Wulfhere of Mercia - Knowledge (XXG)

571:) over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Overlordship was a common relationship between kingdoms at this time, often taking the form of a lesser king under the domination of a stronger one. Oswiu went further than this, however, and installed his own governors in Mercia after the deaths of Penda and Peada. This attempt to establish close control of Mercia failed in 658 when three Mercian leaders, Immin, Eafa and Eadbert, rebelled against the Northumbrians. Bede reports that they had kept Wulfhere in hiding, and when the revolt succeeded Wulfhere became king. It has been suggested that the Mercian revolt succeeded because Oswiu may have been occupied with fighting in Pictland, in northern Britain. His nephew the 2766: 811:, a tribe whose territory lay to the southwest of Mercia. The Hwicce had their own royal family, but it appears that at this date they were already subordinate to Wulfhere: the marriage between Æthelwealh and Eafe may well have taken place at Wulfhere's court, since it is known Æthelwealh was converted there. The kingdom of the Hwicce is sometimes regarded as a creation of Penda's, but it is equally likely that the kingdom existed independently of Mercia, and that Penda and Wulfhere's increasing influence in the area represented an extension of Mercian power rather than the creation of a separate entity. 627: 304: 451:, completed in about 731. Despite its focus on the history of the church, this work also provides valuable information about the early pagan kingdoms. For other kingdoms than his native Northumbria, such as Wessex and Kent, Bede had an informant within the ecclesiastical establishment who supplied him with additional information. This does not seem to have been the case with Mercia, about which Bede is less informative than about other kingdoms. Further sources for this period include the 49: 529: 472: 925:, is dated between 673 and 675, and it was probably Egbert's death that triggered Wulfhere's intervention. A witness named Frithuric is recorded on a charter in the reign of Wulfhere's successor, Æthelred, making a grant to the monastery of Peterborough, and the alliteration common in Anglo-Saxon dynasties has led to speculation that the two men may have both come from a 744: 485:

likely that Penda was 50 years old at his death, rather than at his accession. Wulfhere's date of birth is unknown, but Bede describes him as a youth at the time of his accession in 658, so it is likely he was in his middle teens at that time; Penda would then have been in his thirties at the time Wulfhere was born.

957:, in Lindsey, to Chad, for a monastery. It is possible that Chad also had authority there as bishop, probably no later than 669. It may be that the political basis for Mercian episcopal control of the Lindesfara was laid early in Wulfhere's reign, under Trumhere and Jaruman, the two bishops who preceded Chad. 484:

gives Penda's age as fifty in 626, and credits him with a thirty-year reign, but this would put Penda at eighty years old at the time of his death, which is generally thought unlikely as two of his sons (Wulfhere and Æthelred) are recorded as being young when he was killed. It is thought at least as

674:

Oswiu's daughter, the date and the circumstances of Wulfhere's conversion are unknown. It has been suggested that he adopted Christianity as part of a settlement with Oswiu. Bede records that two years before Penda's death, his son Peada converted to Christianity, influenced partly by Oswiu's son

673:

writes that after Wulfhere became king: "Free under their own king, they gave willing allegiance to Christ their true king, so that they might win his eternal kingdom in heaven". While Wulfhere's father had refused to convert to Christianity, and Peada had apparently converted in order to marry

787:

of the South Saxons. It seems likely that the ruling dynasty on the island found these arrangements acceptable to some degree, since the West Saxons, under Cædwalla, exterminated the whole family when they launched their own attack on the island in 686. After the conquest of the Isle of Wight,

772:. This decision was probably a reaction to the advance of the Mercians into the traditional heartland of the West Saxons, leaving Dorchester dangerously close to the border. Within a few years, the Dorchester see was abandoned; the exact date is not known, but it was probably in the mid 660s. 799:

died, and perhaps as a result of the stress caused by Wulfhere's military activity the West Saxon kingdom fragmented and came to be ruled by underkings, according to Bede. Eventually these underkings were defeated and the kingdom reunited, probably by Cædwalla but possibly by

929:

dynasty, with Wulfhere perhaps having placed Frithuwold on the throne of Surrey. The charter is witnessed by three other subkings, named Osric, Wigheard, and Æthelwold; their kingdoms are not identified but the charter mentions Sonning, a province in what is now eastern

594:, but generally the pattern in the southeast is of more local domination, with Oswiu's influence unlikely to have been particularly strong. Wulfhere appears to have taken over Oswiu's position in many instances. Bede does not list him as one of the rulers who exercised 908:

is not recorded as ever having been an independent kingdom, but was at least a province that was under the control of different neighbours at different times. It was ruled by Egbert until the early 670s, when a charter shows Wulfhere confirming a grant made to Bishop

1000:. Æthelred, Wulfhere's brother, succeeded to the throne and reigned for nearly thirty years. Æthelred recovered Lindsey from the Northumbrians a few years after his accession, but he was generally unable to maintain the domination of the south achieved by Wulfhere. 991:

now lost, believed that Mercians had been the victors in a "terrible battle" and remarks upon Wulfhere having inherited "the valour of his father and grandfather". Kirby, however, presumes Æscwine was sufficiently successful to break Wulfhere's hold over Wessex.

598:, but modern historians consider that the rise to primacy of the kingdom of Mercia began in his reign. He seems to have been the effective overlord of Britain south of the Humber from the early 660s, though not overlord of Northumbria as his father had been. 548:. Penda was killed and beheaded by Oswiu, who divided Mercia into northern and southern halves. The northern portion was kept under direct Northumbrian control; the southern kingdom was given to Penda's son Peada, who had married Oswiu's daughter Ealhflæd 850:

It is apparent from these events that Oswiu's influence in the south had waned by this time, if not before, and that Wulfhere now dominated the area. This becomes even clearer in the next few years, as some time between 665 and 668 Wulfhere sold the see of

704:, Wulfhere frequently invited him to come to Mercia when there was need of the services of a bishop. According to Stephen, Wulfhere rewarded Wilfrid with "many tracts of land", in which Wilfrid "soon established minsters for servants of God". 843:, and Bede describes their accession as "rulers ... under Wulfhere, king of the Mercians". A plague the same year caused Sigehere and his people to recant their Christianity, and according to Bede, Wulfhere sent Jaruman, the bishop of 2061:

quoting sources on p.10, note 5, including Dugdale, Monasticon, Vol.6, Part 1, "an account in a Peterborough book written c.970 AD"; Inscription on a tablet hanging at Stone Priory at the Dissolution, recorded by Dugdale; Henry Bradshaw,

658:

the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity at the end of the 6th century, and this process was well under way in Penda's reign, though Penda himself remained pagan throughout his life. Records survive of the baptism of other kings at this

544:, as hostage, and Oswiu paid tribute, in the form of treasure, to secure Penda's departure. On the way back to Mercia, Oswiu overtook Penda and on 15 November 655 Oswiu and Penda fought on the banks of the (unidentified) River 479:

Wulfhere was the son of Penda of Mercia. Penda's queen, Cynewise, is named by Bede, who does not mention her children; no other wives of Penda are known and so it is likely but not certain that she was Wulfhere's mother. The

605:

may date from Wulfhere's reign. Drawn up before many smaller groups of peoples were absorbed into the larger kingdoms, such as Mercia, it records the peoples of Anglo-Saxon England, along with an assessment in

859:, who had been expelled from his West Saxon bishopric by Cenwealh. London fell within the East Saxons' territory in that period. From the archaeological evidence, it appears to be about this time that the 995:

Wulfhere died later in 675. The cause of death, according to Henry of Huntingdon, was disease. He would have been in his mid-thirties. His widow, Eormenhild, is thought to have later become the abbess of

419:

in the northwest midlands. Penda is not recorded as overlord of the other southern Anglo-Saxon kings, but he became the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kings after he defeated Oswald. On Oswald's death,

763:

valley, and what records survive of the 6th century show them active in that region. The Mercian resurgence under Wulfhere placed them under severe pressure. Also in the early 660s, the West Saxon see of

1062:, was converted by that saint to Christianity. This caused great displeasure of his father, who had relapsed to paganry, and slew both his sons for their actions. Wulfad was slain by his father at 678:, who had married Peada's sister Cyneburh. Peada brought a Christian mission into Mercia, and it is possible that this was when Wulfhere became a Christian. Wulfhere's marriage to Eormenhild of 2847: 894:. It has been speculated that Wulfhere acted as the effective ruler of Kent in the interregnum between Egbert's death and Hlothhere's accession. Another Mercian connection to Kent was through 747:

A map of southern England, showing locations mentioned in early sources about Wulfhere. The exact location of Ashdown is unknown, but it was somewhere on the Berkshire Downs, south of Thame.

847:, to reconvert the East Saxons. Jaruman was not the first bishop of Lichfield; Bede mentions a predecessor, Trumhere, but nothing is known about Trumhere's activities or who appointed him. 863:

settlement in London began to expand significantly; the centre of Anglo-Saxon London was not at the old Roman centre, but about a mile west of that, near what is now the location of

689:, which were connected by kinship and trade. The political and economic benefits of the marriage may therefore also have been a factor in Wulfhere's Christianisation of his kingdom. 532:

The Kingdom of Mercia at its greatest extent (7th to 9th centuries) is shown in green, with the original core area (6th century) given a darker tint. The areas shown are approximate.

934:, and it may be that one of these subkings was a ruler of the Sunningas, the people of that province. This would in turn imply Wulfhere's domination of that province by that time. 807:

In addition to being Wulfhere's godson, King Æthelwealh of the South Saxons had a connection to the Mercians via marriage. His wife was Queen Eafe, the daughter of Eanfrith of the

411:

killed Cadwallon and reunited the kingdoms, and subsequently re-established Northumbrian hegemony over the south of England. However, on 5 August 642, Penda killed Oswald at the

610:, a unit of land. The Tribal Hidage is difficult to date precisely; it may have been written down in Wulfhere's reign, but other suggested origins include the reign of 878:

was the king of Kent at Wulfhere's accession, and the two families became connected when Wulfhere married Eorcenberht's daughter Eormenhild. In 664 Eorcenberht's son

886:, Egbert's brother, became king. Wulfhere may have had an interest in the succession, as through his marriage to Eormenhild he was the uncle of Egbert's two sons, 559:

in 656, perhaps with the connivance of his wife, Oswiu's daughter. Oswiu then ruled all Mercia himself. Bede lists Oswiu as the seventh and last king to hold

2095: 368: 2565: 508:'s 12th-century chronicle as Wulfhere's son. Another possible child is Berhtwald, a subking who is recorded as a nephew of Æthelred, and a third child, 586:

How much direct control Oswiu exerted over the southern kingdoms during his imperium is unclear. Bede describes Oswiu's friendship and influence over

831:

during this time; East Anglia had previously been dominated by Northumbria, but there is no evidence that this continued after Wulfhere's accession.

488:

Nothing is known of Wulfhere's childhood. He had two brothers, Peada and Æthelred, and two sisters, Cyneburh and Cyneswith; it is also possible that

265:

became king under Oswiu's overlordship but was murdered six months later. Wulfhere came to the throne when Mercian nobles organized a revolt against

945:, is known from information about episcopal authority. At least one of the Mercian bishops of Lichfield is known to have exercised authority there: 804:. A decade after Wulfhere's death, the West Saxons under Cædwalla began an aggressive expansion to the east, reversing much of the Mercian advance. 392:

and Penda. At the time of this victory, Penda was probably not yet king of Mercia. His children included two future kings of Mercia: Wulfhere and

882:

succeeded to the Kentish throne. The situation in Kent at Egbert's death in 673 is not clearly recorded. It appears that a year passed before

2857: 2765: 2412: 272:

By 670, when Oswiu died, Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern England. He was effectively the overlord of England south of the

1028:. No issue from the marriage are recorded in the earliest sources, however the following children are recorded by various other sources: 2439: 902:, and hence a subking under Wulfhere. Merewalh, who may have been Wulfhere's brother, was married to Hlothhere's sister, Eormenburh. 2392: 2369: 2350: 2331: 2312: 2290: 2267: 2248: 2229: 2210: 2191: 2156: 2137: 2113: 2745: 715:, in modern Peterborough. The monastery had initially been endowed by Peada; for the dedication of Wulfhere's gift both Archbishop 983:, one of the kings of the West Saxons, fought him at Biedanheafde. It is not known where this battle was, or who was the victor. 972:

says that Wulfhere "stirred up all the southern nations against ". Bede does not report the fighting, nor is it mentioned in the

663:

was baptised in about 640, for example, and Edwin of Northumbria was converted in the mid 620s. However, later kings, such as

2558: 312: 198:'s overlordship of southern England, and Wulfhere extended his influence over much of that region. His campaigns against the 337:

settled in the south of Britain, while the Angles settled in the north. Little is known about the origins of the kingdom of

2842: 650:) and the church in Great Britain was limited to the surviving British kingdoms in Scotland and Wales, and the kingdom of 820: 500:

of Kent; no date is recorded for the marriage and there is no record of any children in the earliest sources, though

2239:

Featherstone, Peter (2001). "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia". In Michelle Brown; Carole Farr (eds.).

276:

from the early 660s, although not overlord of Northumbria as his father had been. In 674, he challenged Oswiu's son

2574: 1448: 828: 759:, thought to be the original group from which the West Saxons came, appear to have originally settled in the upper 280:, but was defeated. He died, probably of disease, in 675. Wulfhere was succeeded as King of Mercia by his brother, 63: 1058:, who having been led by a white hart whilst out hunting in a forest with his brother Ruffin, to the hermitage of 2852: 2551: 2474: 2059: 2715: 2519: 381: 976:, but according to Stephen, Ecgfrith defeated Wulfhere, forcing him to surrender Lindsey, and to pay tribute. 965:

When Wulfhere attacked Oswiu's son Ecgfrith in 674, he did so from a position of strength. Stephen of Ripon's

536:

In 655 Penda besieged Oswiu of Northumbria at Iudeu, the location of which is unknown but which may have been

2432: 824: 784: 716: 541: 277: 219: 979:

Wulfhere survived the defeat but evidently lost some degree of control over the south as a result; in 675,

626: 2806: 2788: 2665: 2504: 421: 2740: 2484: 587: 576: 408: 343: 2645: 2499: 2469: 664: 393: 281: 91: 48: 2730: 2695: 2479: 2408: 980: 914: 647: 631: 615: 580: 513: 412: 377: 258: 195: 191: 779:

in 661. He subsequently gave both the island and the territory of the Meonware, which lay along the

303: 2862: 2700: 1025: 1017: 997: 984: 875: 512:, is recorded in an 11th-century manuscript as a daughter of Wulfhere. An 11th-century history of 385: 243: 54: 921:. Frithuwold himself was probably married to Wilburh, Wulfhere's sister. The charter, made from 2685: 2680: 2670: 2660: 2514: 2425: 954: 938: 801: 796: 765: 675: 660: 348: 520:

names two other women, Eadburh and Eafe, as queens of Wulfhere, but neither claim is plausible.

1396:

Jane Roberts, "Hagiography and Literature: The Case of Guthlac of Crowland" in Brown and Farr,

2867: 2735: 2720: 2655: 2650: 2464: 2459: 2388: 2365: 2346: 2327: 2308: 2286: 2263: 2244: 2225: 2206: 2187: 2152: 2133: 2109: 2101: 1036: 1032: 946: 883: 832: 505: 501: 463:

s anonymous scribe appears to have incorporated much information recorded in earlier periods.

254: 203: 133: 128: 723:(held office from 663), were present. The endowment was signed by Wulfhere and Oswiu, and by 2710: 2705: 2605: 2220:

Campbell, John (1991). "The First Christian Kings". In Campbell, James; et al. (eds.).

1254: 879: 836: 724: 655: 285: 239: 231: 121: 31: 2802: 2630: 2620: 2615: 2610: 1021: 918: 891: 788:

Wulfhere ordered the priest Eoppa to provide baptism to the inhabitants. According to the

679: 437: 360: 262: 250: 235: 2750: 1352:, which makes Merewalh and Wulfhere brothers, as genuine. Kirby, p. 93, expresses doubts. 399:

After Edwin's death, Northumbria briefly fell apart into its two constituent kingdoms -

359:. The earliest Mercian king about whom definite historical information has survived is 2675: 2625: 2590: 2509: 2381: 1599:

Peter Featherstone, "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia" in Brown and Farr,

950: 887: 864: 840: 732: 728: 611: 433: 352: 326: 321:

who had come to Britain from northwestern Europe over the previous 200 years. The monk

183: 372:, a history of the English church, there were seven early Anglo-Saxon rulers who held 2836: 2279: 1115: 926: 856: 776: 712: 682:

would have brought Mercia into close contact with the Christian kingdoms of Kent and

643: 635: 602: 341:, in what is now the English Midlands, but according to genealogies preserved in the 211: 207: 2690: 2300: 1067: 1063: 1055: 942: 860: 760: 318: 223: 2783: 1052:

Werburga, etc.), recorded in an 11th-century manuscript as a daughter of Wulfhere.

899: 493: 471: 827:, who reigned for fifty years. Almost nothing is known of Mercian relations with 2105: 683: 607: 591: 528: 266: 199: 2281:

The Convert Kings: Power and religious affiliation in early Anglo-Saxon England

1024:, who survived him and is thought after his death to have become the Abbess of 2755: 2533:

Not listed in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but held equivalent or greater power.

1444: 1059: 1009: 780: 769: 517: 497: 215: 1073:

Ruffin, slain by his father at Burston, for having converted to Christianity.

634:

that purports to have been issued by Wulfhere, in favour of the monastery at

2448: 931: 910: 844: 564: 325:, writing in about AD 731, considered the Mercians to be descended from the 867:. Wulfhere may have been in control of the city when this expansion began. 743: 2600: 1348: 895: 651: 537: 489: 429: 416: 400: 149: 137: 17: 2725: 1455:, pp. 94–95; other suggestions include an unspecified tributary of the 1045: 968: 835:

of the East Saxons also died in 664; he was succeeded by his two sons,

756: 720: 693: 545: 509: 389: 356: 291: 144: 2815: 2595: 2543: 1456: 1417:, which incorporates material from as early as the late 11th century. 905: 852: 808: 646:, but the incoming Anglo-Saxons practiced their indigenous religion ( 556: 456: 338: 330: 273: 227: 187: 792:, this was the first time Christian baptism had reached the island. 638:: a depiction of the king appears in the initial capital letter "U". 376:, or overlordship, over the other kingdoms. The fifth of these was 2821:

King of Mercia during the temporary separation of Mercia and Wessex

667:, who ruled in the 680s, are recorded as pagan at their accession. 2635: 2489: 953:

death in 672. In addition it is known that Wulfhere gave land at

922: 917:, a sub-king in Surrey, which may have extended north into modern 742: 701: 625: 572: 527: 470: 441: 425: 404: 334: 302: 295:

describes Wulfhere as "a man of proud mind, and insatiable will".

159: 81: 783:, on the mainland north of the Isle of Wight, to his godson King 186:

from 658 until 675 AD. He was the first Christian king of all of

2090: 1066:, in Staffordshire, and Ruffin at Burston. Their mother founded 686: 670: 322: 2547: 2421: 1430:, p. 149, figure 7; M. Lapidge (ed.), p. 517, map 9; Zaluckyj, 768:, in the same area, was divided, and a new bishopric set up at 2184:

Urban Growth and the Medieval Church: Gloucester and Worcester

1042:

Berhtwald, a sub-king who is recorded as a nephew of Æthelred,

2417: 1997:

Diana E. Greenway, "Henry of Huntingdon", in Lapidge et al.,

987:, a 12th-century historian who had access to versions of the 2764: 2343:

Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066

1415:

Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriæ

937:

Wulfhere's influence among the Lindesfara, whose territory,

1131:

Barbara Yorke, "The Origins of Mercia" in Brown and Farr,

775:

In addition to the attack on Ashdown, Wulfhere raided the

654:

in the southwest of England. Missionaries from Rome began

504:, who was king of Mercia from 704 to 709, is recorded in 2260:

An English Empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings

1573:, pp. 249&–50; Keynes; Yorke, pp. 157–9; Williams, 190:, though it is not known when or how he converted from 1451:, has been suggested as a candidate; see e.g. Kirby, 1612:

Campbell, "The First Christian Kings", in Campbell,

2776: 2581: 555:Peada did not remain king long. He was murdered at 317:England in AD 600 was ruled almost entirely by the 165: 155: 143: 127: 117: 109: 101: 97: 87: 77: 69: 62: 41: 30:"Wulfhere" redirects here. For the archbishop, see 2848:Converts to Christianity from Anglo-Saxon paganism 2383:Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England 2380: 2278: 1906:Robert Cowie, "Mercian London" in Brown and Farr, 1837:For the situation at Wulfhere's death, see Kirby, 755:as harrying Ashdown, in West Saxon territory. The 2305:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1257:, "Political Women in Mercia" in Brown and Farr, 1035:, King of Mercia from 704 to 709, is recorded in 700:. During the years 667–69, while Wilfrid was at 2362:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 2303:(2001). "Wulfhere". In Michael Lapidge (ed.). 2121:The Life of Bishop Wilfred by Eddius Stephanus 1933: 1931: 1929: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1392: 1390: 2559: 2433: 1999:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1118:, "The Origins of Mercia" in Brown and Farr, 630:Detail of a 14th-century transcription of an 269:rule in 658 and drove out Oswiu's governors. 8: 2168:English Historical Documents v.l. c.500–1042 2096:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 2021: 2019: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1552: 1550: 1376: 1374: 1360: 1358: 1039:'s 12th-century chronicle as Wulfhere's son. 455:, compiled at the end of the 9th century in 2285:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2262:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2037: 2035: 1484: 1482: 1159: 1157: 1143: 1141: 1070:on the spot of the burial of both her sons. 307:Kingdoms of Britain in the late 7th century 2566: 2552: 2544: 2440: 2426: 2418: 2108:, ed. D.H. Farmer. London: Penguin, 1990. 1841:, pp.& 115–6; for Cædwalla see Kirby, 1345:Yorke, p. 107, accepts the account in the 1241:Simon Keynes, "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", in 447:The main source for this period is Bede's 47: 38: 2241:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe 2009: 2007: 1341: 1339: 711:, Wulfhere endowed a major monastery at 355:; the dynasty is therefore known as the 1269: 1267: 1082: 1008:At an unrecorded date Wulfhere married 540:, in Scotland. Penda took Oswiu's son, 496:, was Wulfhere's brother. He married 369:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 53:Depiction of Wulfhere on the right at 2123:. London: Cambridge University Press. 7: 2413:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 2182:Baker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (2004). 2130:The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon 751:In 661, Wulfhere is recorded in the 739:West Saxons, South Saxons and Hwicce 692:Wulfhere's relationship with Bishop 444:, the southern of the two kingdoms. 351:the early kings were descended from 2379:Zaluckyj, Sarah (20 October 2001). 2205:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2056:Stone: The History of a Market Town 2170:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 2013:Henry of Huntingdon, sub anno 670. 696:is recorded in Stephen of Ripon's 329:, one of the invading groups; the 194:. His accession marked the end of 25: 2203:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 2064:Life of Saint Werburga of Chester 1727:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 1016:Ermenilda, etc.), a daughter of 2307:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1741:, sub anno 656; Zaluckyj, p. 38. 1409:For details see Baker and Holt, 424:was divided again: Oswald's son 815:East Anglia and the East Saxons 642:Britain had been Christianised 2072:Life and Legends of saint Chad 475:Wulfhere's immediate relations 384:by a combined force including 313:History of Anglo-Saxon England 1: 2132:. Felinfach: Llanerch Press. 2068:Memories of Old Staffordshire 1963:Simon Keynes, "Wulfhere", in 218:valley and gave them to King 2858:7th-century English monarchs 2387:. Logaston: Logaston Press. 2100:(c. 731 A.D.) Translated by 1952:English Historical Documents 1413:, p. 18. The history is the 2166:Whitelock, Dorothy (1968). 823:died, and was succeeded by 428:succeeded to the throne of 253:, was killed in 655 at the 226:. He also had influence in 2884: 2345:. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 2324:The Earliest English Kings 2128:Forrester, Thomas (1991). 2119:Colgrave, Bertram (1927). 1869:The Earliest English Kings 1856:The Earliest English Kings 1843:The Earliest English Kings 1839:The Earliest English Kings 1826:The Earliest English Kings 1765:The Earliest English Kings 1701:The Earliest English Kings 1653:The Earliest English Kings 1640:The Earliest English Kings 1627:The Earliest English Kings 1569:See, for example, Higham, 524:Accession and overlordship 310: 29: 27:7th-century King of Mercia 2797: 2762: 2528: 2455: 2149:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2147:Swanton, Michael (1996). 1984:, p. 116; Williams, 1544:Bede, HE III, 22, p. 178. 618:or Oswiu of Northumbria. 299:Mercia in the 7th century 46: 2811:Also King of East Anglia 2243:. Leicester: Continuum. 871:Kent, Surrey and Lindsey 821:Æthelwald of East Anglia 382:Battle of Hatfield Chase 380:, who was killed at the 2360:Yorke, Barbara (1990). 2186:. Gloucester: Ashgate. 2151:. New York: Routledge. 1986:Kingship and Government 1939:Kingship and Government 1575:Kingship and Government 949:, who became bishop on 719:(died 664), and Bishop 567:in the language of the 278:Ecgfrith of Northumbria 242:, the daughter of King 2770: 2475:Rædwald of East Anglia 2341:Williams, Ann (1999). 2277:Higham, N. J. (1997). 2258:Higham, N. J. (1993). 2027:Earliest English Kings 1982:Earliest English Kings 1978:Life of Bishop Wilfred 1965:Blackwell Encyclopedia 1921:Earliest English Kings 1796:Earliest English Kings 1558:Earliest English Kings 1503:Earliest English Kings 1490:Earliest English Kings 1474:Earliest English Kings 1453:Earliest English Kings 1366:Earliest English Kings 1314:Earliest English Kings 1301:Earliest English Kings 1288:Earliest English Kings 1243:Blackwell Encyclopedia 1191:Earliest English Kings 1178:Earliest English Kings 1091:Life of Bishop Wilfred 748: 639: 601:A document called the 533: 476: 308: 2768: 2326:. London: Routledge. 1897:, III, 30, pp. 200–1. 1809:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1739:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1681:, III, 21, pp. 177–8. 1461:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1447:, a tributary of the 1327:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1277:, III, 24, pp. 183–5. 1004:Marriage and children 989:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 974:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 941:, lay in what is now 746: 709:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 629: 569:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 531: 514:St. Peter's Monastery 482:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 474: 453:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 363:, Wulfhere's father. 344:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 306: 2843:Anglo-Saxon warriors 2769:Offa (757–796) 2490:Oswiu of Northumbria 2322:Kirby, D.P. (1992). 2201:Blair, John (2006). 1780:, IV, 13, pp. 225–7. 1459:; see e.g. Swanton, 648:Anglo-Saxon paganism 413:Battle of Maserfield 388:, a British king of 378:Edwin of Northumbria 366:According to Bede's 259:Oswiu of Northumbria 196:Oswiu of Northumbria 192:Anglo-Saxon paganism 2505:Æthelbald of Mercia 985:Henry of Huntingdon 795:In the early 670s, 632:Anglo-Saxon charter 583:, had died in 657. 319:Anglo-Saxon peoples 257:, fighting against 249:Wulfhere's father, 244:Eorcenberht of Kent 210:. He conquered the 169:Cynewise (possibly) 55:Lichfield Cathedral 2771: 2575:Monarchs of Mercia 2500:Æthelred of Mercia 2495:Wulfhere of Mercia 2485:Oswald of Bernicia 2470:Æthelberht of Kent 2043:Kings and Kingdoms 1882:Kings and Kingdoms 1752:Kings and Kingdoms 1522:, III, 25; p. 183. 1382:Kings and Kingdoms 1230:Kings and Kingdoms 1217:Kings and Kingdoms 1204:Kings and Kingdoms 1165:Kings and Kingdoms 955:Barrow upon Humber 898:, the king of the 797:Cenwealh of Wessex 749: 665:Cædwalla of Wessex 661:Cynegils of Wessex 640: 534: 477: 349:Anglian collection 309: 2828: 2827: 2582:Kingdom of Mercia 2541: 2540: 2515:Cœnwulf of Mercia 2465:Ceawlin of Wessex 2364:. London: Seaby. 2224:. Penguin Books. 2176:Secondary sources 2102:Leo Sherley-Price 2054:Cope, Norman A., 1255:Stafford, Pauline 1037:John of Worcester 707:According to the 506:John of Worcester 255:Battle of Winwaed 173: 172: 16:(Redirected from 2875: 2853:Mercian monarchs 2746:Æthelred II 2741:Ceolwulf II 2568: 2561: 2554: 2545: 2534: 2520:Egbert of Wessex 2442: 2435: 2428: 2419: 2398: 2386: 2375: 2356: 2337: 2318: 2296: 2284: 2273: 2254: 2235: 2222:The Anglo-Saxons 2216: 2197: 2171: 2162: 2143: 2124: 2074: 2070:; Warner, R.H., 2052: 2046: 2039: 2030: 2023: 2014: 2011: 2002: 1995: 1989: 1980:, c. 20; Kirby, 1974: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1798:, pp. 115&–6 1792: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1643: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1617: 1614:The Anglo-Saxons 1610: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1567: 1561: 1554: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1441: 1435: 1424: 1418: 1407: 1401: 1394: 1385: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1353: 1343: 1334: 1323: 1317: 1310: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1271: 1262: 1252: 1246: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1161: 1152: 1151:, II, 5, p. 111. 1145: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1113: 1107: 1100: 1094: 1087: 961:Defeat and death 644:under the Romans 407:. Within a year 286:Stephen of Ripon 51: 39: 32:Wulfhere of York 21: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2793: 2772: 2760: 2696:Ceolwulf I 2646:Æthelred I 2583: 2577: 2572: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2451: 2446: 2405: 2395: 2378: 2372: 2359: 2353: 2340: 2334: 2321: 2315: 2299: 2293: 2276: 2270: 2257: 2251: 2238: 2232: 2219: 2213: 2200: 2194: 2181: 2178: 2165: 2159: 2146: 2140: 2127: 2118: 2087: 2085:Primary sources 2082: 2077: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2033: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2005: 1996: 1992: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1505:, p. 96; Bede, 1500: 1496: 1487: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1442: 1438: 1425: 1421: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1388: 1379: 1372: 1363: 1356: 1344: 1337: 1324: 1320: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1281: 1272: 1265: 1253: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1130: 1126: 1114: 1110: 1106:, I, 15, p. 63. 1101: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1006: 963: 919:Buckinghamshire 873: 817: 741: 698:Life of Wilfrid 624: 526: 469: 361:Penda of Mercia 315: 301: 206:of much of the 204:Mercian control 182:(died 675) was 136: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2777:Later monarchs 2774: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2510:Offa of Mercia 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2480:Edwin of Deira 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2460:Ælle of Sussex 2456: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2404: 2403:External links 2401: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2376: 2370: 2357: 2351: 2338: 2332: 2319: 2313: 2297: 2291: 2274: 2268: 2255: 2249: 2236: 2230: 2217: 2211: 2198: 2192: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2144: 2138: 2125: 2116: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2047: 2031: 2015: 2003: 1990: 1969: 1956: 1943: 1925: 1912: 1899: 1886: 1873: 1860: 1847: 1830: 1817: 1815:661, pp. 33–4. 1800: 1782: 1769: 1756: 1743: 1731: 1718: 1705: 1703:, p. 114. 1683: 1670: 1657: 1644: 1631: 1618: 1605: 1592: 1588:English Empire 1579: 1562: 1546: 1537: 1524: 1511: 1494: 1478: 1465: 1463:, p. 29 n. 11. 1436: 1428:English Empire 1419: 1402: 1386: 1370: 1354: 1335: 1318: 1305: 1292: 1279: 1263: 1247: 1234: 1221: 1208: 1195: 1182: 1169: 1153: 1137: 1124: 1116:Yorke, Barbara 1108: 1095: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1053: 1043: 1040: 1005: 1002: 962: 959: 927:Middle Anglian 872: 869: 816: 813: 740: 737: 733:Kings of Essex 623: 622:A convert king 620: 612:Offa of Mercia 525: 522: 492:, king of the 468: 465: 415:, probably at 300: 297: 261:. Penda's son 184:King of Mercia 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 131: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 64:King of Mercia 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2880: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2831: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2801:Also King of 2800: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584:527–918 2580: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394:1-873827-62-8 2390: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2371:1-85264-027-8 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2352:0-333-56798-6 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2333:0-415-09086-5 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2314:0-631-22492-0 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:Keynes, Simon 2298: 2294: 2292:0-7190-4828-1 2288: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2271: 2269:0-7190-4424-3 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2250:0-8264-7765-8 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2231:0-14-014395-5 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2212:0-19-921117-5 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2193:0-7546-0266-4 2189: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2158:0-415-92129-5 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2139:0-947992-55-3 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2114:0-14-044565-X 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2066:; Beresford, 2065: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1845:, pp. 118–21. 1844: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666:Convert Kings 1661: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Convert Kings 1566: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533:Convert Kings 1528: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1384:, p. 108 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1003: 1001: 999: 993: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 970: 960: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 870: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 814: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 793: 791: 786: 782: 778: 777:Isle of Wight 773: 771: 767: 762: 758: 754: 745: 738: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:Medeshamstede 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 666: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 637: 636:Medeshamstede 633: 628: 621: 619: 617: 613: 609: 604: 603:Tribal Hidage 599: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 530: 523: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 483: 473: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 370: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 314: 305: 298: 296: 294: 293: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 238:. He married 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:Isle of Wight 209: 208:Thames valley 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 2830: 2818:overlordship 2814:Recognising 2640: 2494: 2382: 2361: 2342: 2323: 2304: 2280: 2259: 2240: 2221: 2202: 2183: 2167: 2148: 2129: 2120: 2094: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2029:, pp. 116–7. 2026: 2001:, pp. 232–3. 1998: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1938: 1920: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1894: 1889: 1884:, pp. 108–9. 1881: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1858:, pp. 11–12. 1855: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1777: 1772: 1764: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1721: 1713: 1708: 1700: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1629:, pp. 48–50. 1626: 1621: 1613: 1608: 1600: 1595: 1587: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1557: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1489: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1452: 1439: 1434:, p. 16 1431: 1427: 1426:See Higham, 1422: 1414: 1411:Urban Growth 1410: 1405: 1397: 1381: 1365: 1346: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1274: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1164: 1148: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1103: 1098: 1090: 1085: 1068:Stone Priory 1056:Saint Wulfad 1049: 1013: 1007: 994: 988: 978: 973: 966: 964: 943:Lincolnshire 936: 904: 874: 861:Middle Saxon 849: 818: 806: 794: 789: 774: 752: 750: 708: 706: 697: 691: 669: 641: 600: 595: 585: 568: 560: 554: 549: 535: 487: 481: 478: 460: 452: 448: 446: 398: 373: 367: 365: 342: 316: 289: 271: 267:Northumbrian 248: 224:South Saxons 179: 175: 174: 36: 2807:East Anglia 2106:R.E. Latham 1950:Whitelock, 1910:, pp. 198–9 1828:, pp. 52–3. 1767:, pp. 58–9. 1616:, pp. 45–6. 1577:, pp. 20–3. 1560:, pp. 114–5 1476:, pp. 94–95 1347:Life of St 1193:, pp. 88–90 1167:, pp. 103–4 1135:, pp. 18–19 1122:, pp. 15–16 1018:Eorcenberht 876:Eorcenberht 829:East Anglia 684:Merovingian 592:East Saxons 422:Northumbria 200:West Saxons 78:Predecessor 2863:675 deaths 2837:Categories 2816:West Saxon 2731:Beorhtwulf 2449:Bretwaldas 2409:Wulfhere 1 2104:, revised 1976:Colgrave, 1937:Williams, 1871:, pp. 8–9. 1712:Zaluckyj, 1509:, III, 24. 1333:656, p. 29 1089:Colgrave, 1078:References 1060:Saint Chad 1020:, King of 1010:Eormenhild 915:Frithuwold 911:Eorcenwald 865:the Strand 785:Æthelwealh 781:river Meon 770:Winchester 766:Dorchester 656:converting 518:Gloucester 498:Eormenhild 461:Chronicle' 311:See also: 240:Eormenhild 220:Æthelwealh 122:Eormenhild 73:658–675 AD 2784:Æthelstan 2751:Æthelflæd 2701:Beornwulf 2666:Æthelbald 2058:, pp.7-8, 1954:, p. 440. 1807:Swanton, 1754:, p. 136. 1655:, p. 118. 1535:, p. 245. 1492:, pp.96–7 1449:River Don 1325:Swanton, 932:Berkshire 900:Magonsæte 884:Hlothhere 845:Lichfield 833:Swithhelm 790:Chronicle 753:Chronicle 717:Deusdedit 676:Ealhfrith 588:Sigeberht 579:, son of 565:bretwalda 494:Magonsæte 386:Cadwallon 105:c. 640 AD 88:Successor 2868:Iclingas 2716:Ecgberht 2691:Cynehelm 2686:Coenwulf 2681:Ecgfrith 2671:Beornred 2661:Ceolwald 2641:Wulfhere 2601:Cynewald 2045:, p. 70. 1988:, p. 23. 1967:, p. 490 1813:sub anno 1729:, p. 92. 1716:, p. 37. 1668:, p. 68. 1664:Higham, 1642:, p. 78. 1590:, p. 99. 1586:Higham, 1531:Higham, 1368:, p. 128 1349:Mildburh 1331:sub anno 1303:, p. 113 1290:, p. 82. 1232:, p. 100 1206:, p. 105 1180:, p. 83. 1093:, c. 20. 967:Life of 947:Wynfrith 896:Merewalh 837:Sigehere 825:Ealdwulf 819:In 664, 802:Centwine 725:Sigehere 652:Dumnonia 596:imperium 581:Eanfrith 577:Talorgan 561:imperium 542:Ecgfrith 538:Stirling 490:Merewalh 467:Ancestry 430:Bernicia 417:Oswestry 401:Bernicia 394:Æthelred 374:imperium 357:Iclingas 347:and the 290:Life of 282:Æthelred 214:and the 176:Wulfhere 150:Iclingas 138:Werburgh 92:Æthelred 42:Wulfhere 18:Wulfhere 2756:Ælfwynn 2736:Burgred 2726:Wigstan 2721:Wigmund 2656:Ceolred 2651:Coenred 2080:Sources 2041:Yorke, 2025:Kirby, 1923:, p. 43 1919:Kirby, 1880:Yorke, 1867:Kirby, 1854:Kirby, 1824:Kirby, 1794:Kirby, 1763:Kirby, 1750:Yorke, 1725:Blair, 1699:Kirby, 1651:Kirby, 1638:Kirby, 1625:Kirby, 1603:, p. 29 1556:Kirby, 1501:Kirby, 1488:Kirby, 1472:Kirby, 1400:, p. 84 1380:Yorke, 1364:Kirby, 1316:, p. 93 1312:Kirby, 1299:Kirby, 1286:Kirby, 1261:, p. 36 1245:, p. 35 1228:Yorke, 1219:, p. 78 1215:Yorke, 1202:Yorke, 1189:Kirby, 1176:Kirby, 1163:Yorke, 1046:Werburh 1033:Coenred 981:Æscwine 969:Wilfrid 939:Lindsey 892:Wihtred 757:Gewisse 721:Jaruman 694:Wilfrid 590:of the 573:Pictish 546:Winwaed 510:Werburh 502:Coenred 449:History 436:'s son 390:Gwynedd 292:Wilfrid 222:of the 202:led to 145:Dynasty 134:Coenred 118:Spouses 2789:Eadgar 2711:Wiglaf 2706:Ludeca 2606:Creoda 2596:Cnebba 2391: 2368: 2349: 2330: 2311: 2289: 2266: 2247: 2228: 2209: 2190: 2155: 2136: 2112: 1941:p. 21. 1908:Mercia 1893:Bede, 1776:Bede, 1714:Mercia 1677:Bede, 1601:Mercia 1518:Bede, 1457:Humber 1432:Mercia 1398:Mercia 1273:Bede, 1259:Mercia 1147:Bede, 1133:Mercia 1120:Mercia 1102:Bede, 951:Chad's 906:Surrey 888:Eadric 880:Egbert 853:London 809:Hwicce 761:Thames 731:, the 557:Easter 459:. The 457:Wessex 438:Oswine 432:, and 409:Oswald 339:Mercia 331:Saxons 327:Angles 274:Humber 234:, and 228:Surrey 188:Mercia 180:Wulfar 166:Mother 156:Father 113:675 AD 2636:Oswiu 2631:Peada 2621:Penda 2616:Cearl 2611:Pybba 1064:Stone 1050:alias 1014:alias 923:Thame 841:Sæbbi 729:Sæbbi 702:Ripon 659:time— 616:Edwin 614:, or 608:hides 575:king 552:653. 442:Deira 434:Osric 426:Oswiu 405:Deira 335:Jutes 263:Peada 251:Penda 232:Essex 160:Penda 129:Issue 82:Peada 70:Reign 2805:and 2803:Kent 2676:Offa 2626:Eowa 2591:Icel 2389:ISBN 2366:ISBN 2347:ISBN 2328:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2287:ISBN 2264:ISBN 2245:ISBN 2226:ISBN 2207:ISBN 2188:ISBN 2153:ISBN 2134:ISBN 2110:ISBN 2091:Bede 1445:Went 1443:The 1022:Kent 890:and 857:Wine 839:and 727:and 687:Gaul 680:Kent 671:Bede 563:(or 403:and 353:Icel 333:and 323:Bede 236:Kent 216:Meon 110:Died 102:Born 2411:at 1026:Ely 998:Ely 913:by 855:to 516:in 440:to 288:'s 178:or 2839:: 2093:, 2034:^ 2018:^ 2006:^ 1928:^ 1895:HE 1811:, 1785:^ 1778:HE 1686:^ 1679:HE 1549:^ 1520:HE 1507:HE 1481:^ 1389:^ 1373:^ 1357:^ 1338:^ 1329:, 1275:HE 1266:^ 1156:^ 1149:HE 1140:^ 1104:HE 735:. 550:ca 396:. 284:. 246:. 230:, 2567:e 2560:t 2553:v 2441:e 2434:t 2427:v 2397:. 2374:. 2355:. 2336:. 2317:. 2295:. 2272:. 2253:. 2234:. 2215:. 2196:. 2161:. 2142:. 2098:. 1048:( 1012:( 57:. 34:. 20:)

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Index