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letters in the sand, a very traditional practice that was in vogue even in early 1650s in Tamil Nadu villages. Following was an account of his hard work to master the
Malabar (Tamil) language: From 7 to 8 a.m, he would repeat the vocabularies and phrases that he had previously learnt and written down. From 8 a.m. to 12 noon, he would read only Malabar language books which he had not previously read. He did this in the presence of an old poet and a writer who immediately wrote down all new words and expressions. The poet had to explain the text and in the case of linguistically complicated poetry, the poet put what had been read into colloquial language. At first, Ziegenbalg had also used the translator, namely, Aleppa, whom he later gave to one of his colleagues. Even while eating, he had someone read to him. From 3 to 5 p.m., he would read some more Tamil books. In the evening from 7 to 8 p.m, someone would read to him from Tamil literature in order to avoid strain on his eyes. He preferred authors whose style he could imitate in his own speaking and writing.
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1719:") ends with an inventory of the man's lesser-known works: "Apart from the numerous Tamil translations of Christian publications he made, he wrote several books and booklets that could be described as being Indological in nature. He also had the press printing educational material of a more general nature. As early as 1708, he had compiled his Bibliothece Malabarke, listing the 161 Tamil books he had read and describing their content. In 1713, in Biblia Tamulica he expanded this bibliography. Also in 1713, the press produced what was perhaps the first Almanac to be printed in India. Then, in 1716, there appeared what was probably the first book printed in Asia in English, A Guide to the English Tongue, by
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2497:"The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left" (The Hindu) gives us a well-informed account of Ziegenbalg’s efforts in creating a typeface in Tamil that served to proliferate texts among the vernacular-tongued and also suited his aesthetic sense the best. The role of Johann Adler, whose persistent endeavors finally led to the printing of Ziegelbalg’s translation of the New Testament in Tamil (Pudu Etpadu), in July 1715. For a more detailed study of type see
1502:"Though the piety and zeal of Protestants had often excited an anxious desire to propagate the pure and reformed faith of the gospel in heathen countries, the establishment and defence against the Polish adversaries at home, together with the want of suitable opportunities and facilities for so great a work, combined during the first century after the Reformation, to prevent them from making any direct or vigorous efforts for this purpose."
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1723:. The next year, the press printed an A.B.C. (in Portuguese) for schools in the English territories. What did not get printed in Tranquebar were Ziegenbalg's Indological writings. In fact, his works like Nidiwunpa (Moral Quartrains), Kondei Wenden (a Tamil ethics text), Ulaga Nidi (World Moral, Tamil), and his books on Hinduism and Islam were printed only 150-250 years later in Europe and Madras."
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were sadly lacking in the existing Tamil translation, but he hoped that by the help of God he had been able to restore them." Both scholars can also be referred to as proto-linguists, both worked arduously on dictionaries and grammars in Tamil. Interesting semiotic and linguistic questions arise, when taking into consideration both gentlemen's translations of the Bible.
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generally in the right, but a less impetuous and more temperate approach might in the end have been more beneficial to the mission. He was too ready to open the coffers of the mission to those who claimed to be needy
Christians, though he was right that those who had lost all their property through becoming Christians could not be allowed to starve".
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1699:, building "himself a little house in a quiet area away from the centre of the town, where he could pursue tranquilly what he regarded as the most important work of all. On 28 September 1714, he reports to Francke that the book Exodus has now been completed. At the time of his death, he had continued the work up to the Book of Ruth."
1624:, regarded Ziegenbalg's repeated intervention in the case, including his advice that the widow kneel before him in the Danish church, as inappropriate and sent for Ziegenbalg to appear before him. When Ziegenbalg demurred, requesting a written summons, he was arrested and, because he refused to answer questions, imprisoned.
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Wherein besides a narrative of the progress of the
Christian religion in those parts, which the helps and impediments which hitherto have occurr'd; several hints are inserted concerning the religion of the Malabarians, their priests, poets, and other literati; and what may be expected from the printing-press
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Ziegenbalg began to learn write Tamil letters immediately after his arrival. The missionaries invited the local Tamil Pandit (teacher) to come and stay with them and to run his school from their house. Ziegenbalg would sit with the young children in this school on the floor and practice writing the
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The positive results of their labours came with challenges. Their work was opposed both by Hindus and by the local Danish authorities. In 1707/08, Ziegenbalg spent four months in prison on a charge that by converting the natives, he was encouraging rebellion. Along with the political opposition, he
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picked up where
Ziegenbalg left off in Bible translation, particularly Tamil Christian hymnody. He also felt that the previous translation by Ziegenbalg urgently needed emendations. "The four qualities which Fabricius found in the originals were lucidity, strength, brevity and appropriateness; these
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in 1708 and completed it in 1711, though printing was delayed till 1714, because of
Ziegenbalg's insistent, perfectionist revisions. Stephen Neill comments, "Only rarely has the first translation of Scripture in a new language been found acceptable. Ziegenbalg’s achievement was considerable; for the
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Neill suggests, "As a missionary of the Danish crown, ordained in
Denmark, Ziegenbalg felt himself bound by the liturgy and customs of the Danish church (…) Only in one respect does seem to have made a concession to the fact that this new church was growing up in India; he made use of the presence
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Propagation of the Gospel in the east: being an account of the success of the Danish missionaries, sent to the East-Indies, for the conversion of the heathen in
Malabar. Extracted from the accounts of the said missionaries formerly publish'd, and brought down to the beginning of the year MDCCXIII.
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Stephen Neill summarises
Ziegenbalg's failures and the cause of tragedy in his life, thus: "He was little too pleased with his position as a royal missionary, and too readily inclined to call on the help of the civil power in Denmark. In his controversies with the authorities at Tranquebar, he was
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in the
Christian community of a measure of literary and musical talent to introduce the singing of Tamil lyrics to Indian melodies, in addition to using in church the growing collection of hymns which had been translated from German, but in which the original metres and tunes had been preserved."
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Ziegenbalg possibly spent more time picking up the local tongue than in preaching incomprehensibly and in vain to a people who would then have thought him quite remarkable. He went on to write, in 1709: "I choose such books as I should wish to imitate both in speaking and writing ... Their tongue
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who, in 1618, had commandeered the expedition to Lanka, initiated a treaty with the king of
Tanjore to rent an area no more than "five miles by three in extent", resulting in the setting up of a fort, which still stands, though the Danes relinquished control of Tranquebar in 1845 to the British.
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Ziegenbalg was troubled by ill health his entire life, a condition aggravated by his work in the mission field. He died on 23 February 1719, at the age of thirty-six, in Tranquebar. His last 13 years were spent laying the foundations for German scholarship in Tamil that continues to this day.
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He connected this incident, which he took to have emboldened the Catholics, directly with a second nearly two weeks later, which resulted in his imprisonment. This incident arose from Ziegenbalg's intervention on behalf of the widow of a Tamil barber over a debt between her late husband and a
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In a letter dated 7/4/1713 to George Lewis, the Anglican chaplain at Madras, and first printed in Portuguese, on the press the mission had recently received from the Society, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Ziegenbalg writes: "We may remember on this Occasion, how much the Art of Printing
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had to cope with the climatic conditions in India. Ziegenbalg wrote: "My skin was like a red cloth. The heat here is very great, especially during April, May and June, in which season the wind blows from the inland so strongly that it seems as if the heat comes straight out of the oven".
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poetry, aiming to promote a better understanding of the natives among the Europeans. However, when he sent these volumes to Halle for publication, his mentor wrote that the duty of the missionaries was "to extirpate heathenism, and not to spread heathenish nonsense in Europe".
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Excerpts from writings of Ziegenbalg: Werner Raupp (Hrsg.): Mission in Quellentexten. Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990, p. 138–163 (incl. introd. and lit.), esp.
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who had been preaching the gospel in Goa and in Tranquebar since 1542. Then inexplicably, and, significantly, all presses died out in India. Tamil printing seems to have stopped after 1612. Records show that the last books in Latin and Portuguese were printed in Goa in 1674.
1448:(1663–1727), a professor of divinity in the University of Halle (in Saxony), proposed that one of the professor's eminently skilled and religiously enthusiastic pupils, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, be appointed to kindle in "the heathen at Tranquebar" the desired holy spark.
1568:, which even led to a four-month incarceration of Ziegenbalg, the two established the Danish-Halle Mission. They laboured intensively, despite opposition from the local Hindu and Danish authorities in Tranquebar, baptizing their first Indian converts on 12 May 1707.
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Gary Snyder, a Buddhist friend and part-time companion of Kerouac and some others from the Beat generation, who’d removed himself beyond theism, for instance, blamed the Bible and its anthropomorphic notion of creation for the earth’s mistreatment by humanity’s
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Although released after a little more than four months, Ziegenbalg still had a difficult relationship with Hassius and that was one reason for Ziegenbalg's return to Europe in 1714–1716. Ziegenbalg was also married in 1716. He was active in cooperation with the
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in Hindu society. For that reason, at least one group plotted to kill him. This reaction by native Indians was unusual and Ziegenbalg's work did not generally encounter unfriendly crowds; his lectures and classes drawing considerable interest from locals.
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See, Halle and the beginning of Protestant Christianity in India : Christian mission in the Indian context, volumes 2-3 (edited by) Andreas Gross; Vincent Y. Kumaradoss; Heike Liebau and "Written sources on the Danish-Halle mission (in English and
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He had little to help him. No grammar was available. The Jesuits in the sixteenth century had printed a number of books in Tamil, but the work had been discontinued, and the Lutheran missionaries seem never even to have heard that such printed books
1653:. After all this time spent in blood-wrenching and sweat-drenching scholarship, Ziegenbalg wrote numerous texts in Tamil, for dissemination among Hindus. He was fully conscious of the importance of print in the history of the Protestant Church.
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The Tamil New Testament and Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg: a short study of some Tamil translations of the New Testament: the imprisonment of Ziegenbalg, 19.11.1708 - 26.3.1709 (by) Ulla Sandgren (Swedish Institute of Missionary Research,
1537:, the "Indian Gutenberg". The clergy in Goa hungered for the printing press far more vehemently than their counterparts in Abyssinia and, ultimately, the press was unloaded in Goa, and Bustamante stayed to set up the press at the
1367:, on 24 July 1683 in a devout Christian family. His father Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Sr. (1640–1694), was a grain merchant, and his mother was Maria née Brückner (1646–1692). Through his father he was related to the sculptor
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This letter was subsequently translated by Lewis, and printed at London in 1715, and reprinted in the expanded edition of the third part of the Propagation of the Gospel in the East in 1718, from where it is quoted
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or a Protestant, resulted in Heinrich Plütschau being brought before a court. Although Plütschau was released, Ziegenbalg wrote that "the Catholics rejoiced, that we were persecuted and they were authorized."
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Robinson laments the failure of the further forward moment of this potential dialogue between the two religions. He notes that even such supportive sympathisers of the European missionary's endorsement of
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contributed to the Manifestation of divine Truths, and the spreading of Books for that End, at the Time of the happy Reformation, which we read of in History, with Thanksgiving to Almighty God."
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reached the region of Tranquebar, thus becoming the first Protestant missionaries to arrive on the Indian sub-continent and began their revisionary project. After initial conflict with the
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Education has always been an integral component of missionary work. Ziegenbalg recognized from the start the imperative of learning the local languages in the progress of their mission.
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first time the entire New Testament had been made available in an Indian language. But from the start, Ziegenbalg’s work was exposed to criticism on a variety of grounds" and that
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2842:"Heathenism, idolatry and rational monotheism among the Hindus: Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's "Akkiyanam" (1713) and other works addressed to Tamil Hindus" by Will Sweetman
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Death-bed scenes: or, Dying with and without religion, designed to illustrate the truth and power of Christianity, Volume 43; Volume 651, Part I, Section II, chapter 28
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a printing press with type, paper, ink, and a printer. Ziegenbalg was also hindered by delays in the construction of a suitable Tamil typeface for his purposes.
1587:. For no explicit reason, but to the great advantage of the work, this arrangement was changed, and mastery of Tamil became the primary objective of Ziegenbalg.
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A church of the Syrian tradition was probably born in South India as far back in history as the third century, at least. KP Kesava Menon, in his foreword to
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all his effort would come to nought. Possibly as early as 1709, he requested a printing press from Denmark. The Danes forwarded the appeal to London to the
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All the presses were possessed by either the Church or the Portuguese. Zero was set up by Indians and no letters were printed for the rest of the country.
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Genealogy of the South-Indian gods: a manual of the mythology and religion of the people of southern India, including a description of popular Hinduism
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and Ziegenbalg, despite their enthusiasm for this foreign faith, could never shake their conviction of the superiority of their own faith.
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Christians meeting Hindus: an analysis and theological critique of the Hindu-Christian encounter in India (by) Bob Robinson (OCMS, 2004)
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1421:(Prakam, 1972), described a church typical of that tradition as "Hindu in culture, Christian in religion, and oriental in worship."
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Death-bed Scenes: Or, Dying with and Without Religion, Designed to Illustrate the Truth and Power of Christianity
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Catholic who was employed by the company as a translator. The commander of the Danish fort in Tranquebar,
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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http://www.missionmanual.org/search/?title=Johann_Philipp_Fabricius&printable=yes&printable=yes
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Arun W. Jones (2020). "Hindu–Protestant encounters". In Chad M. Bauman; Michelle Voss Roberts (eds.).
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Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg: Merckwürdige Nachricht aus Ost-Indien ... Leipzig / Frankfurt am Main 1708.
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court by ship. But what were the Danes already doing there? After an abortive excursion to
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to spread the vision of the Gospel in India, and in 1706, Ziegenbalg and his colleague
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Thirty four conferences between the Danish missionaries and the Malabarian Bramans
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http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htm
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Leslie Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas (Cambridge University Press)
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In Pulsnitz, the “Ziegenbalgplatz” was named after Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg.
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Werner Raupp (1998). "Ziegenbalg, Bartholomäus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
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New Testament (by) Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, Johann Ernst Gründler (1714)
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2711:(by) Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, Wilhelm Germann, G. J. Metzger (1713)
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Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg: The Father of the Modern Protestant Mission
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and their role in the European discovery of Hinduism and Buddhism.
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The Christian library, Volumes 5-6 (by) Thos. George, Jr. (1835)
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The Christian library, Volumes 5-6 (by) Thos. George, Jr. (1835)
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to obtain provisions; the ship carried a printing press and 14
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The arrival of the first press in Goa was rejoiced at by St.
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The Legacy that Ziegenbalg Left (by). S. Muthiah (The Hindu
2672:(in German). Vol. 14. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 452–461.
2646:"Johann Philipp Fabricius". Mission Manual. 15 April 2007.
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A page from the Tamil New Testament published by Ziegenbalg
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Anglican Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2731:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010 (
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Ziegenbalg was publicly critical of some members of the
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207:(24 June 1683 – 23 February 1719) was a member of the
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People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
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Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg's Works available in English
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A German exploration of Indian society: Ziegenbalg's
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Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
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Serendipities: Language and Lunacy (by) Umberto Eco
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The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations
2487:. The Christian Literature Society. pp. 54–55.
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1794:Tranquebar Bible, 1714 (first bible in Tamil).
2528:A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858
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1394:, Ziegenbalg, along with his fellow student,
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405:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
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2141:Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj
1668:It was obvious to Ziegenbalg that without a
1603:caste, accusing them of disregard for lower
2383:Chronicles of the London Missionary Society
2217:Church of England Zenana Missionary Society
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1743:"Ziegenbalgplatz" - Road sign in Pulsnitz
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1474:Pulsnitz, birthplace of Ziegenbalg (2013)
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2192:American Baptist Foreign Mission Society
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1486:(p.170, 1890), London Missionary Society
159:of all important aspects of the article.
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2242:New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society
155:Please consider expanding the lead to
2247:United Society Partners in the Gospel
2202:Australian Baptist Missionary Society
1715:S. Muthiah in his fond remembrance ("
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2499:Tamil: Evolution of Tamil typedesign
2899:Translators of the Bible into Tamil
2884:18th-century German Lutheran clergy
2574:. No. Tamil Nadu. 10 July 2006
2793:Genealogy Of The South Indian Gods
2758:A History of Christianity in India
2568:"New Jerusalem Church rededicated"
376:Apology of the Augsburg Confession
27:German Lutheran clergy (1682–1719)
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2949:18th-century Lutheran theologians
2944:17th-century Lutheran theologians
1759:For an account of his death, see
45:This article has multiple issues.
1575:notes this curious serendipity:
1541:, a seminary that still exists.
1369:Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel
422:Distinctive theological concepts
248:
133:
75:
34:
2929:18th-century German translators
2788:A Letter to the Rev. Geo. Lewis
2379:"Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar"
1717:The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left
1687:Tomb of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
147:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
2889:Lutheran missionaries in India
2741:Mathurin Veyssière de La Croze
2431:Klosterberg, Brigitte (2020).
1390:. Under the patronage of King
846:John Christian Frederick Heyer
701:International Lutheran Council
157:provide an accessible overview
1:
2684:(with detailed bibliography).
2617:Clark, Davis Wasgatt (1852).
2508:(by) Fernando de Mello Vargas
1809:Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)
1556:request for the bequest of a
2914:German Lutheran missionaries
1854:Protestant missions to India
1748:Ziegenbalg is buried at the
1552:Ziegenbalg responded to the
1110:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
871:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
2919:German expatriates in India
2273:Interactions with Ayyavazhi
2146:Gossner Theological College
2055:Christian Friedrich Schwarz
1494:Ziegenbalg Landing Plaque,
510:Priesthood of all believers
2965:
2697:(2007) by Daniel Jeyaraj (
2546:. Routledge. p. 103.
2207:Baptist Missionary Society
1455:
1253:Charles Porterfield Krauth
1218:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
831:Johann Heinrich Callenberg
2232:London Missionary Society
2227:Scottish General Assembly
1444:, under the influence of
706:Lutheran World Federation
693:Global Confessional &
432:Theology of Martin Luther
2934:17th-century translators
2729:The Birth of Orientalism
2485:Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg
2437:MIDA Archival Reflexicon
2263:Indian Rebellion of 1857
2212:Canadian Baptist Mission
2151:Madras Christian College
2131:Andhra Christian College
1767:Johann Phillip Fabricius
1509:and a printing-press to
963:Johann Phillip Fabricius
836:Johann Phillip Fabricius
794:Confessional Lutheranism
695:Missional Lutheran Forum
684:Confessional Evangelical
501:Two states of the Church
271:Start of the Reformation
2166:Scott Christian College
2161:Scottish Church College
2110:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
2090:William Taylor (bishop)
1442:Frederick IV of Denmark
1436:The propagation of the
1392:Frederick IV of Denmark
1359:Ziegenbalg was born in
1067:Norwegian Bible Society
1049:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
955:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
881:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
821:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
205:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
200:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
2904:18th-century linguists
2294:Jashwant Rao Chitambar
2289:Krishna Mohan Banerjee
2222:Church Mission Society
1744:
1736:
1688:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1467:
1446:August Hermann Francke
1381:August Hermann Francke
1379:under the teaching of
1373:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
1238:August Hermann Francke
1082:Stanislovas Rapolionis
1077:Samuel Ludwik Zasadius
945:Kristian Osvald Viderø
734:History of Lutheranism
201:
97:by rewriting it in an
2847:25 March 2009 at the
2835:25 March 2009 at the
2752:Malabarian Heathenism
2504:11 March 2012 at the
2171:St. Stephen's College
2050:Clement Daniel Rockey
1970:Anthony Norris Groves
1897:Christianity in India
1742:
1734:
1686:
1493:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1419:Christianity in India
1403:missionaries to India
1383:, then the center of
1072:Swedish Bible Society
996:Guðbrandur Þorláksson
789:High church Lutherans
716:Lutheranism by region
614:Anointing of the Sick
549:Other relevant topics
532:Theology of the Cross
294:Doctrine and theology
199:
2939:Missionary linguists
2879:People from Pulsnitz
2623:. Lane & Scott.
2466:7 April 2008 at the
2237:Mission to the World
2136:Eccles Establishment
2100:Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe
2070:Lars Olsen Skrefsrud
2045:John Edward Robinson
1750:New Jerusalem Church
1248:Lars Levi Laestadius
1223:Johann Wilhelm Baier
1020:Nils Vibe Stockfleth
991:Johannes Avetaranian
876:Lars Olsen Skrefsrud
654:Lutheran hymnwriters
2185:Missionary agencies
2095:James Mills Thoburn
2005:John Clark Marshman
1539:College of St. Paul
1505:Ziegenbalg brought
1482:Ziegenbalg Leaving
1398:, became the first
1377:University of Halle
1313:Wolfhart Pannenberg
1308:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
1163:Johannes Bugenhagen
1001:Ludvig Olsen Fossum
686:Lutheran Conference
659:Normative principle
639:Liturgical calendar
367:Augsburg Confession
2762:(by) Stephen Neill
2530:(by) Stephen Neill
2329:Sadhu Sundar Singh
2282:Indian Protestants
1915:David Oliver Allen
1872:Thomas the Apostle
1745:
1737:
1689:
1678:Tranquebar Mission
1566:East India Company
1562:Heinrich Plütschau
1535:João de Bustamante
1533:, one of whom was
1500:
1488:
1476:
1468:
1458:Tranquebar Mission
1452:Tranquebar Mission
1396:Heinrich Plütschau
1158:Philip Melanchthon
1153:Katharina von Bora
1130:Johann Ernst Glück
1090:Laurentius Andreae
981:George Constantine
925:Casiodoro de Reina
749:Lutheran orthodoxy
644:Calendar of saints
413:Formula of Concord
202:
99:encyclopedic style
86:is written like a
2737:978-0-8122-4261-4
2481:Beyreuther, Erich
2342:
2341:
2314:Victor Premasagar
2156:Serampore College
2035:George Uglow Pope
1955:Arthur Margoschis
1920:Paul Olaf Bodding
1892:Missions timeline
1583:and Plütschau on
1558:Christian mission
1554:King of Denmark's
1431:Roberto de Nobili
1357:
1356:
1263:Søren Kierkegaard
913:Bible Translators
891:Paul Olaf Bodding
774:Finnish Awakening
564:
563:
540:Sacramental Union
519:Divine Providence
396:Smalcald Articles
192:
191:
184:
174:
173:
127:
126:
119:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2956:
2924:Burials in India
2683:
2671:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2600:
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2590:
2584:
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2564:
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2557:
2537:
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2519:
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2489:
2488:
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2451:
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2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2304:A. B. Masilamani
2075:Howard Somervell
1985:E. Stanley Jones
1940:C. T. E. Rhenius
1925:Edith Mary Brown
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1798:p. 141–154.
1727:Death and legacy
1663:Johann Fabricius
1409:on 9 July 1706.
1349:
1342:
1335:
1273:Wilhelm Herrmann
1268:Albrecht Ritschl
1258:C. F. W. Walther
1243:Henry Muhlenberg
1213:Abraham Calovius
1198:Matthias Flacius
1183:Laurentius Petri
1120:Mikołaj Jakubica
1115:Antonio Brucioli
1029:Laurentius Petri
906:Jens Christensen
901:Christian Keyser
866:F. C. D. Wyneken
744:Gnesio-Lutherans
739:Crypto-Lutherans
347:Athanasian Creed
298:
252:
229:
187:
180:
169:
166:
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137:
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2957:
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2954:
2953:
2859:
2858:
2849:Wayback Machine
2837:Wayback Machine
2779:
2691:
2689:Further reading
2680:
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2506:Wayback Machine
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2468:Wayback Machine
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2348:
2343:
2338:
2319:Pandita Ramabai
2277:
2268:Indian Republic
2251:
2180:
2119:
2030:Volbrecht Nagel
2020:Donald McGavran
2010:Joshua Marshman
2000:Hannah Marshman
1975:Hermann Gundert
1935:Robert Caldwell
1901:
1855:
1852:
1805:
1788:
1780:
1729:
1705:
1647:
1642:
1460:
1454:
1415:
1413:Missionary work
1353:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1293:Rudolf Bultmann
1288:Ernst Troeltsch
1278:F. W. Stellhorn
1203:Martin Chemnitz
1193:Mikael Agricola
1139:
1135:William F. Beck
1105:Jonas Bretkūnas
1063:
1059:Mikael Agricola
1054:Sebastian Krelj
1034:Martti Rautanen
971:William Tyndale
959:
930:Kjell Magne Yri
910:
856:Martti Rautanen
807:
799:
798:
759:Radical Pietism
729:
721:
720:
697:
694:
688:
685:
678:
670:
669:
668:
583:
582:
566:
565:
544:
528:
524:Marian theology
514:
505:
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482:
468:
450:
436:
416:
409:
400:
388:Large Catechism
380:
371:
357:Book of Concord
351:
337:Apostles' Creed
321:
295:
287:
286:
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260:
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188:
177:
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142:This article's
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95:help improve it
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2795:
2790:
2778:
2777:External links
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2604:"Google Sites"
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2256:Pivotal events
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2080:Graham Staines
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2065:Serampore Trio
2062:
2060:Scudder Family
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2032:
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1965:Alexander Duff
1962:
1960:Robert F. Cook
1957:
1952:
1950:Amy Carmichael
1947:
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1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
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1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Indian history
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1670:printing press
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1613:Roman Catholic
1593:
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1546:Francis Xavier
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1044:Jurij Dalmatin
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1015:Otto Fabricius
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935:Onesimos Nesib
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886:Onesimos Nesib
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861:Wilhelm Sihler
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107:November 2013
100:
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84:This article
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2598:
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2576:. Retrieved
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2436:
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2408:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2382:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2334:Y. D. Tiwari
2109:
2105:William Ward
2015:Henry Martyn
1990:Thomas Jones
1930:Nathan Brown
1867:Christianity
1814:Missionaries
1786:Bibliography
1781:
1772:
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1760:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1721:Thomas Dyche
1714:
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1645:Translations
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1504:
1501:
1498:(Tranquebar)
1435:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1358:
1298:Paul Tillich
1233:David Hollaz
1173:Justus Jonas
1151: /
1141:
1140:
1125:Matthias Bel
1027: /
1008: /
954:
912:
911:
820:
810:Missionaries
809:
677:Organization
664:Lutheran art
604:Confirmation
487:Two kingdoms
461:
454:
386: /
342:Nicene Creed
266:Christianity
204:
203:
193:
178:
162:
146:
144:lead section
113:
104:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2874:1719 deaths
2869:1682 births
2760:(1707–1858)
2635:ziegenbalg.
2324:Bakht Singh
2309:Krishna Pal
2040:Luther Rice
2025:James Mudge
1819:Lutheranism
1703:Other works
1507:Lutheranism
1388:Lutheranism
1283:Rudolf Otto
1188:Olaus Petri
1178:Hans Tausen
1142:Theologians
1095:Hans Tausen
1025:Olaus Petri
976:John Rogers
940:Aster Ganno
841:Paul Henkel
806:Key figures
769:Laestadians
619:Holy Orders
579:and worship
492:catholicity
473:Christology
456:Sola gratia
276:Reformation
242:Lutheranism
2863:Categories
2703:8172149204
2658:References
2389:2 November
2299:P. C. John
1860:Background
1651:vernacular
1581:Portuguese
1519:Ove Gjedde
1484:Tranquebar
1407:Tranquebar
1400:Protestant
1010:Paul Egede
1006:Hans Egede
950:Jákup Dahl
851:Karl Graul
826:Hans Egede
599:Confession
577:Sacraments
259:Background
225:Early life
221:to India.
219:missionary
50:improve it
18:Ziegenbalg
2578:24 August
2572:The Hindu
1980:John Hyde
1877:Pantaenus
1591:existed."
1515:Sri Lanka
1385:Pietistic
728:Movements
609:Matrimony
594:Eucharist
149:summarize
56:talk page
2845:Archived
2833:Archived
2804:Part III
2502:Archived
2483:(1955).
2464:Archived
2450:German)"
1803:See also
1427:Hinduism
1361:Pulsnitz
764:Haugeans
754:Pietists
234:a series
232:Part of
209:Lutheran
165:May 2022
2725:Urs App
2346:Sources
1622:Hassius
1601:Brahmin
1531:Jesuits
1511:Tanjore
634:Vespers
589:Baptism
216:Pietist
93:Please
2735:
2701:
2676:
2627:
2550:
2385:. 1890
1907:People
1778:Honors
1709:Bhakti
1605:castes
1438:Gospel
1365:Saxony
629:Matins
327:Creeds
212:clergy
2810:Other
2747:1991)
2518:here.
2368:hand.
2124:Works
1585:Tamil
302:Bible
2733:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2580:2015
2548:ISBN
2439:: 1.
2391:2015
1527:Goa
1429:as
2865::
2727:.
2633:.
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2435:.
2381:.
1763:.
1363:,
236:on
59:.
2705:)
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2470:)
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179:(
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153:.
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62:(
20:)
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