830:", or various combinations. The Yolngu believe that the Wangarr ancestor-beings not only hunted, gathered food and held ceremonies as the Yolngu do today, but also that they created plants and geographical features such as rivers, rocks, sandhills and islands, and these features now incorporate the essence of the Wangarr. They also named species of plant and animal, and made these sacred to the local clan; some Wangarr took on the characteristics of a species, which then became the totem of the clan. Sacred objects and certain designs are also associated with certain Wangarr, who also gave that clan their language, law, paintings, songs, dances, ceremonies and
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1662:'Police, delayed by the wet season, pursued the men at Blue Mud Bay, where Constable Stewart McColl was speared in July. The police were later accused of handcuffing four women who were left under McColl's watch with two Aboriginal trackers while their party went after the suspects. McColl is believed to have released all but one woman, Japarri, who called out for help (just before her death she told Ted Egan intercourse did not take place). McColl then fired on her husband Dagiar, who speared him' (
1235:
1073:. Yolngu men testified that their actions arose in response to the abuse of their women and to thrashings and firing on them by the Japanese crew. Two whites, Fagan and Traynor, were killed near Woodah Island the following year, and soon afterwards, in July, Constable McColl, who was investigating the incidents, was speared on that island. The Aboriginal evidence was ignored in the trials which led to their conviction and the imprisonment of five Yolŋu in
1029:. During the period of Watson's management, another large massacre is recorded to have happened at Mirki on the north coast of Florida Station. The Yolngu people today remember this massacre where many people including children were shot dead. The battles between the graziers and the local population resulted in a severe depopulation of Yolngu, but the stiffness of resistance temporarily ended efforts by the intruding
54:
1088:, who led a groundswell of indignation at the travesty of justice, averted an official reprisal designed to "teach the wild blacks a lesson." One sentence was quashed, three sons of a local leader were released as was Dagiar, who had received a death sentence. It was widely believed that the latter, who disappeared, had been lynched by local policemen.
1245:
Yolngu artists and performers have been at the forefront of global recognition of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture. Yolngu traditional dancers and musicians have performed widely throughout the world and retain a germinal influence, through the patronage of the Munyarryun and Marika
350:
Yolngu comprise several distinct groups, differentiated by the languages and dialects they speak, but generally sharing overall similarities in the ritual life and hunter-gathering economic and cultural lifestyles in the territory of eastern Arnhem land. Early ethnographers studying the Yolngu
280:
For
Tindale, following recent linguistic studies, the eastern Arnhem Land tribes constituting the Yolngu lacked the standard tribal structures evidenced elsewhere in Aboriginal Australia, in comprising several distinct socio-linguistic realities in an otherwise integral cultural continuum. He
1054:
and attempted to construct a massive cattle raising and meat production industry. The company employed roving gangs of armed men to shoot the resident
Aboriginal population. The first mission to Yolngu country was set up at Milingimbi Island in 1922. The island is the traditional home of the
1200:
principle, which did not allow for the recognition of any prior rights to land to
Indigenous people at the time of colonisation. However, the Judge did acknowledge the claimants' ritual and economic use of the land and that they had an established system of law, paving the way for future
1310:
leaves into baskets. Necklaces are also made from beads made of seeds, fish vertebrae or shells. Colours are often important in determining where artwork comes from and which clan or family group created it. Some designs are the insignia of particular families and clans.
1292:'s bark depiction of Manharrnju clan mourning rites of the clan, from a private collection, was copied and featured on the original Australian one-dollar note. When the copyright violation came to light the Australian government, through the direct agency of
728:
as the overarching law of the land, which is "lasting and alive... my backbone". This law covers the ownership of land and waters, the resources on or within these lands and waters. It regulates and controls production and trade and the moral, social and
797:
language), which metaphorically describes two streams, one coming from the land (Yolngu knowledge) and one from the sea (Western knowledge) engulfing each other so that "the forces of the streams combine and lead to deeper understanding and truth".
1033:
to take over further territory, and efforts at settlement ground to a halt. Monsoonal flooding, disease and the strong resistance from the local
Aboriginal population resulted in Florida Station being abandoned by Macartney in 1893.
1091:
Thomson lived with the Yolŋu for several years (1935-1937) and made some photographic and written records of their way of life at that time. These have become important historical documents for both Yolŋu and
European Australians.
2942:
Morphy, Frances (2008a). "Whose governance, for whose good? the
Laynhapuy Homelands Associationand the neo-assimilationist turn in Indigenous policy". In Hunt, Janet; Smith, Diane; Garling, Stephanie; Sanders, Will (eds.).
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324:, describing their marriage rules, subsection system and kinship terminology. Other researchers in the field quickly contested his early findings. T. Theodor Webb argued that Warner's Murngin actually referred to one
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2440:
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and
Macartney stocked it with cattle overlanded from Queensland. The first manager of the property, Jim Randell, bolted a swivel cannon to the verandah of the homestead to keep the Indigenous people away, while
785:, and may be broadly described as viewing the world as a related whole rather than as a collection of objects. The relationship between Yolngu and Western knowledge is explored by using the Yolngu idea of
342:
Since the 1960s, the term Yolŋu has been widely used by linguists, anthropologists and the Yolŋu people themselves. The term applies to both the sociocultural unit and the language dialects within it.
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by other tribes, referred to Arnhem Land tribes that had a reputation for aggressive behavior because they had managed to manufacture iron-bladed spears from metal cut from abandoned
371:
assumptions. Specialists are undecided, for example, whether the languages spoken by the Yolngu amount to five or eight, and one survey arrived at eleven distinct "dialect" groups.
826:
The concept of
Wangarr (also spelt Wanja or Waŋa) is complex. Attempts to translate the term into English have called the Wangarr beings variously "spirit man/woman", "ancestor", "
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and marriage rules. People are introduced to children in terms of their relation to the child ("grandmother", "uncle", etc), introducing the child to kinship from the beginning.
2622:
1331:(1963) became Australia's most successful contemporary indigenous music group, and performed throughout the world. Their work has elicited serious musicological analysis.
939:) visitors to Australia who may have visited Arnhem Land before the Macassans, as a mythological reflection of the experiences of some Yolŋu people who have travelled to
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3327:
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265:, as "artificial", having been arbitrarily applied to a large number of peoples of northeastern Australia. The proper transliteration of the word was, in any case,
4731:
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1125:) of Yolŋu men to help repel Japanese raids on Australia's northern coastline (classified as top secret at the time). Yolŋu made contact with Australian and US
602:
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people, who are said to have preceded the
Macassans. These Baijini have been variously interpreted by modern researchers as a different group of (presumably,
3669:
1645:
There are complications in the schematic models often adopted in ethnography to analyse kinship. The reader may consult two papers by Ian Keen for details (
1188:
When the politicians demonstrated they would not change their minds, the Yolngu of Yirrkala took their grievances to the courts in 1971, in the case of
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on the western fringe of Wagilak land. In 1884, 10,000 square miles (26,000 km) of Arnhem Land was sold by the colonial British government to
4759:
1483:
624:. In avoidance relationships, people do not speak directly or look at one another, and try to avoid being in too close proximity with each other.
437:. Each of these is represented by people of a number of different groups, each of which have their own lands, languages, totems and philosophies.
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was the first colonial white to penetrate Yolngu lands for the purposes of making a survey of its resources and prospects. He trekked along the
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in enacting promises to deal with Aboriginal land rights, and made a powerful pleas for respect for Yolngu culture, territory and Law.
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study published in 2000 investigated Aboriginal knowledge systems in reaction to what the authors regarded as Western ethnocentrism in
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3650:− 12 Episodes, each with accompanying Study Guide: Whirlpool, Mermaid, Brolga, Morning Star, Namorrodor, Curse, Moon Man, Be, Spear,
3059:
3047:
1590:
559:, Yirritja have a special interest in and duty towards Dhuwa (and vice versa). For example, a Gumatj man may craft the varieties of
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did not renew the Macassans' permit to harvest trepang, and the disruption caused economic losses for the regional Yolŋu economy.
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is a normal part of Yolngu life: one man was known to have 29 wives, a record exceed only by polygamous arrangements among the
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Yolngu use hollow logs in traditional burial rituals. They are also an important "canvas" for their art, Aboriginal Memorial,
3704:
3096:
2924:
1288:) used in Arnhem Land burial practices serve an important spiritual purpose and are also important canvases for Yolngu art.
555:, and describes the special relationship between a person and their mother's moiety (the opposite to their own). Because of
3584:
2712:(December 1982). "How Some Murngin Men Marry Ten Wives: The Marital Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Structures".
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1600:
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402:
321:
163:
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2893:"Rockhampton fifty years ago: reminiscences of a pioneer; Reminiscences of the early days in Rockhampton and elsewhere"
320:
Warner had deployed the term "Murngin" to denote a group of peoples who shared, in his analysis, a distinctive form of
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were launched into their territories. From 1903 to 1908, the property rights of much of Arnhem Land were held by the
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1078:
962:– with some men walking several hundred kilometres in their work to send messages and relay orders between tribes.
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to classify and sort into separate identities the units forming the Yolngu ethnocultural mosaic. After the work of
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associated with his own (Yirritja) clan group and the varieties associated with his mother's (Dhuwa) clan group.
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1205:. It was said to have played a vital part in paving the way to the recognition of Aboriginal land rights in the
336:, comparing the work of Warner and Webb, endorsed the latter's analysis as more congruent with the known facts.
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971:
367:
in particular, such taxonomic terminology is increasingly seen as problematical, and inadequate because of its
1504:
1194:, or the Gove land rights case. Yolngu lost the case because Australian courts were still bound to follow the
1129:, although Thomson was keen to prevent this. Thomson relates how the soldiers would often try to obtain Yolŋu
3341:
Walker, Alan & Zorc, R. David (1981). "Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land".
3304:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
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2690:
3397:
3359:
3160:
2553:
1595:
1523:
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1149:
581:, which makes accurate standardised reporting of households and relationships difficult, for example in the
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themselves but obtained these via trade from Central Australia. This contact was maintained through use of
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1059:. Beginning in 1932, over two years, three incidents of killing outsiders caused problems for the Yolngu.
384:
136:
80:
3033:
2917:"Missing the Revolution! Negotiating disclosure on the pre-Macassans (Bayini) in North-East Arnhem Land"
1585:
1025:, the last manager of the property, reportedly "wiped out a lot" of "the blacks" living on the coast at
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270:
168:
120:
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2511:"'Black Velvet' and 'Purple Indignation': Print responses to Japanese 'poaching' of Aboriginal women"
2436:
2337:
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1346:. It can only be played by certain men, and traditionally there are strict protocols around its use.
1081:. Only the intervention of missionaries, who had a foothold on the fringes of this area, and of the
781:. The author argues that Yolngu culture is a system of knowledge different in many ways from that of
108:
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3115:
1471:
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as mementos. These spears were vital to Yolŋu livelihood, and took several days to make and forge.
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810:
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84:
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The moiety-based kinship of the Yolngu does not map in a straightforward way to the notion of the
4268:
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3463:
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3202:
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2534:
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920:, paying Yolŋu in kind with goods such as knives, metal, canoes, tobacco and pipes. In 1906, the
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104:
92:
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1539:. Non-Yolngu are welcome to attend the festival and learn about Yolngu traditions and Law. The
1234:
1222:, which became an international hit in 1989, arose as a remonstration over the tardiness of the
567:
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person (and vice versa). Children take their father's moiety, meaning that if a man or woman is
184:
76:
31:
3731:
3428:
3183:
Stubington, Jill; Dunbar-Hall, Peter (October 1994). "Yothu Yindi's 'Treaty': Ganma in Music".
842:
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the "first adequately rounded out descriptive picture of an Australian Aboriginal community."
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exist in Yolngu culture between certain relations. The two main avoidance relationships are:
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4282:
4184:
4156:
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3708:
3700:
Printmaking by Yolngu artists of Northeast Arnhem Land: 'Another way of telling our stories'
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band, especially after its song "Treaty", performed the most popular indigenous music since
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325:
222:
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In 1963, provoked by a unilateral government decision to excise a part of their land for a
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at least two centuries before contact with Europeans. They made yearly visits to harvest
415:). This system governs fundamental aspects of Yolŋu life, including responsibilities for
245:
Murrgin gained currency after its extensive use in a book by the American anthropologist
3585:"Rom Watangu: An Indigenous leader reflects on a lifetime following the law of the land"
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More recently, Yolngu have seen the imposition of large mines on their tribal lands at
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1085:
1082:
1051:
936:
578:
286:
258:
3156:"Review: W. Lloyd Warner, a Black Civilization: a Social Study of an Australian Tribe"
2691:"Gary Lang's Waŋa dance collaboration explores ancient and modern beliefs about death"
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4345:
4338:
4331:
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traders, which probably began around the sixteenth century. Their word for European,
955:
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884:
Miḏawarr, Dharratharramirri, Rärranhdharr, Bärra'mirri, Dhuluḏur, Mayaltha and Guṉmul
838:
730:
681:
290:
3528:
3507:
The Yolngu and Their Land: A System of Land Tenure and the Fight for Its Recognition
3484:
Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia
3357:(April 1930). "Morphology and Functions of the Australian Murngin Type of Kinship".
2549:
Reflections & Voices: Exploring the Music of Yothu Yindi with Mandawuy Yunupingu
1177:. The bark petition attracted national and international attention and now hangs in
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4254:
4247:
4226:
4114:
4016:
3925:
3820:
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2746:(August 1995). "Metaphor and the Metalanguage: "Groups" in Northeast Arnhem Land".
1324:
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124:
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Kinship relations are also mapped onto the lands owned by the Yolŋu through their
282:
3723:
3548:
3223:
2997:
2411:
1280:, the most well-known Aboriginal art was the Yolngu style of fine cross-hatching
273:
spear folk", an expression appropriate to western peripheral tribes, such as the
4703:
4605:
4563:
4514:
4436:
4261:
4058:
3911:
3661:
3644:
3589:
2681:
2660:
2587:
1629:
1320:
1219:
1017:
748:, which is a state of peace, freedom from hostilities and true justice for all.
733:
including laws for the conservation and the farming of plants and aquatic life.
590:
548:
333:
172:
1050:. This Anglo-Australian consortium leased the region under the name of Arafura
53:
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4500:
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4352:
4233:
4219:
4093:
4002:
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3883:
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3813:
3393:"Morphology and Functions of the Australian Murngin Type of Kinship (Part II)"
3198:
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2462:
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1497:
1433:
1339:
1066:
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752:
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529:
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302:
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253:(1937) quickly assumed the status of an ethnographical classic, considered by
2945:
Contested Governance: Culture, power and institutions in Indigenous Australia
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4612:
4591:
4577:
4542:
4401:
4366:
4191:
4177:
4163:
4149:
4030:
4023:
3995:
3946:
3869:
3862:
3799:
3487:
3444:
Webb, T. Theodor (June 1933). "Tribal Organization in Eastern Arnhem Land".
3308:
2948:
2823:
2816:"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism"
2795:
2484:"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism"
2417:
1479:
1362:
1285:
1137:
1096:
951:
946:
Yolŋu also had well-established trade routes within Australia, extending to
909:
756:
649:
633:
306:
3712:
2623:"How Aboriginal artist Dave Malangi's design ended up on Australia's money"
2529:
2510:
2892:
2862:
716:); oral dictates; names and song cycles; and the holy, restricted places (
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4640:
4493:
4464:
4429:
4303:
4240:
4009:
3953:
3876:
2811:
2777:
2743:
2709:
2488:
The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future
1307:
1166:
1154:
Since the 1960s Yolngu leaders have been conspicuous in the struggle for
1103:
975:
940:
906:
794:
586:
364:
339:
Wilbur Chaseling used the term "Yulengor" in the title of his 1957 work.
294:
242:
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2613:
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17:
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4275:
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4205:
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3643:
a series of twelve beautifully animated Dreamtime stories from Central
3618:
3225:
A place for strangers: towards a history of Australian Aboriginal being
2803:
2735:
1162:
1126:
984:, is derived from the Makassar language via the Malay "orang belanda" (
932:
866:
704:) who have the rights and responsibilities for this embodiment of law.
521:
423:
408:
360:
314:
27:
Aggregation of Indigenous Australian people in northeastern Arnhem Land
3420:
3380:
3206:
2780:(September 2000). "A Bundle of Sticks: The Debate over Yolngu Clans".
2769:
720:) that are used in the maintenance, education and development of law.
422:
Yolŋu societies are generally described in terms of a division of two
389:
Yolŋu speak a dozen languages classified under the general heading of
225:. Prominent Dhuwa clans include the Rirratjiŋu and Gälpu clans of the
4535:
4528:
4415:
4387:
4135:
4100:
3988:
3932:
3890:
3848:
3806:
3133:"Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930: Mirki massacre"
2678:"Ganma: Indigenous Knowledge for Reconciliation and Community Action"
2413:
Djanggawul: An Aboriginal Religious Cult of North-Eastern Arnhem Land
1625:
643:
458:
Gumatj, Gupapuyŋu, Waŋurri, Ritharrngu, Maŋalili, Munyuku, Maḏarrpa,
310:
262:
2727:
1246:
families in particular, on contemporary performance troupes such as
943:
with the Macassans and came back, or perhaps as traders from China.
676:, and there are particular ceremonies associated with Rom, known as
3429:"Wayawu to Dhuruputjpi, (2010) by Galuma Maymuru (8 August 1951- )"
1535:
Every year, Yolngu come together to celebrate their culture at the
4521:
4457:
4086:
2907:
2474:
1257:
1233:
1130:
917:
827:
712:); the instruments and objects that encode and symbolise the law (
352:
460:
Warramiri, Dhalwaŋu, Liyalanmirri, Mäḻarra, Gamalaŋa, Gorryindi.
3735:
3677:. Atom, Screen Australia, Australian Government. Archived from
3657:
2385:
The Use of Signing Space in a Shared Sign Language of Australia
2364:
The use of signing space in a shared sign language of Australia
950:
clans and other Aboriginal countries. They did not manufacture
3043:
Physics and Physical Technology: Civil Engineering and Nautics
1304:
520:– every fish, stone, river, etc., belongs to one or the other
3252:"Coastal Patrol and the Special Reconnaissance Unit 1941-43"
574:, literally "kin lacking" or "acting as if one has no kin".
3137:
University of Newcastle, Centre for 21st Century Humanities
2843:"Foundational sources and purposes of authority in Madayin"
2039:
1853:
857:, which shows the story of a spirit's journey after death.
853:, performed in collaboration with MIKU Performing Arts and
700:
embodies the rights of the owners of the law, or citizens (
251:
A Black Civilization: a Social Study of an Australian Tribe
207:
were formerly used by some anthropologists for the Yolngu.
2977:
Invisible to the state: kinship and the Yolngu moral order
2012:
477:
sub-group); Golumala, Marrakulu, Marraŋu, Djapu, Ḏatiwuy,
3477:"A history of Donydji outstation, north-east Arnhem Land"
2590:(June 1933). "Marriage and Descent in East Arnhem Land".
2194:
2192:
1042:
In the early 20th century, Yolngu oral history relates,
261:
was dismissive of the term, regarding it, like the term
30:
This article is about the people. For the language, see
3654:(or Wagalak) sisters, Bat and the Butterfly, and Mimis.
3092:
Frontier justice: a history of the Gulf country to 1900
2921:
Exploring the Legacy of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition
2886:
magazine. Australian Broadcasting Corporation and ATOM.
2646:. No. 52. Northern Territory, Australia. p. 4
1069:
were speared by Yolŋu men, in what became known as the
2820:
Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World
2223:
2221:
2219:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1768:
1766:
1181:
as a testament to the Yolngu role in the birth of the
970:
Yolŋu had known about Europeans before the arrival of
736:
Yolŋu believe that living out their life according to
2873:"Dust Echoes: Chapter 4: Morning Star: A Study Guide"
2314:
1841:
3641:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 May 2017.
2341:. No. 19, 211. Queensland, Australia. p. 3
2023:
2021:
1936:
1934:
332:, and dismissed Warner's terminology as misleading.
2999:
Roger Sandall's Films and Contemporary Anthropology
878:
Indigenous Australian seasons § Yolngu seasons
233:clan is the most prominent in the Yirritja moiety.
130:
114:
70:
60:
3660:– video (made in collaboration with the people of
2983:. Negotiating the Sacred V: Governing the Family.
2783:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2661:"An introduction to the Ngarra law of Arnhem Land"
2356:"Chapter 3: Cultural and sociolinguistic context"
755:(Morning Star), depicting the first death in the
809:is a name for sacred objects or emblems used in
663:Australian Aboriginal culture § Arnhem Land
566:The word for "selfish" or "self-centred" in the
210:All Yolngu clans are affiliated with either the
2486:. In Leitner, Gerhard; Malcolm, Ian G. (eds.).
2262:
2260:
2087:
1342:. Yolngu are both players and craftsmen of the
1048:Eastern and African Cold Storage Supply Company
905:Yolŋu engaged in extensive trade annually with
646:– Rirratjingu clan (Dhuwa moiety, Dangu people)
3747:
3328:"Bangarra Dance Theatre: history in movement"
2075:
8:
3482:. In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.).
3071:"Reconciliation, trauma and the native born"
532:) are shorter and higher-pitched than Dhuwa
42:
2850:Victoria University Law and Justice Journal
2680:. Action Research e-Reports. Archived from
351:applied the nineteenth-century concepts of
3754:
3740:
3732:
2919:. In Thomas, Martin; Neale, Margo (eds.).
2654:– via National Library of Australia.
2349:– via National Library of Australia.
2099:
1262:The $ 1 bill featuring David Malangi's art
52:
41:
3410:
3173:
2861:
2528:
2123:
1964:
1952:
1901:
1757:
1573:
3002:. Indiana University Press. p. 76.
2638:"The Lepers of Arnhem Land and Sketches"
2000:
1976:
1925:
1877:
1352:(1971–2017) was a famous Yolngu singer.
974:in Australia through their contact with
439:
407:Yolŋu groups are connected by a complex
3697:Salvestro, Denise Yvonne (April 2016).
3617:. Nhulunbuy Corporation. Archived from
2290:
2251:
2239:
2210:
2198:
2183:
2147:
1889:
1829:
1817:
1721:
1709:
1685:
1678:
1633:
1617:
1484:Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
2051:
1988:
1796:
1772:
1537:Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures
1512:(there are also other films about him)
601:As with nearly all Aboriginal groups,
277:of the general area Warner described.
162:
156:
2996:Mortimer, Lorraine (1 October 2019).
2302:
2227:
2135:
2111:
2063:
2027:
1940:
1913:
1745:
1697:
1663:
1296:, hastened to remunerate the artist.
882:Yolŋu identify six distinct seasons:
7:
3529:"Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)"
3488:Australian National University Press
3309:Australian National University Press
2949:Australian National University Press
2278:
2171:
2159:
1865:
1784:
1733:
1650:
1646:
1569:
61:Regions with significant populations
1203:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
1171:Australian House of Representatives
3726:. Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation.
3460:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb01675.x
2606:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb01676.x
479:Ŋaymil, Djarrwark, Djambarrpuyŋu.
473:Rirratjiŋu and Gälpu (both of the
25:
3565:"Yothu-Yindi and Yiḏaki Crafting"
3551:. Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation
3114:Rothwell, Nicholas (8 May 2008).
3048:Science and Civilisation in China
2689:James, Felicity (5 August 2022).
2659:Gaymarani, George Pascoe (2011).
2621:Evans, Brett (21 February 2016).
2546:Corn, Aaron David Samuel (2009).
2367:. Walter De Gruyter. p. 38.
2315:Stubington & Dunbar-Hall 1994
1591:Indigenous Australian food groups
1338:, which Europeans have named the
616:Brother–sister avoidance, called
512:– so almost everything is either
3535:. Museum of Australian Democracy
3431:. Art Gallery of New South Wales
2435:Caruana, Wally (4 August 2014).
2266:
680:. The complete system of Yolngu
672:The word for "law" in Yolngu is
657:Yolŋu culture, law and mythology
551:takes its name) literally means
171:people inhabiting north-eastern
3326:Verghis, Sharon (7 June 2014).
3116:"Evolution In Sacred Tradition"
2458:Yulengor: nomads of Arnhem Land
2040:Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation
1854:Yothu-Yindi and Yiḏaki Crafting
1606:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
1334:Arnhem Land is the home of the
1208:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
901:Macassan contact with Australia
763:, the cycle of life and death.
708:includes all the people's law (
652:– Gumatj clan (Yirritja moiety)
441:
3705:Australian National University
3250:(1992). Mulvaney, John (ed.).
3097:University of Queensland Press
2925:Australian National University
2665:Northern Territory Law Journal
2013:Art Gallery of New South Wales
1:
3412:10.1525/aa.1931.33.2.02a00030
3373:10.1525/aa.1930.32.2.02a00010
3277:Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land
3275:; Peterson, Nicholas (2005).
3175:10.1525/aa.1939.41.1.02a00250
2762:10.1525/ae.1995.22.3.02a00030
2676:Hughes, Ian (November 2000).
1601:Taboo against naming the dead
931:myths preserve accounts of a
927:Yolŋu oral histories and the
403:Australian Aboriginal kinship
249:, whose study of the Yolngu,
3671:Twelve Canoes: A Study Guide
2987:. pp. 1–13 – via
2636:Gaunt, C. E. (6 July 1934).
1374:George Rrurrambu Burarrwanga
1276:Before the emergence of the
740:is right and civilised. The
636:– Gälpu clan (Dhuwa moiety,
3505:Williams, Nancy M. (1986).
2572:"Dhuwa and Yirritja Yiḏaki"
2088:Thomson & Peterson 2005
2076:Needham, Wang & Lu 1971
1454:Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu
1278:Western Desert art movement
1191:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
922:South Australian Government
837:In 2022 Rirratjŋu lore man
490:person must always marry a
4813:
3715:– via Open Research.
3230:Cambridge University Press
3052:Cambridge University Press
2482:Christie, Michael (2007).
2455:Chaseling, Wilbur (1957).
2382:Bauer, Anastasia (2014b).
2354:Bauer, Anastasia (2014a).
1265:
1179:Parliament House, Canberra
1147:
1016:. The property was called
898:
875:
864:
660:
609:son-in-law – mother-in-law
400:
378:
328:, and could only denote a
29:
4720:
3773:
3511:Stanford University Press
3199:10.1017/s0261143000007182
2974:Morphy, Frances (2008b).
2915:McIntosh, Ian S. (2008).
2897:Rex Nan Kivell Collection
2891:Macartney, J. A. (1909).
2628:The Sydney Morning Herald
2331:Battler (13 March 1926).
1842:Dhuwa and Yirritja Yiḏaki
1290:David Malangi Daymirringu
855:Darwin Symphony Orchestra
135:
119:
75:
65:
51:
2818:. In Willis, Roy (ed.).
1543:oversees this festival.
1505:Westwind: Djalu’s Legacy
1113:, Thomson persuaded the
620:, normally begins after
524:. For example, Yirritja
281:classified these as the
167:) are an aggregation of
3533:Documenting A Democracy
3475:White, Neville (2016).
3398:American Anthropologist
3360:American Anthropologist
3299:Tindale, Norman Barnett
3161:American Anthropologist
2796:10.1111/1467-9655.00024
2554:Sydney University Press
1596:Yirrkala bark petitions
1356:Prominent Yolngu people
1150:Yirrkala bark petitions
1117:to establish a Special
603:avoidance relationships
597:Avoidance relationships
498:, their mother will be
3713:10.25911/5d7636021d35c
3131:Ryan, Lyndall (2019).
3089:Roberts, Tony (2005).
2871:Lewis, Robert (2007).
2841:Kelly, Danial (2014).
2530:10.22459/AH.37.2013.03
2100:Walker & Zorc 1981
1541:Yothu Yindi Foundation
1263:
1248:Bangarra Dance Theatre
1242:
1218:The song "Treaty", by
1156:Aboriginal land rights
996:In 1883, the explorer
841:advised choreographer
759:, is the beginning of
628:Prominent family names
183:means "person" in the
137:Australian Aboriginals
4726:By state or territory
3389:Warner, William Lloyd
3355:Warner, William Lloyd
3118:. Annandale Galleries
2863:10.15209/vulj.v4i1.40
1624:The word, used as an
1586:Gove land rights case
1266:Further information:
1261:
1237:
1014:John Arthur Macartney
865:Further information:
849:on a new work called
169:Aboriginal Australian
131:Related ethnic groups
121:Traditional religions
4199:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
3581:Yunupingu, Galarrwuy
3490:. pp. 323–346.
3222:Swain, Tony (1993).
3069:Read, Peter (2002).
3018:"N230: Yolngu Matha"
2951:. pp. 113–151.
2749:American Ethnologist
2684:on 2 September 2006.
2338:The Morning Bulletin
1724:, pp. 141, 157.
1653:, pp. 419–436).
1649:, pp. 502–527;
1636:, pp. 141–142).
1369:Laurie Baymarrwangga
1044:punitive expeditions
322:kinship organisation
109:Yolngu Sign Language
3621:on 20 February 2020
3391:(April–June 1931).
3152:Sharp, R. Lauriston
3078:Humanities Research
2509:Conor, Liz (2013).
2317:, pp. 243–259.
2213:, pp. 169–170.
2102:, pp. 109–134.
1967:, pp. 286–287.
1880:, p. 157, n.1.
1787:, pp. 502–527.
1748:, pp. 415–416.
1472:Yingiya Mark Guyula
1449:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
1284:. The hollow logs (
744:creates a state of
722:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
385:Yolŋu Sign Language
48:
4739:Northern Territory
3767:Northern Territory
3343:Aboriginal History
3260:Aboriginal History
2826:. pp. 80–96.
2516:Aboriginal History
2494:. pp. 57–78.
1491:Films about Yolngu
1459:Mandawuy Yunupingu
1264:
1243:
1144:Yolngu in politics
1071:Caledon Bay crisis
992:Nineteenth century
948:Central Australian
540:(without moiety).
536:. A few items are
502:(and vice versa).
255:R. Lauriston Sharp
177:Northern Territory
164:[ˈjuːŋuːl]
105:Australian English
4784:
4783:
4774:Western Australia
3684:on 5 January 2009
3567:. YidakiStory.com
3520:978-0-804-71306-1
3497:978-1-925-02289-6
3318:978-0-708-10741-6
3290:978-0-522-85205-9
3239:978-0-521-44691-4
3106:978-0-702-24083-6
2985:Monash University
2958:978-1-876-94488-9
2833:978-0-203-26481-2
2643:Northern Standard
2574:. YidakiStory.com
2563:978-1-920-89934-9
2501:978-3-110-19079-3
2492:Walter de Gruyter
2408:Berndt, Ronald M.
2399:978-1-614-51547-0
2390:Walter de Gruyter
2374:978-1-61451-547-0
2174:, pp. 29–35.
1799:, pp. 43–44.
1547:Alternative names
1419:Djambawa Marawili
1282:paintings on bark
1254:Yolngu visual art
1038:Twentieth century
775:Deakin University
718:dhuyu ṉuŋgat wäŋa
702:rom watangu walal
484:
483:
158:[ˈjuːlŋʊ]
142:
141:
16:(Redirected from
4804:
4776:
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4538:
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4510:
4508:Ritharngu/Diakui
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
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4453:
4446:
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4187:
4185:Makarrwanhalmirr
4180:
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3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3724:"Yolngu Culture"
3716:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3649:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3549:"Yolngu Culture"
3544:
3542:
3540:
3524:
3501:
3481:
3471:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3424:
3414:
3384:
3350:
3337:
3322:
3294:
3268:
3256:
3243:
3218:
3179:
3177:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3110:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3025:
3013:
2992:
2982:
2970:
2947:. Vol. 29.
2938:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2887:
2884:Screen Education
2877:
2867:
2865:
2847:
2837:
2807:
2773:
2739:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2685:
2672:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2632:
2617:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2567:
2542:
2532:
2505:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2437:"Art and object"
2431:
2403:
2378:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:, pp. 1–13.
1827:
1821:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1444:Janet Munyarryun
1429:Raymattja Marika
1389:Nathan Djerrkura
1384:Gatjil Djerrkura
1299:Yolngu are also
1224:Hawke government
1175:petition on bark
1165:mine, Yolngu at
1109:In 1941, during
966:European contact
895:Macassan contact
847:NT Dance Company
832:creation stories
696:and Mardiyhin).
612:brother – sister
440:
166:
160:
155:
56:
49:
47:
21:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4753:South Australia
4751:
4744:
4737:
4732:New South Wales
4730:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4662:Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
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4555:
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4015:
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4001:
3994:
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3973:
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3959:
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3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:peoples in the
3760:
3730:
3722:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3668:Lewis, Robert.
3667:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3607:Further reading
3604:
3595:
3593:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3504:
3498:
3479:
3474:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3387:
3353:
3340:
3325:
3319:
3297:
3291:
3281:Miegunyah Press
3273:Thomson, Donald
3271:
3254:
3248:Thomson, Donald
3246:
3240:
3221:
3182:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3088:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3050:. Vol. 4.
3030:Needham, Joseph
3028:
3024:. 26 July 2019.
3016:
3010:
3009:978-025304395-5
2995:
2980:
2973:
2959:
2941:
2935:
2934:978-192166644-5
2914:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2875:
2870:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2810:
2776:
2742:
2728:10.2307/2802037
2708:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2675:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2545:
2508:
2502:
2481:
2468:
2466:
2465:. Epworth Press
2454:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2427:978-041533022-0
2406:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2254:, pp. 1–2.
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1582:
1549:
1533:
1510:Djalu Gurruwiwi
1493:
1468:
1463:
1404:Leila Gurruwiwi
1399:Djalu Gurruwiwi
1358:
1350:Dr G. Yunupingu
1329:Royal Telephone
1317:
1274:
1256:
1232:
1152:
1146:
1115:Australian Army
1077:in present-day
1075:Fannie Bay Gaol
1040:
1018:Florida Station
994:
968:
937:Southeast Asian
903:
897:
892:
880:
874:
869:
863:
861:Wawalag sisters
824:
819:
804:
783:Western culture
779:science studies
771:
670:
665:
659:
630:
599:
568:Yolŋu languages
553:child-big (one)
405:
399:
387:
379:Main articles:
377:
348:
247:W. Lloyd Warner
239:
185:Yolŋu languages
153:
45:
44:
40:
35:
32:Yolŋu languages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4810:
4808:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4480:Pitjantjatjara
4476:
4469:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4325:Murngin=Yolgnu
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3703:(PhD thesis).
3694:
3665:
3655:
3631:
3615:"About Yolngu"
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3577:
3561:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3502:
3496:
3472:
3454:(4): 406–411.
3441:
3425:
3405:(2): 172–198.
3385:
3367:(2): 207–256.
3351:
3338:
3333:The Australian
3323:
3317:
3295:
3289:
3269:
3244:
3238:
3219:
3193:(3): 243–259.
3180:
3168:(1): 150–152.
3148:
3128:
3111:
3105:
3086:
3066:
3060:
3026:
3014:
3008:
2993:
2971:
2967:j.ctt24hcb3.13
2957:
2939:
2933:
2927:. pp. ?.
2912:
2888:
2868:
2838:
2832:
2808:
2790:(3): 419–436.
2774:
2756:(3): 502–527.
2740:
2722:(4): 620–642.
2718:. New Series.
2706:
2686:
2673:
2656:
2633:
2618:
2600:(4): 412–416.
2584:
2568:
2562:
2543:
2506:
2500:
2479:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2404:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2351:
2333:"On the track"
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2215:
2203:
2201:, p. 118.
2188:
2186:, p. 117.
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2124:Macartney 1909
2116:
2114:, p. 323.
2104:
2092:
2080:
2078:, p. 538.
2068:
2066:, p. 170.
2056:
2044:
2032:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1965:Gaymarani 2011
1957:
1953:Yunupingu 2016
1945:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 285.
1902:Gaymarani 2011
1894:
1882:
1870:
1868:, p. 620.
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1762:
1758:Chaseling 1957
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 410.
1726:
1714:
1712:, p. 224.
1702:
1700:, p. 150.
1690:
1688:, p. 141.
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:, p. 61).
1655:
1638:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1531:Garma festival
1529:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Wandjuk Marika
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:David Gulpilil
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:(Danzal Baker)
1359:
1357:
1354:
1316:
1313:
1255:
1252:
1231:
1228:
1145:
1142:
1119:Reconnaissance
1086:Donald Thomson
1083:anthropologist
1052:cattle station
1039:
1036:
1010:cattle grazier
993:
990:
967:
964:
956:message sticks
899:Main article:
896:
893:
891:
888:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
862:
859:
823:
820:
818:
815:
803:
802:Sacred objects
800:
770:
765:
724:has described
692:(also written
669:
666:
658:
655:
654:
653:
647:
641:
629:
626:
614:
613:
610:
598:
595:
579:nuclear family
482:
481:
471:
463:
462:
456:
448:
447:
444:
398:
397:Kinship system
395:
376:
373:
347:
344:
259:Norman Tindale
238:
235:
179:of Australia.
140:
139:
133:
132:
128:
127:
117:
116:
112:
111:
73:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4809:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:Ngaanyatjarra
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:Nanggikorongo
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:Murrinh-Patha
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:Mulluk-Mulluk
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:Menhdheyangal
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:Garrwa/Karawa
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:Twelve Canoes
3656:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:ABC Education
3636:
3635:"Dust Echoes"
3632:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3583:(July 2016).
3582:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:Popular Music
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3061:0-521-07060-0
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:Lu, Gwei-djen
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:ABC Education
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:, p. 42.
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2242:, p. 21.
2241:
2236:
2233:
2230:, p. 61.
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2054:, p. 55.
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:Rothwell 2008
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1979:, pp. ?.
1978:
1977:Williams 1986
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:, p. 76.
1927:
1926:Mortimer 2019
1922:
1919:
1916:, p. 33.
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:Christie 2007
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1775:, p. 38.
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:water tanks (
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1574:AIATSIS: N230
1572:, p. 80
1571:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Banduk Marika
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:David Malangi
1412:
1410:
1409:Rarriwuy Hick
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Gary Dhurrkay
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:. They weave
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1272:Bark painting
1269:
1268:Memorial pole
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:Mabo decision
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:terra nullius
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1087:
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2252:Thomson 1992
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2240:Thomson 1992
2235:
2211:Roberts 2005
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2184:Morphy 2008a
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2083:
2071:
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1948:
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1890:Caruana 2014
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1830:Morphy 2008b
1825:
1818:Morphy 2008b
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1780:
1753:
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1729:
1722:Tindale 1974
1717:
1710:Tindale 1974
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1328:
1325:Jimmy Little
1318:
1315:Yolngu music
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1294:H. C. Coombs
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1187:
1169:sent to the
1160:
1153:
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1111:World War II
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1030:
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1002:Goyder River
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341:
338:
329:
319:
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271:shovel-nosed
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240:
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229:, while the
227:Dangu people
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192:
188:
187:. The terms
180:
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145:
143:
125:Christianity
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4437:Norweilemil
4269:Marrithiyal
4262:Marranunggu
4059:Gungorogone
3688:14 February
3662:Ramingining
3645:Arnhem Land
3590:The Monthly
3555:17 February
3539:17 February
3084:(1): 29–35.
2469:14 February
2446:17 February
2052:Berndt 2005
1989:Hughes 2000
1797:Bauer 2014b
1773:Bauer 2014a
1630:Caledon Bay
1524:High Ground
1478:member for
1476:Independent
1466:Politicians
1321:Yothu Yindi
1230:Yolngu arts
1220:Yothu Yindi
1183:land rights
1023:Jack Watson
726:Rom watangu
557:yothu-yindi
545:yothu-yindi
530:didgeridoos
369:eurocentric
334:A. P. Elkin
269:, meaning "
173:Arnhem Land
81:Dhaŋu-Djaŋu
77:Yolŋu Matha
4746:Queensland
4634:Wongkamala
4606:Warndarang
4501:Rembarrnga
4487:Pongaponga
4451:Nunggubuyu
4381:Ngaliwurru
4353:Nangiomeri
4234:Marinunggo
4220:Maridjabin
4143:Kungarakan
4094:Jamindjung
4003:Emmiyangal
3968:Djerimanga
3884:Bingongina
3835:Anmatyerre
3763:Aboriginal
3625:29 January
3435:19 January
3349:: 109–134.
3267:(1): 1–57.
3142:21 October
3122:19 January
3034:Wang, Ling
2902:20 October
2671:: 283–304.
2650:20 October
2463:A.P. Elkin
2345:20 October
2303:Evans 2016
2228:Conor 2013
2136:Gaunt 1934
2112:White 2016
2064:Swain 1993
2028:James 2022
1941:Lewis 2007
1914:Kelly 2014
1746:Elkin 1933
1698:Sharp 1939
1664:Conor 2013
1517:Yolngu Boy
1498:Ten Canoes
1434:Roy Marika
1340:didgeridoo
1185:movement.
1148:See also:
1127:servicemen
1102:opened at
1095:In 1935 a
1067:trepangers
952:boomerangs
929:Djanggawul
753:Barnumbirr
661:See also:
622:initiation
507:hereditary
401:See also:
303:Rembarrnga
275:Rembarrnga
4627:Wilingura
4613:Warumungu
4592:Warlmanpa
4543:Wadjiginy
4402:Ngarinman
4367:Ngalakgan
4318:Muringura
4283:Matuntara
4192:Mangarayi
4178:Madngella
4164:Kwarandji
4157:Kunwinjku
4150:Kunibidji
4066:Gunindiri
4031:Gambalang
4024:Gadjerong
3996:Doolboong
3947:Djalakuru
3870:Bilingara
3863:Beriguruk
3814:Amijangal
3800:Alyawarre
3215:153678918
2824:Routledge
2814:(2005) .
2812:Keen, Ian
2778:Keen, Ian
2744:Keen, Ian
2710:Keen, Ian
2700:10 August
2523:: 51–76.
2418:Routledge
2410:(2005) .
2279:Corn 2009
2172:Read 2002
2160:Ryan 2019
1866:Keen 1982
1785:Keen 1995
1734:Webb 1933
1674:Citations
1651:Keen 2000
1647:Keen 1995
1570:Keen 2005
1568:Sources:
1563:Yalnumata
1480:Nhulunbuy
1363:Baker Boy
1286:larrakitj
1215:in 1992.
1138:Nhulunbuy
1097:Methodist
1057:Yan-nhaŋu
910:fishermen
843:Gary Lang
817:Mythology
757:Dreamtime
650:Yunupingu
634:Gurruwiwi
543:The term
424:exogamous
307:Ritharngu
283:Yan-nhaŋu
218:) or the
197:Yalnumata
71:Languages
66:Australia
4791:Category
4767:Victoria
4760:Tasmania
4676:Yaroinga
4641:Wulwulam
4599:Warlpiri
4585:Wardaman
4578:Wandjira
4494:Puneitja
4465:Perrakee
4430:Ngormbur
4304:Mudburra
4241:Marijedi
4171:Larrakia
4122:Kaytetye
4073:Gurindji
4045:Giimbiyu
4010:Gaagudju
3877:Binbinga
3842:Arrernte
3468:40327430
3301:(1974).
3154:(1939).
3040:(1971).
2695:ABC News
2614:40327431
2539:24046958
1580:See also
1508:, about
1308:pandanus
1211:and the
1167:Yirrkala
1104:Yirrkala
1064:Japanese
976:Macassan
941:Sulawesi
907:Macassan
845:and his
811:ceremony
795:Guringai
587:Polygamy
549:the band
514:Yirritja
500:Yirritja
488:Yirritja
453:Yirritja
435:Yirritja
417:ceremony
411:system (
375:Language
365:Ian Keen
313:and the
243:ethnonym
220:Yirritja
205:Yulangor
115:Religion
93:Ritharŋu
18:Yirritja
4711:Yunggor
4669:Yanyuwa
4655:Yangman
4648:Wurango
4571:Wambaya
4550:Wagoman
4473:Pintupi
4444:Nungali
4409:Ngarnka
4395:Ngardok
4276:Mati Ke
4213:Maridan
4206:Mariamo
4129:Kukatja
4108:Jingili
4080:Iwaidja
4052:Gudanji
3975:Djinang
3961:Djerait
3940:Dhuwala
3919:Dalabon
3905:Dagoman
3898:Burarra
3856:Awinmul
3779:Airiman
3652:Wawalag
3596:19 July
3571:29 July
3447:Oceania
3022:AIATSIS
2882:. From
2804:2661083
2736:2802037
2593:Oceania
2578:29 July
2441:AIATSIS
2324:Sources
1558:Wulamba
1553:Murngin
1482:in the
1301:weavers
1163:bauxite
1100:mission
1031:balanda
981:Balanda
972:British
960:mailmen
933:Baijini
914:trepang
890:History
867:Wawalag
822:Wangarr
793:in the
761:Maḏayin
742:Maḏayin
738:Maḏayin
706:Maḏayin
698:Maḏayin
694:madayan
690:Maḏayin
618:mirriri
538:wakinŋu
510:estates
443:Moiety
413:gurruṯu
409:kinship
361:phratry
315:Dhuwala
287:Djinang
267:Muraŋin
201:Murrgin
193:Wulamba
189:Murngin
175:in the
4797:Yolngu
4690:Yolngu
4557:Wakaya
4536:Wadere
4529:Waanyi
4416:Ngarti
4388:Ngandi
4374:Ngalia
4339:Nagara
4136:Kunapa
4101:Jawoyn
3989:Djowei
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3933:Dhuwal
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3807:Amarak
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1336:yiḏaki
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1121:Unit (
1079:Darwin
918:pearls
746:Magaya
686:Ngarra
644:Marika
583:census
561:yiḏaki
534:yiḏaki
526:yiḏaki
522:moiety
346:People
326:moiety
311:Dhuwal
291:Djinba
263:Kurnai
231:Gumatj
223:moiety
181:Yolngu
146:Yolngu
101:Djinba
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89:Dhuwal
43:Yolngu
4697:Yukul
4620:Watta
4522:Tjial
4458:Oitbi
4290:Maung
4255:Marra
4248:Mariu
4087:Jaako
4017:Gaari
3954:Djaŋu
3926:Dangu
3793:Alura
3786:Alawa
3682:(PDF)
3675:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3464:JSTOR
3417:JSTOR
3377:JSTOR
3255:(PDF)
3211:S2CID
3203:JSTOR
3074:(PDF)
2981:(PDF)
2963:JSTOR
2908:Trove
2876:(PDF)
2846:(PDF)
2800:JSTOR
2766:JSTOR
2732:JSTOR
2610:JSTOR
2535:JSTOR
2475:Trove
2359:(PDF)
1612:Notes
1123:NTSRU
828:totem
807:Raŋga
791:Yerin
787:gaṉma
768:Gaṉma
518:Dhuwa
496:Dhuwa
492:Dhuwa
475:Dangu
468:Dhuwa
431:Dhuwa
357:horde
353:tribe
299:Dangu
295:Djaŋu
212:Dhuwa
150:Yolŋu
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4564:Walu
4515:Tiwi
3912:Daii
3690:2020
3627:2020
3598:2020
3573:2018
3557:2020
3541:2020
3515:ISBN
3492:ISBN
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3285:ISBN
3234:ISBN
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