418:
398:
60:
373:
42:
1678:
1619:
1597:
1604:
1611:
301:
Zatracheidids are recognized by their wide and flat skulls with a greatly enlarged preorbital region that is distinguished by the large internarial fontanelle, with corresponding large premaxillae. A correspondingly large intervomerine fontanelle is found on the palate. The quadratojugal is expanded,
342:
is more complete and is the only one that would definitively capture metamorphosis. Spikes developed during metamorphosis, and as zatrachydids continued growing as adults, the pits and grooves on their skulls grew more extensive and the otic notch at the back of the skull grew wider. These notches
360:
called the inter-vomerine fontanelle, which grows larger during metamorphosis. This hole is seen in living salamanders and frogs and is associated with an organ called the intermaxillary gland, which produces secretions that make the tongue sticky. It may also have been present in zatrachydids.
288:
is represented by a species in addition to the type species. The name
Zatracheidae was first coined by Cope (1882). Numerous variations on this, such as 'Zatrachydae' and 'Zatrachydidae' have been used in the literature, as have permutations derived from
355:
also grew larger during metamorphosis, and are distinguished by their irregular shape, which differs from the more circular shape seen in other temnospondyls. Zatrachydids also possess a hole in the center of their
250:
bone of the skull, and a large opening in the snout called the internarial fontanelle (sometimes the internarial fenestra) that is bordered by enlarged premaxillae. The skull is flattened, with small
547:
Boy, Jürgen A. (1989). "Über einige
Vertreter der Eryopoidea (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) aus dem europäischen Rotliegend (?höchstes Oberkarbon — Perm)2. Acanthostomatops".
1758:
372:
655:
Witzmann, Florian; Schoch, Rainer R. (2006). "Skeletal development of the temnospondyl
Acanthostomatops vorax from the Lower Permian Döhlen Basin of Saxony".
258:
for producing a sticky substance so that prey would adhere to the tongue. If so, this indicates that these animals spent a large part of their time on land.
1819:
417:
1809:
1745:
708:
397:
1814:
1804:
59:
701:
246:
known from North
America and Europe. Zatracheidids are distinguished by lateral (sideways) bony protuberances of the
808:
1618:
1576:
1293:
1698:
1681:
694:
1799:
1771:
451:
1603:
1499:
1381:
508:
1596:
1128:
310:, bears discrete spiky projections. The quadratojugal also obscures the quadrate in dorsal profile.
1327:
1078:
890:
135:
1610:
1736:
1257:
384:
344:
236:
183:
159:
54:
497:"The Structure, Evolution and Origin of the Amphibia. The "Orders' Rachitomi and Stereospondyli"
1776:
1204:
1031:
672:
634:
599:
564:
526:
1763:
1671:
1250:
1195:
1139:
1008:
664:
626:
591:
556:
516:
424:
268:
152:
326:
Zatracheidids are one of several temnospondyl groups that are speculated to have undergone
1641:
1442:
963:
793:
768:
251:
512:
1636:
1565:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1369:
1282:
1226:
1184:
1163:
972:
912:
905:
630:
41:
1793:
1529:
1508:
1394:
1334:
986:
979:
868:
846:
820:
759:
717:
388:
327:
247:
243:
240:
104:
1656:
1550:
1515:
1481:
1451:
1299:
1212:
1092:
1047:
1040:
882:
777:
750:
1730:
1488:
1467:
1402:
1362:
1355:
1219:
1170:
1106:
1085:
1058:
1015:
993:
927:
919:
1666:
1661:
1646:
1474:
1409:
1000:
668:
657:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
117:
1721:
676:
638:
617:
Schoch, Rainer R. (2002). "The evolution of metamorphosis in temnospondyls".
603:
568:
530:
17:
1348:
1320:
1311:
1271:
1148:
1113:
1099:
1071:
939:
897:
379:
280:
173:
71:
521:
496:
1715:
1651:
1264:
1156:
741:
404:
348:
274:
254:
or eye sockets set far back. The opening in the snout may have housed a
166:
91:
1750:
1177:
1121:
595:
560:
429:
409:
501:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1460:
1341:
735:
452:"A lower Permian temnospondylous amphibian from the English Midlands"
357:
352:
81:
1692:
952:
255:
686:
1696:
728:
690:
584:
Zeitschrift für
Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre
476:
582:
Jaekel, Otto (1909). "Über die
Klassen der Tetrapoden".
1705:
1564:
1498:
1450:
1441:
1380:
1310:
1281:
1240:
1194:
1138:
1057:
1030:
962:
938:
866:
819:
792:
542:
540:
318:are only confidently known from cranial material.
338:are known from ontogenetic series, but that of
702:
8:
1693:
1447:
1386:
1063:
944:
874:
863:
798:
789:
725:
709:
695:
687:
40:
31:
520:
266:There are three genera of zatracheidids:
442:
368:
198:
7:
650:
648:
631:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00091.x
343:likely supported membranes called
25:
1820:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1677:
1676:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1595:
416:
396:
371:
58:
1810:Pennsylvanian first appearances
495:Watson, D. M. S. (1920-01-01).
27:Extinct family of temnospondyls
227:(sometimes mistakenly spelled
1:
49:Diagram of zatracheid skulls
549:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
293:such as 'Acanthostomidae.'
1836:
428:, of the early Permian of
408:, of the early Permian of
351:in living amphibians. The
330:from young to adult. Both
1631:
1593:
1389:
1066:
947:
877:
862:
843:
801:
788:
724:
669:10.1017/s0263593305000155
189:
182:
148:
143:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
1815:Cisuralian extinctions
522:10.1098/rstb.1920.0001
450:Patton, R. L. (1975).
425:Acanthostomatops vorax
1805:Temnospondyl families
1772:Paleobiology Database
206:Acanthostomatopsidae
1382:Stereospondylomorpha
513:1920RSPTB.209....1W
478:American Naturalist
596:10.1007/bf02047771
561:10.1007/bf02989530
405:Dasyceps bucklandi
385:late Carboniferous
380:Zatrachys serratus
237:Late Carboniferous
203:Acanthostomatidae
1787:
1786:
1699:Taxon identifiers
1690:
1689:
1627:
1626:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1560:
1559:
1236:
1235:
1205:Batrachosuchoides
1032:Dendrerpetontidae
1026:
1025:
858:
857:
854:
853:
839:
838:
507:(360–371): 1–73.
347:, which serve as
284:Cope, 1878. Only
278:Huxley 1859; and
235:) is a family of
222:
221:
195:
139:
16:(Redirected from
1827:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1672:Archegosauroidea
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1500:Platyoposaurinae
1448:
1387:
1298:likely includes
1251:Acanthostomatops
1196:Tupilakosauridae
1140:Trimerorhachidae
1064:
1009:Procochleosaurus
945:
875:
864:
799:
790:
783:
782:
726:
711:
704:
697:
688:
681:
680:
652:
643:
642:
614:
608:
607:
579:
573:
572:
555:(1–2): 133–151.
544:
535:
534:
524:
492:
486:
485:
473:
467:
466:
456:
447:
420:
400:
391:of North America
375:
340:Acanthostomatops
336:Acanthostomatops
304:Acanthostomatops
291:Acanthostomatops
269:Acanthostomatops
262:History of study
200:Acanthostomidae
193:
153:Acanthostomatops
134:
129:
116:
103:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1642:Eutemnospondyli
1623:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1583:
1556:
1494:
1443:Archegosauridae
1437:
1376:
1306:
1277:
1232:
1190:
1134:
1053:
1022:
964:Cochleosauridae
958:
934:
871:
850:
835:
815:
809:Tetrapodomorpha
794:Tetrapodomorpha
784:
769:Tetrapodomorpha
731:
730:
720:
715:
685:
684:
654:
653:
646:
616:
615:
611:
581:
580:
576:
546:
545:
538:
494:
493:
489:
475:
474:
470:
454:
449:
448:
444:
439:
432:
421:
412:
401:
392:
376:
367:
324:
299:
264:
218:
197:
196:
133:
127:
114:
101:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1727:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Batrachomorpha
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:Stereospondyli
1570:
1568:
1566:Stereospondyli
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1544:Platyoposaurus
1540:
1537:Kashmirosaurus
1533:
1526:
1523:Bashkirosaurus
1519:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:Syndyodosuchus
1427:
1424:Sclerocephalus
1420:
1417:Korkonterpeton
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:Syndyodosuchus
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1294:Dissorophoidea
1287:
1285:
1283:Dissorophoidea
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1227:Tupilakosaurus
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1185:Trimerorhachis
1181:
1174:
1167:
1164:Nannospondylus
1160:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1129:Trypanognathus
1125:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1005:
997:
990:
983:
976:
973:Adamanterpeton
968:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
948:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
924:
916:
913:Palatinerpeton
909:
906:Iberospondylus
902:
894:
887:
878:
872:
867:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
831:
825:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
812:
811:
802:
796:
786:
785:
781:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
738:
729:
722:
721:
716:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
683:
682:
644:
625:(4): 309–327.
609:
590:(1): 236–238.
574:
536:
487:
468:
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
422:
415:
413:
402:
395:
393:
377:
370:
366:
363:
323:
320:
298:
295:
263:
260:
233:Zatrachysdidae
220:
219:
217:
216:
215:Zatrachydidae
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
180:
179:
178:
177:
170:
163:
156:
146:
145:
141:
140:
125:
121:
120:
112:
108:
107:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:Zatrachydidae
1732:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:Collidosuchus
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:Archegosaurus
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:Cheliderpeton
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:Clamorosaurus
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:Chelydosaurus
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:Bermanerpeton
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
987:Chenoprosopus
984:
982:
981:
980:Cochleosaurus
977:
975:
974:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
941:
937:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:Temnospondyli
865:
861:
849:
848:
847:Temnospondyli
842:
829:
828:
827:
826:
824:
822:
821:Temnospondyli
818:
810:
806:
805:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
779:
775:
772:
770:
766:
763:
761:
760:Sarcopterygii
757:
754:
752:
748:
745:
743:
739:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
718:Temnospondyli
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
692:
689:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
488:
483:
479:
472:
469:
465:(4): 831–845.
464:
460:
459:Palaeontology
453:
446:
443:
436:
431:
427:
426:
419:
414:
411:
407:
406:
399:
394:
390:
389:early Permian
386:
382:
381:
374:
369:
364:
362:
359:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:metamorphosis
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
296:
294:
292:
287:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:quadratojugal
245:
244:temnospondyls
242:
241:Early Permian
238:
234:
230:
229:Zatrachydidae
226:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
188:
185:
181:
176:
175:
171:
169:
168:
164:
162:
161:
157:
155:
154:
150:
149:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
123:
122:
119:
113:
111:Superfamily:
110:
109:
106:
105:Temnospondyli
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Zatracheidae
33:
30:
19:
18:Zatrachydidae
1800:Zatracheidae
1707:Zatracheidae
1706:
1657:Eryopiformes
1600:
1551:Prionosuchus
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1516:Bageherpeton
1514:
1507:
1487:
1482:Tryphosuchus
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:Melosaurinae
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1300:Lissamphibia
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:Zatracheidae
1241:
1225:
1218:
1213:Slaugenhopia
1211:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1093:Erpetosaurus
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1048:Dendrerpeton
1046:
1041:Balanerpeton
1039:
1014:
1007:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
951:
926:
918:
911:
904:
896:
889:
883:Caerorhachis
881:
845:
778:Stegocephali
773:
764:
755:
751:Osteichthyes
746:
660:
656:
622:
618:
612:
587:
583:
577:
552:
548:
504:
500:
490:
481:
477:
471:
462:
458:
445:
423:
403:
378:
339:
335:
331:
325:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
290:
285:
279:
273:
272:Kuhn, 1961;
267:
265:
232:
228:
225:Zatracheidae
224:
223:
212:Zatrachidae
209:Zatrachydae
172:
165:
158:
151:
131:Zatracheidae
130:
29:
1731:Wikispecies
1489:Uralosuchus
1468:Konzhukovia
1403:Glanochthon
1363:Stenokranio
1356:Osteophorus
1258:Chemnitzion
1220:Thabanchuia
1171:Neldasaurus
1107:Kourerpeton
1086:Dvinosaurus
1059:Dvinosauria
1016:Saharastega
994:Macrerpeton
928:Colosteidae
920:Baphetoidea
322:Development
160:Chemnitzion
1794:Categories
1667:Limnarchia
1662:Eryopoidea
1647:Rhachitomi
1635:See also:
1475:Melosaurus
1410:Intasuchus
1001:Nigerpeton
830:see below↓
663:(4): 365.
484:: 334–335.
437:References
118:Eryopoidea
1349:Onchiodon
1321:Actinodon
1312:Eryopidae
1272:Zatrachys
1149:Eugyrinus
1114:Perryella
1100:Isodectes
1072:Acroplous
940:Edopoidea
898:Casineria
734:Kingdom:
677:0263-5933
639:0024-1164
604:1617-4615
569:0031-0220
531:0962-8436
383:, of the
349:ear drums
332:Zatrachys
316:Zatrachys
308:Zatrachys
281:Zatrachys
174:Zatrachys
78:Kingdom:
72:Eukaryota
1716:Wikidata
1682:Category
1652:Euskelia
1265:Dasyceps
1157:Lafonius
742:Chordata
740:Phylum:
736:Animalia
312:Dasyceps
286:Dascyeps
275:Dasyceps
194:Synonyms
184:Synonyms
167:Dasyceps
124:Family:
92:Chordata
88:Phylum:
82:Animalia
68:Domain:
1751:4815947
1722:Q137423
1178:Procuhy
1122:Timonya
891:Capetus
619:Lethaia
509:Bibcode
430:Germany
410:England
365:Gallery
358:palates
353:choanae
345:tympana
302:and in
297:Anatomy
144:Genera
98:Order:
1764:103867
1461:Koinia
1342:Eryops
675:
637:
602:
567:
529:
252:orbits
138:, 1882
1777:37053
1759:IRMNG
953:Edops
774:Clade
765:Clade
756:Clade
747:Clade
455:(PDF)
256:gland
1746:GBIF
1575:see
1292:see
807:see
673:ISSN
635:ISSN
600:ISSN
565:ISSN
527:ISSN
387:and
334:and
314:and
306:and
239:and
136:Cope
665:doi
627:doi
592:doi
557:doi
517:doi
505:209
231:or
1796::
1774::
1761::
1748::
1733::
1718::
776::
767::
758::
749::
671:.
661:96
659:.
647:^
633:.
623:35
621:.
598:.
586:.
563:.
553:63
551:.
539:^
525:.
515:.
503:.
499:.
482:16
480:.
463:18
461:.
457:.
1434:?
1398:?
1373:?
1208:?
1152:?
1117:?
1019:?
1004:?
931:?
923:?
901:?
886:?
710:e
703:t
696:v
679:.
667::
641:.
629::
606:.
594::
588:3
571:.
559::
533:.
519::
511::
128:†
115:†
102:†
20:)
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