Xianyun - Knowledge (XXG)

2220:

khirigsuurs (fig. 19) and deer stones (fig. 20), marks significant on-going changes in steppe societies. These impressive structures are widespread across western and central Mongolia, dating from 1400–700 BCE. It would have taken a large labour force to create the mounds of stones that make up khirigsuurs, which seem to have been both burial and ceremonial sites for central figures of the many small groups of Mongolian mobile pastoralist societies. (...) In some tombs are horse fittings, such as bits. Parts of hundreds of horses might be interred over time around a major khirigsuur. (...) Deer stones tell the same story (fig 20). Although the majority are stylised, a few of these tall, originally standing, stones have a human head carved on one side at the rounded top, sometimes with temple rings shown on two of the other three sides, perhaps representing a powerful individual, or the more general concept of powerful leaders. (...) Then comes a horizontal belt and from this hang weapons, especially knives or daggers, and shafted axes, with curved rein holders below. A shield is often shown higher up. Not only do these deer stones represent people, they memorialise the achievements of warriors with their personal weapons. (...) These developments had probably had an impact on the peoples in the arc who had then interacted with the late Shang and early Zhou states.

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enemies, captured 50 prisoners, and became the vanguard of the entire army. The mighty Zibai cut off his enemy's left ear and presented it to the king. The king greatly appreciated Zibai's majesty. The king came to Xuanxie in the Ancestral Temple of Chengzhou and held a banquet for all the ministers. The king said: "Father Bai, your merits are outstanding and extremely glorious." The king gave Zibai a chariot with four horses to assist the king. He gave him a scarlet bow and arrows, a very bright color. He was given a big ax to use to conquer the barbarians. (Zibai made the utensil to make it useful for generations to come).

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prisoners, and to take 117 Rong chariots; liberated the Xun people captured . Furthermore, struck at Gong; cut off 36 heads and captured 2 prisoners and took 10 chariots. Following , pursued and struck at Shi; Duoyou again had cut off heads and taken prisoners. Thereafter, rapidly pursued and arrived at Yangzhong; the ducal chariotry cut off 115 heads and captured 3 prisoners. It was that could not capture the chariots; they burnt . And it was their (the Xianyun's) horses that they wounded gravely. recaptured the Jingshi captives.

901: 539: 530: 521: 910: 1577: 1463: 1518: 188: 426:: "It was in the tenth month, because the Xianyun greatly arose and broadly attacked Jingshi, was reported to the king. The king commanded Duke Wu: “Dispatch your most capable men and pursue at Jingshi!” Duke Wu commanded Duoyou: “Lead the ducal chariots and pursue at Jingshi!” (...) Duoyou had cut off heads and captured prisoners to be interrogated: in all, using the ducal chariots to cut off 205 heads, to capture 23 prisoners, and to take 117 108: 177: 1570: 149: 1511: 25: 2360:

observation makes sense, it may have more to do with the problematic definition of the archaeological "culture" rather than with Xianyun society. Pushing the location of the Xianyun further north and identifying them with a vaguely defined "Northern Zone" tradition (p. 188) certainly does not advance our under standing of the Xianyun society.

1584:

chariots sweepingly attacking the Xianyun at Gaoyin; you cut off many heads and took many prisoners. The Rong greatly gathered and followed chasing you, and you and the Rong greatly slaughtered and fought. You have done well, and have not let our chariots get trapped in difficulty. You captured many, cutting off heads and taking prisoners.”

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units with a shared cultural tradition and background,laying the foundation for them to reconcile with each other to fight the Zhou together. "Xianyun" was probably a self-claimed title, and bronze inscriptions suggest that the Zhou called the Xianyun the "Rong," indicating that it was a warlike group (Li Feng 2006:142–45).

1963:

According to scholars of the Han dynasty, this poem was composed during the reign of King Yih in the Western Zhou. This proposal was endorsed by the new text school of the Poetry and the recordings in the Biography of Xiongnu of the Hanshu: "懿王时，戎狄交侵，中国被其苦。诗人作诗疾而歌之曰：'靡(没有)室靡家，狁之故。" The Hanshu states

1656:

There is research on the ethnic image of the northern nomadic people of the Altaic language family. It may be that this is the image of the Xianyun tribe that once posed a serious military threat to the northern border of the Zhou Dynasty. They were called "Ghost people" (Guifang) because they looked

2232:

Taylor, William T. T.; Cao, Jinping; Fan, Wenquan; Ma, Xiaolin; Hou, Yanfeng; Wang, Juan; Li, Yue; Zhang, Chengrui; Miton, Helena; Chechushkov, Igor; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Cook, Robert; Jones, Emily L.; Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar; Odbaatar, Tserendorj; Bayandelger, Chinbold; Morrison, Barbara; Miller,

1589:

Boshi said: “Buqi, you young man! You are nimble in warfare; award you one bow, a bunch of arrows, five households of servants, ten fields of land, with which to take up your affairs.” Buqi bowed with head touching the ground, the beneficence. herewith makes for my august grandfather Gongbo and

1781:

Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Clark, Julia; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Tuvshinjargal, Tumurbaatar; Jobe, Jessica Thompson; Fitzhugh, William; Kortum, Richard; Spengler, Robert N.; Shnaider, Svetlana; Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Hart, Isaac; Case, Nicholas; Wilkin, Shevan; Hendy, Jessica; Thuering,

1768:

According to Li Feng's study, based primarily on written sources, the "Xianyun"were a large-scale society with highly concentrated power that lived in an area that stretched from the Hetao (bend of the Yellow River) to the upper Yellow River Valley.The Xianyun were organized around coherent social

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dynasties of China to their south. They were equipped with weapons and instruments of war, such as daggers, shafted axes, or curved rein holders for their horses. These powerful nomadic leaders, leading large-scale organized nomadic groups capable of building monumental decorated stone tombs, may

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The three discrete sub-regions we have chosen for study were of particular significance in the Western Zhou period, as all three provided buffers against intrusive movement southwards into agricultural areas during the centuries when the administrative centre was near present-day Xi'an (1045–771

2001:

The Shitong ding from Xiawuzi village, Fufeng, Shaanxi, for instance, was inscribed with the following: 孚戎金胄卅、戎鼎廿、铺五十、剑廿, 用铸兹尊鼎. Captured thirty Rong metal helmets, twenty Rong ding, fifty pu cauldrons, (and) twenty swords. Made this revered ding. Scholars think that metal helmets, Rong ding, pu

1531:

On the Dinghai day during the auspicious first month of the twelfth year, Guo Jizibai made the treasure plate. The illustrious Zibai was brave and accomplished in military operations and managed the world. They attacked and conquered the Xianyun and reached the north of Luoshui. He beheaded 500

2404:

The archaeological culture in this area became more complex after the disintegration of the Qijia Culture. The collision-integration initially occurred between native Siwa Culture and Central Plains cultures, followed by Eurasian steppe cultures and indigenous cultures that later converged and

2219:

Attacks from the north on Zhou territory are well recorded in bronze inscriptions, such as that on the Duo You ding, which describes a major chariot battle with the Xianyun.(...) We can look first at Mongolia to explain this shift, for a new development, the creation of large stone monuments,

1583:

It was the ninth month, first auspiciousness, wushen-day (no. 45), Boshi said: “Buqi, the Border Protector! The Xianyun broadly attacked Xiyu, and the king commanded us to pursue to the west. I came back to send in the captives. I commanded you to defend and to pursue at Luo, and you used our

1489:

On the guiwei (no. 20) day, the Rong attacked Xun and took captives. Duoyou pursued to the west. In the morning of the jiashen (no. 21) day, struck at Qi. Duoyou had cut off heads and captured prisoners to be interrogated: in all, using the ducal chariots to cut off 25 heads, to capture 23

2359:

Li argues that the Xianyun cannot be identified with the archaeological remains of the Siwa culture because all the sites that are associated with this archaeological culture are small and simple, whereas the activities of the Xianyun suggest a much more complex society (p. 187). While this

1690:

The Europoid faces of the two figures atop the present ornament are the only other clues to its non-Chinese origins. It is therefore almost inevitable that such scabbard ornaments should appear in far western and northern contexts, where cultural exchange was easiest and most active.

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BCE). During the eighth century BCE new invaders, named in vessel inscriptions and transmitted texts as either the Quanrong or the Xianyun, drove the Zhou from their centres near Xi'an to the secondary capital at Luoyang, demonstrating the need for some kind of enhanced defence.

958:, but questions are raised against this theory because the Siwa sites are small with low subsistence levels, whereas the Xianyun seem to have been more advanced. According to Feng Li, these could not have sustained an advanced society like the Xianyun. The debate remains open. 473:

region, drawing a Zhou military response. It indicated that like the Zhou, the Xianyun fought on horse-drawn chariots; contemporary evidence does not indicate that the increased mobility of the Xianyun is related to the emergence of mounted nomads armed with bows and arrows.

1483:

It was in the tenth month, because the Xianyun greatly arose and broadly attacked Jingshi, was reported to the king. The king commanded Duke Wu: “Dispatch your most capable men and pursue at Jingshi!” Duke Wu commanded Duoyou: “Lead the ducal chariots and pursue at

1782:

Ulrike; Miller, Bryan; Miller, Alicia R. Ventresca; Picin, Andrea; Vanwezer, Nils; Irmer, Franziska; Brown, Samantha; Abdykanova, Aida; Shultz, Daniel R.; Pham, Victoria; Bunce, Michael; Douka, Katerina; Jones, Emily Lena; Boivin, Nicole (22 January 2020).

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The faces on no. 41, a scabbard ornament made some eight hundred years earlier, suggesting that peoples of similar ethnic—probably West Asian—origins may have arrived at China's northwestern borders as early as the beginning of the first millennium

1964:

that "during the reign of King Yih, the Rong and Di alternatively invaded (the Central Kingdom), the country suffered from them; the poet first composed the refrain, and then quickly sang "No family, no home, (all) because of the Xianyun."

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made the names more superficially similar than they really had been, and prompted later historians and commentators to conclude that those names must have referred to one same people in different epochs, even though people during the

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Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing; Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan (23 November 2017). "The rise of states and the formation of group identities in western regions of the inner Asian frontier (c. 1500 to the eighth century BCE)".

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Mengji sacrificial gui-vessel, with which to entreat much good fortune, longevity without limits, and eternal pureness without end. May sons’ sons and grandsons’ grandsons eternally treasure and use in offerings.

1253:" and not based on solid evidence. Following Pulleyblank (1983), Li rejects the identification of the Xianyun with the Xiongnu, and only accepts identification of the Xianyun as one of the 戎 1077:(1877–1927), as a result of phonetical studies and comparisons based on the inscriptions on bronze and the structure of the characters, came to the conclusion that the tribal names " 322:

to the Upper Yellow River valley. Xianyun society was fairly uniform culturally, with a high level of concentration at the top, and was capable of coordinated action against the

1469: 71: 434:" and Xianyun were the same people here, named in the first case by a generic term meaning "warlike tribes of the west" and in the second case by their actual ethnonym. 2374:"Stable Isotopic Evidence for Human and Animal Diets From the Late Neolithic to the Ming Dynasty in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Hulu River Valley, NW China" 1857: 2663:. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. pp. 225–226; p. 237, no. 22 140:

ornaments of the 10th century BCE, suggesting that people of "probably West Asian—origins may have arrived at China's northwestern borders" around that time.

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the Xianyun society boasted "a considerable size and high concentration of power", allowing them to field hundreds of chariots against the Zhou.

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Using Sima Qian's Shiji and other sources, Vsevolod Taskin concludes that in the earlier pre-historic period (during the time of legendary

1283: 1720: 1683: 338:(899–892 BCE) describes incursions alternatively by the Rong (戎) and the Di (狄), and concludes that the Xianyu destroyed everything. 114:

Anthropomorphic axe, bronze, excavated in the tomb of Heibo (潶伯), a military noble in charge of protecting the northern frontier, at

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migrating from the west. However, there is no definite evidence that the Xianyun were nomadic warriors; moreover, a Duo You bronze

1263:

were indigenous hunters, farmers, and pastoralists living in widely distributed communities in the "Northern Zone Complex" in the

2868: 365:(899–886 BCE). Like the Zhou, they also used war chariots, up to 400 in one offensive. They attacked the vicinity of the capital 2656: 2791: 2428: 1707: 1670: 248: 216: 1539: 437: 849: 208: 1345:

Comments about the conflicts against the Xianyun appears in several poems and bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou.

1104: 568: 1524: 1140: 1124: 1864:. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series (53). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. p. 264 1286:

6th to 2nd centuries BCE; from late Shang to early Western Zhou), with pastoralism gradually becoming dominant; and

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dynasties of China to their south. Their chariot technology may have impulsed the development of chariots in China.

2638:。" Legge's translation: "King Wen said, 'Alas! Alas! you Yin-shang, Indignation is rife against you here in the 2744:"Elucations on Domesticated Animals" quote: "犬 …… 長喙獫，短喙，猲獢。" translation: "Dogs, long-snouted one are called 獫 2372:

Dong, Jiajia; Wang, Shan; Chen, Guoke; Wei, Wenyu; Du, Linyao; Xu, Yongxiang; Ma, Minmin; Dong, Guanghui (2022).

1101:" (胡) given in the annals designated one and the same people, who later entered history under the name Xiongnu. 1042: 686: 1709:

Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier: 19 November 1995 - 2 September 1996, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

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Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier: 19 November 1995 - 2 September 1996, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

1715:. Seattle: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Inst. p. 90, item 1, discussing item 41 pages 123–124. 1562: 1557: 1010: 879: 743: 384:

contains four songs about military actions between the Zhou and the Xianyun. The song "Gathering sow thistle" (

334:, (戎, "Warlike people"). These terms were rather interchangeable: a poem probably composed during the reign of 50: 1450: 1207: 423: 381: 127: 2913: 900: 646: 67: 1643: 1240: 446: 909: 376:

The earliest archaeological records mentioning the Xianyun appear in great number during the reign of

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