407:
387:
49:
362:
31:
1667:
1608:
1586:
1593:
1600:
290:
Zatracheidids are recognized by their wide and flat skulls with a greatly enlarged preorbital region that is distinguished by the large internarial fontanelle, with corresponding large premaxillae. A correspondingly large intervomerine fontanelle is found on the palate. The quadratojugal is expanded,
331:
is more complete and is the only one that would definitively capture metamorphosis. Spikes developed during metamorphosis, and as zatrachydids continued growing as adults, the pits and grooves on their skulls grew more extensive and the otic notch at the back of the skull grew wider. These notches
349:
called the inter-vomerine fontanelle, which grows larger during metamorphosis. This hole is seen in living salamanders and frogs and is associated with an organ called the intermaxillary gland, which produces secretions that make the tongue sticky. It may also have been present in zatrachydids.
277:
is represented by a species in addition to the type species. The name
Zatracheidae was first coined by Cope (1882). Numerous variations on this, such as 'Zatrachydae' and 'Zatrachydidae' have been used in the literature, as have permutations derived from
344:
also grew larger during metamorphosis, and are distinguished by their irregular shape, which differs from the more circular shape seen in other temnospondyls. Zatrachydids also possess a hole in the center of their
239:
bone of the skull, and a large opening in the snout called the internarial fontanelle (sometimes the internarial fenestra) that is bordered by enlarged premaxillae. The skull is flattened, with small
536:
Boy, Jürgen A. (1989). "Über einige
Vertreter der Eryopoidea (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) aus dem europäischen Rotliegend (?höchstes Oberkarbon — Perm)2. Acanthostomatops".
1747:
361:
644:
Witzmann, Florian; Schoch, Rainer R. (2006). "Skeletal development of the temnospondyl
Acanthostomatops vorax from the Lower Permian Döhlen Basin of Saxony".
247:
for producing a sticky substance so that prey would adhere to the tongue. If so, this indicates that these animals spent a large part of their time on land.
1808:
406:
1798:
1734:
697:
386:
1803:
1793:
48:
690:
235:
known from North
America and Europe. Zatracheidids are distinguished by lateral (sideways) bony protuberances of the
797:
1607:
1565:
1282:
1687:
1670:
683:
1788:
1760:
440:
1592:
1488:
1370:
497:
1585:
1117:
299:, bears discrete spiky projections. The quadratojugal also obscures the quadrate in dorsal profile.
1316:
1067:
879:
124:
1599:
1725:
1246:
373:
333:
225:
172:
148:
43:
486:"The Structure, Evolution and Origin of the Amphibia. The "Orders' Rachitomi and Stereospondyli"
1765:
1193:
1020:
661:
623:
588:
553:
515:
1752:
1660:
1239:
1184:
1128:
997:
653:
615:
580:
545:
505:
413:
257:
141:
315:
Zatracheidids are one of several temnospondyl groups that are speculated to have undergone
1630:
1431:
952:
782:
757:
240:
501:
1625:
1554:
1532:
1525:
1511:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1358:
1271:
1215:
1173:
1152:
961:
901:
894:
619:
30:
1782:
1518:
1497:
1383:
1323:
975:
968:
857:
835:
809:
748:
706:
377:
316:
236:
232:
229:
93:
1645:
1539:
1504:
1470:
1440:
1288:
1201:
1081:
1036:
1029:
871:
766:
739:
1719:
1477:
1456:
1391:
1351:
1344:
1208:
1159:
1095:
1074:
1047:
1004:
982:
916:
908:
1655:
1650:
1635:
1463:
1398:
989:
657:
646:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
106:
1710:
665:
627:
606:
Schoch, Rainer R. (2002). "The evolution of metamorphosis in temnospondyls".
592:
557:
519:
1337:
1309:
1300:
1260:
1137:
1102:
1088:
1060:
928:
886:
368:
269:
162:
60:
510:
485:
1704:
1640:
1253:
1145:
730:
393:
337:
263:
243:
or eye sockets set far back. The opening in the snout may have housed a
155:
80:
1739:
1166:
1110:
584:
549:
418:
398:
490:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1449:
1330:
724:
441:"A lower Permian temnospondylous amphibian from the English Midlands"
346:
341:
70:
1681:
941:
244:
675:
1685:
717:
679:
573:
Zeitschrift für
Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre
465:
571:
Jaekel, Otto (1909). "Über die
Klassen der Tetrapoden".
1694:
1553:
1487:
1439:
1430:
1369:
1299:
1270:
1229:
1183:
1127:
1046:
1019:
951:
927:
855:
808:
781:
531:
529:
307:are only confidently known from cranial material.
327:are known from ontogenetic series, but that of
691:
8:
1682:
1436:
1375:
1052:
933:
863:
852:
787:
778:
714:
698:
684:
676:
29:
20:
509:
255:There are three genera of zatracheidids:
431:
357:
187:
7:
639:
637:
620:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00091.x
332:likely supported membranes called
14:
1809:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1666:
1665:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1584:
405:
385:
360:
47:
1799:Pennsylvanian first appearances
484:Watson, D. M. S. (1920-01-01).
16:Extinct family of temnospondyls
216:(sometimes mistakenly spelled
1:
38:Diagram of zatracheid skulls
538:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
282:such as 'Acanthostomidae.'
1825:
417:, of the early Permian of
397:, of the early Permian of
340:in living amphibians. The
319:from young to adult. Both
1620:
1582:
1378:
1055:
936:
866:
851:
832:
790:
777:
713:
658:10.1017/s0263593305000155
178:
171:
137:
132:
44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
1804:Cisuralian extinctions
511:10.1098/rstb.1920.0001
439:Patton, R. L. (1975).
414:Acanthostomatops vorax
1794:Temnospondyl families
1761:Paleobiology Database
195:Acanthostomatopsidae
1371:Stereospondylomorpha
502:1920RSPTB.209....1W
467:American Naturalist
585:10.1007/bf02047771
550:10.1007/bf02989530
394:Dasyceps bucklandi
374:late Carboniferous
369:Zatrachys serratus
226:Late Carboniferous
192:Acanthostomatidae
1776:
1775:
1688:Taxon identifiers
1679:
1678:
1616:
1615:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1549:
1548:
1225:
1224:
1194:Batrachosuchoides
1021:Dendrerpetontidae
1015:
1014:
847:
846:
843:
842:
828:
827:
496:(360–371): 1–73.
336:, which serve as
273:Cope, 1878. Only
267:Huxley 1859; and
224:) is a family of
211:
210:
184:
128:
1816:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1683:
1669:
1668:
1661:Archegosauroidea
1611:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1489:Platyoposaurinae
1437:
1376:
1287:likely includes
1240:Acanthostomatops
1185:Tupilakosauridae
1129:Trimerorhachidae
1053:
998:Procochleosaurus
934:
864:
853:
788:
779:
772:
771:
715:
700:
693:
686:
677:
670:
669:
641:
632:
631:
603:
597:
596:
568:
562:
561:
544:(1–2): 133–151.
533:
524:
523:
513:
481:
475:
474:
462:
456:
455:
445:
436:
409:
389:
380:of North America
364:
329:Acanthostomatops
325:Acanthostomatops
293:Acanthostomatops
280:Acanthostomatops
258:Acanthostomatops
251:History of study
189:Acanthostomidae
182:
142:Acanthostomatops
123:
118:
105:
92:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1631:Eutemnospondyli
1612:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1545:
1483:
1432:Archegosauridae
1426:
1365:
1295:
1266:
1221:
1179:
1123:
1042:
1011:
953:Cochleosauridae
947:
923:
860:
839:
824:
804:
798:Tetrapodomorpha
783:Tetrapodomorpha
773:
758:Tetrapodomorpha
720:
719:
709:
704:
674:
673:
643:
642:
635:
605:
604:
600:
570:
569:
565:
535:
534:
527:
483:
482:
478:
464:
463:
459:
443:
438:
437:
433:
428:
421:
410:
401:
390:
381:
365:
356:
313:
288:
253:
207:
186:
185:
122:
116:
103:
90:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1716:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Batrachomorpha
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:Stereospondyli
1559:
1557:
1555:Stereospondyli
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1533:Platyoposaurus
1529:
1526:Kashmirosaurus
1522:
1515:
1512:Bashkirosaurus
1508:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:Syndyodosuchus
1416:
1413:Sclerocephalus
1409:
1406:Korkonterpeton
1402:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:Syndyodosuchus
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:Dissorophoidea
1276:
1274:
1272:Dissorophoidea
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1216:Tupilakosaurus
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1174:Trimerorhachis
1170:
1163:
1156:
1153:Nannospondylus
1149:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1118:Trypanognathus
1114:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1001:
994:
986:
979:
972:
965:
962:Adamanterpeton
957:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
937:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
913:
905:
902:Palatinerpeton
898:
895:Iberospondylus
891:
883:
876:
867:
861:
856:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
823:
822:
821:
820:
814:
812:
806:
805:
803:
802:
801:
800:
791:
785:
775:
774:
770:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
727:
718:
711:
710:
705:
703:
702:
695:
688:
680:
672:
671:
633:
614:(4): 309–327.
598:
579:(1): 236–238.
563:
525:
476:
457:
430:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
411:
404:
402:
391:
384:
382:
366:
359:
355:
352:
312:
309:
287:
284:
252:
249:
222:Zatrachysdidae
209:
208:
206:
205:
204:Zatrachydidae
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
159:
152:
145:
135:
134:
130:
129:
114:
110:
109:
101:
97:
96:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:Zatrachydidae
1721:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:Collidosuchus
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:Archegosaurus
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:Cheliderpeton
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:Clamorosaurus
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:Chelydosaurus
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:Bermanerpeton
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
980:
978:
977:
976:Chenoprosopus
973:
971:
970:
969:Cochleosaurus
966:
964:
963:
959:
958:
956:
954:
950:
944:
943:
939:
938:
935:
932:
930:
926:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
882:
881:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:Temnospondyli
854:
850:
838:
837:
836:Temnospondyli
831:
818:
817:
816:
815:
813:
811:
810:Temnospondyli
807:
799:
795:
794:
793:
792:
789:
786:
784:
780:
776:
768:
764:
761:
759:
755:
752:
750:
749:Sarcopterygii
746:
743:
741:
737:
734:
732:
728:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
707:Temnospondyli
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
682:
681:
678:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
477:
472:
468:
461:
458:
454:(4): 831–845.
453:
449:
448:Palaeontology
442:
435:
432:
425:
420:
416:
415:
408:
403:
400:
396:
395:
388:
383:
379:
378:early Permian
375:
371:
370:
363:
358:
353:
351:
348:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:metamorphosis
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
283:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:quadratojugal
234:
233:temnospondyls
231:
230:Early Permian
227:
223:
219:
218:Zatrachydidae
215:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
177:
174:
170:
165:
164:
160:
158:
157:
153:
151:
150:
146:
144:
143:
139:
138:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
102:
100:Superfamily:
99:
98:
95:
94:Temnospondyli
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Zatracheidae
22:
19:
1789:Zatracheidae
1696:Zatracheidae
1695:
1646:Eryopiformes
1589:
1540:Prionosuchus
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1505:Bageherpeton
1503:
1496:
1476:
1471:Tryphosuchus
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:Melosaurinae
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1289:Lissamphibia
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:Zatracheidae
1230:
1214:
1207:
1202:Slaugenhopia
1200:
1192:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1082:Erpetosaurus
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1037:Dendrerpeton
1035:
1030:Balanerpeton
1028:
1003:
996:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
940:
915:
907:
900:
893:
885:
878:
872:Caerorhachis
870:
834:
767:Stegocephali
762:
753:
744:
740:Osteichthyes
735:
649:
645:
611:
607:
601:
576:
572:
566:
541:
537:
493:
489:
479:
470:
466:
460:
451:
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412:
392:
367:
328:
324:
320:
314:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
279:
274:
268:
262:
261:Kuhn, 1961;
256:
254:
221:
217:
214:Zatracheidae
213:
212:
201:Zatrachidae
198:Zatrachydae
161:
154:
147:
140:
120:Zatracheidae
119:
18:
1720:Wikispecies
1478:Uralosuchus
1457:Konzhukovia
1392:Glanochthon
1352:Stenokranio
1345:Osteophorus
1247:Chemnitzion
1209:Thabanchuia
1160:Neldasaurus
1096:Kourerpeton
1075:Dvinosaurus
1048:Dvinosauria
1005:Saharastega
983:Macrerpeton
917:Colosteidae
909:Baphetoidea
311:Development
149:Chemnitzion
1783:Categories
1656:Limnarchia
1651:Eryopoidea
1636:Rhachitomi
1624:See also:
1464:Melosaurus
1399:Intasuchus
990:Nigerpeton
819:see below↓
652:(4): 365.
473:: 334–335.
426:References
107:Eryopoidea
1338:Onchiodon
1310:Actinodon
1301:Eryopidae
1261:Zatrachys
1138:Eugyrinus
1103:Perryella
1089:Isodectes
1061:Acroplous
929:Edopoidea
887:Casineria
723:Kingdom:
666:0263-5933
628:0024-1164
593:1617-4615
558:0031-0220
520:0962-8436
372:, of the
338:ear drums
321:Zatrachys
305:Zatrachys
297:Zatrachys
270:Zatrachys
163:Zatrachys
67:Kingdom:
61:Eukaryota
1705:Wikidata
1671:Category
1641:Euskelia
1254:Dasyceps
1146:Lafonius
731:Chordata
729:Phylum:
725:Animalia
301:Dasyceps
275:Dascyeps
264:Dasyceps
183:Synonyms
173:Synonyms
156:Dasyceps
113:Family:
81:Chordata
77:Phylum:
71:Animalia
57:Domain:
1740:4815947
1711:Q137423
1167:Procuhy
1111:Timonya
880:Capetus
608:Lethaia
498:Bibcode
419:Germany
399:England
354:Gallery
347:palates
342:choanae
334:tympana
291:and in
286:Anatomy
133:Genera
87:Order:
1753:103867
1450:Koinia
1331:Eryops
664:
626:
591:
556:
518:
241:orbits
127:, 1882
1766:37053
1748:IRMNG
942:Edops
763:Clade
754:Clade
745:Clade
736:Clade
444:(PDF)
245:gland
1735:GBIF
1564:see
1281:see
796:see
662:ISSN
624:ISSN
589:ISSN
554:ISSN
516:ISSN
376:and
323:and
303:and
295:and
228:and
125:Cope
654:doi
616:doi
581:doi
546:doi
506:doi
494:209
220:or
1785::
1763::
1750::
1737::
1722::
1707::
765::
756::
747::
738::
660:.
650:96
648:.
636:^
622:.
612:35
610:.
587:.
575:.
552:.
542:63
540:.
528:^
514:.
504:.
492:.
488:.
471:16
469:.
452:18
450:.
446:.
1423:?
1387:?
1362:?
1197:?
1141:?
1106:?
1008:?
993:?
920:?
912:?
890:?
875:?
699:e
692:t
685:v
668:.
656::
630:.
618::
595:.
583::
577:3
560:.
548::
522:.
508::
500::
117:†
104:†
91:†
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