376:) have been used, in order to give the instrument a brighter, and louder tone. The modern yangqin can have as many as five courses of bridges and may be arranged chromatically. Traditional instruments, with three or more courses of bridges, are also still widely in use. The instrument's strings are struck with two lightweight bamboo beaters (also known as hammers) with rubber tips. A professional musician often carries several sets of beaters, each of which draws a slightly different tone from the instrument, much like the drum sticks of Western percussionists. The yangqin is used both as a solo instrument and in ensembles.
591:
398:
129:
575:
583:
77:
36:
542:
385:
649:
620:
691:– a glide from one note to another (accomplished through 2 methods, both involving the lengthening or shortening of strings: the first is by sliding the fine-tuning devices on the sides of the instrument by hand, and the second is by wearing a metallic "ring" – known as a 滑音指套 – and sliding it along the length of the indicated string) – are also used.
566:. From right to left, they are: bass bridge, "right bridge", tenor bridge, "left bridge", and the chromatic bridge. During playing, one is supposed to strike the strings on the left side of the bridges. However, the strings on the "chromatic bridge" are struck on the right, and strings on the "left bridge" can be struck on both sides of the bridge.
700:
244:
607:
bridge" are struck at a point where they intersect each other), resulting in a rich, powerful tone, which is especially pronounced in the lower registers due to the strings' long echoes. 林沖夜奔 (Lin Chong Flees In The Night), composed by 項祖華 (Xiang Zu Hua), is a representative solo piece which utilizes 雙音琴竹.
598:
The hammers are made of flexible bamboo, and one end is half covered by rubber. Due to their unique construction, there are two ways to play: with the rubber side for a softer sound, and with the bamboo side for a crisper, more percussive sound. This technique, known as 反竹 (fǎnzhǔ), is best utilized
512:
The port at Canton/Guangzhou attracts traders from all over Asia: from Japan, India, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. The ships from this region bought back precious stones, slaves, exotic wares, fruits, spices, etc. Along with trade, businesses, ideas, philosophies and scientific knowledge were
499:
The technical structure of the santur is different in the way the tuning pegs are place, the bridges and the mallets. The yangqin's tuning pins are set in parallel instead of a 90-degree angle down at the side. The mallets of the santur also differ from those of the yangqin – they are made of wood
606:
Furthermore, some songs require the use of "雙音琴竹" (shuāng yīn qín zhǔ), literally "double-note yangqin hammers". These specially-constructed hammers have 2 striking surfaces, allowing the player to play up to 4 notes simultaneously (or even 8 notes, if the strings of the "left bridge" and "tenor
553:
usually have 144 strings in total, with each pitch running in courses, with up to 5 strings per course, in order to boost the volume. The strings come in various thicknesses, and are tied at one end by screws, and at the other with tuning pegs. The pegs and screws are covered during playing by a
714:
The pitches are arranged so that in general, moving one section away from the player's body corresponds to a transposition of a whole tone upwards. Similarly, moving one section towards the left of the performer generally corresponds to a transposition of a perfect fifth upwards. These are only
631:
that can be moved for fine tuning the strings or to raise the strings slightly to eliminate unwanted vibrations that may occur. More modern designs also have moveable ball-shaped nuts that can be adjusted on the fly with the fingers; this provides some microtuning and additional dynamics during
356:
strings (though older
Chinese stringed instruments used silk strings, resulting in their, and the yangqin's, categorisation as a silk, or "si" instrument), which gave the instrument a soft timbre. This form of instrument is still occasionally heard today in the "hudie qin" (蝴蝶琴, lit. "butterfly
516:
During the 16th century, the Age of
Exploration in Europe reached its climax and soon trade was established between China and Europe. Historians state that Portuguese, and later, English and Dutch ships, had brisk trade with China. Portuguese trading in Chinese waters began in the 16th century
521:, a hammered dulcimer, was played in Portugal, Spain, and Italy during this period. Historians say it is possible that the yangqin originated when the Portuguese, the English or the Dutch brought a dulcimer player to China who performed for locals.
610:
When using 雙音琴竹, the left hand holds a beater that plays intervals of a perfect fourth, while the right hand's beater plays thirds. These intervals are standard over most of the yangqin's range, due to the positioning of its strings.
371:
are nearly identical in their construction, having been introduced to those nations by southern
Chinese musicians. Since the 1950s, however, steel alloy strings (in conjunction with copper-wound steel strings for the
853:
503:
The bridge of the yangqin consist of long, single pieces of wood with many protruding "stubs" supporting the strings unlike the santur, which uses a number of small, individual chesspiece-like bridges.
660:. As the yangqin is softer than other Chinese instruments, it is usually positioned at the front of the orchestra, in the row just in front of the conductor. However, this is not a rule: the
500:
with finger grip, designed to let the players perform by gripping the two mallets between their fore and middle fingers. Both modern and earlier yangqin mallets did not include finger grips.
472:
The word "yangqin" has historically been written in two different ways, using different
Chinese characters for "yang". The "yang" in the earlier version was written with the character
846:
719:
since the arrangement has to be modified towards the extremes of the pitch range to fill out notes in the chromatic scale. Such an arrangement facilitates transposition.
839:
683:, as well as harmonics and 顫竹 (chàn zhǔ), which involves flicking the sticks lightly over the strings, causing them to vibrate, which results in a short, quick
675:
The yangqin's solo repertoire calls for more techniques than is usually required in orchestral pieces. Examples include pressing down on the strings to produce
672:
the vibrations. The yangqin has been called the "Chinese piano" as it has an indispensable role in the accompaniment of
Chinese string and wind instruments.
664:
positions the yangqin close to the percussion section. As the yangqin's tones sustain long after they have been played, such an arrangement minimizes the
656:
The sticks are held, one in each hand, and hit the strings alternately. In the orchestra, the yangqin often adds to the harmony by playing chords or
103:
87:
756:
599:
in the higher ranges of the yangqin. Additionally, the ends of the sticks can be used to pluck the strings, producing a stinging, precise sound.
711:
is a chromatic instrument with a range of slightly over four octaves. Middle C is located on the tenor bridge, third course from the bottom.
1812:
862:
492:. At a glance, the Silk Route stretches almost 5,000 miles reaching from China to the Middle East, including Iran (Persia). The Iranian
1781:
1473:
795:
496:, a dulcimer, has existed since ancient times. If any dulcimer was to influence China by land, it is likely to be this instrument.
437:
230:
212:
63:
594:
The bodies of a pair of yangqin hammers. The pointed ends of the sticks are used to pluck strings, producing a crisp, clear tone.
533:
is a type of hammered dulcimer, it shares many elements of construction with other instruments in the hammered dulcimer family:
91:
419:
264:
150:
1817:
256:
545:
Bridges and strings of a yangqin. This particular image is of the lower strings, which are thicker and wound with copper.
787:
The
Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East
1286:
661:
193:
165:
1281:
665:
415:
172:
146:
49:
1710:
1110:
668:
that results. If the hands are free (e.g. in periods of rest), covering the strings with the hands quickly
628:
408:
362:
139:
95:
652:
A metallic ring, with an attached weight, worn by yangqin performers to execute portamentos and vibratos.
179:
1466:
1751:
1243:
820:
161:
1725:
1670:
1660:
1645:
1014:
964:
488:
Another theory of how the yangqin came into contact with the
Chinese is through the Silk Road from
1786:
1589:
1266:
1238:
1074:
317:. Hammered dulcimers of various types are now very popular not only in China, but also Eastern
1756:
1690:
1655:
1553:
1425:
1228:
1172:
1141:
1054:
1044:
959:
918:
791:
746:
296:
292:
1459:
1440:
1359:
1338:
586:
A pair of 雙音琴竹. The hammer on the left plays fourths, and the one on the right plays thirds.
703:
Scale of yangqin, the numbers indicate the notes in the diatonic scale, 1 = do, 2 = re etc.
627:
On both sides of the yangqin, aside from the tuning screws, are numerous cylindrical metal
603:
can also be achieved in this way by running the ends of the sticks up or down the strings.
357:
zither") played in the traditional silk and bamboo genre from the
Shanghai region known as
1720:
1558:
928:
831:
751:
1508:
450:
Historians offer several theories to explain how the instrument was introduced to China:
1791:
1635:
1375:
1307:
358:
1806:
1400:
716:
554:
hinged panel/board. This panel is opened up during tuning to access the tuning pegs.
186:
590:
1735:
1609:
1380:
1156:
55:
785:
1385:
1271:
1029:
954:
397:
345:". This instrument had an influence on the Thai classical instrument, known as
322:
128:
574:
1715:
1675:
1614:
1533:
821:
Hou Yilan plays Manchu
Countryside Capriccio (金翎思-滿鄉隨想), Composed by Hanli Liu
582:
476:, meaning "foreign". It was later changed, in 1910, to the character "yang" (
1695:
1328:
1323:
1009:
974:
883:
669:
541:
477:
473:
462:
455:
373:
310:
306:
303:
384:
761:
648:
619:
1761:
1730:
1705:
1700:
1640:
1630:
1568:
1518:
1513:
1302:
1204:
825:
657:
518:
489:
468:
that it was invented without foreign influence by the
Chinese themselves.
388:
A musician playing a yangqin in a Cantonese street band in San Francisco.
342:
334:
282:
17:
1665:
1599:
1573:
1528:
1435:
1430:
1151:
1079:
1069:
923:
898:
893:
680:
422: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
338:
313:(also pronounced "yáng"), which means "acclaimed". It is also spelled
309:(lit. "foreign zither"), but over time the first character changed to
1680:
1604:
1543:
1503:
1482:
1405:
1343:
1276:
1233:
1089:
1084:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1004:
984:
933:
913:
903:
741:
728:
493:
353:
318:
299:
272:
699:
302:
or the European dulcimer. It used to be written with the characters
243:
1685:
1650:
1594:
1538:
1523:
1395:
1390:
1177:
1146:
1049:
1039:
999:
989:
949:
888:
454:
that the instrument may have been introduced by land, through the
383:
326:
242:
1548:
1333:
1199:
1064:
1059:
994:
979:
969:
908:
367:
346:
330:
1455:
835:
391:
122:
70:
29:
365:
and Chaozhou (Teochew) music groups. The Thai and Cambodian
1451:
722:
In the playing of traditional Chinese music, most Chinese
517:
according to historians. Music historians report that the
337:. The instruments are also sometimes known by the names "
513:
exchanged, including religion (principally Buddhism).
1774:
1744:
1623:
1582:
1496:
1489:
1418:
1368:
1352:
1316:
1295:
1259:
1252:
1217:
1186:
1165:
1134:
1123:
1098:
942:
876:
869:
461:that it was introduced by sea, through the port of
153:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
790:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 106–110.
623:Cylindrical nuts, fitted into fine-tuning devices.
726:players use a numerical notation system called
1467:
847:
8:
562:There are usually four to five bridges on a
779:
777:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1493:
1474:
1460:
1452:
1256:
1131:
873:
854:
840:
832:
352:The yangqin was traditionally fitted with
438:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
698:
647:
618:
589:
581:
573:
540:
287:
90:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
863:Traditional Chinese musical instruments
773:
757:Traditional Chinese musical instruments
732:, rather than Western staff notation.
640:(see below: "Manner of Performance").
7:
420:adding citations to reliable sources
151:adding citations to reliable sources
687:Numerous other techniques, such as
1782:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga
25:
45:This article has multiple issues.
396:
127:
75:
34:
407:needs additional citations for
138:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
679:effects, similar to that of a
484:Theory of introduction by land
277:
268:
260:
1:
784:Clements, William M. (2006).
508:Theory of introduction by sea
1813:Chinese musical instruments
662:Singapore Chinese Orchestra
361:(江南絲竹), as well as in some
1834:
578:A pair of yangqin hammers.
295:, likely derived from the
102:Such statements should be
480:), meaning "acclaimed".
704:
695:Arrangement of pitches
653:
624:
595:
587:
579:
546:
389:
248:
702:
651:
644:Manner of performance
632:performances, such as
622:
593:
585:
577:
544:
387:
246:
1818:Hammered box zithers
1752:Appalachian dulcimer
416:improve this article
247:A yangqin on a stand
147:improve this article
104:clarified or removed
1726:Tambourine de Bearn
1646:Epinette des Vosges
1583:West and South Asia
762:The Romanian Țambal
265:traditional Chinese
705:
654:
625:
596:
588:
580:
547:
390:
257:simplified Chinese
249:
27:Musical instrument
1800:
1799:
1770:
1769:
1656:Hammered dulcimer
1449:
1448:
1414:
1413:
1213:
1212:
1119:
1118:
828:played on Yangqin
747:Hammered dulcimer
448:
447:
440:
293:hammered dulcimer
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
197:
121:
120:
68:
16:(Redirected from
1825:
1757:Mexican salterio
1539:Indonesian siter
1494:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1257:
1132:
874:
856:
849:
842:
833:
808:
807:
805:
804:
781:
615:Cylindrical nuts
443:
436:
432:
429:
423:
400:
392:
289:
279:
270:
262:
251:The trapezoidal
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
196:
155:
131:
123:
116:
113:
107:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1766:
1740:
1721:Streichmelodion
1619:
1578:
1485:
1480:
1450:
1445:
1410:
1364:
1348:
1312:
1291:
1248:
1222:
1220:
1209:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1161:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1094:
938:
865:
860:
817:
812:
811:
802:
800:
798:
783:
782:
775:
770:
752:Music of Bhutan
738:
697:
646:
617:
572:
560:
539:
527:
510:
486:
444:
433:
427:
424:
413:
401:
382:
363:Cantonese music
291:) is a Chinese
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
156:
154:
144:
132:
117:
111:
108:
101:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Bowed psaltery
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Persian santur
1602:
1600:Indian santoor
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Alligator drum
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
878:
871:
867:
866:
861:
859:
858:
851:
844:
836:
830:
829:
823:
816:
815:External links
813:
810:
809:
796:
772:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
737:
734:
717:rules of thumb
696:
693:
645:
642:
616:
613:
571:
568:
559:
556:
538:
535:
526:
523:
509:
506:
485:
482:
470:
469:
466:
459:
446:
445:
404:
402:
395:
381:
378:
359:Jiangnan sizhu
239:
238:
221:
220:
135:
133:
126:
119:
118:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1830:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Oscar Schmidt
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:Manufacturers
1773:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
875:
872:
870:Silk (string)
868:
864:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
838:
837:
834:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
799:
797:0-313-32849-8
793:
789:
788:
780:
778:
774:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
731:
730:
725:
720:
718:
712:
710:
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
630:
621:
614:
612:
608:
604:
602:
592:
584:
576:
569:
567:
565:
557:
555:
552:
543:
536:
534:
532:
524:
522:
520:
514:
507:
505:
501:
497:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
452:
451:
442:
439:
431:
421:
417:
411:
410:
405:This section
403:
399:
394:
393:
386:
379:
377:
375:
370:
369:
364:
360:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
284:
280:
274:
266:
258:
254:
245:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
203:November 2006
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164: –
163:
159:
158:Find sources:
152:
148:
142:
141:
136:This article
134:
130:
125:
124:
115:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1736:Violinzither
1610:Iraqi santur
1563:
1105:
826:Three pieces
801:. Retrieved
786:
727:
723:
721:
713:
708:
706:
688:
684:
676:
674:
655:
637:
633:
626:
609:
605:
600:
597:
563:
561:
550:
548:
530:
528:
525:Construction
515:
511:
502:
498:
487:
471:
465:(Canton); or
449:
434:
425:
414:Please help
409:verification
406:
366:
351:
314:
286:
276:
252:
250:
227:
209:
200:
190:
183:
176:
169:
157:
145:Please help
140:verification
137:
109:
96:unverifiable
88:weasel words
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
955:Daguangxian
634:portamentos
323:Middle East
288:joeng4 kam4
98:information
1807:Categories
1716:Scheitholt
1711:Psalterium
1615:Swarmandal
1534:Ichigenkin
1253:Percussion
1221:(woodwind)
1127:(woodwind)
803:2011-10-16
768:References
689:portamento
666:dissonance
601:Glissandos
428:April 2024
374:bass notes
315:yang ch'in
173:newspapers
112:March 2008
50:improve it
1696:Langeleik
1509:Đàn tranh
1497:East Asia
1490:By region
1329:Fangxiang
1324:Bianzhong
1229:Hulusheng
1010:Jing erhu
975:Diyingehu
884:Duxianqin
658:arpeggios
463:Guangzhou
456:Silk Road
162:"Yangqin"
86:contains
56:talk page
1762:Tremoloa
1745:Americas
1731:Tsymbaly
1706:Psaltery
1701:Langspil
1641:Cimbalom
1631:Autoharp
1569:Yanggeum
1519:Geomungo
1514:Gayageum
1386:Bolanggu
1303:Bianqing
1205:Mangtong
1030:Matouqin
736:See also
685:tremolo.
638:vibratos
519:salterio
490:Mongolia
343:cymbalom
335:Pakistan
283:Jyutping
18:Yangchen
1676:Kanklės
1666:Kantele
1574:Yazheng
1564:Yangqin
1529:Guzheng
1483:Zithers
1436:Lusheng
1431:Kouxian
1152:Paixiao
1106:Yangqin
1090:Zhuiqin
1080:Zhonghu
1070:Yazheng
924:Sanxian
899:Konghou
894:Guzheng
877:Plucked
724:yangqin
709:yangqin
681:guzheng
677:vibrato
670:dampens
570:Hammers
564:yangqin
558:Bridges
551:yangqin
549:Modern
537:Strings
531:yangqin
529:As the
380:Origins
349:(ขิม).
341:" and "
339:santoor
297:Iranian
278:yángqín
253:yangqin
187:scholar
1681:Kokles
1671:Kannel
1661:Hummel
1624:Europe
1544:Kacapi
1504:Ajaeng
1419:Others
1406:Zhangu
1401:Tanggu
1344:Yunluo
1277:Paiban
1234:Hulusi
1135:Flutes
1125:Bamboo
1099:Struck
1085:Zhuihu
1035:Maguhu
1025:Leiqin
1020:Laruan
1015:Jinghu
1005:Jiaohu
985:Erxian
965:Datong
934:Yueqin
914:Qinqin
904:Liuqin
794:
742:Santur
729:jianpu
494:santur
354:bronze
333:, and
321:, the
319:Europe
300:santur
285::
275::
273:pinyin
267::
259::
189:
182:
175:
168:
160:
92:biased
1792:Tōkai
1686:Kusle
1651:Gusli
1595:Nuzhe
1590:Kanun
1524:Guqin
1396:Paigu
1391:Jiegu
1381:Bangu
1317:Metal
1296:Stone
1267:Guban
1239:Sheng
1219:Gourd
1192:pipes
1188:Free-
1178:Suona
1166:Oboes
1147:Koudi
1075:Xiqin
1050:Tiqin
1040:Sanhu
1000:Huqin
990:Gaohu
950:Banhu
943:Bowed
889:Guqin
327:India
194:JSTOR
180:books
1691:Krez
1554:Koto
1549:Khim
1426:Gudi
1369:Hide
1353:Clay
1334:Gong
1308:Qing
1272:Muyu
1260:Wood
1200:Bawu
1190:reed
1173:Guan
1157:Xiao
1142:Dizi
1065:Yehu
1060:Tuhu
1055:Tihu
1045:Sihu
995:Gehu
980:Erhu
970:Dihu
960:Dahu
919:Ruan
909:Pipa
792:ISBN
707:The
636:and
629:Nuts
368:khim
347:Khim
331:Iran
166:news
1441:Xun
1360:Fou
1339:Luo
1287:Zhu
1111:Zhu
418:by
149:by
94:or
1809::
1559:Se
1282:Yu
1244:Yu
929:Se
776:^
329:,
325:,
281:;
271:;
269:揚琴
263:;
261:扬琴
59:.
1475:e
1468:t
1461:v
855:e
848:t
841:v
806:.
478:揚
474:洋
458:;
441:)
435:(
430:)
426:(
412:.
311:揚
307:琴
304:洋
255:(
234:)
228:(
216:)
210:(
205:)
201:(
191:·
184:·
177:·
170:·
143:.
114:)
110:(
106:.
100:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
