972:
449:
4005:
505:
3973:
120:
4068:
419:
3954:
146:
3924:
4020:
3990:
4036:
1021:
3942:
1052:
5850:
3766:
1036:
961:
533:
793:. Despite being unable to swim, tortoises are able to survive long periods adrift at sea because they can survive months without food or fresh water. Tortoises have been known to survive oceanic dispersals of more than 740 km. Once on islands tortoises faced few predators or competitors and could grow to large sizes and become the dominant large
491:
purely terrestrial animals with very different habits and needs, none of which are found in this country"—and promote the use of the term "freshwater turtle" to describe
Australia's primarily aquatic members of the order Testudines because it avoids misleading use of the word "tortoise" and also is a useful distinction from marine turtles.
748:
The male plastron is curved inwards to aid reproduction. The easiest way to determine the sex of a tortoise is to look at the tail. The females, as a general rule, have smaller tails, dropped down, whereas the males have much longer tails which are usually pulled up and to the side of the rear shell.
486:
British usage, by contrast, tends not to use "turtle" as a generic term for all members of the order, and also applies the term "tortoises" broadly to all land-dwelling members of the order
Testudines, regardless of whether they are actually members of the family Testudinidae. In Britain, terrapin is
768:
performed an experiment that involved removing the brain of a land tortoise, which then proceeded to live six months. Freshwater tortoises, when subjected to the same experiment, continued similarly, but did not live so long. Redi also cut the head off a tortoise entirely, and it lived for 23 days.
569:
to break out of its shell. It digs to the surface of the nest and begins a life of survival on its own. They are hatched with an embryonic egg sac which serves as a source of nutrition for the first three to seven days until they have the strength and mobility to find food. Juvenile tortoises often
543:
Most species of tortoises lay small clutch sizes, seldom exceeding 20 eggs, and many species have clutch sizes of only 1–2 eggs. Incubation is characteristically long in most species, the average incubation period are between 100 and 160.0 days. Egg-laying typically occurs at night, after which the
490:
Australian usage is different from both
American and British usage. Land tortoises are not native to Australia, and traditionally freshwater turtles have been called "tortoises" in Australia. Some Australian experts disapprove of this usage—believing that the term tortoises is "better confined to
464:
uses "turtle" to describe all species of the order
Testudines, regardless of whether they are land-dwelling or sea-dwelling, and uses "tortoise" as a more specific term for slow-moving terrestrial species. General American usage agrees; turtle is often a general term; tortoise is used only in
4582:
Quesada V, Freitas-Rodríguez S, Miller J, Pérez-Silva JG, Jiang ZF, Tapia W, Santiago-Fernández O, Campos-Iglesias D, Kuderna LF, Quinzin M, Álvarez MG, Carrero D, Beheregaray LB, Gibbs JP, Chiari Y, Glaberman S, Ciofi C, Araujo-Voces M, Mayoral P, Arango JR, Tamargo-Gómez I, Roiz-Valle D,
5667:
Antoinette C. van der Kuyl; Donato L. Ph. Ballasina; John T. Dekker; Jolanda Maas; Ronald E. Willemsen; Jaap
Goudsmit (February 2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences".
983:, feeding on grasses, weeds, leafy greens, flowers, and some fruits. However, hunting and eating of birds has been observed on occasion. Pet tortoises typically require diets based on wild grasses, weeds, leafy greens and certain flowers. Certain species consume
517:
761:, which relates to emotion, learning, memory and spatial navigation. Studies have shown that red-footed tortoises may rely on an area of the brain called the medial cortex for emotional actions, an area that humans use for actions such as decision making.
636:
by Lord
Wellesley, who handed it over to the Alipur Zoological Gardens in 1875 when the zoo was set up. West Bengal officials said records showed Adwaita was at least 150 years old, but other evidence pointed to 250. Adwaita was said to be the pet of
4998:
Rhodin, A.G.J.; Thomson, S.; Georgalis, G.; Karl, H.-V.; Danilov, I.G.; Takahashi, A.; de la Fuente, M.S.; Bourque, J.R.; Delfino M.; Bour, R.; Iverson, J.B.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; et al. (Turtle
Extinctions Working Group) (2015).
991:
and carrion in their normal habitats. Too much protein is detrimental in herbivorous species, and has been associated with shell deformities and other medical problems. Different tortoise species vary greatly in their nutritional requirements.
548:
with sand, soil, and organic material. The eggs are left unattended, and depending on the species, take from 60 to 120 days to incubate. The size of the egg depends on the size of the mother and can be estimated by examining the width of the
745:, though the differences between males and females vary from species to species. In some species, males have a longer, more protruding neck plate than their female counterparts, while in others, the claws are longer on the females.
465:
reference to terrestrial turtles or, more narrowly, only those members of
Testudinidae, the family of modern land tortoises; and terrapin may refer to turtles that are small and live in fresh and brackish water, in particular the
777:
Tortoises are found from southern North
America to southern South America, around the Mediterranean basin, across Eurasia to Southeast Asia, in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and some Pacific islands. They are absent from
4048:
593:(or is regularly fed by its owner) with no seasonal variation will have no noticeable rings. Moreover, some tortoises grow more than one ring per season, and in some others, due to wear, some rings are no longer visible.
5521:
Kehlmaier, Christian; Graciá, Eva; Ali, Jason R.; Campbell, Patrick D.; Chapman, Sandra D.; Deepak, V.; Ihlow, Flora; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Pierre-Huyet, Laure; Samonds, Karen E.; Vences, Miguel; Fritz, Uwe (2023-01-13).
596:
Tortoises generally have one of the longest lifespans of any animal, and some individuals are known to have lived longer than 150 years. Because of this, they symbolize longevity in some cultures, such as
4726:
In the beginning of
November he opened the skull of a land-tortoise, removed every particle of brain, and cleaned the cavity out... instead of dying or remaining motionless, it groped its way about....
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
971:
4055:
524:
522:
520:
519:
523:
782:. They live in diverse habitats, including deserts, arid grasslands, and scrub to wet evergreen forests, and from sea level to mountains. Most species, however, occupy semiarid habitats.
415:, depending on the variety of English being used; usage is inconsistent and contradictory. These terms are common names and do not reflect precise biological or taxonomic distinctions.
4256:
561:. The plastron of a female tortoise often has a noticeable V-shaped notch below the tail which facilitates passing the eggs. Upon completion of the incubation period, a fully formed
4583:
Pascual-Torner M, Evans BR, Edwards DL, Garrick RC, Russello MA, Poulakakis N, Gaughran SJ, Rueda DO, Bretones G, Marquès-Bonet T, White KP, Caccone A, López-Otín C (January 2019).
4279:
5038:
Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntniss und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien. Erster Theil. Allgemeine Geschichte der Natur; besondre der Säugthiere, Vögel, Amphibien und Fische.
4052:
5134:
Gray, John Edward. (1872). "Appendix to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises)". London: British Museum, 28 pp.
461:
5050:
Adán Pérez-García; Evangelos Vlachos; Xabier Murelaga (2020). "A large testudinid with African affinities in the post-Messinian (lower Pliocene) record of south-eastern Spain".
521:
589:, can sometimes give a clue to how old the animal is, but, since the growth depends highly on the accessibility of food and water, a tortoise that has access to plenty of
4004:
9202:
613:
shortly after its birth in 1777. Tu'i Malila remained in the care of the Tongan royal family until its death by natural causes on May 19, 1965, at the age of 188.
4810:
9241:
5300:
Duméril, André Marie Constant and Bibron, Gab riel. 1834. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Tome Premier. Paris: Roret, 439 pp.
3837:. Vishnu took the form of a half-man, half-tortoise, the lower half being a tortoise. He is normally shown as having four arms. He sat on the bottom of the
5001:
Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: first checklist and review of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene chelonians
868:. Most of these tortoises were wiped out by human arrival. Many of these giant tortoises are not closely related (belonging to different genera such as
5368:
3953:
3730:
In 2023 Kehlmaier again recovered a very similar phylogeny to the 2021 one, which further reaffirmed the evolutionary distinctiveness of the extinct
9176:
570:
require a different balance of nutrients than adults, so may eat foods which a more mature tortoise would not. For example, the young of a strictly
4049:
9215:
1012:
is important in tortoises during combat and courtship. In both combat and courtship, tortoises use ramming to communicate with other individuals.
6095:
518:
3972:
6284:
6278:
5751:
1543:
1516:
757:
The brain of a tortoise is extremely small. Red-footed tortoises, from Central and South America, do not have an area in the brain called the
5625:
4974:
4253:
4142:
5310:
Lindholm, Wassili A. (1929). "Revidiertes Verzeichnis der Gattungen der rezenten Schildkröten nebst Notizen zur Nomenklatur einiger Arten".
4395:
384:
animals. Tortoises are the longest-living land animals in the world, although the longest-living species of tortoise is a matter of debate.
6855:
448:
5151:
Fitzinger, Leopold J. (1835). "Entwurf einer systematischen Anordnung der Schildkröten nach den Grundsätzen der natürlichen Methode".
5018:
4794:
4019:
3923:
628:, which zoo officials claimed was the oldest living animal until its death on March 23, 2006. Adwaita (also spelled Addwaita) was an
5648:
4332:
309:
4229:
9290:
5906:
5524:"Ancient DNA elucidates the lost world of western Indian Ocean giant tortoises and reveals a new extinct species from Madagascar"
1131:
4491:
6137:
5209:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA and morphology elucidate an extinct island radiation of Indian Ocean giant tortoises (Cylindraspis)"
4346:
259:
1000:
Communication in tortoises is different from many other reptiles. Because they are restricted by their shell and short limbs,
8888:
7971:
6266:
6260:
6132:
5891:
4530:
Thomson, S.; Irwin, S.; Irwin, T. (1995). "Harriet, the Galapagos tortoise: disclosing one and a half centuries of history".
4308:
4288:
4214:
4193:
4169:
3755:
1534:
1525:
1119:
9220:
9015:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
6824:
turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
6520:
6335:
5711:
5194:
1670:
4483:
4067:
9228:
6505:
6495:
6157:
4958:
Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.)
1029:
8865:
1887:
9013:
6823:
145:
9098:
9024:
7547:
6931:
6645:
6510:
6162:
3941:
2118:
504:
5899:
3989:
4035:
9155:
7280:
6500:
6106:
5744:
5348:
Falconer, H.; Cautley, P.T. (1837). "On additional fossil species of the order Quadrumana from the Siwalik Hills".
5329:
Gray, John Edward (1834). "Characters of several new species of freshwater tortoises (Emys) from India and China".
5256:
617:
5588:
5454:
Kehlmaier, Christian; Albury, Nancy A.; Steadman, David W.; Graciá, Eva; Franz, Richard; Fritz, Uwe (2021-02-09).
9246:
9168:
6515:
6272:
5923:
1795:
1158:
31:
4371:
2383:
1788:
1746:
7926:
6848:
6426:
6147:
6116:
6085:
5973:
5282:
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1832). "Description of two new genera of soft shell turtles of North America".
5170:
4026:
2425:
1910:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1255:
809:
537:
6182:
6055:
2397:
2327:
1781:
1760:
1394:
1342:
2369:
2341:
1753:
8782:
6795:
6345:
6194:
6188:
2471:
2411:
2355:
2289:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1767:
1654:
1445:
1436:
6742:
6736:
6694:
5391:
2309:
2223:
2216:
2167:
1823:
1774:
1739:
1580:
1237:
9041:
8754:
7554:
7512:
7152:
6754:
6700:
6394:
6376:
6152:
6090:
6049:
6025:
6019:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5954:
5884:
4445:
4403:
3980:
2244:
2229:
2174:
1711:
1623:
1503:
1383:
1331:
1292:
1266:
1247:
1226:
1216:
1106:
801:
723:
629:
435:
389:
369:
127:
6730:
6400:
6382:
2209:
1718:
1573:
1057:
9323:
9267:
9103:
7498:
7000:
6811:
6805:
6766:
6748:
6712:
6599:
6587:
6556:
6388:
6302:
6235:
6142:
6122:
6037:
5915:
5737:
5723:
5417:"A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes"
2447:
2258:
2237:
2188:
2090:
2054:
1902:
1704:
1607:
1465:
1353:
1143:
718:
698:
672:
662:
6790:
6772:
6472:
6406:
6370:
6070:
6065:
2455:
2265:
1692:
1566:
385:
365:
353:
119:
9295:
6724:
4657:
2202:
797:
on many islands due to their low metabolic rate and reduced need for fresh water compared to mammals.
9124:
8740:
7406:
7030:
6760:
6307:
6043:
6031:
5535:
5467:
4870:
4751:
2940:
2707:
2678:
2251:
2082:
1894:
1599:
1364:
1323:
1009:
1001:
905:
466:
6718:
6706:
6688:
4961:. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 8. Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy.
4450:
4109:
2195:
2181:
2160:
1125:
1113:
691:. Up to the time of her death in 2004, she was believed to be the United Kingdom's oldest resident.
345:
and other threats. The shell in tortoises is generally hard, and like other members of the suborder
8725:
7084:
6841:
6800:
6593:
6477:
6240:
6014:
3931:
2923:
2495:
2479:
1662:
1473:
1304:
1087:
694:
431:
357:
6173:
1426:
651:
in Queensland from 1987 to her death in 2006; she was believed to have been brought to England by
418:
9318:
8132:
8097:
7964:
7762:
7703:
7673:
6617:
6581:
6561:
6467:
6361:
6080:
5067:
4980:
4804:
4767:
4721:
4407:
3842:
2724:
2074:
2043:
2017:
1961:
1953:
1684:
1312:
668:
601:. The oldest tortoise ever recorded, and one of the oldest individual animals ever recorded, was
396:
may have lived an estimated 255 years. In general, most tortoise species can live 80–150 years.
140:
7681:
7435:
5009:
360:
have shells that measure only 6.8 centimetres (2.7 in) long. Several lineages of tortoises
9272:
9079:
4549:
2530:
1557:
487:
used to refer to a larger group of semiaquatic turtles than the restricted meaning in America.
9254:
9111:
8675:
7658:
7610:
7601:
7484:
7061:
6622:
6449:
6444:
6212:
6101:
5947:
5942:
5693:
5685:
5644:
5621:
5569:
5551:
5503:
5485:
5436:
5238:
5014:
4970:
4937:
4896:
4888:
4790:
4698:
4614:
4465:
4328:
4304:
4284:
4210:
4189:
4165:
4138:
3811:
2317:
1871:
1863:
1412:
1372:
1282:
1185:
853:
813:
790:
742:
9207:
4682:
2122:, flat-backed spider tortoise, (Madagascan) flat-tailed tortoise, flat-tailed spider tortoise
9282:
9259:
8467:
7855:
7830:
7791:
7739:
7470:
7015:
6668:
6538:
6230:
6110:
5866:
5677:
5559:
5543:
5493:
5475:
5428:
5383:
5228:
5220:
5059:
5004:
4962:
4927:
4878:
4837:
4759:
4604:
4596:
4455:
4075:
3996:
3963:
3883:
2463:
2296:
2138:
1989:
1929:
1481:
1178:
825:
684:
644:
509:
274:
4956:
8915:
8563:
8292:
8260:
7897:
7806:
7582:
7168:
6913:
6782:
6650:
6340:
6330:
6325:
6126:
4966:
4505:
4260:
3789:
3774:
3139:
2621:
2439:
2110:
1945:
1646:
1630:
837:
713:
598:
399:
Tortoises are placid and slow-moving, with an average walking speed of 0.2–0.5 km/h.
249:
4826:"The Broken Zig-Zag: Late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extinction in South America"
4715:
5539:
5471:
4874:
4755:
9163:
9150:
8810:
8800:
8697:
8547:
8387:
8089:
8034:
7776:
7711:
7251:
7242:
7211:
7119:
7008:
6922:
6637:
6417:
6350:
6009:
5564:
5523:
5498:
5455:
5387:
5233:
5208:
4609:
4584:
4233:
3483:
2906:
2101:
1969:
1731:
1638:
921:
900:
817:
786:
765:
652:
602:
361:
349:, they retract their necks and heads directly backward into the shell to protect them.
9312:
8990:
8873:
8773:
8762:
8733:
8647:
8531:
8515:
8475:
8409:
8319:
8284:
8228:
8212:
8196:
8170:
8158:
8142:
8120:
8112:
7919:
7630:
7463:
7324:
7271:
7219:
6627:
6530:
5876:
5809:
5071:
5033:
4984:
4089:
3459:
3204:
2889:
2638:
2009:
1980:
1937:
1097:
1040:
937:
933:
888:
841:
805:
648:
545:
453:
255:
232:
217:
77:
4771:
4632:
4350:
1020:
9116:
8925:
8850:
8826:
8343:
8220:
8204:
8180:
8081:
8026:
7950:
7866:
7840:
7754:
7665:
7644:
7568:
7533:
7343:
7309:
7176:
7092:
7038:
6660:
6572:
6251:
5965:
5815:
5637:
5416:
4429:
3864:
3854:
3797:
3573:
3410:
3258:
2830:
2278:
2129:
2031:
1493:
1204:
1051:
917:
894:
882:
870:
638:
558:
356:, growing to more than 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in length, whereas others like the
338:
585:
The number of concentric rings on the carapace, much like the cross-section of a
9233:
9189:
9073:
8903:
8858:
8704:
8689:
8611:
8603:
8595:
8571:
8451:
8435:
8419:
8335:
8327:
8276:
8252:
8244:
8236:
8104:
8056:
7979:
7904:
7769:
7725:
7651:
7637:
7589:
7446:
7364:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7203:
7145:
7137:
7054:
7046:
6993:
6983:
6609:
6459:
6001:
5934:
5432:
4585:"Giant tortoise genomes provide insights into longevity and age-related disease"
4011:
3910:
3765:
3616:
3500:
3393:
3163:
2999:
2847:
2604:
2065:
1882:
1277:
1173:
1076:
1008:
to determine the sex of other tortoises so that they can find a potential mate.
909:
876:
779:
758:
377:
52:
5480:
1035:
960:
8982:
8895:
8881:
8842:
8619:
8539:
8507:
8491:
8459:
8397:
8370:
8351:
8268:
8073:
7993:
7986:
7934:
7911:
7821:
7688:
7420:
7227:
7160:
7077:
7069:
6972:
6963:
6294:
6222:
5858:
5803:
5797:
4883:
4858:
4763:
4700:
The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, Etc
4600:
3834:
3770:
3590:
3334:
3187:
2692:
1590:
1456:
1154:
1139:
1044:
865:
861:
849:
833:
794:
730:
680:
656:
610:
480:
373:
346:
326:
241:
207:
97:
62:
5689:
5555:
5489:
4941:
4892:
4569:
9137:
8974:
8834:
8818:
8747:
8711:
8661:
8654:
8579:
8555:
8499:
8443:
8150:
7942:
7890:
7848:
7561:
7519:
7427:
7413:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7350:
7195:
7023:
5589:"TORTOISES AND THE EXOTIC ANIMAL TRADE IN BRITAIN FROM MEDIEVAL TO 'MODERN'"
5456:"Ancient mitogenomics elucidates diversity of extinct West Indian tortoises"
4460:
1498:
Fitzinger 1835:112 (all species extinct) following Austin and Arnold, 2001:
1005:
980:
925:
857:
702:
571:
566:
562:
475:
381:
342:
157:
102:
9064:
5697:
5681:
5573:
5547:
5507:
5440:
5242:
5224:
4932:
4915:
4900:
4738:
Gerlach, Justin; Muir, Catharine; Richmond, Matthew D. (28 December 2006).
4618:
4469:
17:
5087:"Revision of the African tortoises and turtles of the suborder Cryptodira"
4842:
4825:
3860:
In Judaism and early Christianity tortoises were seen as unclean animals.
1520:, saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise or Mauritius giant domed tortoise
532:
9058:
8789:
8718:
8638:
8627:
8523:
8188:
8065:
7957:
7799:
7784:
7746:
7695:
7526:
7505:
7491:
7477:
7333:
7260:
7129:
7108:
7100:
6882:
6679:
6548:
6317:
6204:
5779:
3960:
3846:
3803:
3317:
3108:
3084:
2780:
2564:
2547:
2300:
2152:
2000:
1618:
1538:, domed Mauritius giant tortoise or Mauritius giant flat-shelled tortoise
1193:
929:
904:), but are thought to have independently evolved large body size through
554:
412:
318:
177:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
9090:
8933:
8682:
8587:
8483:
8427:
8007:
8000:
7882:
7732:
7718:
7575:
7540:
7455:
7357:
6897:
6888:
6487:
6436:
5791:
5785:
5063:
3542:
3360:
2982:
2797:
1921:
1854:
965:
952:, but are all now extinct, which is also attributed to human activity.
913:
821:
625:
550:
423:
393:
187:
107:
82:
675:, lived to be about 165 years old. For 38 years, she was carried as a
9194:
8668:
8311:
6903:
6876:
6864:
5773:
5109:
3899:
3887:
3871:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3778:
988:
949:
941:
709:
676:
590:
408:
334:
197:
167:
9181:
9035:
4739:
9142:
5086:
7875:
6942:
5729:
5003:. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5. pp. 000e.1–66.
4740:"The first substantiated case of trans-oceanic tortoise dispersal"
4681:
Cuvier, Georges; Smith, Charles Hamilton; Pidgeon, Edward (1831).
3853:
so they could churn the sea and find the ancient treasures of the
3850:
3838:
3807:
3785:
3781:
3764:
3051:
1050:
1034:
1019:
1004:
is not a strong form of communication in tortoises. Tortoises use
970:
959:
845:
688:
633:
621:
606:
579:
531:
515:
503:
447:
427:
417:
330:
4428:
Moon, J. C.; McCoy, E. D.; Mushinsky, H. R.; Karl, S. A. (2006).
4325:
Wetland Habitats: A Practical Guide to Restoration and Management
4254:
What is the difference between turtles, terrapins, and tortoises?
1469:, Karoo padloper, Karoo dwarf tortoise, Boulenger's Cape tortoise
820:
could be found on nearly every major island group, including the
665:. Harriet died on June 23, 2006, just shy of her 176th birthday.
7371:
4430:"Multiple Paternity and Breeding System in the Gopher Tortoise,
984:
945:
829:
800:
Today there are only two living species of giant tortoises, the
586:
575:
441:
9039:
6837:
5733:
4684:
The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization
1867:, common padloper, parrot-beaked tortoise, beaked Cape tortoise
5618:
A Sheltered Life: The Unexpected History of the Giant Tortoise
3886:
became the first animals to fly to and circle the Moon. Their
1316:, Chaco tortoise, Argentine tortoise or southern wood tortoise
9129:
6833:
4484:"Tortoise Believed to Have Been Owned by Darwin Dies at 176"
4396:"Shells: Anatomy and Diseases of Turtle and Tortoise Shells"
789:. Part of the reason for this is that tortoises are good at
729:
led to the detection of lineage-specific variants affecting
283:
5717:
4824:
Cione, Alberto; Tonni, Eduardo; Soibelzon, Leooldo (2003).
785:
Many large islands are or were characterized by species of
289:
4658:"Tortoises Show Off Smarts by Mastering Touch-Screen Tech"
2013:, Asian giant tortoise, brown tortoise (mountain tortoise)
1941:, forest hinge-back tortoise, serrated hinge-back tortoise
380:
depending on the ambient temperatures. They are generally
352:
Tortoises can vary in size with some species, such as the
4687:. Vol. 9. Printed for G. B. Whittaker. pp. 54–.
2451:, Greek tortoise, spur-thighed tortoise, Moorish tortoise
683:. Then in 1892, at age 53, she retired to the grounds of
298:
2047:, Atlas tortoise, Extinct – Pliocene to Pleistocene
1032:(2021) and the Turtle Extinctions Working Group (2015).
5213:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1674:, Sinaloan desert tortoise, Goode's thornscrub tortoise
30:
This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see
5415:
Le M, Raxworthy CJ, McCord WP, Mertz L (August 2006).
4570:
Meet Jonathan, St Helena's 182-year-old giant tortoise
4280:
The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution
4787:
Extinct Madagascar : picturing the island's past
1416:, angulated tortoise, South African bowsprit tortoise
473:). In America, for example, the members of the genus
462:
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
310:
301:
292:
4207:
Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins: Survivors in Armor
3254:
2421:
2407:
2393:
2379:
2365:
2351:
2337:
2323:
2305:
2285:
2273:
2147:
2050:
2039:
2026:
1726:
1679:
1658:, Sonoran desert tortoise, Morafka's desert tortoise
1552:
1421:
1390:
1379:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1319:
1288:
1262:
1243:
1233:
1222:
1212:
1197:, angonoka tortoise, (Madagascan) plowshare tortoise
1083:
1071:
733:
genes that might contribute to their long lifespan.
286:
280:
9048:
8965:
8958:
8951:
8913:
8799:
8772:
8637:
8407:
8385:
8378:
8369:
8302:
8168:
8130:
8055:
8048:
8017:
7865:
7829:
7820:
7620:
7599:
7445:
7332:
7323:
7270:
7250:
7241:
7186:
7118:
6982:
6971:
6962:
6930:
6921:
6912:
6781:
6677:
6659:
6636:
6608:
6570:
6547:
6529:
6486:
6458:
6435:
6415:
6359:
6316:
6293:
6249:
6221:
6203:
6171:
6064:
6000:
5964:
5933:
5875:
5857:
5824:
3870:The tortoise is a symbol of the Ancient Greek god,
1634:, Mojave desert tortoise, Agassiz's desert tortoise
920:turtles are thought to have filled the same niche.
277:
5636:
5643:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
4830:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
5114:), and especially on their skeletons and skulls"
4785:Goodman, Steven M.; Jungers, William L. (2014).
4162:Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry
3863:Tortoise shells were used by ancient Chinese as
2086:, serrated tent tortoise, Kalahari tent tortoise
1335:Brazilian giant tortoise, yellow-footed tortoise
979:Tortoises are generally considered to be strict
362:have independently evolved very large body sizes
5331:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
5118:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
5085:Loveridge, Arthur; Williams, Ernest E. (1957).
2498:of tortoises, following Le et al. (2006: 525):
407:Differences exist in usage of the common terms
5153:Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte
4180:
4178:
1039:A skeleton of Aldabra giant tortoise found in
9012:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
6849:
6822:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
5745:
5376:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
5091:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
4319:
4317:
4224:
4222:
2475:, Egyptian tortoise, including Negev tortoise
8:
1898:, elongated tortoise, yellow-headed tortoise
1259:, African spurred tortoise, sulcata tortoise
5207:Austin, J. J.; Nicholas Arnold, E. (2001).
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5010:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
4301:Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World
4184:Burton, Maurice and Burton, Robert (2002).
3890:mission brought them back to Earth safely.
295:
9036:
8962:
8955:
8382:
8375:
8052:
7826:
7329:
7247:
6979:
6968:
6936:
6927:
6918:
6856:
6842:
6834:
5828:
5752:
5738:
5730:
5369:"XVI. On two new Genera of Land Tortoises"
4857:Zora, Anna; Gerlach, Justin (2021-08-23).
4809:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1906:, Forsten's tortoise, East Indian tortoise
1875:, greater padloper, greater dwarf tortoise
1296:Abaco tortoise, Late Pleistocene, extinct
908:. Giant tortoises are notably absent from
118:
38:
5563:
5497:
5479:
5232:
5008:
4931:
4882:
4841:
4717:Leaves from the Note Book of a Naturalist
4608:
4459:
4449:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4156:
4154:
1398:Sombrero giant tortoise, Late Pleistocene
1387:Southern Cone giant tortoise, Pleistocene
388:are noted to live over 150 years, but an
5602:– via British Chelonia Group site.
5350:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
5284:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
4859:"Giant tortoises hunt and consume birds"
1547:, saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
364:in excess of 100 kg, including the
5171:"Fossilworks: Chelonoidis dominicensis"
5040:Jena: Akademischen Buchandlung, 528 pp.
4263:, North Carolina Aquariums (July 1997).
4100:
3919:
1642:, Texas tortoise, Berlandier's tortoise
1485:, Nama padloper, Berger's Cape tortoise
1357:Lutz's giant tortoise, Late Pleistocene
6285:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
6279:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
4802:
479:dwell on land, yet are referred to as
452:Tortoise in art a traditional lock at
5670:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5635:Ernst, C. H.; Barbour, R. W. (1989).
5421:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4967:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021
4303:, Vol. 1. Marshall Cavenish. (2001).
2036:Falconer, H. and Cautley, P.T. 1837.
609:royal family by the British explorer
7:
9169:7adc7faa-db64-4967-bf7f-fa98239bf704
4720:. E. Littell & Company. p.
3849:was placed on his back by the other
5720:: Conservation and care of turtles.
5660:Giant Tortoises of the Indian Ocean
4349:. Tortoisetrust.org. Archived from
4186:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
3565:
3558:
3534:
3475:
3451:
3444:
3385:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3247:
3179:
3155:
3131:
3124:
3100:
3076:
3069:
3061:
2974:
2881:
2822:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2699:
2670:
2663:
2596:
2589:
2522:
2515:
2507:
916:islands, but the distantly related
430:, and a tortoise, illustration for
5388:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00122.x
4955:Rhodin, Anders G.J. (2021-11-15).
4703:. H. Colburn. 1831. pp. 277–.
4550:"Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160"
4506:"'Clive of India's' tortoise dies"
4494:from the original on July 1, 2006.
4137:. Miles Kelly. 2017. p. 211.
4010:African spurred tortoise from the
3947:Baby tortoise, less than a day old
3777:-Vishnu in the centre, his turtle
1440:Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
1028:This species list largely follows
679:aboard various ships in Britain's
25:
5110:"Notes on the genera of turtles (
4914:Auffenberg, Walter (1977-02-01).
4232:. Sandiegozoo.org. Archived from
4110:"How Strong Is A Tortoise Shell?"
5848:
4490:. Associated Press. 2006-06-26.
4372:"Feeding your baby: 6–12 months"
4205:Orenstein, Ronald Isaac (2001).
4066:
4046:
4034:
4018:
4003:
3988:
3971:
3952:
3940:
3922:
3054:analysis was found by Kehlmaier
2388:Karl, Staesche & Safi, 2021,
1529:, domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
1134:Domed Seychelles giant tortoise.
1102:Loveridge and Williams 1957:166
273:
144:
5712:Family Testudinidae (Tortoises)
4916:"Display Behavior in Tortoises"
4714:Broderip, William John (1852).
6267:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
6261:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
6133:Santiago Island giant tortoise
4160:Simoons, Frederick J. (1991).
3756:Cultural depictions of turtles
3734:, but swapped the position of
2334:Greece, Bulgaria, Late Miocene
2114:, (Madagascan) spider tortoise
741:Many species of tortoises are
705:, may be as old as 192 years.
574:species commonly will consume
376:animals with tendencies to be
1:
6086:Chatham Island giant tortoise
4041:Boy rides a tortoise at a zoo
1973:, Speke's hinge-back tortoise
1957:, Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
1449:Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
1030:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group
712:of the long-lived tortoises,
605:, which was presented to the
6153:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise
6148:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise
6138:Pinzón Island giant tortoise
3833:, Kurma also belongs to the
1949:, Home's hinge-back tortoise
1933:, Bell's hinge-back tortoise
1859:Duméril and Bibron 1834:357
1477:, speckled padloper tortoise
975:Tortoise feeding on a cactus
808:and the dozen subspecies of
716:, the iconic last member of
661:and then on to Australia by
333:for "tortoise"). Like other
9025:List of Testudines families
6646:Flat-backed spider tortoise
6521:Speke's hinge-back tortoise
6511:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
6336:Goode's thornscrub tortoise
6163:Western Santa Cruz tortoise
6143:Sierra Negra giant tortoise
6091:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise
5433:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003
1965:, Natal hinge-back tortoise
1796:Hesperotestudo niobrarensis
1270:Gran Canaria giant tortoise
544:mother tortoise covers her
9340:
6506:Home's hinge-back tortoise
6501:Forest hinge-back tortoise
6496:Bell's hinge-back tortoise
6158:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise
6107:Hood Island giant tortoise
6096:Fernandina Island tortoise
5846:
5481:10.1038/s41598-021-82299-w
5108:Gray, John Edward (1873).
4744:Journal of Natural History
3908:
3897:
3795:
3753:
2384:Titanochelon kayadibiensis
2376:Switzerland, Early Miocene
2314:(Hernandez-Pacheco, 1917)
2058:, Cautley's giant tortoise
1789:Hesperotestudo kalganensis
1747:Hesperotestudo angusticeps
816:. However, until recently
29:
9008:
6939:
6871:
6820:
6516:Natal hinge-back tortoise
6081:Cerro Azul giant tortoise
5924:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
5831:
5768:
4884:10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.088
4764:10.1080/00222930601058290
4601:10.1038/s41559-018-0733-x
4347:"Tortoise egg incubation"
4323:Romanowski, Nick (2010).
4277:Dawkins, Richard (2009).
4061:Video of tortoises mating
4027:African spurred tortoises
3815:
3613:
3587:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3539:
3532:
3497:
3480:
3473:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3407:
3390:
3383:
3357:
3331:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3252:
3245:
3201:
3184:
3177:
3160:
3153:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3105:
3098:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3050:A separate phylogeny via
2996:
2979:
2972:
2937:
2920:
2903:
2886:
2879:
2844:
2827:
2820:
2794:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2721:
2704:
2697:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2635:
2618:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2561:
2544:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2426:Titanochelon leberonensis
1810:Hesperotestudo osborniana
1803:Hesperotestudo orthopygia
1159:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
964:Baby tortoise feeding on
699:Seychelles giant tortoise
247:
240:
141:Scientific classification
139:
126:
117:
41:
32:Tortoise (disambiguation)
6427:Hesperotestudo percrassa
6183:Cheirogaster bacharidisi
6117:Santa Fe Island tortoise
6102:Floreana Island tortoise
6056:Chelonoidis sombrerensis
5974:African spurred tortoise
5658:Gerlach, Justin (2004).
3978:Aldabra giant tortoise,
3882:In September, 1968, two
2398:Titanochelon eurysternum
2332:(Vlachos et al., 2014)
2328:Titanochelon bacharidisi
1911:Indotestudo travancorica
1817:Hesperotestudo percrassa
1782:Hesperotestudo johnstoni
1761:Hesperotestudo equicomes
1647:Gopherus flavomarginatus
1511:, Reunion giant tortoise
1395:Chelonoidis sombrerensis
1376:Galapagos giant tortoise
1346:Dominican giant tortoise
1332:Chelonoidis denticulatus
1128:Daudin’s giant tortoise.
1122:Arnold’s giant tortoise.
1110:Aldabra giant tortoise.
924:are also known from the
810:Galapagos giant tortoise
701:living on the island of
582:for additional protein.
366:Galapagos giant tortoise
354:Galápagos giant tortoise
6346:Sonoran Desert tortoise
5620:. London: John Murray.
5616:Chambers, Paul (2004).
4404:Drs. Foster & Smith
2370:Titanochelon vitodurana
2342:Titanochelon perpiniana
2094:, African tent tortoise
2075:Psammobates geometricus
1754:Hesperotestudo brontops
1611:, Burmese star tortoise
1535:Cylindraspis triserrata
1305:Chelonoidis carbonarius
1230:Tenerife giant tortoise
1162:Late Holocene, extinct
1147:Late Holocene, extinct
483:rather than tortoises.
6273:Réunion giant tortoise
6195:Cheirogaster schafferi
6189:Cheirogaster gymnesica
6026:Chelonoidis alburyorum
6020:Yellow-footed tortoise
5992:Centrochelys vulcanica
5986:Centrochelys burchardi
5980:Centrochelys atlantica
5955:Astrochelys rogerbouri
5885:Aldabra giant tortoise
5726:: Live Tortoise Stream
5714:, The Reptile Database
5682:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052
5662:. Frankfurt: Chimiara.
5548:10.1126/sciadv.abq2574
5225:10.1098/rspb.2001.1825
5197:, The Reptile Database
4633:"Sexing Your Tortoise"
4188:. Marshall Cavendish.
3793:
3746:the most basal genus.
2412:Titanochelon ginsburgi
2362:Samos, Greece, Miocene
2356:Titanochelon schafferi
2290:Titanochelon gymnesica
1990:Malacochersus tornieri
1845:Hesperotestudo wilsoni
1838:Hesperotestudo turgida
1831:Hesperotestudo tumidus
1768:Hesperotestudo impensa
1603:, Indian star tortoise
1526:Cylindraspis peltastes
1509:Cylindraspis borbonica
1446:Cheirogaster schafferi
1437:Cheirogaster gymnesica
1293:Chelonoidis alburyorum
1267:Centrochelys vulcanica
1251:Maltese giant tortoise
1227:Centrochelys burchardi
1217:Centrochelys atlantica
1107:Aldabrachelys gigantea
1061:
1055:Fossil of the extinct
1048:
1025:
1024:Skeleton of a tortoise
976:
968:
802:Aldabra giant tortoise
727:Aldabrachelys gigantea
724:Aldabra giant tortoise
719:Chelonoidis abingdonii
647:was a resident at the
630:Aldabra giant tortoise
540:
529:
513:
457:
445:
390:Aldabra giant tortoise
370:Aldabra giant tortoise
358:Speckled cape tortoise
133:Aldabrachelys gigantea
128:Aldabra giant tortoise
9268:Paleobiology Database
6806:Spur-thighed tortoise
6743:Stylemys nebrascensis
6737:Stylemys karakolensis
6695:Stylemys calaverensis
6600:Megalochelys sondaari
6588:Megalochelys cautleyi
6557:Asian forest tortoise
6303:Burmese star tortoise
6123:Pinta Island tortoise
5916:Aldabrachelys abrupta
5724:Live Tortoise Stream
5312:Zoologischer Anzeiger
4843:10.22179/REVMACN.5.26
4461:10.1093/jhered/esj017
3900:Turtle § As pets
3867:to make predictions.
3768:
3754:Further information:
2483:, marginated tortoise
2402:(Gervais, 1848–1852)
2310:Titanochelon bolivari
2224:Stylemys nebrascensis
2217:Stylemys karakolensis
2168:Stylemys calaverensis
2139:Stigmochelys pardalis
2091:Psammobates tentorius
2055:Megalochelys cautleyi
1914:, Travancore tortoise
1903:Indotestudo forstenii
1824:Hesperotestudo riggsi
1775:Hesperotestudo incisa
1740:Hesperotestudo alleni
1581:Ergilemys saikanensis
1544:Cylindraspis vosmaeri
1466:Chersobius boulengeri
1313:Chelonoidis chilensis
1308:, red-footed tortoise
1238:Centrochelys marocana
1144:Aldabrachelys abrupta
1054:
1038:
1023:
1010:Tactile communication
974:
963:
764:In the 17th century,
673:spur-thighed tortoise
663:John Clements Wickham
535:
527:
507:
451:
421:
9164:Fauna Europaea (new)
6796:Kleinmann's tortoise
6755:Stylemys oregonensis
6701:Stylemys canetotiana
6395:Hadrianus schucherti
6377:Hadrianus majusculus
6308:Indian star tortoise
6050:Chelonoidis sellovii
6044:Chelonoidis monensis
6032:Chelonoidis cubensis
5639:Turtles of the World
4933:10.1093/icb/17.1.241
4750:(41–43): 2403–2408.
4327:. CSIRO Publishing.
4135:encyclopedia of LIFE
3935:emerges from its egg
2941:Astrochelys yniphora
2708:Geochelone platynota
2679:Centrochelys sulcata
2459:, Hermann's tortoise
2245:Stylemys oregonensis
2175:Stylemys canetotiana
2083:Psammobates oculifer
2078:, geometric tortoise
2021:, impressed tortoise
1895:Indotestudo elongata
1712:Hadrianus schucherti
1639:Gopherus berlandieri
1608:Geochelone platynota
1431:Bergounioux 1935:78
1384:Chelonoidis sellovii
1365:Chelonoidis monensis
1327:Cuban giant tortoise
1324:Chelonoidis cubensis
1256:Centrochelys sulcata
1248:Centrochelys robusta
1194:Astrochelys yniphora
1002:visual communication
906:convergent evolution
708:DNA analysis of the
553:opening between the
528:Tortoise laying eggs
467:diamondback terrapin
437:ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt
6801:Marginated tortoise
6731:Stylemys frizaciana
6594:Megalochelys margae
6478:Travancore tortoise
6401:Hadrianus utahensis
6383:Hadrianus octonaria
6071:Chelonoidis complex
6015:Red-footed tortoise
5540:2023SciA....9.2574K
5472:2021NatSR..11.3224K
5036:, A.J.G.C. (1788).
4875:2021CBio...31.R989Z
4756:2006JNatH..40.2403G
4572:BBC, March 13, 2014
4438:Journal of Heredity
4432:Gopherus polyphemus
3981:Geochelone gigantea
3959:Young, 20-year-old
2924:Astrochelys radiata
2496:molecular phylogeny
2464:Testudo horsfieldii
2210:Stylemys frizaciana
2070:Fitzinger 1835:113
1719:Hadrianus utahensis
1663:Gopherus polyphemus
1595:Fitzinger 1835:112
1574:Ergilemys insolitus
1517:Cylindraspis inepta
1504:Cylindraspis indica
1474:Chersobius signatus
1189:, radiated tortoise
1186:Astrochelys radiata
1088:Alatochelon myrteum
1065:Family Testudinidae
1058:Ergilemys insolitus
471:Malaclemys terrapin
432:Zakariya al-Qazwini
386:Galápagos tortoises
372:. They are usually
337:, tortoises have a
8133:Nanhsiungchelyidae
8098:Macrocephalochelys
6812:Testudo brevitesta
6791:Hermann's tortoise
6767:Stylemys uintensis
6749:Stylemys neglectus
6713:Stylemys conspecta
6618:Geometric tortoise
6582:Megalochelys atlas
6562:Impressed tortoise
6473:Forsten's tortoise
6468:Elongated tortoise
6389:Hadrianus robustus
6066:Galápagos tortoise
6038:Chelonoidis lutzae
5460:Scientific Reports
5064:10.1111/pala.12468
4920:American Zoologist
4259:2015-05-05 at the
4114:Tortoise Knowledge
4108:Harris, Samantha.
3794:
3773:, Cambodia, shows
2725:Geochelone elegans
2472:Testudo kleinmanni
2467:, Russian tortoise
2374:(Biedermann 1862)
2259:Stylemys uintensis
2238:Stylemys neglectus
2189:Stylemys conspecta
2142:, leopard tortoise
2044:Megalochelys atlas
1993:, pancake tortoise
1985:Lindholm 1929:285
1962:Kinixys natalensis
1954:Kinixys lobatsiana
1705:Hadrianus robustus
1631:Gopherus agassizii
1600:Geochelone elegans
1354:Chelonoidis lutzae
1062:
1049:
1026:
977:
969:
743:sexually dimorphic
541:
530:
514:
458:
446:
9306:
9305:
9255:Open Tree of Life
9042:Taxon identifiers
9033:
9032:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8044:
8043:
7816:
7815:
7319:
7318:
7237:
7236:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6831:
6830:
6826:. Key: †=extinct.
6773:Stylemys undabuna
6623:Serrated tortoise
6407:Hadrianus vialovi
6371:Hadrianus corsoni
6241:Speckled padloper
6213:Angulate tortoise
5948:Radiated tortoise
5943:Angonoka tortoise
5844:
5843:
5627:978-0-7195-6528-1
5587:Thomas, Richard.
5367:Bell, T. (1827).
5219:(1485): 2515–23.
4976:978-0-9910368-3-7
4869:(16): R989–R990.
4345:Highfield, Andy.
4209:. Firefly Books.
4144:978-1-78617-327-0
4056:
3932:Testudo marginata
3884:Russian tortoises
3818:) was the second
3792:to left and right
3727:
3726:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3602:
3601:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3372:
3371:
3346:
3345:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3010:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2809:
2808:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2650:
2649:
2576:
2575:
2480:Testudo marginata
2431:
2418:) France, Miocene
2417:
2403:
2390:Anatolia, Miocene
2389:
2375:
2361:
2347:
2333:
2318:Iberian Peninsula
2315:
2295:
2266:Stylemys undabuna
2111:Pyxis arachnoides
2018:Manouria impressa
1872:Homopus femoralis
1864:Homopus areolatus
1693:Hadrianus corsoni
1671:Gopherus evgoodei
1666:, gopher tortoise
1655:Gopherus morafkai
1650:, Bolson tortoise
1567:Ergilemys bruneti
1562:Ckhikvadze, 1984
1413:Chersina angulata
1373:Chelonoidis niger
1116:Aldabra tortoise.
854:Mascarene Islands
814:Galapagos Islands
791:oceanic dispersal
525:
266:
265:
236:
27:Family of turtles
16:(Redirected from
9331:
9299:
9298:
9286:
9285:
9276:
9275:
9263:
9262:
9250:
9249:
9237:
9236:
9234:NHMSYS0000375783
9224:
9223:
9211:
9210:
9198:
9197:
9185:
9184:
9172:
9171:
9159:
9158:
9146:
9145:
9133:
9132:
9120:
9119:
9107:
9106:
9094:
9093:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9037:
8963:
8956:
8468:Chupacabrachelys
8383:
8376:
8053:
7831:Carettochelyidae
7827:
7330:
7248:
6980:
6969:
6937:
6928:
6919:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6835:
6725:Stylemys emiliae
6669:Leopard tortoise
6539:Pancake tortoise
6450:Greater padloper
5867:Russian tortoise
5852:
5851:
5829:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5701:
5663:
5654:
5642:
5631:
5604:
5603:
5593:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5528:Science Advances
5518:
5512:
5511:
5501:
5483:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5396:
5390:. Archived from
5373:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5047:
5041:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5012:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4886:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4800:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4406:. Archived from
4400:PetEducation.com
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4342:
4336:
4321:
4312:
4298:
4292:
4275:
4264:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4226:
4217:
4203:
4197:
4182:
4173:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4105:
4076:Testudo hermanni
4070:
4058:
4057:
4038:
4022:
4007:
3997:leopard tortoise
3992:
3975:
3966:feeding on grass
3964:leopard tortoise
3956:
3944:
3926:
3817:
3769:Bas-relief from
3750:In human culture
3566:
3559:
3535:
3476:
3452:
3445:
3386:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3256:
3248:
3180:
3156:
3132:
3125:
3101:
3077:
3070:
3062:
2975:
2882:
2823:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2700:
2671:
2664:
2597:
2590:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2456:Testudo hermanni
2430:(Depéret, 1890)
2429:
2423:
2416:(de Broin, 1977
2415:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2360:(Szalai, 1931)
2359:
2353:
2348:France, Pliocene
2345:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2313:
2307:
2297:Balearic Islands
2293:
2287:
2275:
2203:Stylemys emiliae
2149:
2119:Pyxis planicauda
2052:
2041:
2028:
1930:Kinixys belliana
1728:
1681:
1554:
1482:Chersobius solus
1461:Fitzinger, 1835
1423:
1392:
1381:
1362:
1351:
1340:
1321:
1290:
1264:
1245:
1235:
1224:
1214:
1085:
1073:
826:Greater Antilles
685:Powderham Castle
624:was the home to
538:sulcata tortoise
526:
510:leopard tortoise
411:, tortoise, and
341:to protect from
313:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
231:
149:
148:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
9339:
9338:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9302:
9294:
9289:
9281:
9279:
9271:
9266:
9258:
9253:
9245:
9240:
9232:
9227:
9219:
9214:
9206:
9201:
9193:
9188:
9180:
9175:
9167:
9162:
9154:
9149:
9141:
9136:
9128:
9123:
9115:
9110:
9102:
9097:
9089:
9087:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9044:
9034:
9029:
8996:
8939:
8916:Sahonachelyidae
8909:
8795:
8768:
8633:
8564:Phosphatochelys
8403:
8357:
8298:
8293:Terlinguachelys
8261:Pneumatoarthrus
8164:
8126:
8040:
8013:
7861:
7812:
7616:
7595:
7583:Siebenrockiella
7441:
7315:
7266:
7233:
7182:
7169:Mesodermochelys
7114:
6975:
6946:
6908:
6867:
6862:
6832:
6827:
6816:
6777:
6761:Stylemys pygmea
6673:
6655:
6651:Spider tortoise
6632:
6604:
6566:
6543:
6525:
6482:
6454:
6445:Common padloper
6431:
6411:
6355:
6341:Gopher tortoise
6331:Desert tortoise
6326:Bolson tortoise
6312:
6289:
6245:
6217:
6199:
6167:
6127:Lonesome George
6060:
5996:
5960:
5929:
5907:A. g. hololissa
5871:
5853:
5849:
5840:
5833:Species of the
5820:
5764:
5758:
5708:
5666:
5657:
5651:
5634:
5628:
5615:
5612:
5610:Further reading
5607:
5591:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5534:(2): eabq2574.
5520:
5519:
5515:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5179:
5177:
5175:fossilworks.org
5169:
5168:
5164:
5150:
5149:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5032:
5028:
5021:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4977:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4863:Current Biology
4856:
4855:
4851:
4832:. Nueva Serie.
4823:
4822:
4818:
4801:
4797:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4724:(left column).
4713:
4712:
4708:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4637:Tortoise Supply
4631:
4630:
4626:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4451:10.1.1.572.6767
4427:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4322:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4276:
4267:
4261:Wayback Machine
4252:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4183:
4176:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4062:
4059:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3984:
3976:
3967:
3957:
3948:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3880:
3800:
3775:Samudra manthan
3763:
3758:
3752:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3603:
3522:
3513:
3432:
3423:
3373:
3347:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
2962:
2953:
2869:
2860:
2810:
2746:
2737:
2651:
2577:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2432:France, Miocene
2404:France, Miocene
2346:(Deperet 1885)
2252:Stylemys pygmea
1946:Kinixys homeana
1343:C. dominicensis
1132:A. g. hololissa
1018:
998:
958:
922:Giant tortoises
912:and many south
838:Lesser Antilles
818:giant tortoises
787:giant tortoises
775:
755:
739:
714:Lonesome George
599:Chinese culture
516:
502:
497:
444:, 19th century.
405:
311:
276:
272:
262:
253:
230:
143:
130:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9337:
9335:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9311:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9287:
9277:
9264:
9251:
9238:
9225:
9212:
9199:
9186:
9173:
9160:
9151:Fauna Europaea
9147:
9134:
9121:
9108:
9095:
9085:
9070:
9054:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9020:
9019:
9018:. † = extinct.
9009:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8995:
8994:
8986:
8978:
8969:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8929:
8920:
8918:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8907:
8899:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8869:
8862:
8854:
8846:
8838:
8830:
8822:
8814:
8811:Albertwoodemys
8805:
8803:
8801:Podocnemididae
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8778:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8698:Lomalatachelys
8693:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8643:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8623:
8615:
8607:
8599:
8591:
8583:
8575:
8567:
8559:
8551:
8548:Labrostochelys
8543:
8535:
8527:
8519:
8511:
8503:
8495:
8487:
8479:
8471:
8463:
8455:
8447:
8439:
8431:
8423:
8414:
8412:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8392:
8390:
8388:Araripemydidae
8380:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8347:
8339:
8331:
8323:
8315:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8288:
8280:
8272:
8264:
8256:
8248:
8240:
8232:
8224:
8216:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8184:
8175:
8173:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8154:
8146:
8137:
8135:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8116:
8108:
8101:
8093:
8090:Emarginachelys
8085:
8077:
8069:
8061:
8059:
8050:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8035:Sinaspideretes
8030:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7983:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7954:
7946:
7938:
7930:
7923:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7886:
7879:
7871:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7852:
7844:
7835:
7833:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7788:
7780:
7773:
7766:
7758:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7712:Hesperotestudo
7707:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7606:
7604:
7602:Platysternidae
7597:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7459:
7451:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7338:
7336:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7284:
7276:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7256:
7254:
7252:Dermatemydidae
7245:
7243:Kinosternoidea
7239:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7223:
7215:
7212:Procolpochelys
7207:
7199:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7172:
7164:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7133:
7124:
7122:
7120:Dermochelyidae
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7104:
7096:
7088:
7081:
7073:
7065:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7027:
7019:
7012:
7009:Carolinochelys
7004:
6997:
6988:
6986:
6977:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6940:
6934:
6925:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6900:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6838:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6719:Stylemys copei
6715:
6709:
6707:Stylemys capax
6703:
6697:
6691:
6689:Stylemys botti
6684:
6682:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6420:
6418:Hesperotestudo
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6351:Texas tortoise
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6256:
6254:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6236:Karoo padloper
6233:
6227:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6119:
6114:
6104:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Chaco tortoise
6006:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5900:A. g. daudinii
5895:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5707:
5706:External links
5704:
5703:
5702:
5676:(2): 174–183.
5664:
5655:
5649:
5632:
5626:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5579:
5513:
5446:
5407:
5382:(2): 392–401.
5359:
5340:
5321:
5302:
5293:
5274:
5261:paleobiodb.org
5248:
5199:
5187:
5162:
5136:
5127:
5100:
5077:
5058:(3): 497–512.
5042:
5026:
5020:978-0965354097
5019:
4990:
4975:
4947:
4926:(1): 241–250.
4906:
4849:
4816:
4796:978-0226143972
4795:
4777:
4730:
4706:
4690:
4673:
4649:
4624:
4574:
4562:
4541:
4522:
4497:
4475:
4444:(2): 150–157.
4420:
4387:
4376:www.unicef.org
4363:
4337:
4313:
4293:
4283:. Free Press.
4265:
4246:
4218:
4198:
4174:
4150:
4143:
4126:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3895:
3892:
3879:
3876:
3762:
3759:
3751:
3748:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2448:Testudo graeca
2435:
2434:
2433:
2419:
2405:
2391:
2377:
2363:
2349:
2335:
2321:
2303:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2230:S. amphithorax
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2196:Stylemys copei
2192:
2185:
2182:Stylemys capax
2178:
2171:
2164:
2161:Stylemys botti
2145:
2144:
2143:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2106:Bell 1827:395
2097:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2005:Gray 1854:133
1996:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1970:Kinixys spekii
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1732:Hesperotestudo
1724:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1328:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1241:
1231:
1220:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1126:A. g. daudinii
1123:
1117:
1114:A. g. gigantea
1093:
1092:
1091:
1017:
1014:
1006:olfactory cues
997:
994:
957:
954:
901:Hesperotestudo
842:Canary Islands
774:
771:
766:Francesco Redi
754:
751:
738:
735:
653:Charles Darwin
536:Young African
512:, South Africa
501:
498:
496:
493:
422:Tile with two
404:
401:
321:of the family
264:
263:
254:
245:
244:
238:
237:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9336:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9278:
9274:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9086:
9081:
9075:
9071:
9066:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9038:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9010:
9007:
8993:
8992:
8991:Tacuarembemys
8987:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8926:Sahonachelys
8922:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8898:
8897:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8889:Peltocephalus
8886:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8874:Lapparentemys
8870:
8868:
8867:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8829:
8828:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8774:Pelomedusidae
8771:
8765:
8764:
8763:Yaminuechelys
8759:
8757:
8756:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8734:Prochelidella
8730:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8648:Acanthochelys
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8532:Kinkonychelys
8528:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8516:Itapecuruemys
8512:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8476:Eotaphrosphys
8472:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8410:Bothremydidae
8406:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8320:Argillochelys
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8285:Santanachelys
8281:
8279:
8278:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8229:Desmatochelys
8225:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8213:Calcarichelys
8209:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8197:Atlantochelys
8193:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8171:Protostegidae
8167:
8161:
8160:
8159:Jiangxichelys
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8143:Anomalochelys
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8121:Protochelydra
8117:
8115:
8114:
8113:Planiplastron
8109:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7920:Drazinderetes
7916:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7856:Carettochelys
7853:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7740:Malacochersus
7737:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7631:Aldabrachelys
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7513:Leucocephalon
7510:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7464:Banhxeochelys
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7325:Testudinoidea
7322:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7272:Kinosternidae
7269:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7220:Protosphargis
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6976:(Sea turtles)
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6945:
6944:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6628:Tent tortoise
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6531:Malacochersus
6528:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Nama padloper
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5892:A. g. arnoldi
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5877:Aldabrachelys
5874:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5810:Testudinoidea
5808:Superfamily:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5650:9780874744149
5646:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5427:(2): 517–31.
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5408:
5397:on 2018-09-05
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5263:. Paleobio DB
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5104:
5101:
5097:(6): 163–557.
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5052:Palaeontology
5046:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4674:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:Nat Ecol Evol
4586:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4532:Intermontanus
4526:
4523:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4421:
4410:on 2013-10-23
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4353:on 2013-09-05
4352:
4348:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4333:9780643096462
4330:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4236:on 2010-12-06
4235:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4164:. CRC Press.
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4090:Jackson ratio
4088:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4029:mate in a zoo
4028:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:Aldabrachelys
3454:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:Malacochersus
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3065:Testudinidae
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:Aldabrachelys
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:Malacochersus
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:Testudinidae
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:(Bate, 1914)
2292:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:Manouria emys
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:Malacochersus
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:Kinixys erosa
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:H. octonarius
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:Mona tortoise
1367:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:A. g. arnoldi
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:Aldabrachelys
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1041:Cousin Island
1037:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
990:
986:
982:
973:
967:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:South America
935:
934:North America
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:
889:Aldabrachelys
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:found on the
811:
807:
806:Aldabra Atoll
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
772:
770:
767:
762:
760:
752:
750:
746:
744:
736:
734:
732:
728:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:Australia Zoo
646:
642:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
539:
534:
511:
506:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
463:
455:
454:Swayambhunath
450:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
414:
410:
402:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:of the order
324:
320:
316:
315:
306:
270:
261:
257:
252:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:Testudinoidea
216:
214:Superfamily:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:Eocene–Recent
40:
37:
33:
19:
9324:Testudinidae
9080:Testudinidae
9050:Testudinidae
9049:
9014:
8989:
8981:
8973:
8932:
8924:
8902:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8872:
8866:Erymnochelys
8864:
8857:
8851:Cerrejonemys
8849:
8841:
8833:
8827:Brontochelys
8825:
8817:
8809:
8788:
8781:
8761:
8753:
8746:
8741:Pseudemydura
8739:
8732:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8626:
8618:
8610:
8602:
8594:
8586:
8578:
8570:
8562:
8554:
8546:
8538:
8530:
8522:
8514:
8506:
8498:
8490:
8482:
8474:
8466:
8458:
8450:
8442:
8434:
8426:
8418:
8396:
8350:
8344:Prionochelys
8342:
8334:
8326:
8318:
8310:
8291:
8283:
8275:
8267:
8259:
8251:
8243:
8235:
8227:
8221:Cratochelone
8219:
8211:
8205:Bouliachelys
8203:
8195:
8187:
8181:Alienochelys
8179:
8157:
8149:
8141:
8119:
8111:
8103:
8096:
8088:
8082:Chelydropsis
8080:
8072:
8064:
8033:
8027:Basilochelys
8025:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7951:Khunnuchelys
7949:
7941:
7933:
7925:
7918:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7881:
7874:
7867:Trionychidae
7854:
7847:
7841:Allaeochelys
7839:
7805:
7798:
7792:Stigmochelys
7790:
7783:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7755:Megalochelys
7753:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7702:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7672:
7666:Cylindraspis
7664:
7657:
7650:
7645:Centrochelys
7643:
7636:
7629:
7622:Testudinidae
7621:
7611:Platysternon
7609:
7590:Vijayachelys
7588:
7581:
7574:
7569:Rhinoclemmys
7567:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7539:
7534:Melanochelys
7532:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7434:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7344:Acherontemys
7342:
7310:Sternotherus
7308:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7259:
7226:
7218:
7210:
7202:
7194:
7177:Psephophorus
7175:
7167:
7159:
7151:
7144:
7136:
7128:
7107:
7099:
7093:Pacifichelys
7091:
7083:
7076:
7068:
7062:Lepidochelys
7060:
7053:
7045:
7039:Gigantatypus
7037:
7031:Eretmochelys
7029:
7022:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6992:
6973:Chelonioidea
6941:
6893:
6661:Stigmochelys
6573:Megalochelys
6252:Cylindraspis
6174:Cheirogaster
5966:Centrochelys
5953:
5922:
5914:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5887:(subspecies:
5835:
5834:
5816:Testudinidae
5760:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5638:
5617:
5599:
5595:
5582:
5531:
5527:
5516:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5399:. Retrieved
5392:the original
5379:
5375:
5362:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5260:
5251:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5195:Testudinidae
5190:
5178:. Retrieved
5174:
5165:
5156:
5152:
5130:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5000:
4993:
4957:
4950:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4786:
4780:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4699:
4693:
4683:
4676:
4665:. Retrieved
4662:Live Science
4661:
4652:
4640:. Retrieved
4636:
4627:
4595:(1): 87–95.
4592:
4588:
4577:
4565:
4554:. Retrieved
4552:. 2004-04-07
4544:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4514:. Retrieved
4512:. 2006-03-23
4509:
4500:
4487:
4478:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4423:
4412:. Retrieved
4408:the original
4399:
4390:
4379:. Retrieved
4375:
4366:
4355:. Retrieved
4351:the original
4340:
4324:
4300:
4296:
4278:
4249:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:the original
4206:
4201:
4185:
4161:
4134:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4113:
4103:
4074:
3995:22-year-old
3979:
3930:
3881:
3869:
3865:oracle bones
3862:
3859:
3801:
3798:World Turtle
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:Cylindraspis
3731:
3729:
3615:
3614:
3589:
3588:
3574:Centrochelys
3572:
3571:
3541:
3540:
3499:
3498:
3482:
3481:
3458:
3457:
3411:Stigmochelys
3409:
3408:
3392:
3391:
3359:
3358:
3333:
3332:
3316:
3315:
3259:Cylindraspis
3257:
3253:
3203:
3202:
3186:
3185:
3162:
3161:
3138:
3137:
3107:
3106:
3083:
3082:
3055:
3049:
2998:
2997:
2981:
2980:
2939:
2938:
2922:
2921:
2905:
2904:
2888:
2887:
2846:
2845:
2831:Stigmochelys
2829:
2828:
2796:
2795:
2779:
2778:
2723:
2722:
2706:
2705:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2637:
2636:
2620:
2619:
2603:
2602:
2563:
2562:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2528:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2410:
2396:
2382:
2368:
2354:
2340:
2326:
2308:
2288:
2279:Titanochelon
2277:
2276:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2137:
2130:Stigmochelys
2128:
2127:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2042:
2032:Megalochelys
2030:
2029:
2016:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1494:Cylindraspis
1492:
1491:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1435:
1427:Cheirogaster
1425:
1424:
1411:
1408:Gray 1830:5
1404:
1403:
1393:
1382:
1371:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1330:
1322:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1236:
1225:
1215:
1209:Gray 1872:5
1205:Centrochelys
1203:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1067:Batsch 1788
1064:
1063:
1056:
1027:
999:
978:
932:of mainland
899:
895:Cylindraspis
893:
887:
883:Centrochelys
881:
875:
871:Megalochelys
869:
799:
784:
776:
773:Distribution
763:
756:
747:
740:
726:
717:
707:
693:
667:
657:
643:
639:Robert Clive
615:
595:
584:
542:
489:
485:
474:
470:
459:
436:
406:
398:
351:
323:Testudinidae
322:
268:
267:
248:
228:Testudinidae
227:
132:
42:Testudinidae
36:
9190:iNaturalist
9074:Wikispecies
8904:Stupendemys
8859:Cordichelys
8705:Mesoclemmys
8690:Hydromedusa
8612:Taphrosphys
8604:Sankuchemys
8596:Rhothonemys
8572:Polysternon
8452:Cearachelys
8436:Azabbaremys
8420:Araiochelys
8336:Ctenochelys
8328:Bashuchelys
8277:Rhinochelys
8253:Ocepechelon
8245:Notochelone
8237:Iserosaurus
8105:Macrochelys
8057:Chelydridae
7980:Palaeoamyda
7905:Cyclanorbis
7770:Psammobates
7763:Oligopherus
7726:Indotestudo
7674:Cymatholcus
7652:Chelonoidis
7638:Astrochelys
7447:Geoemydidae
7365:Deirochelys
7303:Staurotypus
7296:Kinosternon
7289:Hoplochelys
7204:Peritresius
7153:Dermochelys
7146:Cosmochelys
7138:Corsochelys
7055:Itilochelys
7047:Glarichelys
6994:Allopleuron
6984:Cheloniidae
6923:Superfamily
6610:Psammobates
6460:Indotestudo
6002:Chelonoidis
5935:Astrochelys
5466:(1): 3224.
5257:"Ergilemys"
5180:17 December
4836:(1): 1–19.
4789:. Chicago.
4642:13 February
4538:(5): 33–35.
4012:Oakland Zoo
3911:Turtle soup
3843:Great Flood
3826:. Like the
3761:In religion
3617:Chelonoidis
3501:Astrochelys
3394:Psammobates
3164:Indotestudo
3000:Chelonoidis
2848:Psammobates
2605:Indotestudo
2134:Gray, 1873
2066:Psammobates
1883:Indotestudo
1278:Chelonoidis
1174:Astrochelys
1077:Alatochelon
910:Australasia
877:Chelonoidis
856:(including
828:(including
780:Australasia
759:hippocampus
671:, a female
655:aboard the
632:brought to
618:Alipore Zoo
603:Tu'i Malila
572:herbivorous
508:Adult male
481:box turtles
456:, Kathmandu
403:Terminology
378:crepuscular
18:Xerobatinae
9313:Categories
8983:Caririemys
8896:Podocnemis
8882:Latentemys
8843:Carbonemys
8783:Pelomedusa
8620:Ummulisani
8540:Kurmademys
8508:Inaechelys
8492:Galianemys
8460:Chedighaii
8398:Araripemys
8371:Pleurodira
8352:Toxochelys
8269:Protostega
8074:Chelydrops
7994:Pelodiscus
7987:Pelochelys
7935:Gilmoremys
7912:Cycloderma
7822:Trionychia
7689:Geochelone
7682:Floridemys
7548:Notochelys
7436:Wilburemys
7407:Malaclemys
7261:Dermatemys
7228:Puppigerus
7161:Eosphargis
7078:Miocaretta
7070:Mexichelys
6964:Cryptodira
6904:Testudines
6865:Testudines
6295:Geochelone
6223:Chersobius
5859:Agrionemys
5804:Cryptodira
5802:Suborder:
5798:Testudines
5790:Subclass:
5401:2015-08-28
5356:: 354–360.
5318:: 275–295.
5159:: 105–128.
5124:: 395–411.
5112:Oiacopodes
4667:2016-12-01
4556:2019-05-30
4516:2009-04-07
4414:2013-10-22
4381:2022-07-13
4357:2009-04-07
4311:. p. 1476.
4309:0761471952
4289:1416594795
4240:2012-09-16
4215:1770851194
4196:. p. 2796.
4194:0761472665
4170:084938804X
4119:23 January
4096:References
3909:See also:
3898:See also:
3841:after the
3835:Satya Yuga
3796:See also:
3771:Angkor Wat
3591:Geochelone
3335:Chersobius
3188:Agrionemys
2693:Geochelone
1624:Rafinesque
1591:Geochelone
1507:, synonym
1457:Chersobius
1045:Seychelles
981:herbivores
918:meiolaniid
866:Madagascar
850:Seychelles
834:Hispaniola
795:herbivores
737:Dimorphism
731:DNA repair
722:, and the
681:Royal Navy
611:James Cook
578:or insect
500:Life cycle
347:Cryptodira
327:Testudines
242:Type genus
208:Cryptodira
204:Suborder:
198:Testudines
9319:Tortoises
9023:See also
8975:Caribemys
8835:Caninemys
8819:Bauruemys
8748:Rheodytes
8712:Myuchelys
8655:Chelodina
8580:Puentemys
8556:Nigeremys
8500:Ilatardia
8444:Bothremys
8151:Basilemys
7965:Nilssonia
7943:Hutchemys
7891:Axestemys
7849:Anosteira
7704:Hadrianus
7562:Pangshura
7520:Malayemys
7485:Geoclemys
7428:Trachemys
7421:Terrapene
7414:Pseudemys
7400:Graptemys
7393:Glyptemys
7386:Emydoidea
7379:Actinemys
7351:Chrysemys
7196:Euclastes
7024:Eochelone
6875:Kingdom:
6362:Hadrianus
5772:Kingdom:
5690:1055-7903
5556:2375-2548
5490:2045-2322
5267:March 23,
5072:214232312
4985:244279960
4942:0003-1569
4893:0960-9822
4805:cite book
4446:CiteSeerX
4335:. p. 134.
4291:. p. 174.
4172:. p. 358.
3961:Tanzanian
3857:peoples.
3742:, making
2531:Ergilemys
2490:Phylogeny
2320:, Miocene
1685:Hadrianus
1558:Ergilemys
1285:1835:112
1283:Fitzinger
1181:, 1873:4
926:Oligocene
858:Mauritius
703:St Helena
567:egg tooth
563:hatchling
476:Terrapene
382:reclusive
343:predation
269:Tortoises
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
9088:BioLib:
9059:Wikidata
8790:Pelusios
8755:Rhinemys
8726:Platemys
8719:Phrynops
8639:Chelidae
8628:Zolhafah
8524:Jainemys
8189:Archelon
8066:Chelydra
7958:Lissemys
7800:Stylemys
7785:Solitudo
7747:Manouria
7696:Gopherus
7659:Chersina
7527:Mauremys
7506:Heosemys
7499:Hardella
7492:Geoemyda
7478:Cyclemys
7334:Emydidae
7281:Claudius
7130:Arabemys
7109:Tasbacka
7101:Syllomus
7016:Chelonia
6914:Suborder
6898:Diapsida
6889:Reptilia
6883:Chordata
6881:Phylum:
6877:Animalia
6680:Stylemys
6549:Manouria
6318:Gopherus
6205:Chersina
5836:tortoise
5814:Family:
5792:Anapsida
5786:Reptilia
5780:Chordata
5778:Phylum:
5774:Animalia
5761:Tortoise
5718:Chelonia
5698:11820839
5574:36630487
5508:33564028
5441:16678445
5337:: 53–54.
5290:: 64–65.
5243:11749704
4901:34428417
4772:86037101
4619:30510174
4510:BBC News
4492:Archived
4488:Fox News
4470:16489146
4257:Archived
4230:"Turtle"
4084:See also
4025:Pair of
3878:In space
3847:mountain
3812:Sanskrit
3804:Hinduism
3744:Gopherus
3740:Manouria
3736:Gopherus
3318:Chersina
3109:Gopherus
3085:Manouria
3058:(2021):
2781:Chersina
2565:Gopherus
2548:Manouria
2301:Pliocene
2153:Stylemys
2001:Manouria
1888:Lindholm
1626:1832:64
1619:Gopherus
1405:Chersina
1016:Taxonomy
996:Behavior
930:Pliocene
695:Jonathan
565:uses an
559:plastron
555:carapace
434:'s book
413:terrapin
368:and the
319:reptiles
256:Linnaeus
224:Family:
188:Reptilia
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
9296:1298342
8934:Sokatra
8683:Emydura
8588:Rosasia
8484:Foxemys
8428:Arenila
8008:Trionyx
8001:Rafetus
7927:Dogania
7883:Apalone
7807:Testudo
7733:Kinixys
7719:Homopus
7576:Sacalia
7555:Orlitia
7541:Morenia
7456:Batagur
7358:Clemmys
7085:Natator
7001:Caretta
6902:Order:
6887:Class:
6783:Testudo
6488:Kinixys
6437:Homopus
5796:Order:
5784:Class:
5596:Testudo
5565:9833658
5536:Bibcode
5499:7873039
5468:Bibcode
5234:1088909
4871:Bibcode
4752:Bibcode
4610:6314442
3916:Gallery
3905:As food
3894:As pets
3831:Avatara
3784:below,
3543:Kinixys
3361:Homopus
3140:Testudo
2983:Kinixys
2798:Homopus
2622:Testudo
2440:Testudo
2316:(type)
1922:Kinixys
1890:, 1929
1855:Homopus
1300:1400 CE
1151:1200 AD
989:insects
966:lettuce
914:Pacific
864:), and
862:Reunion
836:), the
822:Bahamas
710:genomes
669:Timothy
645:Harriet
626:Adwaita
551:cloacal
495:Biology
424:rabbits
394:Adwaita
374:diurnal
335:turtles
314:-təs-iz
250:Testudo
194:Order:
184:Class:
9283:215861
9280:uBio:
9260:910117
9221:173852
9208:102041
9143:1TSTDF
9065:Q46360
8966:
8959:
8952:
8676:Elusor
8669:Elseya
8662:Chelus
8379:
8312:Adocus
8303:
8049:
8018:
7898:Chitra
7600:
7187:
6932:Family
5839:family
5825:Genera
5763:family
5696:
5688:
5647:
5624:
5572:
5562:
5554:
5506:
5496:
5488:
5439:
5241:
5231:
5070:
5034:Batsch
5017:
4983:
4973:
4940:
4899:
4891:
4793:
4770:
4617:
4607:
4468:
4448:
4331:
4307:
4287:
4213:
4192:
4168:
4141:
4073:Young
3888:Zond 5
3872:Hermes
3828:Matsya
3824:Vishnu
3820:Avatar
3786:asuras
3779:Avatar
3056:et al.
2227:(syn.
1696:(syn.
1166:884 AD
950:Africa
948:, and
942:Europe
898:, and
852:, the
848:, the
840:, the
824:, the
677:mascot
658:Beagle
607:Tongan
591:forage
580:larvae
546:clutch
428:snakes
426:, two
409:turtle
392:named
317:) are
235:, 1788
233:Batsch
9291:WoRMS
9273:37739
9203:IRMNG
9195:40019
9156:15559
9117:626NZ
9104:53182
7972:Palea
7876:Amyda
7777:Pyxis
7471:Cuora
6943:Genus
6894:Clade
6638:Pyxis
6111:Diego
5592:(PDF)
5395:(PDF)
5372:(PDF)
5068:S2CID
4981:S2CID
4768:S2CID
3929:Baby
3855:Vedic
3839:ocean
3816:कुर्म
3808:Kurma
3790:devas
3782:Kurma
3484:Pyxis
3052:mtDNA
2907:Pyxis
2102:Pyxis
1164:circa
1149:circa
985:worms
846:Malta
753:Brain
689:Devon
634:India
622:India
576:worms
339:shell
331:Latin
9247:8487
9242:NCBI
9216:ITIS
9182:9618
9177:GBIF
9138:EPPO
9130:8132
9099:BOLD
7372:Emys
5694:PMID
5686:ISSN
5645:ISBN
5622:ISBN
5570:PMID
5552:ISSN
5504:PMID
5486:ISSN
5437:PMID
5269:2022
5239:PMID
5182:2021
5122:1873
5015:ISBN
4971:ISBN
4938:ISSN
4897:PMID
4889:ISSN
4811:link
4791:ISBN
4644:2017
4615:PMID
4466:PMID
4329:ISBN
4305:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4211:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4166:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4121:2023
3851:gods
3845:. A
3788:and
3738:and
1179:Gray
956:Diet
946:Asia
860:and
832:and
830:Cuba
697:, a
616:The
587:tree
557:and
460:The
442:Iran
260:1758
53:PreꞒ
9229:NBN
9125:EoL
9112:CoL
9091:338
5678:doi
5560:PMC
5544:doi
5494:PMC
5476:doi
5429:doi
5384:doi
5229:PMC
5221:doi
5217:268
5095:115
5060:doi
5005:doi
4963:doi
4928:doi
4879:doi
4838:doi
4760:doi
4605:PMC
4597:doi
4456:doi
3822:of
3802:In
987:or
804:on
687:in
620:in
312:TOR
284:ɔːr
9315::
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