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384:. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. As a court physician, Zahrawi had access to the most advanced medical knowledge and resources of the time, allowing him to develop new techniques and instruments for surgical procedures. Zahrawi's time as a court physician to Al-Hakam II allowed him to develop his skills and knowledge as a physician and surgeon, and to make significant contributions to the field of medicine. His work helped to lay the foundation for modern surgical techniques and has had a lasting impact on the
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818:"Before practicing surgery one should gain knowledge of anatomy and the function of organs so that he will understand their shape, connections and borders. He should become thoroughly familiar with nerves muscles bones arteries and veins. If one does not comprehend the anatomy and physiology one can commit a mistake which will result in the death of the patient. I have seen someone incise into a swelling in the neck thinking it was an abscess, when it was an aneurysm and the patient dying on the spot."
2191:
8 pp. + 2 pp.) in original size 405 x 280 mm. 227 smaller golden initial letters, 1 ornamental page, 1 pen drawing and 68 miniatures with illustrations from the medical sphere; text in Gothic
Rotunda. Binding: Leather. All folios are cut according to the original. Commentary volume: E. Irblich, Vienna. 70 pp. text and 11 illustrations, cloth. Facsimile and commentary in a solid slip case. Limited edition: 960 numbered copies. CODICES SELECTI, Vol. LXVI
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Europe for five hundred years, i.e long after it had passed its usefulness. He, however, helped to raise the status of surgery in
Christian Europe; in his book on fractures and luxations, he states that 'this part of surgery has passed into the hands of vulgar and uncultivated minds, for which reason it has fallen into contempt.' The surgery of Albucasis became firmly grafted on Europe after the time of Guy de Chauliac (d.1368).
735:, notably which tools to use in specific surgeries. In his book, al-Zahrawi draws diagrams of each tool used in different procedures to clarify how to carry out the steps of each treatment. The full text consists of three books, intended for medical students looking forward to gaining more knowledge within the field of surgery regarding procedures and the necessary tools.
58:
253:, attaining popularity and becoming the standard textbook in Europe for the next five hundred years. Al-Zahrawi's pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day. He pioneered the use of
1315:
Weinberg, Steven (2015). To
Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science. Penguin Books Limited."al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) was born in 936 near Cَrdoba, the metropolis of Andalusia, and worked there until his death in 1013. He was the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages, and highly influential in
1596:
Karagِzoğlu, Bahattin (2017). Science and
Technology from Global and Historical Perspectives. Springer. p. 155."This last volume is a surgical manual describing surgical instruments, supplies, and procedures. Scholars studying this manual are discovering references to procedures previously believed
1319:
Gerli, E. Michael (2017). Routledge
Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 12."Book 30, on surgery, was translated in the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona (Liber Alsahravi de cirurgia) and it established the reputation of Abulcasis as the greatest surgeon of the Middle
769:
Al-Zahrawi claims that his knowledge comes from careful reading of previous medical texts as well as his own experience: “...whatever skill I have, I have derived for myself by my long reading of the books of the
Ancients and my thirst to understand them until I extracted the knowledge of it from
2190:
Facsimile of codex: Abu´l Qasim Halaf ibn Abbas al-Zahraui – Chirurgia; Vienna, Austrian
National Library, Cod. Vindob. S. N. 2641, Southern Italy, second half of the 14th century, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA) Graz 1979, Complete colour facsimile edition of the 166 pp. (78 fol. +
1764:
Andrews, Esther K. (2007). Practice
Management for Dental Hygienists. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 6."Abu al-Qasim, also known as Abulcasis, wrote an encyclopedia of medicine and surgery (al-Tasrif) that is now kept at Oxford University. His unique contribution to dentistry reported the
1649:
Fleischer, Aylmer von. Moorish Europe. Aylmer von
Fleischer."His work, Al-Tasrif, later translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona, became the standard medical text for European Universities such as those at Salerno and Montpellier. This work was widely used by European medical practitioners for
1100:
The chief influence of
Albucasis on the medical system of Europe was that his lucidity and method of presentation awakened a prepossession in favour of Arabic literature among the scholars of the West: the methods of Albucasis eclipsed those of Galen and maintained a dominant position in medical
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and wrote affectionately of his students, whom he referred to as "my children". He also emphasized the importance of treating patients irrespective of their social status. He encouraged the close observation of individual cases in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and the best possible
1431:. Brill Archive. p. 15"The incipit to the seventeenth treatise in these manuscripts gives al–Zahrawi the additional title of "al–Ansari," the physician. From this, one could infer that al–Zahrawi is the scion of "al–Ansar, the people of "al–Madinah". and hence the nickname "al–Ansari.".
845:, al-Zahrawi had the most significant contribution out of all Muslim physicians, and his book contained the earliest illustrations of dental instruments. He was known to use gold and silver wires to ligate loosened teeth, and has been credited as the first to use replantation in the
713:
1331:
Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95." Al-Zahrawi (930 or 963–1013 C.E.), also known as Abu-Al Quasim Khalaf ibn'Abbas al-Zahrawi, was a
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where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where Al-Zahrawi lived."
1021:, where it served as an important source for European herbalists. The book is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used.
1745:
Ingle, John Ide; Baumgartner, J. Craig (2008). Ingle's Endodontics. PMPH-USA. p. 1281."The individual first credited with the principle of extraction and replantation was an Arabian physician by the name of Abulcasis who practiced in the eleventh
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for internal stitching is still practised in modern surgery. The catgut appears to be the only natural substance capable of dissolving and is acceptable by the body. An observation Al-Zahrawi discovered after his monkey ate the strings of his
1659:
Castiglioni, Arturo (1958). A history of medicine. A. A. Knopf. p. 274."Abulcasis (Alsaharavius or Abu'l-Qasim) (d. c. 1013) was the author of a surgical treatise which in surgery held the same authority as did the Canon of Avicenna in
1312:*Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 783."The greatest surgeon of the medieval ages was Abu'l-Qasim az Zahrawi (d. 1010), a most important representative of the Andalusian school."
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that move the body". He warns that another procedure should not be attempted by any surgeon lacking "long training and practice in the use of cautery". He is not afraid to depart from old practice, disparaging the opinions that
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Ingle, John Ide; Bakland, Leif K. (2002). Endodontics. PMPH-USA. p. 727."Abulcasis, an Arabian physician practicing in the eleventh century, is the first credited with recording the principle of extraction/replantation."
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relationship between calculus and periodontal disease. He promoted prevention by recommending scaling calculus above and below the gums until all accretions were removed even if it takes multiple visits."
335:
He lived most of his life in Cordoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of Azahara.
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Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Castillian-Andalusian conflicts. His name first appears in the writings of
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over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Al-Zahrawi as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons". Al-Zahrawi's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the
3602:
3339:
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Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf; Sonnedecker, Glenn Allen (1963). A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain: With Special Reference to the "Adhān,". Brill Archive. p. 15.
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The work contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive
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which he called "Michaab", he was able to crush the stone inside the bladder without the need for a surgical incision. His technique was important for the development of
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1303:"Al-Zahrawi's ancestry then, one might infer, goes back to the Arabian Peninsula, to the inhabitants of "al-Madinah," the first city that accepted the message of Islam."
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them. Then through the whole of my life I have adhered to experience and practice... I have made it accessible for you and rescued it from the abyss of prolixity".
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had been cut, but air passed out through the wound. So I hurriedly sutured the wound and treated it until healed. No harm was done to the slave-girl except for a
2014:
Al-Benna, Sammy (29 September 2011). "Albucasis, a tenth-century scholar, physician and surgeon: His role in the history of plastic and reconstructive surgery".
1696:
Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1545.
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1468:
Missori, Paolo; Brunetto, Giacoma M.; Domenicucci, Maurizio (7 February 2012). "Origin of the Cannula for Tracheotomy During the Middle Ages and Renaissance".
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451:; and I was called to attend her. I found her bellowing like a sacrifice that has had its throat cut. So I laid the wound bare and found that only a little
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1017:. He dedicated the 28th chapter of his book to pharmacy and pharmaceutical techniques. The chapter was later translated into Latin under the title of
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956:", he declares the procedure "should not be attempted except by one who has a good knowledge of the anatomy of the limbs and of the exits of the
1904:
Epstein, Samuel; Fitzgerald, Randall (2011). Healthy Beauty: Your Guide to Ingredients to Avoid and Products You Can Trust. BenBella Books, Inc.
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had reached in the Islamic world, and the low status it held amongst physicians at the time. Al-Zahrawi ascribed such decline to a lack of
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manuscript has revealed on early descriptions of some medical procedures that were ascribed to later physicians. For example, Al-Zahrawi's
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908:. He also invented hooks with a double tip for use in surgery. Many of these instruments were never used before by any previous surgeons.
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is the first illustrated surgical guide ever written. Its contents and descriptions has contributed in many technological innovations in
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Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. p. 153.
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342:(993–1064), who listed him among the greatest physicians of Moorish Spain. But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahrawī from
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2073:
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Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (146)
1669:
Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (676)
834:, and an improvement over the existing techniques in Europe which caused severe pain for the patient, and came with high death rates.
2421:
1854:
Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (90)
1845:
Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (14)
1836:
Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (10)
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Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn ʾabbās Al-Zahrāwī. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. (8)
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Aschoff, A; Kremer, Paul; Hashemi, Bahram; Kunze, Stefan (1999). "The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment".
727:. It was without a doubt his most important work and the one which established his authority in Europe for centuries to come.
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2214:
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In the beginning of his book, al-Zahrawi states that the reason for writing this treatise was the degree of underdevelopment
304:. His birth date is not known for sure, however, scholars agree that he was born around 936, the year his birthplace city of
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1056:. He also invented a perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-day
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in the voice, which was not extreme, and after some days she was restored to the best of health. Hence we may say that
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1736:(2017). The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry: The Golden Smile Through the Ages. Taylor & Francis. p. 146.
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Page from a 1531 Latin translation by Peter Argellata of Al-Zahrawi's treatise on surgical and medical instruments.
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754:. It remained the primary source on surgery in Europe for the next 500 years, and as the historian of medicine,
746:. It soon found popularity in Europe and became a standard text in all major Medical universities like those of
249:, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices. The surgery chapter of this work was later translated into
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826:, al-Zahrawi wrote about taking stones out of the bladder. By inventing a new instrument, an early form of the
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al-Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās; Studies, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern (1973).
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Shevel, E; Spierings, EH (April 2004). "Role of the extracranial arteries in migraine headache: a review".
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recorded that he had ligated his own temporal artery for headache that conforms to current descriptions of
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A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain: With Special Reference to the "Adhān,"
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A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī Moorish Spain: With a Special Reference to the "Adhān"
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A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-Zahrāwī Moorish Spain: With a Special Reference to the "Adhān"
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in a suicide attempt. Al-Zahrawi sewed up the wound and the girl recovered, thereby proving that an
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia
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682:. It was also the first to describe a surgical procedure for ligating the temporal artery for
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Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007). "Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science",
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is the best material for cauterization: "cauterization is swifter and more successful with
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635:, and one must not practice it until he becomes well-acquainted with all other branches of
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for internal stitches, and his surgical instruments are still used today to treat people.
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that in those days was a fatal affliction, and was first to discover the root cause of
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Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences
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571:, completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including on
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Life-enhancing plastics : plastics and other materials in medical applications
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758:, has put it: al-Zahrawi's treatise "in surgery held the same authority as did the
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Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages: Trubner's Oriental Series
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607:. The first volume in the encyclopedia is concerned with general principles of
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1981:
Badeau, John Stothoff; Hayes, John Richard (1983). Hayes, John Richard (ed.).
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Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists
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was given by Al-Zahrawi who clearly describes the evacuation of superficial
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A slave-girl seized a knife and buried it in her throat and cut part of the
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procedure that is enjoying a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by
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and other body organs. He was also the first to illustrate the various
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Throughout the text, Al-Zahrawi assumes an authoritative tone. In "On
678:, and was the first recorded book to explain the hereditary nature of
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Al-Zahrawi was the "most frequently cited surgical authority of the
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and dedicated a chapter for it in his medical encyclopedia. As the
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1036:, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered
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and also inspection, applying and removing foreign bodies from the
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Imaginary drawing of al-Zahrawi, from a 1964 Syrian postage stamp
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from the teeth, a procedure he recommended as a prevention from
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diagnosis. He is known to have performed surgical treatments of
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could heal. In describing this important case-history he wrote:
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260:
He was the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of
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2203:
1584:"Al-tasreef liman ajiza an al-taaleef (The method of medicine)"
900:, and also instruments designed for his favoured techniques of
662:" for treating a dislocated shoulder and "Walcher position" in
507:. The first clinical description of an operative procedure for
1879:
A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis Al-zahrawi in Moorish Spain
982:
977:", he notes that the introduction of a red-hot probe into the
917:
413:
2046:مقالة في العمل باليد: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text
920:. Al-Zahrawi also invented the forceps for extracting a dead
1445:, The Muslim World, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 1999), pp. 91-105.
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a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (
424:
with an iron tube and caustic metal as a boring instrument.
1680:"Abulcasis, the pharmacist surgeon | Hektoen International"
427:
While al-Zahrawi never performed the surgical procedure of
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in the last volume because surgery is the highest form of
1773:
1771:
1096:, described Al-Zahrawi's influence on Europe as follows:
623:. The last treatise and the most celebrated one is about
404:, for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the
27:
Arab Andalusian physician, surgeon and chemist (936–1013)
2180:
Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf; Sonnedecker, Glenn Allen (1963).
1009:, Al-Zahrawi pioneered the preparation of medicines by
694:. Al-Zahrawi was, therefore, the first to describe the
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had come from it; and I assured myself that neither an
236:. He is considered one of the greatest surgeons of the
1983:
The Genius of Arab civilization: source of Renaissance
184:
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari
2162:
The Oriental Tradition of Paul of Aegina's Pragmateia
1398:
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2008).
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2043:al-Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās (1973).
650:Not always properly credited, modern evaluation of
354:), completed six decades after al-Zahrawi's death.
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67:
41:
1427:Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf; Sonnedecker, Glenn (1963).
1297:Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf; Sonnedecker, Glenn (1963).
1292:
1290:
940:Albucasis blistering a patient in the hospital at
880:, which include, among others, different kinds of
615:, while much of the rest discuss topics regarding
658:described both what would later become known as "
567:Al-Zahrawi's thirty-volume medical encyclopedia,
2085:Tratado de pastillas medicinales segْn Abulcasis
1609:Cranio: The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice
431:, he did treat a slave girl who had cut her own
2142:Un tratado de estética y cosmética en Abulcasis
1782:. London: Imperial College Press. p. 176.
816:
788:
445:
2123:Un tratado de odontoestomatologيa en Abulcasis
2066:Un tratado de polvos medicinales en Al-Zahrawi
1570:"Theoretical and Practical Book by Al-Zahrawi"
1458:, National Geographic Society, 2007, pp. 42-45
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
993:" or even the immediate death of the patient.
989:could result in the creation of "an incurable
781:knowledge and a misunderstanding of the human
3764:
3333:
2215:
872:Surgical instruments described by al-Zahrawi.
627:. Al-Zahrawi stated that he chose to discuss
8:
2432:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1374:"Abū al-Qāsim | Muslim physician and author"
1024:Al-Zahrawi also touched upon the subject of
539:Two pages from the Arabic manuscript of the
396:Al-Zahrawi specialized in curing disease by
199:
127:
30:Not to be confused with Al-Qaeda terrorist
3771:
3757:
3749:
3361:
3340:
3326:
3318:
2243:
2222:
2208:
2200:
965:should only be used in the spring or that
194:; c. 936–1013), popularly known as
56:
38:
3216:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
276:. He also developed surgical devices for
4073:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
3654:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
1402:. Handbook to Life Series. Vol. 2.
357:Al-Zahrawi was a court physician to the
316:, in his name, suggests origin from the
4078:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world
2916:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
2144:. Grupo Editorial Universitario (GEU).
2104:Un tratado de oftalmologيa en Abulcasis
1511:Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (1996).
1443:Abulcasis: The Father of Modern Surgery
1277:
1149:
1130:s frequent reference by French surgeon
1400:Handbook to Life in the Medieval World
674:blood vessels almost 600 years before
3349:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
324:, thus, tracing his ancestry back to
7:
3167:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
1923:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
1804:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1709:Etiologic Factors in Renal Lithiasis
1349:Albucasis on surgery and instruments
1241:List of Arab scientists and scholars
3633:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib
3522:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)
3018:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
2140:Arvide Cambra, Luisa Maria (2010).
2121:Arvide Cambra, Luisa Maria (2003).
2102:Arvide Cambra, Luisa Maria (2000).
2083:Arvide Cambra, Luisa Maria (1996).
2064:Arvide Cambra, Luisa Maria (1994).
2016:European Journal of Plastic Surgery
1092:". Donald Campbell, a historian of
723:is the 30th and last volume of the
292:Al-Zahrawi was born in the city of
243:Al-Zahrawi's principal work is the
200:
191:
3736:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba
2049:. University of California Press.
1882:. Brill Archive. 1963. p. 19.
1352:. University of California Press.
853:. He also invented instruments to
25:
2442:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
790:He who devoted himself to surgery
192:أبو القاسم خلف بن العباس الزهراوي
3626:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
2780:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1597:to belong to more modern times."
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
792:must be versed in the science of
3372:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
3054:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
3038:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
1778:Holmes-Walker, Anthony (2004).
1534:(2–3): 67–93, discussion 94–5.
1261:Timeline of historic inventions
876:Al-Zahrawi introduced over 200
686:, also almost 600 years before
126:author of medical encyclopedia
82:, al-Andalus (near present-day
2659:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
1:
2729:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
2351:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
738:The book was translated into
543:. Middle East, 13th century,
71:
3687:One Hundred and Twelve Books
2977:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
2765:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
2669:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
2664:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
2517:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
2422:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1301:. Brill Archive. p. 15.
973:". In "On cauterization for
296:, 8 kilometers northwest of
95:1013 (aged 76–77)
3673:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
3154:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
2739:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
644:doctor-patient relationship
402:devices used during surgery
365:. He was a contemporary of
4104:
4068:Physicians from al-Andalus
3527:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)
3517:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)
3377:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana
3202:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
2987:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
2936:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
2159:Pormann, Peter E. (2004).
997:Pharmacology and Cosmetics
729:On Surgery and Instruments
721:On Surgery and Instruments
707:On Surgery and Instruments
528:
475:Al-Zahrawi also pioneered
29:
3470:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)
3414:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
3409:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
2911:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
2906:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
2830:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
2674:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2512:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2125:. University of Almeria.
2106:. University of Almeria.
2068:. University of Almeria.
2028:10.1007/s00238-011-0637-3
1952:Campbell, Donald (2001).
1865:Early Arabic Pharmacology
1732:Becker, Marshall Joseph;
1515:. CRC Press. p. 945.
1482:10.1007/s00268-012-1435-1
1105:In the 14th century, the
810:Noting the importance of
702:a South African surgeon.
420:and the first to treat a
177:
140:
55:
48:
4088:10th-century agronomists
4053:11th-century Arab people
4048:10th-century Arab people
3393:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
3271:Ancient Iranian medicine
3059:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
2931:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
2795:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
2760:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2583:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
2482:Al-Tamimi, the physician
2269:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1706:Butt, Arthur J. (1956).
1470:World Journal of Surgery
924:, as illustrated in the
49:
4058:10th-century physicians
3223:Lives of the Physicians
3188:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
3134:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
3090:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
2972:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
2835:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
2558:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
2487:Eutychius of Alexandria
2462:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
1378:Encyclopedia Britannica
742:in the 12th century by
400:. He invented several
43:Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrāwī
3870:Mandragora officinarum
3553:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām
3465:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn
3455:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī
3434:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
3429:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq
3266:Ancient Greek medicine
2926:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
2840:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2684:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2578:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
2548:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
2452:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
2087:. Junta de Andalucia.
1867:, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
1103:
1085:
945:
873:
820:
796:
717:
564:
548:
545:Chester Beatty Library
473:
128:
3680:Nabataean Agriculture
3619:Books of the Balances
3250:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
3141:The Canon of Medicine
2962:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
2568:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
2553:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
2457:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
2401:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
1734:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh
1540:10.1007/s101430050035
1441:Azzedine M. Layachi,
1098:
1075:
939:
871:
715:
554:
538:
352:On Andalusian Savants
340:Abu Muhammad bin Hazm
312:(attributive title),
164:Abu Muhammad bin Hazm
3033:Sultan Ali Khorasani
2734:Serapion the Younger
2376:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
2259:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
1621:10.1179/crn.2004.017
1528:Neurosurgical Review
1406:. pp. 528–530.
1146:De Chirurgia gallery
1032:was translated into
878:surgical instruments
555:Frontispiece of the
386:practice of medicine
3780:Ancient anaesthesia
3729:Turba Philosophorum
3578:Philosopher's stone
3460:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs
3302:Medical Renaissance
3160:The Book of Healing
3064:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
2855:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2744:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
2386:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
1454:Michael H. Morgan,
1404:Infobase Publishing
863:periodontal disease
348:Jadhwat al-Muqtabis
266:abdominal pregnancy
50:أبو القاسم الزهراوي
3721:Secret of Creation
3703:(pseudo-Aristotle)
3647:Five Hundred Books
3424:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
3240:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3148:Tacuinum Sanitatis
3074:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
2593:Badi' al-Asturlabi
2492:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
2467:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
2447:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
2396:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
2289:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
2284:Nafi ibn al-Harith
1686:. 22 January 2017.
1586:(in Arabic). 1699.
1316:Christian Europe."
1246:Islamic Golden Age
1132:Jacques Daléchamps
1086:
946:
874:
756:Arturo Castiglioni
718:
611:, the second with
565:
549:
501:subdural effusions
282:cataract surgeries
278:Caesarean sections
172:Jacques Daléchamps
154:Islamic Golden Age
4083:Medieval surgeons
4025:
4024:
3852:(devil's trumpet)
3803:Atropa belladonna
3746:
3745:
3665:Clavis sapientiae
3561:
3560:
3315:
3314:
3307:Medieval medicine
3098:
3097:
2957:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
2790:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
2679:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
2294:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2056:978-0-520-01532-6
1996:978-0-262-58063-2
1967:978-0-415-24462-6
1938:978-1-59884-337-8
1863:Levey M. (1973),
1789:978-1-86094-462-8
1719:978-0-398-04374-2
1413:978-0-8160-4887-8
1359:978-0-520-01532-6
1256:Muslim inventions
1044:). He deals with
979:intercostal space
744:Gerard of Cremona
670:described how to
557:Latin translation
471:is not dangerous.
330:Arabian Peninsula
308:was founded. The
270:ectopic pregnancy
181:
180:
32:Ayman al-Zawahiri
16:(Redirected from
4095:
3857:Hyoscyamus niger
3787:Plants / animals
3773:
3766:
3759:
3750:
3661:Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma
3362:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3297:Learned medicine
3292:Ibn Sina Academy
2992:Şerafeddin Kadir
2967:Husayni Isfahani
2901:Mansur ibn Ilyas
2845:Rashidun al-Suri
2724:Moshe ben Maimon
2507:Ibrahim ibn Baks
2437:Abu Bakr al-Razi
2371:Jabir ibn Hayyan
2366:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2361:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2244:
2231:Islamic medicine
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2187:
2186:. Brill Archive.
2176:
2155:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2079:
2060:
2039:
2001:
2000:
1985:(2nd ed.).
1978:
1972:
1971:
1949:
1943:
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1911:
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1890:
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1343:
1337:
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1323:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1251:Islamic scholars
1231:Islamic medicine
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1042:Adwiyat al-Zinah
1019:Liber Servitoris
806:
799:al-Zahrawi,
696:migraine surgery
666:. Moreover, the
559:of al-Zahrawi's
264:and describe an
203:
202:
193:
133:
76:
73:
60:
39:
21:
4103:
4102:
4098:
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4094:
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4092:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
3965:
3894:
3782:
3777:
3747:
3742:
3717:Sirr al-khalīqa
3597:
3557:
3531:
3500:
3474:
3450:pseudo-Avicenna
3438:
3397:
3381:
3351:
3346:
3316:
3311:
3280:
3254:
3228:
3119:
3094:
3078:
3042:
3023:Dawud al-Antaki
2996:
2945:
2859:
2800:Ibn Abi Usaibia
2748:
2647:
2638:Jonah ibn Janah
2536:
2427:Aayon Ibn Aayon
2410:
2391:Shapur ibn Sahl
2319:
2298:
2254:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2233:
2228:
2198:
2179:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2139:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2101:
2095:
2082:
2076:
2063:
2057:
2042:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1989:. p. 200.
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:. p. 586.
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1876:
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1414:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1334:court physician
1330:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1236:Islamic science
1227:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1123:, evidenced by
1111:Guy de Chauliac
1094:Arabic medicine
1070:
999:
934:
926:Kitab al-Tasrif
808:
802:Kitab al-Tasrif
798:
793:
791:
725:Kitab al-Tasrif
710:
668:Kitab al-Tasrif
660:Kocher's method
656:Kitab al-Tasrif
652:Kitab al-Tasrif
569:Kitāb al-Taṣrīf
561:Kitab al-Tasrif
541:Kitab al-Tasrif
533:
531:Kitab al-Tasrif
527:
524:Kitab al-Tasrif
493:spinal injuries
489:skull fractures
394:
392:Surgical career
290:
268:, a subtype of
246:Kitab al-Tasrif
168:Guy de Chauliac
136:
130:Kitab al-Tasrif
109:
87:
77:
74:
63:
51:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3879:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3841:Datura innoxia
3837:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3784:
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3725:
3713:
3705:
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3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3640:Emerald Tablet
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3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
3488:
3482:
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3476:
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3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
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3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Hakim-e-Gilani
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Rostam Gorgani
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:Sa'ad al-Dawla
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Ibn al-Kattani
2625:
2623:Ibn al-Haytham
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:Ibn Al-Thahabi
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Ali ibn Ridwan
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2532:Qusta ibn Luqa
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2406:Yusuf al-Khuri
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2315:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2196:External links
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2137:
2132:978-8482406367
2131:
2118:
2113:978-8482402413
2112:
2099:
2094:978-8460554851
2093:
2080:
2075:978-8482400020
2074:
2061:
2055:
2040:
2022:(5): 379–387.
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1973:
1966:
1960:. p. 88.
1944:
1937:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1885:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1795:
1788:
1767:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1725:
1718:
1698:
1689:
1671:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1599:
1589:
1575:
1561:
1518:
1503:
1476:(4): 928–934.
1460:
1447:
1434:
1419:
1412:
1383:
1365:
1358:
1338:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1137:The street in
1069:
1066:
998:
995:
933:
930:
787:
766:in medicine".
709:
704:
529:Main article:
526:
521:
393:
390:
289:
286:
179:
178:
175:
174:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
124:
117:
115:
114:Known for
111:
110:
108:
107:
103:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
80:Medina Azahara
78:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4100:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:(thorn-apple)
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3739:
3738:(al-Nabarawi)
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3709:Sirr al-asrār
3706:
3704:
3702:
3701:Sirr al-asrār
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:Seventy Books
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:Book of Mercy
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Ibn al-Rassām
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Ibn Waḥshiyya
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:Adab al-Tabib
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Ophthalmology
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:ʽImad Shirazi
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Ibn al-Khatib
2889:
2887:
2886:Ibn al-Akfani
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Ibn al-Baitar
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Al-Shahrazuri
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Ibn Abi Sadiq
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Ibn al-Jazzar
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2172:9789004137578
2168:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2151:9788499153421
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1134:(1513–1588).
1133:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:cauterization
959:
955:
951:
950:cauterization
943:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
907:
903:
902:cauterization
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
819:
815:
813:
807:
804:
803:
795:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
714:
708:
705:
703:
701:
700:Elliot Shevel
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Ambroise Paré
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:ophthalmology
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
558:
553:
546:
542:
537:
532:
525:
522:
520:
518:
517:hydrocephalic
514:
510:
509:hydrocephalus
506:
502:
498:
497:hydrocephalus
494:
490:
486:
485:head injuries
482:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:cauterization
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:(from Arabic
215:
211:
207:
197:
189:
185:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:Academic work
143:
139:
132:
131:
125:
123:
119:
118:
116:
112:
105:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
70:
66:
59:
54:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3956:Theophrastus
3905:
3881:
3868:
3855:
3849:Datura metel
3847:
3839:
3831:
3806:(belladonna)
3801:
3793:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3536:14th century
3505:13th century
3479:12th century
3443:11th century
3433:
3402:10th century
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3083:18th century
3047:17th century
3001:16th century
2950:15th century
2941:Zayn-e-Attar
2864:14th century
2815:Ibn al-Nafis
2753:13th century
2652:12th century
2633:Ibn al-Wafid
2541:11th century
2461:
2415:10th century
2346:Ali al-Ridha
2182:
2161:
2141:
2122:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2045:
2019:
2015:
1982:
1976:
1953:
1947:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1894:Luisa Arvide
1888:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1751:
1741:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1615:(2): 132–6.
1612:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1578:
1564:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1399:
1377:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1327:
1308:
1298:
1280:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1087:
1041:
1023:
1018:
1015:distillation
1007:pharmacology
1000:
981:to evacuate
947:
925:
910:
875:
843:periodontics
836:
821:
817:
809:
800:
797:
789:
772:
768:
737:
728:
724:
720:
719:
706:
667:
655:
651:
649:
641:
617:pharmacology
589:pharmacology
581:orthopaedics
568:
566:
560:
540:
523:
513:intracranial
481:neurological
477:neurosurgery
474:
461:jugular vein
446:
426:
395:
374:Ibn al-Wafid
356:
351:
347:
337:
334:
313:
291:
259:
244:
242:
218:Abū al-Qāsim
217:
213:
209:
195:
183:
182:
36:
34:(1951–2022).
4043:1013 deaths
4007:Hyoscyamine
3946:Sabuncuoğlu
3936:Hippocrates
3926:Dioscorides
3864:Lactucarium
3815:medical use
3486:al-Ṭughrāʾī
3386:9th century
3365:8th century
3174:De Gradibus
2820:Ibn al-Quff
2324:9th century
2303:8th century
2279:Masarjawaih
2247:7th century
1650:centuries."
1121:Renaissance
1090:Middle Ages
1011:sublimation
911:His use of
752:Montpellier
680:haemophilia
647:treatment.
469:laryngotomy
453:haemorrhage
429:tracheotomy
363:Al-Hakam II
262:haemophilia
238:Middle Ages
120:Pioneer of
4063:Anatomists
4038:936 births
4032:Categories
4017:Salicylate
3886:(saw-wort)
3873:(mandrake)
3543:al-Jildakī
3357:Alchemists
3285:Influenced
3259:Influences
3245:Bimarestan
3115:Psychology
3069:Tunakabuni
2982:Nurbakhshi
2881:Ibn Shuayb
2871:Al-Nagawri
2805:Ibn Tumlus
2785:As-Suwaydi
2770:Al-Dakhwar
2709:Ibn Tufayl
2704:Ibn Jumay‘
2608:Ibn Butlan
2497:Ibn Juljul
2472:Al-Kaŝkarī
2341:Albubather
2239:Physicians
1956:. London:
1712:. Thomas.
1684:hekint.org
1660:medicine."
1080:street at
1062:deodorants
1060:and solid
1048:, scented
886:retractors
828:lithotrite
814:he wrote:
783:physiology
779:anatomical
664:obstetrics
601:childbirth
519:children.
465:hoarseness
378:al-Majriti
367:Andalusian
359:Andalusian
344:al-Ḥumaydī
234:al-Andalus
196:al-Zahrawi
160:Influenced
100:Occupation
75: 936
3977:Aconitine
3970:Compounds
3951:Sushrutha
3906:Abulcasis
3883:Saussurea
3860:(henbane)
3836:(hemlock)
3822:Castoreum
3798:(aconite)
3711:(al-Rāzī)
3512:al-Simāwī
3496:Artephius
3181:Al-Tasrif
2921:Nakhshabi
2699:Ibn Habal
2618:Ibn Jazla
2613:Ibn Hindu
2563:Al-Biruni
2477:Al-Natili
2381:Masawaiyh
2356:Bukhtishu
2336:Al-Ruhawi
2310:Bukhtishu
2274:Ibn Uthal
2264:Bukhtishu
2165:. BRILL.
1987:MIT Press
1958:Routledge
1746:century."
1126:al-Tasrif
1116:al-Tasrif
1078:Albucasis
1058:lipsticks
1050:aromatics
1038:cosmetics
1026:cosmetics
851:dentistry
839:dentistry
832:lithotomy
794:anatomy.
613:pathology
605:pathology
597:dentistry
593:nutrition
515:fluid in
382:Artephius
320:tribe of
314:Al-Ansari
302:Andalusia
288:Biography
274:paralysis
222:physician
220:), was a
214:Abulcasis
210:Albucasis
206:Latinised
106:Physician
4012:Morphine
3997:Hyoscine
3982:Atropine
3916:Avicenna
3911:Avenzoar
3810:Cannabis
3795:Aconitum
3583:al-iksīr
3566:Concepts
3276:Ayurveda
3103:Concepts
2896:Jaghmini
2876:Aqsara'i
2714:Ibn Zuhr
2694:Averroes
2689:Avempace
2643:Masawaih
2588:Avicenna
2522:Muvaffak
2331:Al-Kindi
1929:ABC-CLIO
1637:12318511
1629:15134413
1556:10077885
1548:10547004
1490:22311135
1266:Avicenna
1225:See also
1109:surgeon
1046:perfumes
1030:treatise
1003:pharmacy
985:from an
975:pleurisy
954:numbness
906:ligature
890:curettes
882:scalpels
859:calculus
764:Avicenna
733:medicine
692:migraine
684:migraine
672:ligature
637:medicine
633:medicine
609:medicine
577:medicine
505:headache
437:incision
418:cannulae
372:such as
370:chemists
322:Al-Ansar
318:Medinian
201:الزهراوي
86:, Spain)
3992:Coniine
3987:Cocaine
3593:Athanor
3588:Alembic
3233:Centers
3209:Al-Hawi
2036:7297102
2008:Sources
1572:. 1519.
1498:3121262
1139:Córdoba
1113:quoted
1082:Cordova
1054:incense
991:fistula
987:abscess
942:Cordova
898:specula
894:pincers
847:history
824:urology
812:anatomy
775:surgery
748:Salerno
629:surgery
625:surgery
573:surgery
449:trachea
439:in the
406:urethra
361:caliph
328:in the
306:Azahara
298:Cordoba
294:Azahara
230:chemist
226:surgeon
122:surgery
84:Córdoba
18:Zahrawi
4002:Δ9-THC
3941:Rhazes
3921:Celsus
3899:People
3890:Willow
3833:Conium
3573:Takwin
2169:
2148:
2129:
2110:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2034:
1993:
1964:
1935:
1786:
1716:
1635:
1627:
1554:
1546:
1496:
1488:
1410:
1356:
1320:Ages."
1107:French
1076:Calle
1068:Legacy
958:nerves
913:catgut
603:, and
457:artery
441:larynx
433:throat
412:, the
410:throat
326:Medina
255:catgut
188:Arabic
3961:Zhang
3931:Galen
3877:Opium
3603:Works
3125:Works
2527:Qumri
2032:S2CID
1809:(10).
1633:S2CID
1552:S2CID
1494:S2CID
1272:Notes
1034:Latin
922:fetus
855:scale
760:Canon
740:Latin
621:drugs
310:nisba
251:Latin
232:from
3827:Coca
2167:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1892:See:
1784:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1625:PMID
1544:PMID
1486:PMID
1408:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1052:and
1013:and
1005:and
971:iron
967:gold
952:for
932:Tone
904:and
857:the
841:and
750:and
688:Pare
619:and
503:and
479:and
459:nor
422:wart
380:and
280:and
228:and
92:Died
68:Born
2024:doi
1807:176
1617:doi
1536:doi
1478:doi
1001:In
983:pus
918:oud
849:of
837:In
822:In
762:of
414:ear
346:'s
212:or
208:as
204:),
150:Era
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2020:35
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884:,
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2026::
1999:.
1970:.
1941:.
1792:.
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