755:
1194:
Crynyne
Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles. 2. DONALDA Ralph Holinshed's 1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as the second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth". 3. OLITH Orkneyinga Saga records that "Earl Sigurd" married "the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots". Snorre records the marriage of "Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm". Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Volume 6 By Ulster Archaeological Society names her as (Alice) wife of Sygurt and daughter of Malcolm II. The American historical magazine, Volume 2, by Publishing Society of New York, Americana Society, p. 529 names her Olith or Alice.
548:
942:
905:
660:
1746:
469:, Malcolm ignored tradition and was determined to retain succession within his own line. Since Malcolm had no son of his own, he negotiated a series of dynastic marriages of his daughters to men who might otherwise be his rivals, while securing the loyalty of their relatives, the principal chiefs. The throne passed to his grandson through his eldest daughter.
809:. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020, Malcolm too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gillecomgan's ancestors killed many of Malcolm's kin, but Gillecomgan and his son
750:
that he was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on
Malcolm's support to resist the "tyranny" of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson, as Thorfinn's older stepbrother had died while a hostage to King Olaf. The chronology of Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of
1193:
1. BETHOC "Genealogy of King
William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani". The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan. Source Beatrice who married
1155:
Duncan, pp. 28-29 suggests that Earl
Uchtred may not have died until 1018. Fletcher accepts that he died in Spring 1016 and that Eadwulf Cudel was Earl of Bernicia when Carham was fought in 1018; Higham, pp. 225–230, agrees. Smyth, pp. 236–237 reserves judgment as to the date of the battle, 1016 or
864:
By the 1030s
Malcolm's sons, if he had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to "a son of Malcolm". His grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to be accepted as king by the Scots, and he
937:
became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given that Duncan's subsequent death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the Annals of
Tigernach, he must have been a very young man in 1034. Modern historian Duncan speculates that the absence of any effective opposition to
813:
might have been rivals for the throne. Malcolm had no living sons, and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. As a result, the following year Gruoch's brother or nephew, who might have eventually become king, was killed by
Malcolm. Mac Bethad married Grouch after the death of
776:
is presumed to be their son. However, as modern historian Duncan tells it, even if
Malcolm exercised some control over Moray, the annals record several events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. Irish sources record that in 1020, Bethad mac Findláech's, (later known as
796:
Despite the accounts of the Irish annals, English and
Scandinavian writers describe Mac Bethad as the rightful king of Moray, during descriptions of his meeting with Cnut in 1027, before the death of Malcolm mac Máil Brigti. Malcolm was followed as king or earl by his brother
709:
had the place of honour. If
Malcolm were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, then the coronation could have allowed Malcolm to publicly snub Cnut's claims to overlordship.
957:
standing stone. Its dating is uncertain, with dates from the 8th century onwards having been proposed. While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Malcolm's has been proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.
834:
and that the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far from certain that Owen died at Carham, and it is reasonably certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late as 1054, when
851:
and embellished by John of Fordun, but there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Malcolm II of Scotland's great-grandson
600:
Seventeenth century historian Frederic Van Bossen only lists two daughters, one whom he calls "Beatrice, who married Albanacht the son of Crinan", and the other as "Daboada, who was the mother of Macbeth, and the wife of Finell, the
643:
recounts the expedition soon afterward, describing Malcolm as "powerful in resources and arms ... very Christian in faith and deed." Rodulfus claims that peace was made between Malcolm and Cnut through the intervention of
2557:
896:
If Macbeth was Malcolm II's grandson, then when Macbeth's soldiers killed Duncan I, before Macbeth took the throne, Malcolm II would have had one grandson kill another to succeed the first as king.
1357:
Duncan, p.42; reconciling the various dates of Thorfinn's life appears impossible on the face of it. Either he was born well before 1009 and must have died long before 1065, or the accounts in the
922:, variously describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The Annals of Tigernach report, "Malcolm mac Cináeda, king of Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died".
885:. It may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although no mention is made of the circumstances. Malcolm's chosen heir, and the first
260:
Malcolm pursued a strategy of marrying his daughters into these regional dynasties, which helped create stability in his reign, and ensured that he became the grandfather of his successor
1981:
961:
Malcolm's putative pilgrimage to Rome, and other long-distance journeys, while not confirmed, were far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Cnut and Mac Bethad all travelled widely.
2550:
754:
1489:
1867:
2543:
751:
Orkney while still a child if he was only five in 1014. Whatever the exact chronology, before Malcolm's death, his client was in control of Caithness and Orkney.
597:, which names "Doada" as a daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland, and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth".
465:, with the consent of Malcolm's ministers and of the Church. Perhaps in an attempt to end the devastating feuds in the north of Scotland, and influenced by the
1974:
1386:
Annals of Ulster and Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1029. Malcolm's death is not said to have been by violence and he too is called king rather than mormaer.
694:
Modern historian Duncan speculates that the quarrel between Cnut and Malcolm may have had its roots in Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome, and the coronation of
671:
and others had obtained. Contemporary sources say that Malcolm was accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly future King Mac Bethad, and perhaps
3320:
1967:
1664:
520:
This was risky business under the rules of succession of the Gaels, but he thereby secured his rear and, taking advantage of the renewal of
3340:
1411:
killed in 1033 is uncertain, being read as "the son of the son of Boite" or as "M. son of Boite", Gruoch's brother or nephew respectively.
667:
Cnut came away only with a promise of peace and friendship, rather than the guarantee of aid on land and sea that previous kings such as
1806:
1789:
1772:
1732:
1718:
1697:
1679:
1650:
1609:
1592:
1574:
1617:
966:
333:
Whether Malcolm killed Constantine or not, he certainly killed Constantine's successor Kenneth III in 1005, during a battle at
1436:, p. 546; Duncan, pp. 30–31, understands Rodulfus Glaber as meaning that Duke Richard was godfather to a son of Cnut and Emma.
3325:
322:
in 997 is credited as being "Kenneth, son of Malcolm". Since Kenneth II died in 995, this is considered an error, for either
1858:
698:
3217:
3180:
2503:
1876:
827:
645:
547:
242:
2942:
2314:
953:
now called "Glamis 2" as "King Malcolm's grave stone". The stone is a Class II stone, apparently formed by re-using a
31:
2931:
2873:
2304:
2253:
485:, who bore him three daughters. No sons were confirmed born or survived. First, Malcolm married his eldest daughter
3227:
2905:
2279:
1998:
923:
798:
676:
462:
330:
son of Malcolm I), who succeeded Constantine and stood to benefit, but by John of Fordham, for Malcolm II himself.
319:
209:
976:
records that Malcolm "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of
441:
to Malcolm II, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to have been the lands between
3222:
3017:
2962:
2570:
2394:
2334:
2233:
1990:
1941:
1278:
938:
Duncan's youthful kingship suggests that Malcolm had thoroughly dealt with any succession issues before he died.
778:
773:
590:
579:
514:
269:
205:
187:
2198:
1520:
1156:
1018, and whether Uchtred was still living when it was fought. See also Stenton, pp. 418–419 and Daly pp. 53–57.
930:'s accounts where Malcolm is killed fighting bandits, says that he died by violence, fighting "the parricides".
194:) from 1005 until his death in the year 1034. He was one of the longest-reigning Scottish kings of that period.
3023:
3012:
2718:
2574:
2566:
2399:
2389:
844:
307:
army "in almost the first days after his coronation", but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the
2183:
2163:
1862:
1855:), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
3315:
2992:
2987:
2972:
2947:
2654:
2369:
2364:
2344:
2319:
2143:
1934:
1824:
870:
806:
790:
741:
702:
672:
490:
401:
318:
Succession of Scottish kings at the time often involved murder, even patricide. The killer of Scottish King
47:
3171:
3056:
3002:
2977:
2937:
2809:
2644:
2498:
2438:
2379:
2359:
2349:
2309:
366:
164:
457:
tradition provided that the successor to Malcolm was to be selected by him from among the descendants of
3161:
3071:
3051:
2982:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2779:
2774:
2747:
2708:
2703:
2483:
2453:
2433:
2354:
2294:
2284:
2274:
848:
615:
421:
2880:
2866:
2618:
2258:
2248:
1286:
941:
782:
769:
687:
remarks of the submission "but he adhered to that for only a little while". Cnut was soon occupied in
575:
510:
458:
1373:, s.a. 1020; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1020, but the killers are not named. The Annals of Ulster and the
1277:, c. 1031 says "two kings came south from Fife in Scotland" to meet Cnut, suggesting only Malcolm and
3335:
3330:
3139:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3039:
2957:
2814:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2686:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2428:
2417:
2405:
2329:
2133:
1951:
1710:
1404:
890:
836:
541:
532:
in 1018 and installed his grandson, Duncan, son of the Abbot of Dunkeld and his choice as Tanist, in
261:
17:
453:
Malcolm demonstrated a rare ability to survive among early Scottish kings by reigning for 29 years.
3166:
3119:
3061:
2997:
2794:
2784:
2764:
2730:
2488:
2443:
2374:
1370:
1117:, pp. 517–518. John of Fordun has Malcolm II as the killer, whereas later historian Duncan credits
904:
730:(Thorfinn the Mighty) was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the
727:
635:
dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027. Contemporary
594:
405:
378:
308:
273:
219:
114:
1088:
Higham, pp. 226–227, notes that the kings of the English had neither lands nor mints north of the
1004:
365:(literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a
3203:
2841:
2789:
2713:
2522:
2518:
2493:
2123:
2078:
1512:
1130:
731:
695:
374:
1118:
202:
995:
The exact date of succession is unknown, but by tradition, it has been stated to be 25 March. (
659:
2836:
2697:
2649:
2023:
1886:
1802:
1785:
1768:
1728:
1714:
1693:
1675:
1660:
1646:
1605:
1588:
1570:
1562:
1312:
1204:
927:
882:
636:
586:
571:
502:
396:, was a victory for the Scots led by Malcolm II and the men of Strathclyde led by their king,
133:
3154:
3144:
3034:
3007:
2859:
2691:
2611:
2604:
2423:
2384:
2243:
2178:
1815:
1794:
1622:
1504:
1374:
1282:
1036:
962:
945:
Nineteenth century engraving of "King Malcolm's grave stone" (Glamis no. 2) at Glamis Castle
831:
762:
719:
706:
668:
653:
649:
529:
506:
494:
482:
430:
389:
382:
246:
3149:
2894:
2724:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2268:
2063:
1597:
1040:
918:
gives the date of Malcolm's death as 25 November 1034. The king lists say that he died at
915:
909:
840:
736:
640:
198:
2535:
1032:
1311:
Duncan, pp. 31-32; the alternative, he notes, that Cnut was concerned about support for
998:
3247:
3134:
3091:
3045:
2830:
2473:
2018:
1905:
1702:
786:
723:
525:
498:
445:
and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control before this time.
300:
154:
691:
against Olaf Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland.
3309:
2028:
1777:
1516:
965:
died on a pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, king of the
950:
919:
602:
434:
254:
110:
972:
Not a great deal is known of Malcolm's activities beyond the wars and killings. The
3272:
3029:
2411:
2088:
973:
746:
582:, (Macbethad mac Findláech), which would make Malcolm to be Macbeth's grandfather.
555:
226:
2624:
2188:
1634:
3277:
3262:
2847:
2168:
2148:
2108:
2073:
1959:
1231:
The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar
1181:
The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar
853:
393:
370:
354:
334:
323:
241:, but his fellow kings of the geographical area of modern Scotland included the
67:
1739:
The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages
1626:
3252:
3242:
3232:
2819:
2681:
2218:
2173:
2118:
2103:
2098:
2043:
1811:
1281:, and that Cnut returned their lands and gave them gifts. That Echmarcach was
1137:, pp. 521–524; Fordun, IV, xxxviii. Berchán places Cináed's death by the Earn.
1089:
980:. He was also probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen.
954:
847:
son of the king of the Cumbrians". The confusion is old, probably inspired by
823:
624:
567:
397:
358:
338:
297:
289:
180:
1508:
793:(Máel Coluim of Moray) took control of Moray. His death is reported in 1029.
509:. Malcolm may have had a middle daughter, possibly named Donada, who married
412:. However, his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former
349:
The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion in 1006 of
3267:
3237:
2824:
2799:
2213:
2208:
2138:
2128:
2093:
2053:
2033:
874:
293:
238:
2925:
2299:
1801:, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992.
1713:, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993.
866:
486:
265:
138:
656:. Richard died circa 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.
3257:
2804:
2629:
2193:
2158:
2153:
2113:
2068:
2048:
2038:
2013:
977:
934:
680:
533:
350:
312:
250:
191:
77:
1031:
Malcolm's birth date is not known, but must have been around 980 if the
3175:
3081:
2463:
2223:
2083:
2058:
2008:
878:
537:
521:
466:
438:
277:
149:
585:
The only other early reference to Malcolm as Macbeth's grandfather is
2967:
2915:
2639:
2634:
2339:
2289:
810:
802:
688:
478:
454:
442:
388:
A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The
304:
30:"Malcolm II" redirects here. For other people named Malcolm II, see
1146:
Duncan, pp. 27–28; Smyth, pp. 236–237; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1006.
1000:
Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005–1625
740:
says that Thorfinn was raised at Malcolm's court and was given the
400:(Owen the Bald). By this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and
2887:
2263:
2203:
1490:"The date and context of the Glamis, Angus, carved Pictish stones"
1203:
Hudson, pp. 224–225 discusses the question and the reliability of
940:
903:
546:
505:. Then he married his youngest daughter, possibly named Olith, to
416:, and he was not recorded as taking any action against the Scots.
413:
232:
2671:
1820:
1672:
The Kingship of the Scots, 842–1292: Succession and Independence
628:
620:
524:
on England, marched south to fight the English. He defeated the
409:
125:
2539:
1963:
1880:
1587:, tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978.
1285:
is perhaps doubtful; the Annals of Ulster record the death of
949:
Tradition, dating from Fordun's time if not earlier, knew the
315:) was founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians.
1545:
Fordun, IV, xliii and Skene's notes; Duncan, p. 150; Barrow,
1871:
768:
Malcolm may also have married his middle daughter Donada to
718:
Malcolm married his third and youngest daughter, Olith, to
1767:, Reprinted, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1998.
623:(Canute) led an army into Scotland on his return from a
1497:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
814:
Gillecomgain, presumably to retain power over Moray.
1690:
Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England
1035:
is right in dating the marriage of his daughter and
574:
suggests that "a third daughter" of Malcolm married
218:, "the Destroyer"), says his mother was "a woman of
2232:
1997:
1585:
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney
1059:
1057:
160:
148:
132:
120:
95:
87:
83:
73:
63:
53:
46:
41:
1883:at The Medieval and Classical Literature Library).
1643:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age
1445:Annals of Ulster and Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1027.
1657:Birth of the Border, The Battle of Carham 1018 AD
1264:Ralph was writing in 1030 or 1031; Duncan, p. 31.
926:, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and
1567:Early sources of Scottish history: A.D. 500-1286
1403:, p. 571; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1032 and 1033;
552:Macbeth consulting the Vision of the Armed Head
253:and his nearest and most dangerous rivals, the
201:, and his mother may have been a daughter of a
540:that same year. Duncan went on to become king
2551:
1975:
1784:, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 1971
1395:Duncan, pp. 29–30, 32–33 and compare Hudson,
822:It has traditionally been supposed that king
8:
1799:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
1621:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
245:, who ruled much of the south-west, various
3118:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1670:Duncan, Archibald Alexander McBeth (2002).
1293:("King of Galloway") by Tigernach, in 1034.
3295:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
3194:
3110:
2588:
2583:
2558:
2544:
2536:
1982:
1968:
1960:
1896:
1765:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000
1407:, s.a. 1029 and 1033. The identity of the
933:Marianus tells us that Malcolm's grandson
38:
1674:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
744:by his grandfather. Thorfinn says in the
369:. This resulted in a heavy defeat to the
1466:
753:
658:
229:, which recorded his death, Malcolm was
1618:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
997:Dunbar, Sir Archibald Hamilton (1906).
988:
1725:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100
1454:
1243:ASC, Ms D, E and F; Duncan, pp. 29-30.
1216:
1104:, p. 525 note 1; Fordun, IV, xxxix–xl.
1039:(Sigurd the Stout) to the lifetime of
865:chose the sons of his other daughter,
801:(Gille Coemgáin of Moray), husband of
785:was killed by the sons of his brother
449:Relationships with neighbouring states
1615:Broun, Dauvit (2004). "Malcolm II ".
1169:, p. 544 note 6; Higham, pp. 226–227.
1063:
578:, (Findláech mac Ruaidrí), father of
18:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba
7:
1887:"Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005–1034"
1604:, Edinburgh University Press, 2003.
268:, and according to some sources, of
473:Dynastic marriages of his daughters
249:kings on the western coast and the
1377:call Findláech "king of Scotland".
1207:'s chronicle, on which this rests.
714:Relationship with Orkney and Moray
284:Early years and path to the throne
25:
1751:. New York: The Macmillan Company
1536:Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer.
889:certainly known in Scotland, was
562:Sources of the Macbeth connection
280:), through his daughter Donalda.
186:; c. 954 – 25 November 1034) was
1821:CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
1707:Chronicle of the Scottish Nation
433:) claims that Uchtred's brother
2595:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1879:an XML edition by Tony Jebson (
1814:at the official website of the
303:writes that Malcolm defeated a
3321:11th-century Scottish monarchs
2592:Monarchs of England until 1603
296:. Fourteenth century Scottish
27:King of Alba from 1005 to 1034
1:
1991:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
1420:Duncan, pp. 29, 37–41; Oram,
818:Relationship with Strathclyde
1645:, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2014,
1635:UK public library membership
772:(Findláech Mac Ruaidrí) and
566:Fourteenth century Scottish
255:kings or "mormaers" of Moray
212:, (which referred to him as
3341:Gaelic monarchs in Scotland
3202:British monarchs after the
1745:French, Charles W. (1898).
1315:, "is no better evidenced."
791:Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti
605:and the son of Cruthneth".
381:, which is reported by the
32:Malcolm II (disambiguation)
3357:
1741:, Greenwood, London, 1996.
1659:, (Alnwick; Wanney Books)
1569:. Stamford: Paul Watkins.
1229:Cunningham, Derek (2022).
1179:Derek, Cunningham (2022).
805:, a granddaughter of King
677:King of Mann and the Isles
517:, later King of Scotland.
288:Malcolm II was the son of
177:Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich
29:
3290:
3213:
3197:
3193:
3130:
3113:
3109:
2586:
2582:
2512:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1899:
1692:, Penguin, London, 2002.
1399:, pp. 222–223. Anderson,
1121:with Constantine's death.
779:Macbeth, King of Scotland
774:Macbeth, King of Scotland
652:, brother of Cnut's wife
603:Thane of Angus and Glames
580:Macbeth, King of Scotland
481:, daughter of the second
361:), perhaps the customary
353:, (the lands between the
270:Macbeth, King of Scotland
175:(Modern Scottish Gaelic:
1727:, Sutton, Stroud, 1993.
1602:The Kingdom of the Scots
1509:10.9750/PSAS.131.223.239
1901:Malcolm II of Scotland
1825:University College Cork
1397:The Prophecy of Berchán
924:The Prophecy of Berchán
742:Mormaerdom of Caithness
673:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
264:, through his daughter
210:The Prophecy of Berchán
173:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
48:King of Alba (Scotland)
1999:Monarchs of the Picts
1655:Daly, Rannoch (2018);
1627:10.1093/ref:odnb/17858
1503:, Edinburgh: 223–239,
1302:ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031.
1049:Olaf Tryggvason's Saga
1003:. D. Douglas. p.
963:Dyfnwal of Strathclyde
946:
912:
765:
664:
609:Relationship with Cnut
558:
556:Johann Heinrich Füssli
507:Sigurd, Earl of Orkney
408:by his brother-in-law
176:
165:Kenneth II of Scotland
3326:Burials at Iona Abbey
2234:Monarchs of the Scots
1877:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1748:Shakespeare's Macbeth
1737:Hudson, Benjamin T.;
1488:Laing, Lloyd (2002),
944:
907:
869:, who was married to
849:William of Malmesbury
783:Findláech mac Ruaidrí
757:
685:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
662:
616:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
591:Chronicle of Scotland
550:
511:Finlay, Earl of Moray
422:De obsessione Dunelmi
309:Bishopric of Mortlach
276:later wrote the play
239:High King of Scotland
3172:William III & II
2737:Henry the Young King
2687:Edward the Confessor
2655:Æthelred the Unready
2315:Constantine III (IV)
2280:Constantine II (III)
1851:(which includes the
1711:William Forbes Skene
1547:Kingdom of the Scots
837:Edward the Confessor
722:(Sigurd the Stout),
593:, an inspiration to
542:Duncan I of Scotland
262:Duncan I of Scotland
3120:Union of the Crowns
2345:Malcolm III Canmore
1782:Anglo-Saxon England
1688:Fletcher, Richard;
1371:Annals of Tigernach
1273:Duncan, pp. 29–30.
900:Death and posterity
759:Mæl Colaim M Cinæta
728:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
595:William Shakespeare
461:(Áed mac Cináeda),
427:The siege of Durham
406:Earl of Northumbria
345:Raids into Bernicia
274:William Shakespeare
243:king of Strathclyde
3204:Acts of Union 1707
3167:James II & VII
2860:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2645:Edgar the Peaceful
2418:Second Interregnum
2385:William I the Lion
2254:Constantine I (II)
2244:Kenneth I MacAlpin
1891:Scotland's History
1845:Chronicon Scotorum
1778:Stenton, Sir Frank
1763:Smyth, Alfred P.;
1563:Anderson, Alan Orr
1478:Duncan, pp. 32–33.
1361:are deeply flawed.
1287:Suibne mac Cináeda
1131:Chronicon Scotorum
1047:, p. 528, quoting
947:
913:
770:Findláech of Moray
766:
732:Battle of Clontarf
696:Holy Roman Emperor
665:
576:Findláech of Moray
559:
495:Thane of The Isles
429:, associated with
375:Uhtred of Bamburgh
57:c. 25 March 1005 –
3303:
3302:
3286:
3285:
3189:
3188:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
2650:Edward the Martyr
2533:
2532:
2406:First Interregnum
1958:
1957:
1949:Succeeded by
1868:"icelandic sagas"
1863:World Wide School
1795:Sturluson, Snorri
1665:978-1-9997905-5-4
1633:(Subscription or
1405:Annals of Loch Cé
1344:, pp. 13–20, 32;
1205:Andrew of Wyntoun
1037:Sigurd Hlodvisson
928:Andrew of Wyntoun
883:Mormaer of Atholl
720:Sigurd Hlodvisson
701:, where Cnut and
587:Raphael Holinshed
572:Andrew of Wyntoun
463:king of the Picts
402:Eiríkr Hákonarson
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
3348:
3195:
3155:Richard Cromwell
3145:The Protectorate
3135:James I & VI
3111:
2692:Harold Godwinson
2612:Edward the Elder
2605:Alfred the Great
2589:
2584:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2526:
2517:also monarch of
1984:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1932:Preceded by
1922:
1921:25 November 1034
1915:
1897:
1837:the Four Masters
1829:Annals of Ulster
1816:British monarchy
1760:
1758:
1756:
1685:
1638:
1630:
1598:Barrow, G. W. S.
1580:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:on 9 August 2009
1525:
1519:, archived from
1494:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:Book of Leinster
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1283:king of Galloway
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1008:
993:
832:battle of Carham
826:(Owain Foel) of
763:Annals of Ulster
707:King of Burgundy
650:Duke of Normandy
503:Abbot of Dunkeld
491:Crinan the Thane
483:Duke of Normandy
477:Malcolm married
431:Symeon of Durham
414:kingdom of Deira
390:Battle of Carham
383:Annals of Ulster
379:earl of Bamburgh
311:(later moved to
292:and grandson of
206:king of Leinster
197:He was a son of
106:25 November 1034
105:
103:
59:25 November 1034
39:
21:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3282:
3209:
3185:
3150:Oliver Cromwell
3126:
3101:
3096:
2943:Constantine III
2852:
2677:Harold Harefoot
2667:Edmund Ironside
2578:
2573: and
2564:
2534:
2529:
2516:
2508:
2235:
2228:
2184:Constantine (I)
2064:Galam Cennalath
2000:
1993:
1988:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1723:Higham, N. J.;
1682:
1669:
1641:Clarkson, Tim;
1632:
1614:
1577:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1359:Orkneyinga Saga
1356:
1352:
1346:St. Olaf's Saga
1342:Orkneyinga Saga
1340:
1336:
1330:Orkneyinga Saga
1323:
1319:
1313:Olaf Haraldsson
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1275:St. Olaf's Saga
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1119:Kenneth MacDuff
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1041:Olaf Tryggvason
1030:
1026:
1017:
1013:
996:
994:
990:
986:
916:Marianus Scotus
910:Jacob de Wet II
902:
862:
820:
737:Orkneyinga Saga
716:
641:Rodulfus Glaber
611:
564:
538:King of Cumbria
499:house of Atholl
475:
451:
367:siege of Durham
347:
320:Constantine III
286:
199:King Kenneth II
143:
141:
128:
109:
107:
101:
99:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:House of Alpin
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3046:Edward Balliol
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Constantine II
2903:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2698:Edgar Ætheling
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1927:Regnal titles
1924:
1923:
1906:House of Alpin
1903:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1849:Lebor Bretnach
1818:
1809:
1792:
1775:
1761:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1703:John of Fordun
1700:
1686:
1680:
1667:
1653:
1639:
1612:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1557:
1556:External links
1554:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1480:
1471:
1469:, p. 574.
1459:
1447:
1438:
1426:
1413:
1388:
1379:
1363:
1350:
1334:
1317:
1304:
1295:
1291:rí Gall-Gáedel
1266:
1257:
1255:, pp. 545–546.
1245:
1236:
1221:
1209:
1196:
1186:
1171:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1123:
1106:
1094:
1081:
1079:, pp. 574–575.
1068:
1053:
1024:
1011:
987:
985:
982:
901:
898:
881:, and perhaps
861:
858:
819:
816:
724:Earl of Orkney
715:
712:
621:Cnut The Great
610:
607:
563:
560:
522:Viking attacks
497:, head of the
474:
471:
450:
447:
410:Cnut the Great
404:was appointed
346:
343:
301:John of Fordun
285:
282:
272:, (about whom
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
136:
130:
129:
124:
122:
118:
117:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:Alexander III
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:Constantine I
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Alexander III
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:(traditional)
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Galan Erilich
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:(traditional)
1996:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:Duan Albanach
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:includes the
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:0-292-73061-6
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:0-19-280139-2
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:0-7486-0100-7
1770:
1766:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:0-86299-730-5
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:1-897853-05-X
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:0-14-028692-6
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1681:0-7486-1626-8
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:9781906566784
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1610:0-7486-1803-1
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:0-14-044383-5
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:1-871615-03-8
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:Anderson 1990
1463:
1460:
1457:, p. 33.
1456:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:Early Sources
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Early Sources
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:Early Sources
1321:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:Early Sources
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:. p. 99.
1232:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1183:. p. 99.
1182:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:Early Sources
1162:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:Early Sources
1133:, s.a. 1005;
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Early Sources
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:Early Sources
1098:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Early Sources
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:Early Sources
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1022:, pp. 99–100.
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
992:
989:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
968:
967:Cenél Conaill
964:
959:
956:
952:
951:Pictish stone
943:
939:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:Glamis Castle
917:
911:
906:
899:
897:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
859:
857:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
824:Owen the Bald
817:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
711:
708:
704:
700:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:reports that
618:
617:
608:
606:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
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492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:Eadwulf Cudel
432:
428:
424:
423:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Northumbrians
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
283:
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258:
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236:
234:
228:
223:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
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200:
195:
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189:
185:
182:
178:
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166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
140:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
111:Glamis Castle
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3294:
3273:Elizabeth II
3201:
3117:
3044:
3022:
3013:Alexander II
2952:
2930:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2829:
2752:
2735:
2723:
2696:
2659:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2416:
2404:
2390:Alexander II
2324:
2089:Gartnait III
1942:King of Alba
1940:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1859:Heimskringla
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1798:
1781:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1724:
1706:
1689:
1671:
1656:
1642:
1616:
1601:
1584:
1566:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1521:the original
1500:
1496:
1483:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1424:, pp. 19–21.
1421:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1212:
1199:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1048:
1044:
1033:Flateyjarbók
1027:
1019:
1014:
999:
991:
974:Book of Deer
971:
960:
948:
932:
914:
908:Painting by
895:
886:
863:
843:to install "
830:died at the
821:
799:Gillecomgain
795:
789:, and that
767:
758:
747:Heimskringla
745:
735:
726:. Their son
717:
693:
684:
666:
632:
614:
612:
599:
584:
565:
551:
519:
513:, father of
501:and secular
476:
467:Norman model
452:
437:surrendered
426:
420:
418:
387:
362:
348:
332:
327:
317:
287:
259:
230:
227:Irish annals
224:
214:
213:
203:Uí Dúnlainge
196:
188:King of Alba
183:
172:
171:
108:(aged 79/80)
36:
3336:1034 deaths
3331:950s births
3278:Charles III
3263:Edward VIII
2993:Alexander I
2973:Malcolm III
2948:Kenneth III
2848:Elizabeth I
2810:Richard III
2370:Alexander I
2320:Kenneth III
2271:(uncertain)
2169:Talorgan II
2134:Nechtan III
2109:Gartnait IV
2074:Gartnait II
1935:Kenneth III
1881:translation
1841:Innisfallen
1455:Duncan 2002
1409:M. m. Boite
1217:French 1898
969:, in 1025.
887:tánaise ríg
854:Malcolm III
841:Earl Siward
828:Strathclyde
807:Kenneth III
787:Máel Brigte
703:Rudolph III
639:chronicler
394:River Tweed
355:River Forth
335:Monzievaird
324:Kenneth III
247:Norse–Gaels
68:Kenneth III
64:Predecessor
3310:Categories
3253:Edward VII
3243:William IV
3233:George III
3162:Charles II
3057:Robert III
3003:Malcolm IV
2978:Donald III
2953:Malcolm II
2938:Kenneth II
2820:Henry VIII
2780:Richard II
2775:Edward III
2709:William II
2682:Harthacnut
2499:William II
2484:Charles II
2439:Robert III
2380:Malcolm IV
2360:Donald III
2350:Donald III
2325:Malcolm II
2310:Kenneth II
2219:Bridei VII
2174:Drest VIII
2119:Bridei III
2104:Talorgan I
2099:Talorc III
2079:Nechtan II
2044:Gartnait I
1946:1005–1034
1812:Malcolm II
1637:required.)
1328:, p. 528;
1324:Anderson,
1279:Mac Bethad
1165:Anderson,
1113:Anderson,
1075:Anderson,
1064:Broun 2004
1020:Chronicles
984:References
955:Bronze Age
860:Succession
781:), father
663:Malcolm II
637:Burgundian
625:pilgrimage
568:chronicler
398:Owain Foel
359:River Tees
339:Strathearn
298:chronicler
290:Kenneth II
184:Malcolm II
181:anglicised
102:1034-11-25
42:Malcolm II
3268:George VI
3238:George IV
3228:George II
3140:Charles I
3122:from 1603
3072:James III
3052:Robert II
3008:William I
2983:Duncan II
2911:Malcolm I
2901:Donald II
2825:Edward VI
2815:Henry VII
2800:Edward IV
2770:Edward II
2760:Henry III
2743:Richard I
2704:William I
2625:Æthelstan
2489:James VII
2479:Charles I
2454:James III
2434:Robert II
2355:Duncan II
2285:Malcolm I
2275:Donald II
2214:Ciniod II
2209:Bridei VI
2189:Óengus II
2139:Drest VII
2129:Bridei IV
2094:Bridei II
2054:Talorc II
2034:Drest III
2019:Nechtan I
1872:Northvegr
1833:Tigernach
1517:150377373
875:lay abbot
699:Conrad II
679:, and of
633:Chronicle
570:and poet
459:king Aedh
419:The work
392:, by the
373:, led by
363:crech ríg
305:Norwegian
294:Malcolm I
215:Forranach
74:Successor
3258:George V
3248:Victoria
3223:George I
3092:James VI
3077:James IV
3067:James II
3040:David II
3035:Robert I
3024:Margaret
2958:Duncan I
2867:Donald I
2805:Edward V
2795:Henry VI
2785:Henry IV
2765:Edward I
2731:Henry II
2630:Edmund I
2619:Ælfweard
2577:monarchs
2571:Scottish
2474:James VI
2459:James IV
2449:James II
2429:David II
2424:Robert I
2400:Margaret
2330:Duncan I
2249:Donald I
2194:Drest IX
2164:Alpín II
2159:Ciniod I
2154:Bridei V
2149:Óengus I
2114:Drest VI
2069:Bridei I
2049:Cailtram
2039:Drest IV
2024:Drest II
2014:Talorc I
1952:Duncan I
1565:(1990).
1549:, p. 39.
1348:, p. 96.
1332:, c. 12.
978:Old Deer
935:Duncan I
681:Galloway
589:'s 1577
534:Carlisle
377:, later
357:and the
351:Bernicia
313:Aberdeen
251:Hebrides
220:Leinster
208:. Also,
192:Scotland
115:Scotland
78:Duncan I
3176:Mary II
3082:James V
3062:James I
2998:David I
2963:Macbeth
2895:Eochaid
2790:Henry V
2725:Matilda
2719:Stephen
2714:Henry I
2575:British
2569:,
2567:English
2523:Ireland
2519:England
2494:Mary II
2464:James V
2444:James I
2375:David I
2335:Macbeth
2269:Eochaid
2224:Drest X
2144:Alpín I
2084:Cinioch
2059:Drest V
2009:Drest I
1914:c. 980
1583:Anon.;
1422:David I
1018:Skene,
879:Dunkeld
845:Malcolm
761:in the
646:Richard
515:Macbeth
439:Lothian
278:Macbeth
225:To the
3087:Mary I
2968:Lulach
2932:Amlaíb
2926:Cuilén
2916:Indulf
2842:Philip
2837:Mary I
2640:Eadwig
2635:Eadred
2340:Lulach
2305:Amlaíb
2300:Cuilén
2290:Indulf
2179:Conall
1917:
1893:, BBC.
1847:, the
1843:, the
1805:
1788:
1771:
1755:2 June
1731:
1717:
1709:, ed.
1696:
1678:
1663:
1649:
1631:
1608:
1591:
1573:
1515:
891:Duncan
871:Crínán
867:Bethóc
811:Lulach
803:Gruoch
734:. The
689:Norway
683:. The
631:. The
530:Carham
526:Angles
487:Bethóc
479:Gunnor
455:Brehon
443:Dunbar
266:Bethóc
161:Father
142:Donada
139:Bethóc
121:Burial
91:c. 954
2988:Edgar
2888:Giric
2754:Louis
2661:Sweyn
2365:Edgar
2264:Giric
2204:Uurad
2124:Taran
1919:Died:
1912:Born:
1524:(PDF)
1513:S2CID
1493:(PDF)
839:sent
669:Edgar
328:grand
235:Alban
155:Alpin
150:House
144:Olith
134:Issue
54:Reign
3218:Anne
3181:Anne
3174:and
3030:John
2839:and
2831:Jane
2748:John
2672:Cnut
2521:and
2504:Anne
2469:Mary
2412:John
2199:Uuen
1839:and
1803:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1757:2024
1729:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1090:Tees
654:Emma
629:Rome
613:The
231:ard
126:Iona
96:Died
88:Born
2921:Dub
2881:Áed
2295:Dub
2259:Áed
1870:at
1861:at
1823:at
1623:doi
1505:doi
1501:131
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877:of
627:to
554:by
536:as
528:at
489:to
337:in
326:, (
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1831:,
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1629:.
1625::
1579:.
1507::
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100:(
34:.
20:)
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