Zoroaster - Knowledge (XXG)

2730: 2393: 1315: 2429:(216–276) was the culmination. Zoroaster's ethical dualism is—to an extent—incorporated in Manichaeism's doctrine which, unlike Mani's thoughts, viewed the world as being locked in an epic battle between opposing forces of good and evil. Manicheanism also incorporated other elements of Zoroastrian tradition, particularly the names of supernatural beings; however, many of these other Zoroastrian elements are either not part of Zoroaster's own teachings or are used quite differently from how they are used in Zoroastrianism. 2371:, among which Al-Shahrastani asserts that only the last of the three were properly followers of Zoroaster. As regards the recognition of a prophet, Zoroaster has said: "They ask you as to how should they recognize a prophet and believe him to be true in what he says; tell them what he knows the others do not, and he shall tell you even what lies hidden in your nature; he shall be able to tell you whatever you ask him and he shall perform such things which others cannot perform." (Namah Shat Vakhshur Zartust, .5–7. 50–54) 3539: 2673: 70: 3509:. By choosing the name of 'Zarathustra' as prophet of his philosophy, as he has expressed clearly, he followed the paradoxical aim of paying homage to the original Iranian prophet and reversing his teachings at the same time. The original Zoroastrian world view interprets being essentially on a moralistic basis and depicts the world as an arena for the struggle of the two fundamentals of being, Good and Evil, represented in two antagonistic divine figures. On the contrary, Nietzsche wants his philosophy to be 3380:

Zoroaster's head had pulsated so strongly that it repelled the hand when laid upon it, a presage of his future wisdom. The Iranians were however just as familiar with the Greek writers, and the provenance of other descriptions are clear. For instance, Plutarch's description of its dualistic theologies reads thus: "Others call the better of these a god and his rival a daemon, as, for example, Zoroaster the Magus, who lived, so they record, five thousand years before the siege of Troy. He used to call the one

2490: 1934: 3144:. Its ethos and cultural matrix was likewise Hellenistic, and "the ascription of literature to sources beyond that political, cultural and temporal framework represents a bid for authority and a fount of legitimizing "alien wisdom". Zoroaster and the magi did not compose it, but their names sanctioned it." The attributions to "exotic" names (not restricted to magians) conferred an "authority of a remote and revelatory wisdom." 8042: 7554: 3592: 649: 3375:", another prominent magian pseudo-author, is a set of prophecies distinguished from other Zoroastrian pseudepigrapha in that it draws on real Zoroastrian sources. Some allusions are more difficult to assess: in the same text that attributes the invention of magic to Zoroaster, Pliny states that Zoroaster laughed on the day of his birth, although in an earlier place, Pliny had sworn in the name of 4039:"258 years before Alexander" is only superficially precise. It has been suggested that this "traditional date" is an adoption of some date from foreign sources, from the Greeks or the Babylonians for example, which the priesthood then reinterpreted. A simpler explanation is that the priests subtracted 42 (the age at which Zoroaster is said to have converted Vistaspa) from the round figure of 300. 3402: 3006: 3578: 2842: 2944: 2801: 7424: 3606: 1838: 237: 2718:—usually stylized as a steel rod crowned by a bull's head—that priests carry in their installation ceremony. In other depictions he appears with a raised hand and thoughtfully lifted finger, as if to make a point. Alternatively, this could be an Islamic influence, drawing parallels between both religions' conception of the oneness of God. 3222:, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." Although Pliny calls him the inventor of magic, the Roman does not provide a "magician's persona" for him. Moreover, the little "magical" teaching that is ascribed to Zoroaster is actually very late, with the very earliest example being from the 14th century. 3364:), of which nothing is known other than its extent (one volume) and that pseudo-Zoroaster 'sang' it (from which Cumont and Bidez conclude that it was in verse). Numerous other fragments preserved in the works of other authors are attributed to "Zoroaster", but the titles of those books are not mentioned. 3712:

Most scholars believe this dating to be way too recent based on linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, instead placing Zoroaster's life sometime in the 2nd millenium or early 1st millenium BC, with some suggesting dates as early as the 18th century BC, or as late as the 6th century BC, the latter of

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that refer to the Zoroastrian doctrine do not match the sources that appeared after the collapse of the state, such as the Pahlavi source and others. The reason is that because of the fall of the Sasanian state, the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction through modifying it

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that cover the core of Zoroastrian thinking. Little is known about Zoroaster; most of his life is known only from these scant texts. By any modern standard of historiography, no evidence can place him into a fixed period and the historicization surrounding him may be a part of a trend from before the

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indicates that the stories of Zoroaster's life were distorted by quoting stories from Christianity and Judaism and attributing them to Zoroaster, but the most quotations were from Islam after the entry of Muslims into Persia, as it was a means for the Zoroastrian clergy to strengthen their religion.

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some even identified Cyrus with Vishtaspa) counting back the length of successive generations, until they concluded that Zoroaster must have lived "258 years before Alexander". This estimate then re-appeared in the 9th- to 12th-century Arabic and Pahlavi texts of Zoroastrian tradition, like the 10th

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in 1945. A three-line cryptogram in the colophones following the 131-page treatise identify the work as "words of truth of Zostrianos. God of Truth . Words of Zoroaster." Invoking a "God of Truth" might seem Zoroastrian, but there is otherwise "nothing noticeably Zoroastrian" about the text and "in

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According to the tradition, he lived for many years after Vishtaspa's conversion, managed to establish a faithful community, and married three times. His first two wives bore him three sons, Isat Vâstra, Urvatat Nara, and Hvare Chithra, and three daughters, Freni, Thriti, and Pouruchista. His third

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that no child had ever done so before the 40th day from his birth. This notion of Zoroaster's laughter also appears in the 9th– to 11th-century texts of genuine Zoroastrian tradition, and for a time it was assumed that the origin of those myths lay with indigenous sources. Pliny also records that

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Zoroaster's training for priesthood probably started very early around seven years of age. He became a priest probably around the age of 15, and according to Gathas, gaining knowledge from other teachers and personal experience from traveling when he left his parents at age 20. By the age of 30,

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Apart from these indications in Middle Persian sources that are open to interpretations, there are a number of other sources. The Greek and Latin sources are divided on the birthplace of Zoroaster. There are many Greek accounts of Zoroaster, referred usually as Persian or Perso-Median Zoroaster;

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rulers who gained power following Alexander's death instituted an "Age of Alexander" as the new calendrical epoch. This did not appeal to the Zoroastrian priesthood who then attempted to establish an "Age of Zoroaster". To do so, they needed to establish when Zoroaster had lived, which they

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After the Islamic conquest of Persia and the migration of many Zoroastrians to India and after being exposed to Islamic and Christian propaganda, the Zoroastrians, especially the Parsis in India, went so far as to deny dualism and consider themselves completely monotheists. After several

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Although a few recent depictions of Zoroaster show him performing some deed of legend, in general the portrayals merely present him in white vestments (which are also worn by present-day Zoroastrian priests). He often is seen holding a collection of unbound rods or twigs, known as a

4246: 4244: 1290:('wrong, unjust, idle'), which therefore means that "the name must have been reinterpreted in an anti-Zoroastrian sense by the Armenian Christians". Furthermore, Schmitt adds: "it cannot be excluded, that the (Parthian or) Middle Persian form, which the Armenians took over ( 787:, though most scholars, using linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, suggest a dating to somewhere in the second millennium BC. Zoroastrianism eventually became Iran's most prominent religion from around the 6th century BC, enjoying official sanction during the time of the 1424:. According to Pliny the Elder, there were two Zoroasters. The first lived thousands of years ago, while the second accompanied Xerxes I in the invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Some scholars propose that the chronological calculation for Zoroaster was developed by Persian 1626:

The birthplace of Zoroaster is also unknown, and the language of the Gathas is not similar to the proposed north-western and north-eastern regional dialects of Persia. It is also suggested that he was born in one of the two areas and later lived in the other area.

1700:). In the 9th- to 12th-century Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, this 'Ragha' and with many other places appear as locations in Western Iran. While the land of Media does not figure at all in the Avesta (the westernmost location noted in scripture is 3504:

uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra, which has a significant meaning as he had used the familiar Greek-Latin name in his earlier works. It is believed that Nietzsche invents a characterization of Zarathustra as the mouthpiece for Nietzsche's own ideas about

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is now lost, and of the attested texts—with only one exception—only fragments have survived. Pliny's 2nd- or 3rd-century attribution of "two million lines" to Zoroaster suggest that (even if exaggeration and duplicates are taken into consideration) a formidable

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that saw him, at the core, to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples," Beck notes that "the rest was mostly fantasy". Zoroaster was set in the ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was described as a king of

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Zoroaster is rarely depicted as looking directly at the viewer; instead, he appears to be looking slightly upwards, as if beseeching. Zoroaster is almost always depicted with a beard along with other factors bearing similarities to 19th-century portraits of

1535:(who dated Zoroaster to somewhere between 1700 and 1000 BC) used linguistic and socio-cultural evidence to place Zoroaster between 1500 and 1000 BC (or 1200 and 900 BC). The basis of this theory is primarily proposed on linguistic similarities between the 2333:(I, 681–683) recounts that Zaradusht accompanied a Jewish prophet to Bishtasb/Vishtaspa. Upon their arrival, Zaradusht translated the sage's Hebrew teachings for the king and so convinced him to convert (Tabari also notes that they had previously been 1845:

Zoroaster is recorded as the son of Pourushaspa of the Spitama family, and Dugdōw, while his great-grandfather was Haēčataspa. All the names appear appropriate to the nomadic tradition. His father's name means 'possessing gray horses' (with the word

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In modern scholarship, two main approaches can be distinguished: a late dating to the 7th and 6th centuries BC, based on the indigenous Zoroastrian tradition, and an early dating, which places his life more generally in the 15th to 9th centuries BC.

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article on the history of Zoroastrianism summarizes the issue with "while there is general agreement that he did not live in western Iran, attempts to locate him in specific regions of eastern Iran, including Central Asia, remain tentative".

2041:. Before, he wanted the tree to be reconstructed before his eyes. This was done in spite of protests by the Iranians, who offered a very great sum of money to save the tree. Al-Mutawakkil never saw the cypress, because he was murdered by a 1783:

homelands, some of which then decided that Zoroaster must then have then been buried in their regions or composed his Gathas there or preached there. Arabic sources of the same period and the same region of historical Persia also consider

4160:, pp. 149–150: "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century." 3116:

Zoroaster has also been described as a sorcerer-astrologer – the creator of both magic and astrology. Deriving from that image, and reinforcing it, was a "mass of literature" attributed to him and that circulated the

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30.2.3). "However, a principle of the division of labor appears to have spared Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds." That "dubious honor" went to the "fabulous magus,

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in Greek). However, if this was true, it seems unlikely that the Avesta would not mention that Vishtaspa's son became the ruler of the Persian Empire, or that this key fact about Darius's father would not be mentioned in the

3354:), and which ran to five volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The title and fragments suggest that it was an astrological handbook, "albeit a very varied one, for the making of predictions." A third text attributed to Zoroaster is 1611:

Traditions favoring a late date for Zoroaster's life have fallen out of vogue with some Zoroastian communities, who see the prospect of their faith having more ancient roots than previously thought as a welcome development.

1819:. The medieval "from Media" hypothesis is no longer taken seriously, and Zaehner has even suggested that this was a Magi-mediated issue to garner legitimacy, but this has been likewise rejected by Gershevitch and others. 4253:, : "Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so ". 1578:

could have been composed more than a few centuries apart. These scholars suggest that Zoroaster lived in an isolated tribe or composed the Gathas before the 1200–1000 BC migration by the Iranians from the steppe to the

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Zoroastrian tradition from no later than the 10th century AD holds that Zoroaster's revelation happened at 30 years old "258 years before the time of Alexander" (almost certainly based on faulty reasoning, see

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views Zoroaster as a Prophet and describe the expressions of the all-good Ahura Mazda and evil Ahriman as merely referring to the coexistence of forces of good and evil enabling humans to exercise free will.

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In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zoroaster as first in the chronology of philosophers. Zoroaster's impact lingers today due in part to the system of religious ethics he founded called

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The Cypress of Kashmar is a mythical cypress tree of legendary beauty and gargantuan dimensions. It is said to have sprung from a branch brought by Zoroaster from Paradise and to have stood in today's

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and from a 6th-century commentator on Aristotle it is known that the acquisition policies of well-endowed royal libraries created a market for fabricating manuscripts of famous and ancient authors.

8106: 1345:, while others use internal evidence. While many scholars today consider a date around 1000 BC to be the most likely, others still consider a range of dates between 1500 and 500 BC to be possible. 1337:

There is no consensus on the dating of Zoroaster. The Avesta gives no direct information about it, while historical sources are conflicting. Some scholars base their date reconstruction on the

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wife, Hvōvi, was childless. Zoroaster died when he was 77 years and 40 days old. There are conflicting traditions on Zoroaster's manner of death. The most common is that he was murdered by a

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was linguistically an actual form is shown by later attestations reflecting the same basis. All present-day Iranian-language variants of his name derive from the Middle Iranian variants of

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the doctrines of Zoroastrianism to have been". The assembled fragments do not even show noticeable commonality of outlook and teaching among the several authors who wrote under each name.

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in the 4th century BC, and as the early Greeks learned about him from the Achaemenids, this indicates they did not regard him as a contemporary of Cyrus the Great, but as a remote figure.

7527: 7481: 2477:, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, saw Bahá'u'lláh as the fulfillment of a post-Sassanid Zoroastrian prophecy that saw a return of Sassanid emperor 7497: 2712:), which is generally considered to be another symbol of priesthood, or with a book in hand, which may be interpreted to be the Avesta. Alternatively, he appears with a mace, the 4261: 4259: 4343: 3173:

has the Sun in middle position, which was how it was understood in the 3rd century. In contrast, Plato's 4th-century BC version had the Sun in second place above the Moon.

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place them at around March 26 and December 26 respectively, which contradict the traditional account. It is likely the dates are symbolic at best and conjectural at worst.

2632:. For Zoroaster, by thinking good thoughts, saying good words, and doing good deeds (e.g. assisting the needy, doing good works, or conducting good rituals) one increases 2193:

This provides an explanation of why a number of parallels have been drawn between Zoroastrian teachings and Islam. Such parallels include the evident similarities between

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around his head. Until the 1920s, this figure was commonly thought to be a depiction of Zoroaster, but in recent years is more commonly interpreted to be a depiction of

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meaning 'horse'), while his mother's means 'milkmaid'. According to the tradition, he had four brothers, two older and two younger, whose names are given in much later

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Ibn Kathir has quoted the original narrative was borrowed from Tabari's record of the "History of Jerusalem". He also mentioned that Zoroastrian was synonymous with

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transformations and developments, one of the distinctive features of the Zoroastrian religion gradually faded away and almost disappeared from modern Zoroastrianism

4072:, with the latter specifically stating (in 943/944 AD) that "the Magians count a period of two hundred and fifty-eight years between their prophet and Alexander." 3313:. This corpus can safely be assumed to be pseudepigrapha because no one before Pliny refers to literature by "Zoroaster", and on the authority of the 2nd-century 7542: 3289:

While the division along the lines of Zoroaster/astrology and Ostanes/magic is an "oversimplification, the descriptions do at least indicate what the works are

1502:. This date gains credence mainly from attempts to connect figures in Zoroastrian texts to historical personages; thus some have postulated that the mythical 1470:

who cited a prophecy from a lost Avestan book in which Zoroaster foretold the Empire's destruction in 300 years, but the religion would last for 1,000 years.

2652:, but can make a personal choice to be co-workers, thereby perfecting the world as saoshyants ("world-perfecters") and eventually achieving the status of an 2445:", one of a line of prophets who have progressively revealed the Word of God to a gradually maturing humanity. Zoroaster thus shares an exalted station with 2442: 1808: 7451: 2614:

Zoroaster emphasized the freedom of the individual to choose right or wrong and individual responsibility for one's deeds. This personal choice to accept

1274:. Based on this assumption, Andreas even went so far to form conclusions from this also for the Avestan form of the name. However, the modern Iranologist 7489: 7472: 7528: 2266:"of the Book" cannot apply in light of the Zoroastrian assertion that their books were destroyed by Alexander. Citing the authority of the 8th-century 7491: 2568:. For humankind, this occurs through active ethical participation in life, ritual, and the exercise of constructive/good thoughts, words, and deeds. 7590: 6687: 3619: 1558:–1100 BC), a collection of early Vedic hymns. Both texts are considered to have a common archaic Indo-Iranian origin. The Gathas portray an ancient 7500: 6222: 2306:), governor of Nebuchadnezzar, and spread his teaching of Zoroastrianism there. Bashtaasib then followed his teaching, forces the inhabitants of 7488: 6319:

Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.),

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Like the Greeks of classical antiquity, Islamic tradition understands Zoroaster to be the founding prophet of the Magians (via Aramaic, Arabic

1779:. Coming from a reputed scholar of religions, this was a serious blow to the various regions which all claimed that Zoroaster originated from 950:

root for 'camel', with the entire name meaning 'he who can manage camels'. Reconstructions from later Iranian languages—particularly from the

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Nock, A. D. (1929), "(Book Review) Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein & H. H. Schaeder",

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sage, i.e. having a mission preceded by ascetic withdrawal and enlightenment. However, at first mentioned in the context of dualism, in

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refers to some Iranian peoples that are unknown in the Greek and Achaemenid sources about the 6th and 5th century BC Eastern Iran. The

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soldier named Baraturish, potentially a spin on the same figure, while other traditions combine both accounts or hold that he died of

1373:), which is a possible misunderstanding of the Zoroastrian four cycles of 3,000 years (i.e. 12,000 years). This belief is recorded by 7520: 4540: 2178:

The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies comments that the Islamic conquest of Persia caused a huge impact on the Zoroastrian doctrine.

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Gronke, Monika (1993), "Derwische im Vorhof der Macht. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert",

6528: 6505: 6400: 6377: 5046: 4678: 4553: 3530: 3441: 3063: 3045: 2987: 2925: 2828: 1519:. It is also possible that Darius I's father was named in honor of the Zoroastrian patron, indicating possible Zoroastrian faith by 1444:, which references a date "258 years before Alexander") place Zoroaster in the 6th century BC, which coincided with the accounts by 7529: 5274: 2954: 2863: 2856: 7533: 3468:

I believe, besides Zoroaster, there were divers that writ before Moses, who notwithstanding have suffered the common fate of time.

8101: 7509: 7508: 2294:, Zoroaster came into conflict with Jeremiah which resulted in angry Jeremiah cast a curse upon Zoroaster, causing him to suffer 2059: 1876:(Wise Lord) and five other radiant figures. Zoroaster soon became aware of the existence of two primal spirits, the second being 7524: 7474: 2579:

and have been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. Among the classic Greek philosophers,

7444: 2357:(an otherwise undocumented sect that – per Sharastani – seems to have had a stronger doctrine of Ahriman's "non-reality"), the 1860:

Zoroaster experienced a revelation during a spring festival; on the river bank he saw a shining being, who revealed himself as

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6, reports deciding to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors," for their opinion.

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From a letter of the Universal House of Justice, Department of the Secretariat, May 13, 1979, to Gayle Woolson published in

7507: 7506: 7494: 5691: 4268:, : "In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BCE ". 3157:), which appears to have originally constituted four volumes (i.e. papyrus rolls). The framework is a retelling of Plato's 1799:(though in a much wider scope than the present-day province) as the homeland of Zoroastrianism; Frye voted for Bactria and 1377:, and variant readings could place it 600 years before Xerxes I, somewhere before 1000 BC. However, Diogenes also mentions 8029: 7538: 2037:) caused the mighty cypress to be felled, and then transported it across Iran, to be used for beams in his new palace at 8024: 7971: 7583: 7505: 5680:

Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A. G., Wilson, J. A., & Jacobsen, T. (1964). Before Philosophy. Penguin, Harmondsworth.

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The exception to the fragmentary evidence (i.e. reiteration of passages in works of other authors) is a complete Coptic

3109:, Plutarch presents Zoroaster as "Zaratras," not realizing the two to be the same, and he is described as a "teacher of 2906: 2775: 2533:—which is highly nuanced and difficult to translate—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of 2271: 2118: 2067: 1756:

suggest west of Iran as his birthplace. Moreover, they have the suggestion that there has been more than one Zoroaster.

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adaptation of "Zarathushtra Spitama") was an inhabitant of Israel and a servant of one of the disciples of the prophet

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itself means "abundant strength", and is thought to have been a clan or family name taken from an eponymous ancestor.

2969: 7537: 7521: 7476: 7475: 3293:"; they were not expressions of Zoroastrian doctrine, they were not even expressions of what the Greeks and Romans " 725:, which he is believed to have authored, he is described as a preacher and a poet-prophet. He also had an impact on 8091: 8003: 7557: 7437: 7399: 6638: 3691: 3419: 3213: 3023: 2814: 882:. The Greek form of the name appears to be based on a phonetic transliteration or semantic substitution of Avestan 31: 7477: 3412: 3259:) which he himself had invoked, and even, that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him. 3016: 2965: 2852: 2638:

in the world and in themselves, celebrating the divine order, and coming a step closer on the everlasting road to

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Die arischen Personennamen und ihre Träger bei den Alexanderhistorikern (Studien zur iranischen Anthroponomastik)

6720: 3972: 3241:, even as the 'living' star. Later, an even more elaborate mythoetymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living ( 2885: 2411: 1605: 792: 6333: 8111: 8086: 7653: 7540: 7501: 6162: 5985: 4933: 3642: 3558:. A sculpture of Zoroaster appears with other prominent religious figures on the south side of the exterior of 3267: 2083: 1967: 1567: 1314: 757: 706: 7535: 3538: 783:

His life is traditionally dated to sometime around the 7th and 6th centuries BC, making him a contemporary of

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An early reference to Zoroaster in English literature occur in the writings of the physician-philosopher Sir

2282:. According to this tale, Zaradusht defrauded his master, who cursed him, causing him to become leprous (cf. 1594:'s writings on the topic. Mair himself guessed that Zoroaster could have been born in the 2nd millennium BC. 8116: 8046: 7976: 7925: 7576: 7388: 6350: 3629: 2672: 2604: 2147: 1992: 584: 220: 7526: 7522: 6899: 2892: 2470: 1649:(both Old and Younger portions) does not mention the Achaemenids or of any West Iranian tribes such as the 7993: 7340: 7301: 7278: 5961: 3962: 3635: 3496: 3162: 1265: 1099: 1061:

Mayrhofer (1977) proposed an etymology of 'who is desiring camels' or 'longing for camels' and related to

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The History of Philosophy from the Earliest Periods: Drawn Up from Brucker's Historia Critica Philosophia

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By the late 20th century, most scholars had settled on an origin in eastern Greater Iran. Gnoli proposed

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from the 4th century AD. The traditional Zoroastrian date originates in the period immediately following

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based on his perception of "Zoroastrian" philosophy, in order to express his disagreement with Plato on

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Eventually, at the age of about 42, Zoroaster received the patronage of queen Hutaosa and a ruler named

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region as "the native land of the Zoroastrians and, probably, of Zoroaster himself." Boyce includes the

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or 559–522 BC. The latest possible date is the mid 6th century BC, at the time of Achaemenid Empire's

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soldier (possibly in the employ of his son) on the night when it arrived on the banks of the Tigris.

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These pseudepigraphic texts aside, some authors did draw on a few genuinely Zoroastrian ideas. The

3331: 3274:, attributes the creation of the seven-day week to "the Babylonians in the circle of Zoroaster and 3182: 2380: 2267: 2206: 2094: 2018: 1449: 1358: 849: 843: 738: 559: 75: 2678: 2611:, used a similar term, philosophy, or "love of wisdom" to describe the search for ultimate truth. 960:, which is the form that the name took in the 9th- to 12th-century Zoroastrian texts—suggest that 392: 7828: 7762: 7394: 7200: 7073: 7032: 6932: 6886: 6878: 6769: 6704: 6588: 6450: 5973: 3707: 3559: 3321: 3198: 3190: 2156: 2072: 2004: 1853: 1745: 1225: 798: 472: 402: 7499: 7482: 7238: 6520:

Mute Dreams, Blind Owls, and Dispersed Knowledges: Persian Poesis in the Transnational Circuitry

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In Search of Zarathustra – Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet

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content, style, ethos and intention, its affinities are entirely with the congeners among the

3085: 2489: 2320: 1785: 1678: 1453: 1362: 1249: 1182: 1025: 714: 7098: 6273: 2562:

The purpose of humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain and align itself to

7998: 7945: 7749: 7739: 7409: 7192: 7119: 7065: 7024: 6862: 6789: 6761: 6696: 6580: 6479: 6324: 6308: 6269: 5650: 5483: 4860: 3984: 3939: 3865: 3790: 3746: 3734: 3129: 2110: 1933: 1733: 1536: 1206: 1197: 1121: 1004: 860: 564: 387: 382: 7480: 768:. Based on this, it is tentative to place his homeland somewhere in the eastern regions of 7234: 7183: 4559: 3597: 3524: 3208: 3137: 3133: 2167: 1764: 1749: 1636: 1621: 1601: 1580: 1499: 1457: 1390: 1353:

Classical scholarship in the 6th to 4th century BC believed he existed 6,000 years before

1080: 788: 784: 702: 653: 7487: 7383: 7257:

Watkins, Alison (2006), "Where Got I That Truth? Psychic Junk in a Modernist Landscape",

7110:

Sieber, John (July 1973), "An Introduction to the Tractate Zostrianos from Nag Hammadi",

6609: 2013:

in northeastern Iran and to have been planted by Zoroaster in honor of the conversion of

7273:, Vienna: n.p. (Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien) 7045:

International Association for the Study of Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin

6657: 2689:, an alchemy manuscript published in Germany in the late 17th or early 18th century and 7843: 7838: 7787: 7729: 7599: 6850: 6312: 3729:

Zoroastrian tradition usually places Zoroaster's death at 77 years and 40 days of age.

3695: 3611: 3460: 3306: 3301: 3263: 3197:

only two facts are known: that it was crammed with astrological speculations, and that

3125: 3102: 2899: 2820: 2749: 2690: 2474: 2426: 2403: 2348: 2086: 2042: 2029:('The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation'), he further describes how the 1988: 1760: 1654: 1591: 1587: 1544: 1062: 951: 827: 710: 487: 482: 432: 372: 228: 195: 6731: 4108:

quotations are per the Ludovici translation. Paraphrases follow the original passage (

2323:

instead stated that some older narration said that Zoroaster was a former disciple of

8060: 7981: 7757: 7668: 7204: 7077: 6890: 6809: 6773: 6752:

Kingsley, Peter (1990), "The Greek Origin of the Sixth-Century Dating of Zoroaster",

6592: 6537: 4856: 3583: 3487: 3455: 3118: 3077: 2744:

in South-Western Iran. The original is now believed to be either a representation of

2194: 2175:

to resemble the religion of Muslims to retain followers in the Zoroastrian religion.

2030: 2021:, King Vishtaspa had been a patron of Zoroaster who planted the tree himself. In his 1909: 1241: 1142:

has not yet been determined. Notwithstanding the phonetic irregularity, that Avestan

604: 397: 302: 7429: 5790:. Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava . Leiden, NDL: Brill Archive. p. 129. 4666:

Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire

2756:

Many modern depictions of Zoroaster derive from a Sassanid-era rock-face carving at

1052:'who is driving camels' or 'who is fostering/cherishing camels': related to Avestan 791:, until the 7th century AD, when the religion itself began to decline following the 7848: 7833: 7802: 7792: 7724: 7719: 7688: 6988: 6727: 5787:

In Mist Apparelled: Religious Themes in Plutarch's Moralia and Lives, Volumes 48–50

5655: 5434: 4972: 3550:, representing ancient Persian judicial wisdom and dating to 1896, towers over the 3385: 2757: 2741: 2641: 2225: 2140: 1879: 1804: 1768: 1597: 1331: 1323: 769: 746: 718: 492: 477: 437: 367: 362: 327: 101: 7284:

The Hymns of Zoroaster: A New Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran

7043:

Sarianidi, V. (1987), "South-West Asia: Migrations, the Aryans and Zoroastrians",

3491:(1819), the mage Prosper Alpanus states that Professor Zoroaster was his teacher. 2201:, praying five times a day, covering one's head during prayer, and the mention of 7344: 7305: 7282: 7215: 6996: 6957: 6813: 6518: 6413: 6390: 6367: 5785: 5458: 4864: 4664: 4064:

xxxiv.9). That '258 years' was the generally accepted figure is however noted by

3542:

Zoroaster statue (left) atop the Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State.

3229:

origin, and Zoroaster's Greek name was identified at first with star-worshiping (

2683: 1240:). The most important of these testimonies were provided by the Armenian authors 7920: 7734: 7613: 6114: 5695: 3921: 3730: 3401: 3381: 3262:

The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratras or Zaratas/Zaradas/Zaratos.

3005: 2841: 2765: 2536: 2422: 2345: 2171: 2076: 1871: 1816: 1571: 1401: 1278:

rejects Andreas's assumption, and states that the older form which started with

804: 773: 522: 377: 252: 6780:

Khlopin, I.N. (1992), "Zoroastrianism – Location and Time of its Origin",

5463:. Translated by Dar Al Kalam Staff. دار القلم للطباعة و النشر و التوزيع - بيروت 3591: 2760:. In this depiction, a figure is seen to preside over the coronation of either 2571:

Elements of Zoroastrian philosophy entered the West through their influence on

1696:, or supreme head of the Zoroastrian priesthood, is said to reside in 'Ragha' ( 1590:

or before was suggested by Silk Road Seattle, using its own interpretations of

648: 7858: 7823: 7714: 7628: 7069: 6866: 6765: 6409: 6386: 5379: 5326:"ZOROASTRIANISM II. HISTORICAL REVIEW: FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO MODERN TIMES" 4585: 4051: 3573: 3166: 3158: 3110: 2761: 2608: 2580: 2299: 2291: 1971: 1952:, an early adherent of Zoroastrianism (possibly from Bactria according to the 1863: 1772: 1707: 1697: 1563: 1532: 1462: 1439: 1409: 1382: 1378: 777: 734: 726: 467: 357: 267: 7333: 7196: 7056:

Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1977), "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained",

6874: 1720:). However, in Avestan, Ragha is simply a toponym meaning 'plain, hillside.' 7915: 7910: 7638: 7123: 6793: 6630: 5508: 4069: 4065: 3656: 3555: 3372: 3098: 2603:

and is translated as 'Worship of Wisdom/Mazda' in English. The encyclopedia

2576: 2481:; Effendi also stated that Zoroaster lived roughly 1000 years before Jesus. 2360: 2330: 2303: 2237: 2221: 2014: 1979: 1953: 1949: 1800: 1776: 1717: 1701: 1559: 1503: 1487:

Some scholars propose a period between 7th and 6th century BC, for example,

1467: 1421: 1370: 1366: 517: 512: 277: 236: 204: 6091: 3577: 3266:

considered the mathematicians to have studied with Zoroaster in Babylonia.

1608:

have dated Zoroaster to roughly 3,500 years ago, in the 2nd millennium BC.

7307:

Hellenica: Volume III: Philosophy, Music and Metre, Literary Byways, Varia

6558:

Frye, Richard N. (1992), "Zoroastrians in Central Asia in Ancient Times",

6495: 826:. His translated name, "Zoroaster", derives from a later (5th century BC) 7853: 7777: 7772: 7418: 5947: 5753: 5741: 3958: 3506: 3376: 3089: 3081: 2478: 2462: 2279: 2257: 2080: 1940: 1672: 1664: 1507: 1495: 1354: 1319: 422: 417: 322: 6882: 6197: 6166: 4183: 4181: 1837: 17: 7884: 7818: 7797: 7643: 3703: 3649: 3426: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3336: 3226: 3219: 3174: 3106: 3094: 3030: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2600: 2572: 2498: 2454: 2446: 2336: 2295: 2217: 2198: 2038: 2010: 1900:(deception). Thus he decided to spend his life teaching people to seek 1729: 1725: 1658: 1575: 1548: 1520: 1413: 1405: 1191: 817: 761: 742: 542: 462: 442: 282: 7036: 6708: 3225:

Association with astrology according to Roger Beck, were based on his

2607:

claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with

1566:

bipartite society of warrior-herdsmen and priests (compared to Bronze

1003:

is the original form, it may mean 'with old/aging camels', related to

7986: 7863: 7709: 7704: 7673: 7181:(2008), "On the State and Prospects of the Study of Zoroastrianism", 6853:(1990). "Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Maguš and English Magician". 6001: 3359: 3349: 3343: 3279: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3152: 2779: 2745: 2733: 2701: 2501:, 1509, showing what may be Zoroaster (left, with star-studded globe) 2307: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2202: 1925: 1917: 1812: 1792: 1753: 1737: 1646: 1540: 1245: 1016: 847: 831: 795:. Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the 765: 722: 594: 552: 547: 407: 352: 307: 191: 3128:, though at one stage or another various parts of it passed through 2972:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2514: 2511:, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between 2466: 2017:

to Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian physicist and historian

7414: 7028: 6700: 6584: 3686:), where "time of Alexander" is vague, and could either begin with 2425:

considered Zoroaster to be a figure in a line of prophets of which

7905: 7879: 7782: 7767: 7683: 7678: 4008: 3720:, give or take a few centuries, is the most conservative estimate. 3639:, a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. 3537: 3314: 3178: 3141: 3121:

world from the 3rd century BC to the end of antiquity and beyond.

2728: 2723: 2671: 2488: 2458: 2450: 2391: 2324: 2314: 2298:, and exiling him. Zoroaster later moved to a place of modern-day 2245: 2210: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2098: 1932: 1836: 1713: 1650: 1417: 1327: 1313: 855: 750: 730: 427: 412: 317: 312: 208: 7568: 6927:, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4485:

Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893

1645:) as Zoroaster's home and the scene of his first appearance. The 705:

religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary

7889: 7633: 7623: 3967: 3713:

which would seemingly match with the tradition. Sometime around

2736:

depiction of Zoroaster from a 1906 travel guide. Derived from a

2128: 2090: 1906:. He received further revelations and saw a vision of the seven 1895: 1887: 1425: 1386: 922: 272: 262: 50: 7572: 7433: 5037:

William Enfield; Johann Jakob Brucker; Knud Haakonssen (2001).

4030:

For refutation of these and other proposals, see Humbach, 1991.

3342:

Another work circulating under the name of "Zoroaster" was the

3101:(or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical of a 1681:, most of which are located in north-eastern and eastern Iran. 1393:

cited Eudoxus which placed his death 6,000 years before Plato,

190:

Spiritual founder, central figure, prophet and composer of the

7471: 6959:

Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology

6392:

A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians

6240:"Rockefeller Memorial Chapel | the University of Chicago" 3874: 3847: 3817: 3395: 3161:, with Zoroaster taking the place of the original hero. While 3147:

Among the named works attributed to "Zoroaster" is a treatise

3080:

of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by

2999: 2937: 2835: 2794: 2034: 1841:

19th century painting depicting the events of Zoroaster's life

1268:(1846–1930) used as evidence for a Middle Persian spoken form 766:

corpus of Zoroastrian religious texts written in that language

6815:

Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice

5460:

Stories of the Prophets (Peace be upon them): Qasas Al-Anbiya

5325: 4168: 4166: 3886: 3829: 3799: 1385:, which would mean he lived around 6200 BC. The 10th-century 1108:

was for a time itself subjected to heated debate because the

837: 6685:

Jackson, A. V. Williams (1896), "On the Date of Zoroaster",

4049: 3883: 2707: 1972: 1712:, or "Primordial Creation", (20.32 and 24.15) puts Ragha in 1640: 1437: 1269: 1176: 1155: 1070:, 'to like', and perhaps (though ambiguous) also to Avestan 1034: 955: 7167:"Zoroaster, as perceived in Western Europe after antiquity" 6695:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 17: 1–22, 6635:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

3898: 3877: 3832: 3802: 2310:

to convert to Zoroastrianism and killed those who refused.

916: 895: 877: 6732:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book" 6678:

The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts

6571:

Gershevitch, Ilya (1964), "Zoroaster's Own Contribution",

4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 2583:

is often referred to as inspired by Zoroaster's thinking.

1436:

Some later pseudo-historical and Zoroastrian sources (the

1301: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1259: 1253: 1235: 1229: 6834:

The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization

6200:ایرون دات کام: عکس ها: مجسّمهٔ تمام قّدِ زرتشت در نیویورک 4414: 4412: 3838: 3808: 2166:

mentioned that the sources dating back to the era of the

7240:

The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63

7214:; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015), 7084:

Schlerath, Bernfried (1977), "Noch einmal Zarathustra",

5779: 5777: 5647:

Herakleitos Und Zoroaster: Eine Historische Untersuchung

5401:"The Reconstruction of Jerusalem In the Era of Jeremiah" 4780: 4623: 4403: 4187: 6369:

A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume I: The Early Period

4493: 4491: 3683: 2961: 1574:), and that it is thus implausible that the Gathas and 27:

Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism

7173:, vol. OT9, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 7058:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

6754:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 1381:'s belief that Zoroaster lived 5,000 years before the 1185: 1065: 1028: 904: 4587:

Dictionary Of Manichean Middle Persian & Parthian

4355: 4353: 3997: 3952: 3925: 3915: 3889: 3871: 3868: 3841: 3826: 3823: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3774: 3767: 3759: 2769: 2713: 2699: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2594: 2588: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2506: 1982: 1961: 1938: 1923: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1893: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1861: 1847: 1705: 1691: 1685: 1670: 1662: 1630: 1400:. Other pseudo-historical constructions are those of 1216: 1200: 1161: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1071: 1053: 1044: 1007: 998: 989: 983: 977: 971: 961: 941: 935: 929: 883: 864:(122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin 821: 808:

10th century AD that historicizes legends and myths.

796: 8107:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

6998:

The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research

6987:, translated by Ludovici, Anthony Mario, Edinburgh: 3895: 3892: 3844: 3814: 3330:(after the first-person narrator) discovered in the 3325: 3278:," and who did so because there were seven planets. 2366: 2358: 2352: 2334: 2261: 2251: 2243: 2022: 1389:

provides a date of 500 years before the Trojan War.

1258:

was formed through an older form which started with

1170: 1019: 934:

is generally accepted to derive from an Old Iranian

8017: 7954: 7898: 7872: 7811: 7697: 7661: 7606: 6415:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

5898: 5896: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 3880: 3835: 3793: 3696: 3205:was mentioned by name and that she was in the air. 1970:) named Brādrēs, while performing at an altar. The 1803:; Khlopin suggests the Tedzen Delta in present-day 910: 889: 871: 186: 169: 140: 123: 108: 88: 83: 48: 4134: 4132: 4130: 3645:, author of a Persian epic biography on Zoroaster. 3124:The language of that literature was predominantly 2786:Western references to Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism 2646:. Thus, mankind are not the slaves or servants of 2089:thought that Zoroaster, the Chinese cultural hero 1767:writer originally from Shahristān, in present-day 1506:who appears in an account of Zoroaster's life was 1160:, which, in turn, all reflect Avestan's fricative 37:"Zarathustra" redirects here. For other uses, see 6542:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 5233: 5231: 4344:"How Zoroastrianism influenced the Western world" 4012:), describing an enlightened poet of Vedic hymns. 3694:, or, more likely, with the establishment of the 3684:the section on Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship 1136:as a development from it. Why this is not so for 6599:Gnoli, Gherardo (2000), "Zoroaster in History", 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 2396:The four primary prophets of Manichaeism in the 2274:(I, 648) reports that Zaradusht bin Isfiman (an 1884:(Destructive Spirit), with opposing concepts of 7217:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 6478:, Baháʼí Publications Australia, archived from 6361:(2nd ed.), London: Oxford University Press 5972:I.15, Diodorus of Eritrea and Aristoxenus apud 4869:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 310–311, 653, 4548:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 98. 4295: 4293: 3636:Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None 3552:Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State 3466: 2180: 6633:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.). 4827: 4825: 4387: 4385: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 994:, several interpretations have been proposed. 74:Modern depiction of Zoroaster featured at the 7584: 7445: 7264:, Worcester: University College, pp. 3–4 6134: 6132: 4658: 4656: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 2351:describes the Majusiya into three sects, the 1210: 671: 8: 6560:Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 6345:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (1994), "Philosophy", 6289:The Book of Zoroaster, or The Zartusht-Nāmah 6031: 6029: 6016: 6014: 5925: 5923: 5816: 5814: 5764: 5762: 4282:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTavernier2007 ( 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4109: 3654: 3528: 2768:. The figure is standing on a lotus, with a 2270:, the 9th- and 10th-century Sunni historian 2025:ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt 1771:, proposed that Zoroaster's father was from 721:; in the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the 7135:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. I & II 6659:Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File 5887: 5875: 5024: 3519:Notable influence on modern Western culture 3193:. With respect to substance and content in 2829:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2740:that appears in a 4th-century sculpture at 2626:is one's own decision and not a dictate of 1759:On the other hand, in post-Islamic sources 1461:accomplished by (erroneously, according to 865: 7652: 7591: 7577: 7569: 7452: 7438: 7430: 6274:"Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Persia" 5608: 3554:at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue in 3211:names Zoroaster as the inventor of magic ( 1914:, and his teachings were collected in the 1043:'with angry/furious camels': from Avestan 780:), but his exact birthplace is uncertain. 678: 664: 235: 215: 68: 45: 6601:Biennial Yarshater Lecture Series, Vol. 2 6476:The Compilation of Compilations, Volume I 5728: 5716: 5668: 5654: 5632: 5584: 5572: 5551: 5115: 4912: 4497: 4418: 4277: 3535:(1896) was inspired by Nietzsche's book. 3442:Learn how and when to remove this message 3064:Learn how and when to remove this message 3046:Learn how and when to remove this message 2988:Learn how and when to remove this message 2926:Learn how and when to remove this message 2228:, are also mentioned in the Quran 22:17. 1296:or the like), was merely metathesized to 816:Zoroaster's name in his native language, 7157:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 7141:] (in German), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 6962:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 6688:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6301:Transactions of the Philological Society 6092:"DIVERS Definition & Usage Examples" 5968:12, Alexander Polyhistor apud Clement's 5311: 5299: 5295: 5139: 5000: 4804: 4729: 4717: 4521: 4250: 4235: 4214: 4138: 3620:List of founders of religious traditions 1775:(also in Medea) and his mother was from 1114:is an irregular development: as a rule, 870:, and, in later Greek orthographies, as 7259:Writing Junk: Culture, Landscape, Body 7105:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6906:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6616:, Venice: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina 6340:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6334:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks" 6282:, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica online 6198:"Tall Statue of Zoroaster in New York" 6138: 5692:"Pliny Natural History Vol 8; Book XXX" 5596: 5563:Amin Maalouf 1991, The Gardens of Light 5103: 4843: 4816: 4741: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4265: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4126: 3674: 2559:), and as the condition for free will. 2469:, and the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, 1809:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1416:, or lived at the time of mythological 227: 6717:Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran 6662:, New Delhi: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 6047: 5275:"The Cypress of Kashmar and Zoroaster" 5079: 4781:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4624:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4509: 4404:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4188:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4082: 2862:Please improve this section by adding 2188:IRANIAN COSMOGONY & DUALISM | CAIS 1570:; some conjecture that it depicts the 1264:, a fact which the German Iranologist 6913:Das erste Kapitel der Gatha Uštavati 6500:, Wilmette: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 5261: 5237: 5210: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5127: 5064: 5012: 4888: 4866:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4792: 4753: 4705: 4647: 4635: 4584:Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004). 4391: 4359: 4330: 4172: 2097:were actually the Biblical patriarch 1748:suggest east of greater Iran whereas 7: 7151:Die Religion Zarathushtras, Vol. III 6995:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993), 6918:, Rome: Pontificio Instituto Biblico 6738:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation. 6610:"Agathias and the Date of Zoroaster" 6434:"Bahá'u'lláh as Zoroastrian saviour" 6035: 6020: 5929: 5914: 5902: 5863: 5851: 5832: 5820: 5768: 5620: 5432:[Was Zoroaster a prophet?]. 5249: 5222: 5198: 5186: 5091: 4954: 4900: 4831: 4693: 4611: 4376: 4318: 4299: 3424:adding citations to reliable sources 3169:listening to Zoroaster's discourse, 3028:adding citations to reliable sources 1868:(Good Purpose) and taught him about 1510:'s father, also named Vishtaspa (or 1297: 1171: 709:, becoming the spiritual founder of 7328:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 6900:"Zoroastrianism: Historical Review" 6804:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 6745:Zarathustra: Myth, Message, History 6614:Eran ud Aneran, Festschrift Marshak 6359:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 6347:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 5509:"هل بوذا" أو "زرادشت" من الأنبياء؟" 5324:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 4968:"An introduction to Zoroastrianism" 4114:3), available in the public domain. 3988: 3943: 3752:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀 3750: 3235:, 'star sacrificer") and, with the 2290:in Jewish scripture). According to 1211: 600:Zoroastrianism in the United States 62:𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 𐬯𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬁𐬨𐬀 6313:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1953.tb00268.x 5367:The Penguin Dictionary of Religion 4846:, chap. "The date of Zarathustra". 2399:Manichaean Diagram of the Universe 1788:as the birthplace of Zarathustra. 1432:Zoroastrian and Muslim scholarship 1079:'with yellow camels': parallel to 25: 6939:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6625:, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 6544:, London: Oneworld publications, 6463:Commentaire sur le Yaçna, Vol. I 5388:The Story of the Prophet Jeremiah 5352:Book Iran During The Sassanid Era 4002:, cognate with the Sanskrit term 3731:Celebrations of Zoroaster's birth 2810:This section has multiple issues. 1635:9 and 17 cite the Ditya River in 1357:'s invasion of Greece in 480 BC ( 8041: 8040: 7553: 7552: 7422: 7363:Zaehner, Robert Charles (1958), 6743:Khamneipur, Abolghassem (2015), 6715:Jackson, A. V. Williams (1899), 6299:(1953), "Indo-Iranian Studies", 6104:Religio Medici Part 1 Section 23 5976:VI32.2, for the primary sources. 3864: 3789: 3604: 3590: 3576: 3400: 3004: 2942: 2840: 2799: 2060:Christianity and other religions 1322:depiction of Zoroaster found in 1284:was just influenced by Armenian 1120:(a first element that ends in a 940:; The element half of the name ( 900:(literally 'undiluted') and the 803:, a series of hymns composed in 647: 7017:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 6818:, University of Chicago Press, 6603:, New York: Bibliotheca Persica 6573:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6115:"Klein Zaches Genannt Zinnober" 4056:computes "200 and some years" ( 3411:needs additional citations for 3181:of plagiarizing Zoroaster, and 3015:needs additional citations for 2818:or discuss these issues on the 1586:Another possible date from the 1190:, in Manichaean Middle Persian 1169:In Middle Persian, the name is 7349:, New York: Biblo and Tannen, 6948:, London: Williams and Norgate 6832:Livingstone, David N. (2002), 6357:Blackburn, Simon, ed. (2005), 6186:. The New York Public Library. 4021:Originally proposed by Burnouf 3488:Klein Zaches, genannt Zinnober 2260:(Zahiri school) contends that 2161:Iran During The Sassanid Era'' 1736:placed him among Ariaspai (in 1: 7369:. Cf. especially Chapter IV: 7346:Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma 6898:Malandra, William W. (2005), 6150: 5041:. Thoemmes. pp. 18, 22. 3714: 2864:secondary or tertiary sources 2256:). The 11th-century Cordoban 1552: 1488: 1394: 113: 93: 8067:Ancient Iranian philosophers 6977:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 6944:Moulton, James Hope (1913), 6747:, Voctoria, BC: FriesenPress 6472:"Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster" 5784:Brenk, Frederick E. (1977). 5350:Christensen, Arthur (1936). 4663:Tuplin, Christopher (2007). 4542:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary 4050: 3546:A sculpture of Zoroaster by 3360: 3350: 3344: 3326: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3153: 2708: 2119:Cyrus the Great in the Quran 2068:Cyrus the Great in the Bible 1973: 1641: 1438: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1270: 1260: 1254: 1236: 1230: 1192: 1186: 1177: 1156: 1035: 956: 917: 896: 878: 848: 832: 793:Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran 39:Zarathustra (disambiguation) 7421:(public domain audiobooks) 7406:Works by or about Zoroaster 6979:(1911), Levy, Oscar (ed.), 6923:Mayrhofer, Manfred (1977), 6656:Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983), 6461:Burnouf, M. Eugène (1833), 6321:A History of Zoroastrianism 6167:the Project Gutenberg EBook 5694:. Heinemann. Archived from 5515:(in Arabic). Islamweb. 2020 4111:Warum ich ein Schicksal bin 3998: 3953: 3926: 3916: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3697: 3625:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 3560:Rockefeller Memorial Chapel 3309:corpus once existed at the 2968:the claims made and adding 2770: 2714: 2700: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2595: 2589: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2521: 2513: 2507: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2335: 2302:which ruled by Bashtaasib ( 2262: 2252: 2244: 2023: 1983: 1962: 1939: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1848: 1807:. Sarianidi considered the 1706: 1692: 1686: 1671: 1663: 1631: 1343:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 1339:Proto-Indo-Iranian language 1217: 1201: 1162: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1094: 1084: 1072: 1066: 1054: 1045: 1029: 1020: 1008: 999: 990: 984: 978: 972: 962: 942: 936: 930: 905: 884: 822: 797: 713:. Variously described as a 630:Criticism of Zoroastrianism 610:Persecution of Zoroastrians 8133: 6639:Cambridge University Press 6623:Freiburger Islamstudien 15 6465:, Paris: Imprimatur Royale 6432:Buck, Christopher (1998), 3930:, meaning "good religion". 3914:Known by its adherents as 3702:following the conquest of 2676:Depiction of Zoroaster in 2527:. The cardinal concept of 2341:) to the Magian religion. 2235: 2122: 2108: 2084:Jesuit missionary to China 2075:identified Zoroaster with 2057: 2002: 1619: 1092:The interpretation of the 976:. Subject then to whether 911: 890: 872: 838: 36: 32:Zoroaster (disambiguation) 29: 8082:Iranian religious leaders 8038: 7650: 7548: 7468: 7367:, London: Faber and Faber 7365:A Comparison of Religions 7243:, Oxford: George Ronald, 7220:, John Wiley & Sons, 7097:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002), 7070:10.1017/S0041977X00040386 6911:Markwart, Joseph (1930), 6867:10.1017/S0362502800004995 6766:10.1017/S0041977X00026069 6721:Columbia University Press 6523:, Duke University Press, 6287:Bahram, Zartusht (2010), 5645:Gladisch, August (1859), 5484:"Stories Of The Prophets" 5438:(in Arabic). islamqa.info 4060:xxxvi.9) or "284 years" ( 3527:'s large-scale tone-poem 3253:) of fire from the star ( 2706:(Avestan; Middle Persian 2437:Zoroaster appears in the 1987:, ascribe his death to a 1606:European Research Council 1404:who recorded Zaratas the 67: 60: 7740:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 7269:Werba, Chlodwig (1982), 7261:(Conference Proceedings) 7197:10.1163/156852708X310536 7001:, McGill-Queen's Press, 6983:, The Complete Works of 6937:The Treasure of the Magi 6800:Kriwaczek, Paul (2002), 6676:Humbach, Helmut (1991), 6608:Gnoli, Gherardo (2003), 6494:Effendi, Shoghi (1944), 6470:Effendi, Shoghi (1991), 6199: 5941:Cf. Agathias 2.23–5 and 5277:. www.zoroastrian.org.uk 4934:University of Washington 4539:MacKenvie, D.N. (1971). 3643:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo 3500:(1885), the philosopher 1234:(often with the variant 1224:The name is attested in 1033:, 'old'; Middle Persian 758:Eastern Iranian language 707:Ancient Iranian religion 383:101 Names of Ahura Mazda 8102:Simple living advocates 7926:Three Persian religions 7400:Encyclopædia Britannica 7371:Prophets Outside Israel 7341:Zaehner, Robert Charles 7324:Widengren, Geo (1961), 7302:West, Martin Litchfield 7279:West, Martin Litchfield 7124:10.1163/156853673X00079 6925:Zum Namengut des Avesta 6794:10.2143/IA.27.0.2002124 6351:Oxford University Press 6323:, vol. 3, Leiden: 6203:(in Persian). Iroon.com 6184:New York Public Library 6151:Nietzsche/Ludovici 1911 5656:2027/hvd.32044085119394 5384:Stories of the Prophets 3630:List of unsolved deaths 3531:Also sprach Zarathustra 3300:Almost all Zoroastrian 2693:attributed to Zoroaster 2605:Natural History (Pliny) 2232:Muslim scholastic views 946:) is thought to be the 772:(perhaps in modern-day 693:more commonly known as 112:Unknown, traditionally 92:Unknown, traditionally 6836:, Writers Club Press, 6515:Fischer, Michael M. J. 5690:Jones, W.H.S. (1963). 5430:"هل زاردشت كان نبيا ؟" 4175:, pp. 3, 189–191. 4110: 3655: 3543: 3529: 3497:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 3479: 2851:relies excessively on 2791:In classical antiquity 2753: 2694: 2553:), existence (that is 2502: 2419: 2402:, from left to right: 2191: 1945: 1842: 1334: 1266:Friedrich Carl Andreas 1124:) should have Avestan 866: 764:by scholars after the 348:Zoroastrian literature 8097:Prophets in Ahmadiyya 8072:Founders of religions 8030:Fire temples in India 7698:Scripture and worship 7171:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7103:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7099:"Zoroaster, the name" 6904:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6442:Baháʼí Studies Review 6366:Boyce, Mary (1996) , 6338:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6297:Bailey, Harold Walter 6279:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6180:"Edward Clark Potter" 3564:University of Chicago 3562:on the campus of the 3541: 3311:Library of Alexandria 2732: 2675: 2547:), creation (that is 2492: 2432: 2395: 2123:Further information: 2115:Names of God in Islam 2064:Second Temple Judaism 1936: 1840: 1815:to the west from the 1498:, or his predecessor 1349:Classical scholarship 1317: 1205:, and in modern (New 854:(Fragment 32) and in 635:Zoroastrian cosmology 585:Zoroastrians in India 341:Scripture and worship 8025:Fire temples in Iran 7812:Accounts and legends 7389:Encyclopædia Iranica 7326:Mani and Manichaeism 7155:Zoroaster's religion 7139:Zoroaster's religion 6954:Mungello, David Emil 6946:Early Zoroastrianism 6736:Encyclopædia Iranica 6680:, Heidelberg: Winter 6482:on 20 September 2020 6418:, Psychology Press, 6332:Beck, Roger (2003), 6117:. Michaelhaldane.com 5731:, vol. I, pp. 58–59. 5426:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 3692:his conquest of Iran 3663:Jean-Philippe Rameau 3523:The German composer 3512:Beyond Good and Evil 3494:In his seminal work 3476:, Part 1, Section 23 3458:who asserted in his 3420:improve this article 3369:Oracles of Hystaspes 3185:wrote a text titled 3024:improve this article 2691:pseudoepigraphically 2495:The School of Athens 2443:Manifestation of God 2148:Encyclopædia Iranica 1825:Encyclopedia Iranica 1537:Old Avestan language 1517:Behistun Inscription 1446:Ammianus Marcellinus 691:Zarathushtra Spitama 590:Zoroastrians in Iran 456:Accounts and legends 55:Zarathushtra Spitama 30:For other uses, see 7899:History and culture 7745:Udvada Atash Behram 6985:Friedrich Nietzsche 6933:Moulton, James Hope 5878:, pp. 144–145. 5457:Ibn Kathir (2018). 5106:, pp. 107–110. 4720:, pp. 245–265. 4669:. ISD LLC. p. 3957:, cognate with the 3548:Edward Clark Potter 3502:Friedrich Nietzsche 3356:On Virtue of Stones 3332:Nag Hammadi library 3183:Heraclides Ponticus 2774:in hand and with a 2433:In the Bahá'í Faith 2381:Ahmadiyya Community 2207:Iram of the Pillars 2095:Hermes Trismegistus 2019:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1539:of the Zoroastrian 1452:'s conquest of the 1450:Alexander the Great 1049:, 'angry, furious'. 739:Abrahamic religions 654:Religion portal 506:History and culture 76:Fire Temple of Yazd 7829:Book of Arda Viraf 7763:Cypress of Kashmar 7415:Works by Zoroaster 7212:Stausberg, Michael 7179:Stausberg, Michael 7163:Stausberg, Michael 7147:Stausberg, Michael 7131:Stausberg, Michael 6327:, pp. 491–565 6246:on 11 January 2014 6002:Lucian of Samosata 5966:Life of Pythagoras 5369:, Penguin Books UK 5365:Hinnel, J (1997), 5153:, pp. 182–183 5015:, pp. 190–191 4650:, pp. 285–292 4565:on 3 December 2012 4421:, pp. 133–135 3769:Spitāma Zaraθuštra 3761:Zaraθuštra Spitāma 3708:Seleucus I Nicator 3648:Zoroaster and the 3544: 3361:Peri lithon timion 3280:Lucian of Samosata 3191:natural philosophy 3076:The Greeks—in the 2953:possibly contains 2754: 2734:Indian Zoroastrian 2695: 2503: 2420: 2220:, who believed in 2197:and the archangel 2157:Arthur Christensen 2073:Athanasius Kircher 2005:Cypress of Kashmar 1999:Cypress of Kashmar 1946: 1843: 1568:tripartite society 1474:Modern scholarship 1335: 1226:Classical Armenian 812:Name and etymology 799:Yasna Haptanghaiti 473:Book of Arda Viraf 403:Cypress of Kashmar 8092:People from Balkh 8054: 8053: 7566: 7565: 7462:Ancient Near East 7356:978-0-8196-0280-0 7317:978-0-19-960503-3 7294:978-0-85773-156-2 7227:978-1-4443-3135-6 7112:Novum Testamentum 7008:978-0-7735-1144-6 6825:978-0-226-48200-2 6551:978-1-78074-308-0 6425:978-0-415-23902-8 6270:Ashouri, Daryoush 6094:. Dictionary.com. 5750:Diogenes Laertius 5698:on 1 January 2017 5587:, pp. 44–45. 5575:, pp. 43–45. 5330:iranicaonline.org 5082:, pp. 59–60. 5027:, pp. 36–37. 4930:Silk Road Seattle 4876:978-1-884964-98-5 4861:Adams, Douglas Q. 4732:, pp. 32–33. 4614:, pp. 89–109 4512:, pp. 40–42. 4500:, pp. 43–53. 4406:, pp. 60–61. 4094:meaning "various" 3996: 3951: 3765:Also attested as 3758: 3483:E. T. A. Hoffmann 3452: 3451: 3444: 3392:In the modern era 3315:Galen of Pergamon 3086:Diogenes Laertius 3078:Hellenistic sense 3074: 3073: 3066: 3056: 3055: 3048: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2955:original research 2936: 2935: 2928: 2910: 2833: 2344:The 12th-century 2321:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 1937:The rings of the 1679:17 regional names 1531:Scholars such as 1492: 650–600 BC 1454:Achaemenid Empire 1375:Diogenes Laërtius 1250:Movses Khorenatsi 1198:Early New Persian 1102:) in the Avestan 688: 687: 214: 213: 130:Two unnamed wives 117: 547–522 BC 97: 624–599 BC 16:(Redirected from 8124: 8077:Iranian prophets 8044: 8043: 8009:in United States 7750:Adur Burzen-Mihr 7656: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7570: 7556: 7555: 7460:Timeline of the 7454: 7447: 7440: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7410:Internet Archive 7368: 7359: 7336: 7320: 7297: 7274: 7265: 7253: 7235:Taherzadeh, Adib 7230: 7207: 7174: 7158: 7142: 7126: 7106: 7093: 7080: 7052: 7039: 7011: 6991: 6972: 6949: 6940: 6928: 6919: 6907: 6894: 6846: 6828: 6805: 6796: 6776: 6748: 6739: 6723: 6711: 6681: 6672: 6652: 6626: 6617: 6604: 6595: 6567: 6554: 6533: 6510: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6449:, archived from 6438: 6428: 6405: 6382: 6362: 6353: 6341: 6328: 6325:Brill Publishers 6315: 6292: 6283: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6242:. Archived from 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6176: 6170: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6024: 6018: 6009: 5999: 5993: 5983: 5977: 5958: 5952: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5891: 5888:Livingstone 2002 5885: 5879: 5876:Livingstone 2002 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5781: 5772: 5766: 5757: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5719:, vol. I, p. 58. 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5535:"Zoroastrianism" 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5189:, pp. 19–20 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5074: 5068: 5067:, pp. 2–26. 5059: 5053: 5052: 5034: 5028: 5025:Gershevitch 1964 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 5003:, pp. 17–18 4998: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4926:"Zoroastrianism" 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4807:, pp. 25–26 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4768:Western Response 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4660: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4592: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4564: 4558:. Archived from 4547: 4536: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4422: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4380: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4254: 4248: 4239: 4238:, pp. 25–35 4233: 4218: 4217:, pp. 15–16 4212: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4161: 4155: 4142: 4136: 4115: 4113: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4073: 4055: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4001: 3995:romanized: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3971:), referring to 3956: 3950:romanized: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3757:romanized: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3744: 3738: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3700: 3679: 3660: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3580: 3534: 3477: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3404: 3396: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3329: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3156: 3069: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970:inline citations 2946: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2868: 2844: 2836: 2825: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2773: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2687: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2598: 2592: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2340: 2265: 2255: 2249: 2224:coincident with 2189: 2155:The orientalist 2111:101 Names of God 2028: 1986: 1976: 1965: 1944: 1929: 1921: 1913: 1905: 1899: 1891: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1851: 1763:(1086–1153), an 1734:Diodorus Siculus 1711: 1695: 1689: 1676: 1668: 1644: 1639:(Middle Persian 1634: 1557: 1554: 1493: 1490: 1443: 1399: 1396: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1273: 1263: 1257: 1239: 1233: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1189: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1122:dental consonant 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1075: 1069: 1057: 1048: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1011: 1002: 993: 987: 981: 975: 965: 959: 945: 939: 933: 920: 914: 913: 908: 899: 893: 892: 887: 881: 875: 874: 869: 861:First Alcibiades 853: 841: 840: 835: 825: 802: 680: 673: 666: 652: 651: 388:Adur Burzen-Mihr 239: 216: 118: 115: 98: 95: 72: 46: 21: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8112:Unsolved deaths 8087:Miracle workers 8057: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8034: 8013: 7950: 7894: 7868: 7839:Story of Sanjan 7807: 7693: 7662:Divine entities 7657: 7648: 7602: 7597: 7567: 7562: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7464: 7458: 7423: 7380: 7375: 7362: 7357: 7339: 7323: 7318: 7300: 7295: 7277: 7268: 7256: 7251: 7233: 7228: 7210: 7177: 7161: 7145: 7129: 7109: 7096: 7083: 7055: 7042: 7014: 7009: 6994: 6975: 6970: 6952: 6943: 6931: 6922: 6915:(Orientalia 50) 6910: 6897: 6851:Mair, Victor H. 6849: 6844: 6831: 6826: 6808: 6799: 6782:Iranica Antiqua 6779: 6751: 6742: 6726: 6714: 6684: 6675: 6670: 6655: 6649: 6629: 6620: 6607: 6598: 6570: 6557: 6552: 6536: 6531: 6513: 6508: 6493: 6485: 6483: 6469: 6460: 6453: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6408: 6403: 6385: 6380: 6365: 6356: 6344: 6331: 6318: 6295: 6286: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6223:"Pages 9–12 of" 6221: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6079:Isis and Osiris 6076: 6072: 6068:Pliny, VII, XV. 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6012: 6000: 5996: 5984: 5980: 5959: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5760: 5746:Isis and Osiris 5739: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5609:Taherzadeh 1976 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5539:www.alislam.org 5533: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5075: 5071: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4595: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4545: 4538: 4537: 4528: 4524:, pp. 7ff. 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476:, p. I.18. 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4366: 4358: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4333:, pp. 3–4. 4329: 4325: 4317: 4306: 4298: 4291: 4281: 4280:, pp. 314. 4276: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4221: 4213: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4145: 4137: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4076: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3924:-worship", and 3913: 3909: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3822: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3764: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3598:Religion portal 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3525:Richard Strauss 3521: 3478: 3472: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3417: 3405: 3394: 3307:pseudepigraphic 3214:Natural History 3209:Pliny the Elder 3070: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3021: 3009: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2959: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2857:primary sources 2845: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2681: 2670: 2487: 2435: 2390: 2377: 2240: 2234: 2190: 2187: 2172:ancient Persian 2143: 2121: 2109:Main articles: 2107: 2070: 2058:Main articles: 2056: 2054:In Christianity 2051: 2007: 2001: 1966:(priest of the 1835: 1728:located him in 1665:Farvardin Yasht 1637:Airyanem Vaējah 1624: 1622:Airyanem Vaejah 1618: 1602:British Library 1581:Iranian Plateau 1555: 1529: 1500:Cyrus the Great 1491: 1485: 1476: 1456:in 330 BC. The 1434: 1408:to have taught 1397: 1391:Pliny the Elder 1351: 1312: 1276:Rüdiger Schmitt 1252:. The spelling 1209:), the name is 1081:Younger Avestan 888:with the Greek 830:transcription, 820:, was probably 814: 789:Sassanid Empire 785:Cyrus the Great 684: 646: 641: 640: 639: 624: 616: 615: 614: 579: 571: 570: 569: 528: 527: 507: 499: 498: 497: 483:Story of Sanjan 457: 449: 448: 447: 342: 334: 333: 332: 297: 296:Divine entities 289: 288: 287: 247: 199:Prophet in the 198: 182: 165: 136: 116: 104: 99: 96: 79: 63: 56: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8130: 8128: 8120: 8119: 8117:Zoroastrianism 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8059: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7844:Chinvat Bridge 7841: 7836: 7834:Book of Jamasp 7831: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7788:Khordeh Avesta 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7730:Airyaman ishya 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7669:Amesha Spentas 7665: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7607:Primary topics 7604: 7603: 7600:Zoroastrianism 7598: 7596: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7412: 7403: 7392: 7379: 7378:External links 7376: 7374: 7373: 7360: 7355: 7337: 7321: 7316: 7310:, OUP Oxford, 7298: 7293: 7287:, I.B.Tauris, 7275: 7266: 7254: 7249: 7231: 7226: 7208: 7191:(5): 561–600, 7175: 7159: 7143: 7127: 7118:(3): 233–240, 7107: 7094: 7081: 7053: 7040: 7029:10.2307/625011 7023:(1): 111–116, 7012: 7007: 6992: 6973: 6968: 6950: 6941: 6929: 6920: 6908: 6895: 6847: 6842: 6829: 6824: 6810:Lincoln, Bruce 6806: 6797: 6777: 6760:(2): 245–265, 6749: 6740: 6724: 6712: 6701:10.2307/592499 6682: 6673: 6668: 6653: 6647: 6627: 6618: 6605: 6596: 6585:10.1086/371754 6568: 6555: 6550: 6538:Foltz, Richard 6534: 6529: 6511: 6506: 6491: 6467: 6458: 6456:on 24 May 2013 6429: 6424: 6406: 6401: 6383: 6378: 6363: 6354: 6342: 6329: 6316: 6293: 6291:, London: Lulu 6284: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6231: 6214: 6189: 6171: 6155: 6143: 6128: 6106: 6097: 6083: 6070: 6061: 6059:Pliny, VII, I. 6052: 6050:, p. 234. 6040: 6038:, p. 526. 6025: 6023:, p. 495. 6010: 5994: 5978: 5953: 5934: 5932:, p. 523. 5919: 5917:, p. 522. 5907: 5892: 5890:, p. 147. 5880: 5868: 5866:, p. 111. 5856: 5854:, p. 493. 5837: 5825: 5823:, p. 491. 5810: 5796: 5773: 5771:, p. 525. 5758: 5733: 5729:Stausberg 2002 5721: 5717:Stausberg 2002 5709: 5682: 5673: 5671:, p. 409. 5669:Blackburn 2005 5661: 5649:, p. IV, 5637: 5635:, p. 405. 5633:Blackburn 1994 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5585:Widengren 1961 5577: 5573:Widengren 1961 5565: 5556: 5552:Widengren 1961 5544: 5526: 5500: 5474: 5449: 5417: 5405:islamawareness 5391: 5372: 5357: 5354:. p. 421. 5342: 5316: 5304: 5288: 5266: 5264:, pp. 192 5254: 5242: 5240:, pp. 188 5227: 5215: 5213:, pp. 187 5203: 5191: 5179: 5177:, pp. 184 5167: 5165:, pp. 183 5155: 5143: 5132: 5120: 5116:Sarianidi 1987 5108: 5096: 5084: 5069: 5054: 5047: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4986: 4959: 4947: 4917: 4913:Stausberg 2008 4905: 4893: 4891:, pp. 1–7 4881: 4875: 4857:Mallory, J. P. 4848: 4836: 4821: 4819:, p. 162. 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4679: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4593: 4576: 4554: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4498:Mayrhofer 1977 4487: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4423: 4419:Schlerath 1977 4408: 4396: 4394:, pp. 1–3 4381: 4379:, pp. 4–8 4364: 4349: 4335: 4323: 4304: 4289: 4278:Tavernier 2007 4270: 4255: 4240: 4219: 4192: 4177: 4162: 4143: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4096: 4087: 4085:, p. 501. 4074: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 3977: 3932: 3907: 3856: 3781: 3773:. The epiphet 3739: 3722: 3718: 1000 BC 3698:Anno Graecorum 3673: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3661:, an opera by 3652: 3646: 3640: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3612:History portal 3601: 3587: 3571: 3568: 3520: 3517: 3474:Religio Medici 3470: 3461:Religio Medici 3450: 3449: 3408: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384:and the other 3351:Apotelesmatika 3302:pseudepigrapha 3296: 3292: 3103:Neopythagorean 3072: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3012: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2848: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2750:Hvare-khshaeta 2669: 2666: 2486: 2483: 2475:Shoghi Effendi 2434: 2431: 2389: 2388:In Manichaeism 2386: 2376: 2375:Ahmadiyya view 2373: 2349:al-Shahrastani 2346:heresiographer 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2185: 2159:in his book '' 2106: 2103: 2087:Joachim Bouvet 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2015:King Vishtaspa 2003:Main article: 2000: 1997: 1834: 1831: 1782: 1693:zaraθuštrotema 1617: 1614: 1592:Victor H. Mair 1588:9th century BC 1528: 1525: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1433: 1430: 1398: 6300 BC 1350: 1347: 1311: 1308: 1090: 1089: 1077: 1063:Vedic Sanskrit 1059: 1050: 952:Middle Persian 902:BMAC substrate 842:), as used in 813: 810: 711:Zoroastrianism 686: 685: 683: 682: 675: 668: 660: 657: 656: 643: 642: 638: 637: 632: 626: 625: 623:Related topics 622: 621: 618: 617: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 562: 557: 556: 555: 550: 540: 535: 529: 526: 525: 520: 515: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 496: 495: 490: 488:Chinvat Bridge 485: 480: 478:Book of Jamasp 475: 470: 465: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 440: 435: 433:Khordeh Avesta 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 373:Airyaman ishya 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 303:Amesha Spentas 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 248: 246:Primary topics 245: 244: 241: 240: 232: 231: 229:Zoroastrianism 225: 224: 212: 211: 196:Zoroastrianism 188: 187:Known for 184: 183: 181: 180: 177: 173: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 144: 142: 138: 137: 135: 134: 131: 127: 125: 121: 120: 110: 106: 105: 100: 90: 86: 85: 81: 80: 73: 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 54: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8129: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8049: 8048: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:in Azerbaijan 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 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7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6969:0-8248-1219-0 6965: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6843:0-595-23199-3 6839: 6835: 6830: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6728:Kellens, Jean 6725: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6671: 6669:81-85091-46-3 6665: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6648:0-521-56256-2 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530:0-8223-8551-1 6526: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507:0-87743-020-9 6503: 6499: 6498: 6497:God Passes By 6492: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402:90-04-06506-7 6398: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379:90-04-10474-7 6375: 6371: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6202: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6153:, p. 133 6152: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5990:On the Months 5987: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5602: 5599:, p. 21. 5598: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5554:, p. 76. 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5450: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5343: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312:Mungello 1989 5308: 5305: 5301: 5300:Mungello 1989 5297: 5296:Mungello 1989 5292: 5289: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5140:Malandra 2005 5136: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5118:, p. 54. 5117: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5048:1-85506-828-1 5044: 5040: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5006: 5002: 5001:Nigosian 1993 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4957:, p. 34. 4956: 4951: 4948: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4915:, p. 572 4914: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4805:Shahbazi 1977 4801: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730:Shahbazi 1977 4726: 4723: 4719: 4718:Kingsley 1990 4714: 4711: 4708:, p. 261 4707: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4680:9781910589465 4676: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4638:, p. 260 4637: 4632: 4629: 4626:, p. 441 4625: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4555:0-19-713559-5 4551: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522:Markwart 1930 4518: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4464:, p. 13. 4463: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251:Malandra 2005 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236:Shahbazi 1977 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4215:Nigosian 1993 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4190:, p. 61. 4189: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4141:, p. 26. 4140: 4139:Shahbazi 1977 4135: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4083:Hornby (1983) 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3986: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3710:(312/311 BC). 3709: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3688:his accession 3685: 3678: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3650:Mount Savalan 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3584:Poetry portal 3579: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3456:Thomas Browne 3446: 3443: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3409:This section 3407: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3345:Asteroskopita 3340: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:On the Months 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3119:Mediterranean 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3065: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3013:This section 3011: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2981: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2951:This section 2949: 2940: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2919: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2877: – 2876: 2872: 2871:Find sources: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2849:This section 2847: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2250:, collective 2248: 2247: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Amesha Spenta 2184: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079:. The French 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Al-Mutawakkil 2027: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1911: 1910:Amesha Spenta 1904: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1482: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:Eznik of Kolb 1238: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1001: 995: 992: 986: 985:*Zarantuštra- 982:derives from 980: 974: 973:*Zarantuštra- 969: 964: 958: 953: 949: 944: 938: 932: 926: 924: 919: 907: 903: 898: 886: 880: 868: 863: 862: 857: 852: 851: 845: 834: 829: 824: 819: 811: 809: 806: 801: 800: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 661: 659: 658: 655: 650: 645: 644: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 620: 619: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 575: 574: 566: 563: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 503: 502: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 453: 452: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Adur Gushnasp 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 338: 337: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 293: 292: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 243: 242: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 222: 218: 217: 210: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 178: 175: 174: 172: 168: 161: 158: 155: 153:Hvare Chithra 152: 149: 146: 145: 143: 139: 132: 129: 128: 126: 122: 111: 107: 103: 91: 87: 82: 77: 71: 66: 59: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8045: 7849:Frashokereti 7803:Atash Behram 7793:The Revayats 7754:Adur Farnbag 7735:Fire Temples 7725:Yenghe hatam 7720:Ahuna Vairya 7689:Angra Mainyu 7618: 7398: 7387: 7370: 7364: 7345: 7325: 7306: 7283: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7239: 7216: 7188: 7182: 7170: 7154: 7150: 7138: 7134: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7092:(2): 127–135 7089: 7085: 7064:(1): 25–35, 7061: 7057: 7048: 7044: 7020: 7016: 6997: 6989:T. N. Foulis 6980: 6958: 6945: 6936: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6903: 6858: 6854: 6833: 6814: 6801: 6785: 6781: 6757: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6719:, New York: 6716: 6692: 6686: 6677: 6658: 6634: 6622: 6613: 6600: 6579:(1): 12–38, 6576: 6572: 6563: 6559: 6541: 6519: 6496: 6484:, retrieved 6480:the original 6475: 6462: 6451:the original 6446: 6440: 6414: 6391: 6368: 6358: 6346: 6337: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6288: 6278: 6262:Bibliography 6248:. Retrieved 6244:the original 6234: 6217: 6205:. Retrieved 6192: 6183: 6174: 6158: 6146: 6139:Ashouri 2003 6119:. Retrieved 6109: 6100: 6086: 6078: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6043: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5946: 5937: 5910: 5883: 5871: 5859: 5828: 5801:. Retrieved 5786: 5745: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700:. Retrieved 5696:the original 5685: 5676: 5664: 5646: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5611:, p. 3. 5604: 5597:Zaehner 1972 5592: 5580: 5568: 5559: 5547: 5538: 5529: 5517:. Retrieved 5512: 5503: 5491:. Retrieved 5487: 5482:Ibn Kathir. 5477: 5465:. Retrieved 5459: 5452: 5440:. Retrieved 5435:islamqa.info 5433: 5420: 5408:. Retrieved 5404: 5399:Ibn Kathir. 5394: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5366: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5333:. Retrieved 5329: 5319: 5307: 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5269: 5257: 5252:, p. 31 5245: 5218: 5206: 5201:, p. 24 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5135: 5130:, p. 1. 5123: 5111: 5104:Khlopin 1992 5099: 5094:, p. 8. 5087: 5076: 5072: 5061: 5057: 5038: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4977:. Retrieved 4973:Khan Academy 4971: 4962: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4936:. 7 May 2002 4929: 4920: 4908: 4903:, p. 18 4896: 4884: 4865: 4851: 4844:Humbach 1991 4839: 4817:Jackson 1899 4812: 4800: 4795:, p. 68 4788: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4749: 4742:Jackson 1896 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4665: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4586: 4579: 4567:. Retrieved 4560:the original 4541: 4517: 4505: 4481: 4474:Humbach 1991 4469: 4462:Burnouf 1833 4457: 4450:Schmitt 2002 4399: 4338: 4326: 4302:, p. 17 4273: 4266:Kellens 2011 4158:Lincoln 1991 4103: 4099: 4090: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4007: 3990:𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬌𐬱 3980: 3966: 3945:𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀𐬭 3935: 3910: 3859: 3784: 3766: 3742: 3725: 3677: 3634: 3545: 3522: 3510: 3495: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3429: 3418:Please help 3413:verification 3410: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3341: 3339:tractates." 3319: 3299: 3288: 3283: 3271: 3264:Pythagoreans 3261: 3224: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3170: 3154:Peri physeos 3148: 3146: 3123: 3115: 3075: 3060: 3042: 3033: 3022:Please help 3017:verification 3014: 2984: 2975: 2952: 2922: 2913: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2870: 2850: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2812:Please help 2809: 2758:Taq-e Bostan 2755: 2742:Taq-e Bostan 2720: 2696: 2679:Clavis Artis 2677: 2658:("master of 2642:Frashokereti 2613: 2585: 2570: 2561: 2504: 2439:Bahá'í Faith 2436: 2421: 2397: 2378: 2368:Zaradushtiya 2354:Kayumarthiya 2343: 2329: 2319: 2312: 2241: 2226:Zoroastrians 2215: 2192: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2146: 2144: 2141:Angra Mainyu 2071: 2008: 1968:old religion 1958: 1947: 1892:(order) and 1880:Angra Mainyu 1858: 1844: 1823: 1821: 1805:Turkmenistan 1790: 1769:Turkmenistan 1758: 1722: 1684:However, in 1683: 1629: 1625: 1610: 1598:Almut Hintze 1596: 1585: 1530: 1486: 1477: 1435: 1352: 1336: 1332:Franz Cumont 1324:Dura Europos 1318:3rd-century 1223: 1172:𐭦𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭲 1168: 1091: 1058:, 'to drag'. 1013: 996: 991:*Zaratuštra- 963:*Zaratuštra- 948:Indo-Iranian 937:*Zaratuštra- 928:In Avestan, 927: 859: 815: 782: 770:Greater Iran 756:He spoke an 755: 747:Christianity 741:, including 719:wonderworker 698: 694: 690: 689: 493:Frashokereti 438:The Rivayats 393:Adur Farnbag 378:Fire Temples 368:Yenghe hatam 363:Ahuna Vairya 328:Angra Mainyu 257: 201:Baháʼí Faith 150:Urvatat Nara 102:Greater Iran 43: 8004:in Pakistan 7962:Persecution 7921:Khurramites 7634:Persia/Iran 7619:Zarathustra 7614:Ahura Mazda 7086:Die Sprache 6855:Early China 6410:Boyce, Mary 6387:Boyce, Mary 6250:17 December 6207:19 November 6121:19 November 6077:Plutarch's 6048:Sieber 1973 5752:1.6–9, and 5702:28 December 5488:islambasics 5225:, p. 9 5080:Gronke 1993 4834:, p. 6 4783:, p. 9 4756:, p. . 4696:, p. 8 4569:1 September 4510:Bailey 1953 4362:, p. 3 4321:, p. 4 3920:, meaning " 3232:astrothytes 3199:Necessity ( 2875:"Zoroaster" 2682: [ 2668:Iconography 2649:Ahura Mazda 2629:Ahura Mazda 2593:. The word 2537:Ahura Mazda 2471:Bahá'u'lláh 2423:Manichaeism 2286:'s servant 2033:in 247 AH ( 1872:Ahura Mazda 1797:Baluchistan 1761:Shahrastani 1690:59.18, the 1572:Yaz culture 1556: 1700 1402:Aristoxenus 1271:*Zur(a)dušt 1228:sources as 1000:Zarantuštra 966:might be a 805:Old Avestan 774:Afghanistan 699:Zarathustra 523:Khurramites 273:Persia/Iran 258:Zarathustra 253:Ahura Mazda 203:and in the 176:Pourushaspa 162:Pouruchista 147:Isat Vâstra 8061:Categories 7967:in Armenia 7859:Hamistagan 7715:Ashem Vohu 7629:Vohu Manah 6788:: 96–116, 6631:Hale, Mark 6349:, Oxford: 5974:Hippolytus 5905:, para. 7. 5835:, para. 4. 5797:9004052410 5380:Ibn Kathir 5281:6 February 5262:Boyce 1996 5238:Boyce 1996 5211:Boyce 1996 5175:Boyce 1996 5163:Boyce 1996 5151:Boyce 1996 5128:Boyce 1996 5065:Boyce 1996 5013:Boyce 1996 4889:Boyce 1982 4793:Boyce 1982 4754:Boyce 1996 4706:Boyce 1982 4648:Boyce 1996 4636:Boyce 1982 4392:Boyce 2001 4360:Boyce 1996 4331:Boyce 1996 4173:Boyce 1996 4122:References 4052:Bundahishn 3917:Mazdayasna 3690:(336 BC), 3432:March 2017 3386:Areimanius 3327:Zostrianos 3227:Babylonian 3167:Pythagoras 3159:Myth of Er 3111:Pythagoras 3099:Babylonian 3036:March 2017 2978:March 2017 2962:improve it 2916:March 2017 2886:newspapers 2853:references 2815:improve it 2762:Ardashir I 2609:Pythagoras 2596:Mazdayasna 2590:Mazdayasna 2581:Heraclitus 2493:Detail of 2485:Philosophy 2300:Azerbaijan 2292:Ibn Kathir 2049:Influences 1978:, and the 1864:Vohu Manah 1786:Azerbaijan 1773:Atropatene 1716:(medieval 1698:Badakhshan 1657:, or even 1620:See also: 1604:, and the 1564:Bronze Age 1533:Mary Boyce 1527:Early date 1463:Mary Boyce 1440:Bundahishn 1410:Pythagoras 1406:Chaldeaean 1383:Trojan War 1379:Hermodorus 1178:Zardu(x)št 1145:zaraθuštra 1139:zaraθuštra 1105:zaraθuštra 1039:, 'old'): 979:Zaraθuštra 968:zero-grade 931:Zaraθuštra 879:Zōroastris 873:Ζωροάστρις 867:Zōroastrēs 839:Ζωροάστρης 833:Zōroastrēs 823:Zaraθuštra 778:Tajikistan 737:, and the 735:Pythagoras 727:Heraclitus 543:Initiation 358:Ashem Vohu 268:Vohu Manah 207:branch of 7955:Adherents 7936:Festivals 7916:Mazdakism 7911:Zurvanism 7824:Bundahišn 7639:Faravahar 7395:Zoroaster 7384:Zoroaster 7334:640889566 7205:143903349 7078:161582719 6981:Ecco Homo 6891:192107986 6875:0362-5028 6861:: 27–47. 6774:162273109 6593:161954467 6395:, BRILL, 6372:, BRILL, 6307:: 21–42, 6036:Beck 1991 6021:Beck 1991 5930:Beck 1991 5915:Beck 1991 5903:Beck 2003 5864:Nock 1929 5852:Beck 1991 5833:Beck 2003 5821:Beck 1991 5769:Beck 1991 5621:Buck 1998 5513:إسلام ويب 5298::144 and 5250:West 2010 5223:West 2010 5199:West 2010 5187:West 2010 5092:Frye 1992 4955:Mair 1990 4901:West 2010 4832:West 2010 4766:Henning, 4694:West 2010 4612:West 2013 4377:West 2010 4319:West 2010 4300:West 2010 4105:Ecce Homo 4070:al-Masudi 4066:al-Biruni 3657:Zoroastre 3556:Manhattan 3485:'s novel 3382:Horomazes 3373:Hystaspes 3276:Hystaspes 3195:On Nature 3187:Zoroaster 3171:On Nature 3165:imagined 3149:On Nature 2966:verifying 2821:talk page 2620:and shun 2577:Platonism 2408:Zoroaster 2361:Zurwaniya 2331:Al-Tabari 2304:Vishtaspa 2272:al-Tabari 2238:Shahnameh 2222:free will 2170:state in 1984:Shahnameh 1954:Shahnameh 1950:Vishtaspa 1822:The 2005 1801:Chorasmia 1742:Cephalion 1708:Būndahišn 1702:Arachosia 1659:Parthians 1512:Hystaspes 1504:Vishtaspa 1483:Late date 1468:Al-Masudi 1422:Semiramis 1371:Hermippus 1367:Aristotle 1303:*Zuradašt 1148:with its 954:(300 BC) 701:, was an 695:Zoroaster 578:Adherents 538:Festivals 518:Mazdakism 513:Zurvanism 468:Bundahišn 278:Faravahar 205:Ahmadiyya 8047:Category 7977:in India 7941:Marriage 7931:Calendar 7854:Xrafstar 7778:Visperad 7773:Vendidad 7558:Category 7419:LibriVox 7343:(1972), 7304:(2013), 7281:(2010), 7237:(1976), 7165:(2005), 7149:(2004), 7133:(2002), 6956:(1989), 6935:(1917), 6883:23351579 6812:(1991), 6730:(2011). 6540:(2013), 6517:(2004), 6412:(2001), 6389:(1982), 6272:(2003), 6006:Mennipus 5970:Stromata 5962:Porphyry 5948:Stromata 5803:19 March 5754:Agathias 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