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Bernberg, the treatment of
Manuela and the ending of the film where the headmistress is forced out of the school after Manuela's attempted suicide. The bugles that conclude the film symbolise to Kraucer "that the principle of authority has not been shaken. The headmistress will continue to wield the scepter. And any possible softening of authoritarian discipline would only be in the interest of its preservation." Many people have refuted this argument however, including Nina Zimink who agrees that the bugle fair does symbolize that not everything is perfect after the departure of the headmistress, states that they signify "optimistic political development" in a world that is quite bleak. Whilst some critics, like Lisa Ohm and
829:, agreed with Siegfried's argument in one regard or another, the primary perspective is to move away from this critical view . Rich, who championed the film as unabashedly queer, states that "intrusion to the film is an antidote to viewing this all-female space as a "free zone" within a patriarchal society, which can be seen to dominate not only in the concrete form of the staircase or Principal, but in the equally threatening form of external authority that waits just outside the school gates". There are also thinkers like Veronika Mayer who call the film "liberating" especially when placed in contrast to
1068:(1955), the narrator, Nick Jenkins, is re-united with his first major love, Jean Templer, after Jean and her sister-in-law, Mona, have returned to the Ritz (London) on New Year's Eve 1931, following a screening of the film. Jean is accompanied by her brother Peter. Nick (who has seen the film) is mildly mocked by his old schoolfriend Peter (who has not), for saying that the film is not primarily about lesbians.
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638:(1930). The film did, however, generate large amounts of fan mail to the stars from all over Germany and was considered a success throughout much of Europe. The goodnight kiss Hertha Thiele (Manuela) received from Dorothea Wieck (Fräulein von Bernburg) was especially popular. One distributor even asked for more footage of other kisses like it to splice into prints of the film.
293:
Fräulein von
Bernburg's compassion for the other girls, Manuela develops a passionate love for her teacher. The first spark of love begins with a goodnight kiss. Manuela receives this goodnight kiss on her first night at the school and, while the teacher normally gives all the girls a goodnight kiss on the forehead, Fräulein von Bernburg kisses her on the lips.
41:
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dispersed around the world. Leontine Sagan (director) and many others associated with the film fled
Germany soon after the banning. Many of the cast and crew were Jewish, and those who could not escape from Germany died in the camps. Assistant director Walter Supper killed himself when it became clear his Jewish wife would be arrested.
1049:"Almost all the girls here have a crush on Miss von Bernburg. Oh, God! When I finally don't have to listen to that anymore. "Ilse! I envy you! You're in her dormitory! Oh, gosh, gosh, gosh! Tell me, is it true that she kisses you at night?" (Ilse von Westhagen introducing Fräulein von Bernburg to Manuela)
810:
believes it to be, among other things, "a film about sexual repression in the name of social harmony, about the absent patriarchy and its forms of presence, about bonds between women which represent attraction instead of repulsion, and about the release of powers that can accompany the identification
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Upon leaving Fräulein's von
Bernburg's office, Manuela prepares to jump from several stories up in the main staircase. The girls save her, and both Fräulein von Bernburg and the headmistress are shaken. The movie ends with all the girls watching the headmistress as she slowly walks down the stairwell
304:
The headmistress puts her in solitary, but
Manuela is moved out of solitary when the princess arrives at the school. After the duchess (Marte Hein) leaves, the headmistress scolds Fräulein von Bernburg's closeness with her students. Fräulein von Bernburg calls Manuela to her office and explains that
296:
After not knowing her recitation for Fräulein von
Bernburg's class, Manuela is asked to meet her in her room. Fräulein von Bernburg comments on the state of Manuela's clothes and gives Manuela one of her own petticoats. Manuela begins to weep and, after some time, confesses her love to Fräulein von
917:
At the FSK-Test on
December 8, 1949, the film was approved again and the restrictions were lifted. The film was then unofficially distributed as a video shown in women's centers. After that, the first public reproduction was in 1977 when a West German broadcasting organization decided to broadcast
1026:
version of the film was released. As a company, Criterion is dedicated to "publishing important classic and contemporary films from around the world... in state-of-the-art restorations with special features designed to encourage repeated watching and deepen the viewer's appreciation of the art of
300:
When the girls prepare to put on the play Don Carlos by
Friedrich Schiller for the headmistress's birthday, Manuela plays the lead male role, Don Carlos. Ilsa is also supposed to play a large role but is not allowed to perform after her letter is returned to the school. The play is a success, and
292:
Manuela von
Meinhardis, whose mother had died when she was young and whose father serves in the military, is enrolled at an all-girls boarding school headed by the traditional and iron-fisted Fräulein von Nordeck zur Nidden. Manuela feels out of place in this strict environment. After witnessing
824:
argues that the film fails to fully break away from the authoritarian rule as "in the whole film, there is no hint of the possibility that authoritarian behavior might be superseded by democratic behavior." This, according to
Kracauer, exists in several places from the character of Fräulein Von
666:
Later, an alternate ending which subtly pandered to Nazi ideals enabled continued screening in German cinemas. Eventually even this version of the film was banned as "decadent" by the Nazi regime, which reportedly attempted to burn all of the existing prints. By then, though, several had been
641:
From its premiere at the Capitol cinema in Berlin until 1934, the film is said to have grossed some 6,000,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. Despite the collective nature of the filming for which cast and crew received only a quarter of the normal wage, none saw a share of the six million
301:
Fräulein von Bernburg is moved. During the afterparty, the girls are served punch containing alcohol. Manuela drunkenly confesses her love for Fräulein von Bernburg and tells everyone about the petticoat. The headmistress overhears and Manuela passes out after her speech.
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spoke highly of the film, resulting in the film getting a limited release in the US in 1932–33. Prints of the film survived the war, but it was censored heavily until the 1970s, and it was not shown again in Germany until 1977 when it was screened on television.
906:
The film was released internationally and was very successful. The film had success particularly in Japan, the USA, France, Great Britain, and Mexico. In 1934 the film brought in 6 million Reichsmarks, while the production costs were only 55,000 Reichsmarks.
914:, the Reich Minister of Propaganda. The film was only allowed to be shown abroad. This ban was not so much about the lesbian theme of the film, but rather the depictions of Prussian ruthlessness and the criticisms on authority and discipline.
960:
The film has had a lasting impact, both for its boldness in depicting lesbian desires and relationships free from censorship but also for its ability to depict the German political landscape of the 1930s despite being set in pre-World War One
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of a lesbian sexuality." While very few analyses question the film's queer messaging, there is a more contentious debate about whether the film is an effective allegory for the 1930s world and the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party.
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Bernburg, who says that she cannot give Manuela special treatment. Shortly after, Ilsa von Westhagen, another student, writes a letter to her parents about the conditions of the school and has a worker smuggle it out.
758:. In this remake, the political criticism on the Prussian Center and the love story between the main characters was played down. Manuela comes to see Fräulein von Bernburg as a motherly figure rather than a romantic one.
537:, revolving around the passionate love of a fourteen-year-old (Manuela) for her teacher (von Bernburg); and in its co-operative and profit-sharing financial arrangements (although these failed).
1031:
stated in an essay that accompanied the release of the Criterion edition, that "This film belongs to women who are trying to find themselves—and each other—in spite of repressive structures".
1022:, stating that "it's call for revolutionary empathy is...timeless" a fact amplified by how the film was one of the oldest ones featured in the season. The same year, on November 30, 2021, a
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280:, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote the screenplay and was on the set during filming. Due to the film's overt and openly lesbian themes, the film remains an international
526:) but this was thought too insipid and changed to increase the chances of box-office success. Although sound had only been used for two years in cinema, it was used artfully.
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and Lisa Ohm were critical of the film for being too timid on fascism, many contemporary and present-day thinkers have commended the film for its commentary on such matters.
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at the first inspection committee showing which forbad young people from viewing. On April 8, 1932, the decision for a 2480m shortened version was confirmed.
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1046:"I love you so, but you're always so distant. I can't ever go to your room, or talk to you" ( Manuela discussing her feelings with Fräulein Von Bernburg)
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that is far more timid about the lesbian relationship between Manuela and Fräulein Von Bernburg, opting instead to present it as maternal connection.
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1043:"What you call sin, I call the great spirit of love, which takes a thousand forms." (Spoken by Fräulein Von Bernburg in reference to the boycott.)
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The film was distributed outside Germany and was a huge success in Romania. During a 1980 interview, Thiele said the school play scene caused a "
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and kissing" cult when the film was first shown there. It was also distributed in Japan, the United States, England and France.
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who had done the role on stage in Berlin, but along with having played Manuela in Leipzig, Thiele had played a young lesbian in
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Having mostly played the same roles on stage, the cast was able to produce the film at speed and on a low budget of 55,000
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Stefan Grund (2010-02-28), "Hamburg: Sophie Rois als spätes "Mädchen in Uniform" ", DIE WELT (in German), retrieved 2020-10-29
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1040:"Through discipline and hunger we will become great" (Spoken by the headmistress in reference to disciplining the students)
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The film was groundbreaking in having an all-female cast; in its sympathetic portrayal of lesbian "pedagogical eros" (see
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560:) and although 23 years old when filming began, she was considered to be more capable of portraying a 14-year-old girl.
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698:(1933), which also starred Wieck and Thiele but was banned by the Nazis soon after its opening night along with the
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After many screen tests, Winsloe had insisted that her friend Thiele play the lead role. Director Sagan preferred
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The film had some impact in the Berlin lesbian clubs, but was largely eclipsed by the ongoing cult success of
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with a different cast and a more prominent lesbian theme, which was again toned down somewhat for the film.
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1077:(1990), this is one of the films shown in the small art-house theater frequented by the main characters.
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in 1932 and received the Japanese Kinema Junpo Award for Best Foreign Language Film (Tokyo, 1934).
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and Claire Harden in the lead roles. After Leipzig the play was produced on the stage in Berlin as
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1052:"I fear nothing. Yes! Everybody should know! Long live our beloved Miss von Bernburg!" (Manuela)
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message - and by extension what the movie symbolizes - has been widely debated by critics; with
1349:"Lesbian Classics in Germany? A Film Historical Analysis of Mädchen in Uniform (1931 and 1958)"
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military orphanage, now a teacher training college for women. Carl Froelich's studio in Berlin-
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in San Francisco. Also in 1978, the film was released in its surviving form by Janus Films on
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Grenze und Halt: Der Einzelne im "Haus der Regeln". Zur deutschsprachigen Internatsliteratur.
2017:
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featured the film in a Big Screen Classics season that primarily centered queer films like
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and was directed by Alfredo B. Crevenna. Other films that were inspired by the themes in
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was followed by several German films about intimate relationships among women, such as
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1549:, Vol. 15, no. 6, 1982; and also reprinted with additional material in B. Ruby Rich,
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and Thiele later hinted that the profits had been mostly retained by the producers.
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arranged for a limited re-release in the US in 35mm, including a screening at the
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During the National Socialist rule in Germany, Mädchen in Uniform was banned by
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a "masterpiece" for how it was able to present the contemporary environment.
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722:, which treats very similar themes, and which was made into a French film
1537:. "From Repressive Tolerance to Erotic Liberation: Maedchen in Uniform",
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1325:
1193:
962:
871: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
604: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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447: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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There was another remake made in Mexico in 1950. The film is entitled
973:, an English poet and novelist who was a close friend of the writer
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Versions were released in the U.S. (1994) and the UK (2000) by the
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989:, stating that "there is not a single meal, or club, in the movie
395:
1560:(Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwatersand University Press, 1996)
1551:
Chick Flicks: Theories and Memories of the Feminist Film Movement
1529:
PerVersions: the international journal of gay and lesbian studies
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won the audience referendum for Best Technical Perfection at the
993:, that Christopher and I could have afforded." and yet heralded
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1508:"The Femme Solidarity and Queer Allyship of Mädchen in Uniform"
1149:
Women Film Directors: An International Bio-Critical Dictionary
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Winsloe's stage play had previously appeared under the title
1558:
Lights and Shadows: The Autobiography of Leontine Sagan
789:
Mädchen in Uniform -- Wege aus der Selbstverwirklichung
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There is a German remake of the film produced in 1958.
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as Mother Fräulein von Nordeck zur Nidden, headmistress
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Synopsis, essay and 1980 interview with Hertha Thiele
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was also used. The film's original working title was
977:, was immensely critical of texts like the musical
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787:was also the inspiration for René Pollesch's play
714:The film is said to have inspired the 1949 novel
355:as her Excellency von Ehrenhardt, Manuela's aunt
1300:Zimnik, Nina (1999). "No Man, No Cry? The Film
305:Manuela is never to speak to her again.
358:Marte Hein as duchess, protector of the school
1628:
1258:""Maedchen in Uniform", p. 2 by B. Ruby Rich"
1153:. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. p.
8:
1604:Videographic study of the three versions of
1127:List of LGBT-related films directed by women
921:The film was almost banned in the U.S., but
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284:and enjoys widespread acclaim from critics.
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791:at the German Playhouse in Hamburg (2010).
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806:'s intention to make the movie contested.
39:
30:
2292:Films about teacher–student relationships
1553:(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998)
1493:"'Our Mission', The Criterion Collection"
1304:and Its Discourses of Political Regime".
1287:Timid Heresies in From Caligari to Hitler
887:Learn how and when to remove this message
620:Learn how and when to remove this message
463:Learn how and when to remove this message
899:On October 1, 1931, a ban was placed on
364:Lisi Scheerbach as Mademoiselle Oeuillet
337:Hedwig Schlichter as Fräulein von Kesten
1137:
401:Ilse Vigdor as Anneliese von Beckendorf
361:Lene Berdolt as Fräulein von Garschner
249:("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German
2342:Films scored by Hanson Milde-Meissner
1423:
1421:
1216:. London: Cassell. pp. 138–139.
394:Annemarie von Rochhausen as Edelgard
309:and down the hall in shaken silence.
7:
1428:Spender, Stephen (30 October 1977).
1280:
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1184:Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag, 2003
869:adding citations to reliable sources
602:adding citations to reliable sources
445:adding citations to reliable sources
1608:with essay about the Mexican remake
1394:Robertson, Selina (December 2013).
407:Doris Thalmer as Mariechen von Ecke
385:Erika Biebrach as Lilli von Kattner
2297:Films featuring an all-female cast
2178:The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky
1086:(2006) was reportedly inspired by
328:as Governess Fräulein von Bernburg
16:1931 German film by Leontine Sagan
14:
2332:LGBT-related romantic drama films
1678:The Destiny of Carola van Geldern
1145:Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (1995).
1112:List of German films of 1919–1932
349:as Fräulein von Atems (or Attems)
2158:The Roundabouts of Handsome Karl
1506:Koe, Amanda Lee (17 June 2021).
845:
837:Censorship and surviving version
578:
421:
1958:The Woman Everyone Loves Is You
856:needs additional citations for
589:needs additional citations for
432:needs additional citations for
404:Barabara Pirk as Mia von Wollin
1289:. Princenton University Press.
376:Ilse Winter as Marga von Rasso
1:
2282:Films set in boarding schools
2098:The Private Life of Louis XIV
1808:The Adventures of Sybil Brent
1471:BFI Southbank Programme Notes
506:. It was largely shot at the
276:with artistic direction from
2307:German black-and-white films
2302:Films of the Weimar Republic
1599:Photographs and bibliography
1543:, no. 24/25, March 1981 and
1365:10.1080/10894160.2012.673933
1285:Kracauer, Siegfried (2004).
1097:(2009) by the Austrian band
777:(Lea Pool, Canada 2001) and
367:Margory Bodker as Miss Evans
2322:German romantic drama films
2312:German films based on plays
2272:1930s German-language films
1117:German expressionist cinema
670:Despite its later banning,
373:as Elise, wardrobe mistress
2358:
1531:, issue 6, Winter 1995/96.
1353:Journal of Lesbian Studies
1122:List of LGBT-related films
1062:In Anthony Powell's novel
1000:On February 18, 2021, the
794:Since the film's release,
783:(Katherine Brooks, 2006).
567:
196:27 November 1931
174:Deutsche Film-Gemeinschaft
18:
2317:German LGBT-related films
2267:1931 romantic drama films
2028:Gitta Discovers Her Heart
1858:When She Starts, Look Out
1688:The Loves of Käthe Keller
1651:
334:as Manuela von Meinhardis
38:
19:For the 1958 remake, see
2277:1930s LGBT-related films
1998:Louise, Queen of Prussia
1527:: the story of a film".
1347:Mayer, Veronika (2012).
1306:Women in German Yearbook
1169:Mädchen in Uniform cult.
945:with English subtitles.
1978:Fire in the Opera House
1938:The Night Belongs to Us
1523:Sara Gwenllian Jones. "
1430:"LIFE WASN'T A CABARET"
1212:Darren, Alison (2000).
1035:Quotation from the film
983:, based on Isherwood's
817:From Caligari to Hitler
2138:Such Great Foolishness
1748:The Brothers Karamazov
1728:The Kwannon of Okadera
1668:Ikarus, the Flying Man
1589:British Film Institute
1002:British Film Institute
965:. Whilst critics like
950:British Film Institute
709:Me for You, You for Me
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391:as Oda von Oldersleben
259:
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2327:Lesbian-related films
2287:Films about educators
2218:Marriage of Affection
2128:If We All Were Angels
2068:Trouble with Jolanthe
1868:The Long Intermission
1708:In Thrall to the Claw
1318:10.1353/wgy.2000.0020
975:Christopher Isherwood
820:, German film critic
764:Muchachas de uniforme
704:I for You, You for Me
689:Eight Girls in a Boat
382:as Ilse von Treischke
343:as Ilse von Westhagen
160:Hanson Milde-Meissner
2228:Three Girls Spinning
1968:Hans in Every Street
1848:Roses from the South
1065:The Acceptance World
1024:Criterion Collection
865:improve this article
796:Mädchen in Uniform's
700:Nazi propaganda film
661:Venice Film Festival
598:improve this article
441:improve this article
2208:The Buchholz Family
2198:Wedding in Barenhof
2168:The Four Companions
2118:When the Cock Crows
2088:I Was Jack Mortimer
2048:The Hymn of Leuthen
2038:Love at First Sight
1888:Love in the Cowshed
1788:The Weather Station
728:(1951) directed by
682:Acht Mädels im Boot
524:Yesterday and Today
380:Charlotte Witthauer
266:Yesterday and Today
150:Oswald Hafenrichter
2337:1930s German films
2008:Mädchen in Uniform
1878:My Aunt, Your Aunt
1738:Island of the Dead
1643:Films directed by
1606:Mädchen in Uniform
1584:Mädchen in Uniform
1572:Mädchen in Uniform
1525:Mädchen in Uniform
1473:. 18 February 2022
1465:Mädchen in Uniform
1434:The New York Times
1414:– via EBSCO.
1214:Lesbian film guide
1195:Mädchen in Uniform
1095:Mädchen in Uniform
1088:Mädchen in Uniform
1057:In popular culture
1013:Brokeback Mountain
995:Mädchen in Uniform
967:Siegfried Kracauer
901:Mädchen in Uniform
822:Siegfried Kracauer
785:Mädchen in Uniform
774:Lost and Delirious
769:Mädchen in Uniform
738:Mädchen in Uniform
695:Anna and Elizabeth
674:Mädchen in Uniform
657:Mädchen in Uniform
546:Ferdinand Bruckner
504:ℛ︁ℳ︁
487:) in Leipzig with
253:film based on the
244:Mädchen in Uniform
89:by Christa Winsloe
34:Mädchen in Uniform
22:Mädchen in Uniform
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2078:Sergeant Schwenke
1988:The Night Is Ours
1400:Sight & Sound
1223:978-1-4411-8364-4
986:Goodbye to Berlin
956:Present day views
923:Eleanor Roosevelt
897:
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814:In his 1947 book
744:Géza von Radványi
630:
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570:Nazism and cinema
518:Gestern und heute
495:Gestern und Heute
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353:Gertrud de Lalsky
260:Gestern und heute
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183:Bild und Ton GmbH
86:Gestern und heute
73:Friedrich Dammann
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1535:B. Ruby Rich
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1475:. Retrieved
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1445:. Retrieved
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1408:. Retrieved
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1071:In the film
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939:Roxie Cinema
928:
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883:
874:
863:Please help
858:verification
855:
815:
813:
808:B. Ruby Rich
795:
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748:Lilli Palmer
746:and starred
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692:, 1932) and
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616:
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596:Please help
591:verification
588:
558:The Creature
557:
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459:
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439:Please help
434:verification
431:
307:
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282:cult classic
265:
257:
241:
240:
239:
212:Running time
189:Release date
85:
45:US VHS cover
28:
21:
2108:The Dreamer
1948:German Wine
1410:21 November
1312:: 161–183.
935:Arthur Krim
931:Janus Films
644:Reichsmarks
552:Die Kreatur
320:Emilia Unda
94:Produced by
51:Directed by
24:(1958 film)
2262:1931 films
2256:Categories
2188:The Gasman
1698:The Dancer
1477:6 November
1447:6 November
1267:9 November
1133:References
1093:The album
918:the film.
568:See also:
413:Production
371:Else Ehser
347:Erika Mann
216:88 minutes
200:1931-11-27
167:Production
1928:Violantha
1442:0362-4331
1334:144709220
1232:605567263
1099:Nachtmahr
1080:The film
929:In 1978,
711:, 1934).
512:Tempelhof
146:Edited by
1540:Jump Cut
1406:(12): 11
1381:10473048
1373:22702382
1326:20688894
1106:See also
564:Reaction
396:Komtesse
231:Language
156:Music by
104:Starring
82:Based on
1828:Tragedy
1587:at the
1027:film."
1007:Maurice
991:Cabaret
980:Cabaret
963:Prussia
802:'s and
508:Potsdam
221:Country
198: (
169:company
2241:(1951)
2231:(1950)
2221:(1944)
2211:(1944)
2201:(1942)
2191:(1941)
2181:(1939)
2171:(1938)
2161:(1938)
2151:(1938)
2148:Heimat
2141:(1937)
2131:(1936)
2121:(1936)
2111:(1936)
2101:(1935)
2091:(1935)
2081:(1935)
2071:(1934)
2061:(1933)
2051:(1933)
2041:(1932)
2031:(1932)
2021:(1932)
2011:(1931)
2001:(1931)
1991:(1930)
1981:(1930)
1971:(1930)
1961:(1929)
1951:(1929)
1941:(1929)
1931:(1928)
1921:(1928)
1918:Escape
1911:(1928)
1901:(1928)
1891:(1928)
1881:(1927)
1871:(1927)
1861:(1926)
1851:(1926)
1841:(1926)
1831:(1925)
1821:(1925)
1811:(1925)
1801:(1924)
1791:(1923)
1781:(1923)
1771:(1922)
1761:(1922)
1751:(1921)
1741:(1921)
1731:(1921)
1721:(1921)
1711:(1921)
1701:(1919)
1691:(1919)
1681:(1919)
1671:(1918)
1661:(1916)
1574:(1931)
1440:
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1371:
1332:
1324:
1230:
1220:
1197:(1958)
1161:
1016:, and
754:, and
740:(1958)
725:Olivia
716:Olivia
533:) and
234:German
2238:Stips
1898:Lotte
1377:S2CID
1330:S2CID
1322:JSTOR
268:) by
1578:IMDb
1479:2023
1449:2023
1438:ISSN
1412:2022
1369:PMID
1269:2023
1228:OCLC
1218:ISBN
1201:IMDb
1159:ISBN
933:and
771:are
313:Cast
288:Plot
255:play
1576:at
1361:doi
1314:doi
1199:at
1155:322
943:VHS
867:by
718:by
600:by
443:by
2258::
1469:.
1436:.
1432:.
1420:^
1404:23
1402:.
1398:.
1375:.
1367:.
1357:16
1355:.
1351:.
1328:.
1320:.
1310:15
1308:.
1277:^
1260:.
1249:^
1226:.
1167:.
1157:.
1010:,
952:.
750:,
732:.
1636:e
1629:t
1622:v
1510:.
1495:.
1481:.
1467:"
1463:"
1451:.
1383:.
1363::
1336:.
1316::
1271:.
1234:.
1101:.
1090:.
890:)
884:(
879:)
875:(
861:.
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483:(
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264:(
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26:.
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