122:,
116:,
110:,
82:.
897:.
883::
875::
844:.
832::
805:.
801::
778:.
764::
756::
729:.
707::
699::
693:4
683:"
666:.
654::
625:.
605::
578:.
564::
556::
523:.
511::
482:.
468::
458:"
441:.
413::
390:.
386::
378::
351:.
331::
323::
294:.
282::
259:.
239::
233:8
206:(
185:(
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