1177:
414:
The
Complete Works of the Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin, Collated with the Manuscripts, and Various Print Editions, Accompanied by a New English Translation of the Historical Works, and a Life of the Author. Vol. VI: Scientific Tracts and
680:
129:
Incipiebant autem annum ab octavo
Calendarum Januariarum die, ubi nunc natale Domini celebramus. Et ipsam noctem nunc nobis sacrosanctam, tunc gentili vocabulo
1213:
529:
225:
already known from medieval
Scandinavia on the other hand and is chronologically to be seen as a connecting link between these Germanic forms of cult."
1446:
1126:
963:
465:
69:. It has been suggested that sacrifices may have occurred during this event. Scholars have proposed connections between the Anglo-Saxon
1818:
1157:
673:
501:
483:
447:
429:
267:
votive inscriptions to matrons does at least indicate that we should not be too quick to dismiss the other evidence he provides for
1206:
522:
1813:
1808:
1439:
1180:
666:
1199:
1071:
1056:
515:
1790:† dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic
350:
is here translated with "mother's", whereas it is plural: a translation "mothers' night" is therefore more accurate.
1585:
1086:
493:
1432:
1222:
1031:
542:
550:
457:
264:
202:
606:
439:
135:, id est, matrum noctem appellabant: ob causam et suspicamur ceremoniarum, quas in ea pervigiles agebant.
1332:
1284:
1706:
904:
1260:
689:
268:
54:
41:
1308:
1272:
952:
932:
642:
507:
475:
283:
184:
94:
64:
1236:
1519:
1026:
160:, that is, "mother's night", because (we suspect) of the ceremonies they enacted all that night.
1623:
1356:
1320:
1296:
999:
1595:
1405:
1081:
1046:
800:
759:
729:
497:
479:
461:
443:
425:
1746:
1581:
1515:
1484:
1106:
970:
861:
836:
409:
76:
1368:
1756:
1712:
1599:
1571:
1566:
1539:
1455:
1424:
1061:
856:
846:
831:
754:
596:
546:
255:
Regarding Bede's attestation, Philip A. Shaw commented in 2011 that "the fact that Bede's
104:
1777:
1752:
1716:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1412:
1248:
795:
575:
310:
209:
1802:
1344:
1131:
957:
658:
201:"as a Germanic sacrificial festival should be associated with the Matron cult of the
50:
1680:
1674:
1478:
302:
190:
570:
154:. That very night, which we hold so sacred, they used to call by the heathen word
49:
for "Night of the
Mothers" or "Mothers' Night") was an event held at what is now
1658:
1613:
1575:
1529:
976:
946:
866:
739:
294:
46:
1726:
1505:
1488:
986:
981:
918:
911:
601:
1670:
1560:
1459:
1162:
1076:
790:
248:. Scholars have placed the event as a part of the Germanic winter period of
1391:
851:
714:
1773:
1732:
1692:
1686:
1664:
1617:
1121:
1116:
1051:
1036:
632:
1543:
1066:
1021:
992:
925:
887:
810:
704:
580:
219:
145:
1191:
1096:
826:
805:
780:
724:
637:
749:
565:
538:
82:
1736:
1720:
1696:
1654:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1525:
1111:
1101:
1041:
871:
785:
734:
719:
709:
627:
245:
228:
Simek provides additional discussion about the connection between
151:
100:
57:. The event is solely attested by the medieval English historian
1742:
1533:
1509:
1474:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1141:
1136:
1091:
1016:
939:
764:
744:
318:
257:
249:
230:
195:
175:
155:
130:
88:
70:
58:
30:
22:
1428:
1195:
662:
511:
841:
647:
123:
346:
Wallis (1999:53). Note that the first element of the phrase
1766:
1647:
1553:
1498:
1467:
1150:
1009:
896:
880:
819:
773:
697:
620:
589:
558:
470:Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall.
150:of January , when we celebrate the birth of the
107:inscriptions, nearly always appearing in trios.
308:
238:
207:
80:
1440:
1207:
674:
523:
217:
8:
454:Pagan Goddesses in the Early Germanic World
359:Simek (2007:205–207) and Herbert (2007:24).
292:
281:
182:
143:
121:, Bede writes that the pagan Anglo-Saxons:
116:
92:
62:
1447:
1433:
1425:
1214:
1200:
1192:
681:
667:
659:
530:
516:
508:
417:London: Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane.
87:, collective female ancestral beings, and
330:
263:can be to some extent confirmed by the
964:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
40:
7:
422:Looking for the Lost Gods of England
205:peoples on the one hand, and to the
436:Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
99:, female beings attested by way of
79:(specifically those involving the
14:
61:in his eighth-century Latin work
1735:°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (
1176:
1175:
472:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
75:and events attested among other
488:Wallis, Faith (Trans.) (1999).
181:("Mothers") with the Germanic
142:... began the year on the 8th
1:
169:Theories and interpretations
490:Bede: The Reckoning of Time
173:Scholars have linked these
1835:
1681:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
494:Liverpool University Press
420:Herbert, Kathleen (2007).
1819:Events in Norse mythology
1787:
1381:
1229:
1171:
1032:Early Germanic calendars
452:Shaw, Philip A. (2011).
127:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
698:Gods and divine figures
458:Bristol Classical Press
309:
258:
239:
231:
208:
196:
176:
156:
131:
81:
71:
31:
23:
16:Germanic pagan festival
607:Merseburg Incantations
434:Orchard, Andy (1997).
293:
282:
218:
183:
144:
140:
117:
93:
63:
919:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
905:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
424:. Anglo-Saxon Books.
377:Simek (2007:205–207).
42:[ˈmoːdrɑniçt]
1814:December observances
1809:Anglo-Saxon paganism
1522:° (African American)
1151:Modern pagan revival
1127:Wetlands and islands
977:Old English language
690:Anglo-Saxon paganism
91:), and the Germanic
1010:Society and culture
953:Finnesburg Fragment
933:De temporum ratione
643:Matres and Matrones
386:Orchard (1997:187).
284:Matres and Matronae
269:Anglo-Saxon deities
185:Matres and Matronae
118:De temporum ratione
95:Matres and Matronae
65:De temporum ratione
1223:Anglo-Saxon months
55:Anglo-Saxon pagans
1796:
1795:
1791:
1673:: Roman Empire° (
1572:Deygān, Maidyarem
1422:
1421:
1189:
1188:
1047:Germanic paganism
801:Hengist and Horsa
760:Wayland the Smith
656:
655:
466:978-0-7156-3797-5
410:Giles, John Allen
368:Simek (2007:220).
337:Giles (1843:178).
166:
165:
1826:
1789:
1776:°: New Zealand (
1667:: Ancient Greece
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1179:
1178:
971:Nine Herbs Charm
683:
676:
669:
660:
532:
525:
518:
509:
396:
393:
387:
384:
378:
375:
369:
366:
360:
357:
351:
344:
338:
335:
314:
298:
287:
261:
242:
234:
223:
213:
199:
188:
179:
159:
149:
134:
124:
120:
98:
86:
77:Germanic peoples
74:
68:
44:
39:
34:
26:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1762:
1713:Montol Festival
1643:
1614:Sanghamitta Day
1600:Makar Sankranti
1549:
1494:
1487:: West Africa (
1463:
1456:Winter solstice
1453:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1190:
1185:
1167:
1146:
1072:Metrical charms
1005:
892:
876:
815:
769:
693:
687:
657:
652:
616:
585:
554:
536:
506:
405:
400:
399:
395:Shaw (2011:61).
394:
390:
385:
381:
376:
372:
367:
363:
358:
354:
345:
341:
336:
332:
327:
277:
265:Romano-Germanic
171:
162:
137:
113:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1683:: Roman Empire
1678:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1523:
1513:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1413:Lunar calendar
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
984:
979:
974:
967:
960:
955:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
884:
882:
878:
877:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
837:Dwarf (Dweorh)
834:
829:
823:
821:
817:
816:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
775:
774:Heroic figures
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
701:
699:
695:
694:
688:
686:
685:
678:
671:
663:
654:
653:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
622:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
591:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
560:
556:
555:
543:North Germanic
537:
535:
534:
527:
520:
512:
505:
504:
486:
468:
450:
432:
418:
406:
404:
401:
398:
397:
388:
379:
370:
361:
352:
339:
329:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
316:
305:
300:
289:
276:
273:
170:
167:
164:
163:
138:
112:
109:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1831:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:°: Cornwall (
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:: Sri Lanka (
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:Dōngzhì, Tōji
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1285:Þrimilcemōnaþ
1280:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:Æfterra Gēola
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Wilweorthunga
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
959:
958:Franks Casket
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
885:
883:
879:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
818:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
776:
772:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
700:
696:
692:and mythology
691:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
665:
664:
661:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
623:
619:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
592:
588:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
561:
557:
552:
551:West Germanic
548:
544:
540:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
513:
510:
503:
502:0-85323-693-3
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
484:0-85991-513-1
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
448:0-304-34520-2
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
430:1-898281-04-1
427:
423:
419:
416:
411:
408:
407:
402:
392:
389:
383:
380:
374:
371:
365:
362:
356:
353:
349:
348:matrum noctem
343:
340:
334:
331:
324:
320:
317:
315:
313:
312:
306:
304:
301:
299:
297:
296:
290:
288:
286:
285:
279:
278:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
260:
253:
251:
247:
243:
241:
235:
233:
226:
224:
222:
221:
214:
212:
211:
204:
203:West Germanic
200:
198:
192:
187:
186:
180:
178:
168:
161:
158:
153:
148:
147:
139:
136:
133:
126:
125:
122:
119:
110:
108:
106:
102:
97:
96:
90:
85:
84:
78:
73:
67:
66:
60:
56:
52:
51:Christmas Eve
48:
43:
35:
33:
27:
25:
19:
1753:Ziemassvētki
1717:Mummer's Day
1702:
1624:Şeva Zistanê
1398:
1345:Winterfylleþ
1000:Wið færstice
998:
991:
969:
962:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
820:Other beings
611:
489:
476:D. S. Brewer
471:
453:
435:
421:
413:
391:
382:
373:
364:
355:
347:
342:
333:
307:
303:Triple deity
291:
280:
256:
254:
237:
229:
227:
216:
206:
194:
191:Rudolf Simek
174:
172:
141:
128:
114:
29:
21:
20:
18:
1707:Anglo-Saxon
1705:: England (
1689:°: Scotland
1576:Zoroastrian
1540:We Tripantu
1337:(September)
1309:Æftera Līþa
1273:Ēosturmōnaþ
947:Ealuscerwen
888:Middangeard
852:Eoten/Thurs
295:Dea Matrona
111:Attestation
47:Old English
1803:Categories
1755:: Baltic (
1733:Wren's Day
1727:Saturnalia
1586:East Asian
1506:Inti Raymi
1485:Dzon'ku Nu
1373:(December)
1369:Ǣrra Gēola
1361:(November)
1333:Hāliġmōnaþ
1253:(February)
987:Sutton Hoo
982:Spong Hill
602:Idistaviso
403:References
244:, and the
193:says that
157:Modranecht
132:Modranicht
38:pronounced
32:Modranicht
1703:Mōdraniht
1675:Christian
1671:Christmas
1561:Amaterasu
1542:: Chile (
1520:Caribbean
1508:°: Peru (
1462:festivals
1460:midwinter
1399:Mōdraniht
1357:Blōtmōnaþ
1349:(October)
1321:Wēodmōnaþ
1297:Ǣrra-Līða
1261:Hrēþmōnaþ
1241:(January)
1163:Seax-Wica
1158:Heathenry
1077:Moot hill
881:Locations
791:Eormenric
612:Mōdraniht
571:Landdísir
415:Appendix.
259:modranect
232:Mōdraniht
197:Mōdraniht
72:Mōdraniht
24:Mōdraniht
1774:Matariki
1747:Germanic
1693:Korochun
1687:Hogmanay
1665:Brumalia
1636:: Iran (
1618:Buddhist
1516:Jonkonnu
1499:Americas
1477:: Mali (
1386:See also
1325:(August)
1249:Solmōnaþ
1181:Category
1117:Weregild
1037:Folkmoot
867:Wælcyrge
633:Valkyrie
621:See also
576:Dísablót
412:(1843).
311:Dísablót
275:See also
215:and the
210:dísablót
1767:Oceania
1638:Persian
1628:Kurdish
1567:Choimus
1563:: Japan
1544:Mapuche
1277:(April)
1265:(March)
1067:Maypole
993:Widsith
926:Beowulf
912:Æcerbot
897:Sources
811:Waldere
581:Disting
440:Cassell
220:Disting
146:calends
1757:Romuva
1729:: Rome
1648:Europe
1596:Pongal
1528:: US (
1489:Papaws
1468:Africa
1392:Ēostre
1313:(July)
1301:(June)
1097:Symbel
1057:Horses
1027:Burial
1022:Blōtan
832:Dragon
827:Cofgod
806:Sceafa
740:Saxnot
730:Hretha
725:Gefjon
715:Ēostre
638:Fylgja
545:) and
500:
482:
464:
446:
428:
236:, the
105:votive
1778:Māori
1737:Celts
1721:Celts
1697:Slavs
1659:Saami
1655:Beiwe
1634:Yalda
1608:Hindu
1604:India
1592:Lohri
1526:Soyal
1479:Dogon
1406:Rheda
1289:(May)
1122:Wicce
1112:Thyle
1107:Thing
1102:Thegn
1087:Rings
1082:Runes
1052:Hearg
1042:Frith
872:Wight
786:Beowa
765:Wōden
745:Þunor
720:Frige
710:Beowa
628:Norns
597:Idisi
590:Idisi
566:Dísir
559:Dísir
547:Idisi
539:Dísir
325:Notes
246:norns
240:dísir
177:Modra
101:altar
83:dísir
1745:°: (
1743:Yule
1695:°: (
1574:°: (
1554:Asia
1534:Hopi
1530:Zuni
1510:Inca
1475:Goru
1458:and
1142:Yule
1137:Wyrd
1092:Scop
1017:Bēot
940:Deor
862:Neck
857:Mare
847:Ides
796:Finn
781:Ægil
755:Wade
498:ISBN
480:ISBN
462:ISBN
444:ISBN
426:ISBN
319:Yule
250:Yule
152:Lord
103:and
89:Yule
59:Bede
1657:: (
1626:: (
1602:°:
1584:: (
1518:°:
1062:Law
842:Elf
750:Tiw
735:Ing
705:Ēse
648:Elf
474:.
271:".
115:In
53:by
28:or
1805::
1715:,
1598:,
1594:,
1532:,
496:.
492:.
478:.
460:.
456:.
442:.
438:.
252:.
189:.
45:;
1780:)
1759:)
1749:)
1739:)
1723:)
1709:)
1699:)
1677:)
1661:)
1640:)
1630:)
1620:)
1610:)
1606:(
1588:)
1578:)
1546:)
1536:)
1512:)
1491:)
1481:)
1448:e
1441:t
1434:v
1215:e
1208:t
1201:v
682:e
675:t
668:v
553:)
549:(
541:(
531:e
524:t
517:v
36:(
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