785:Þat var forn siðr, þá er blót skyldi vera, at allir bœndr skyldu þar koma sem hof var ok flytja þannug föng sín, þau er þeir skyldu hafa, meðan veizlan stóð. At veizlu þeirri skyldu allir menn öl eiga; þar var ok drepinn allskonar smali ok svá hross; en blóð þat alt, er þar kom af, þá var kallat hlaut, ok hlautbollar þat, er blóð þat stóð í, ok hlautteinar, þat var svá gert sem stöklar; með því skyldi rjóða stallana öllu saman, ok svá veggi hofsins utan ok innan, ok svá stökkva á mennina; en slátr skyldi sjóða til mannfagnaðar. Eldar skyldu vera á miðju gólfi í hofinu ok þar katlar yfir; ok skyldi full um eld bera. En sá er gerði veizluna ok höfðingi var, þá skyldi hann signa fullit ok allan blótmatinn.
826:]. These were fashioned like sprinklers, and with them were to be smeared all over with blood the pedestals of the idols and also the walls of the temple within and without; and likewise the men present were to be sprinkled with blood. But the meat of the animals was to be boiled and served as food at the banquet. Fires were to be lighted in the middle of the temple floor, and kettles hung over the fires. The sacrificial beaker was to be borne around the fire, and he who made the feast and was chieftain, was to bless the beaker as well as all the sacrificial meat.
571:
4816:
7930:
2634:
962:(the month that started on the first new moon after the winter solstice), which could range from 5 January to 2 February in the Gregorian calendar. Nordberg positions the Midwinter Nights from 19 to 21 January in the Gregorian calendar, falling roughly in the middle of Nordberg's range of Yule dates. In addition to Snorri's account, Nordberg's dating is also consistent with the account of the great blót at
55:
2093:
1147:
2105:
751:
the help of the "great chieftains". In time, Haakon had a law passed establishing that Yule celebrations were to take place at the same time as the
Christians celebrated Christmas, "and at that time everyone was to have ale for the celebration with a measure of grain, or else pay fines, and had to keep the holiday while the ale lasted".
759:. When Haakon believed that he wielded enough power, he requested a bishop and other priests from England, and they came to Norway. On their arrival, "Haakon made it known that he would have the gospel preached in the whole country." The saga continues, describing the different reactions of various regional
750:
as well as rescheduling Yule to coincide with
Christian celebrations held at the time. The saga says that when Haakon arrived in Norway he was a confirmed Christian, but since the land was still altogether heathen and the people retained their pagan practices, Haakon hid his Christianity to receive
754:
Haakon planned that when he had solidly established himself and held power over the whole country, he would then "have the gospel preached". According to the saga, the result was that his popularity caused many to allow themselves to be baptized, and some people stopped making sacrifices. Haakon
873:
says the pagan Yule feast "had a pronounced religious character" and that "it is uncertain whether the
Germanic Yule feast still had a function in the cult of the dead and in the veneration of the ancestors, a function which the mid-winter sacrifice certainly held for the West European
1117:
Generally meeting in covens, which anoint their own priests and priestesses, Wiccans chant and cast or draw circles to invoke their deities, mainly during festivals like
Samhain and Yule, which coincide with Halloween and Christmas, and when the moon is
953:
The exact dating of the pre-Christian Yule celebrations is unclear and debated among scholars. Snorri in Hákonar saga góða describes how the three-day feast began on "Midwinter Night", however this is distinct from the
3550:
4490:
3540:
8605:
1956:
794:
and bring along with them the food they needed while the feast lasted. At this feast all were to take part of the drinking of ale. Also all kinds of livestock were killed in connection with it,
4535:
3545:
1297:
1914:
1770:
So for the Yule holiday season we enjoy the richness of life and the company of people whom we cherish, as we will often be the only ones who know where the traditions really came from!
1090:
observed the tradition, while others observe the holiday with rituals "assembled from different sources". Heathen celebrations of Yule can also include sharing a meal and gift-giving.
8625:
7181:
3520:
848:"for good harvests and for peace", and third, a beaker was to be drunk to the king himself. In addition, toasts were drunk to the memory of departed kinsfolk. These were called
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that uses the term is then quoted: "again we have produced Yule-being's feast , our rulers' eulogy, like a bridge of masonry". In addition, one of the numerous
1588:
8342:
7518:
6879:
3495:
430:
The word is conjectured in an explicitly pre-Christian context primarily in Old Norse, where it is associated with Old Norse deities. Among many others (see
832:
The narrative continues that toasts were to be drunk. The first toast was to be drunk to Odin "for victory and power to the king", the second to the gods
7968:
6777:
6608:
3490:
2984:
2914:
1948:
908:, and others possibly have connections to pre-Christian Yule customs, which Simek says "indicates the significance of the feast in pre-Christian times."
5803:
4555:
2583:
209:
7112:
1904:
1289:
1757:
3390:
2420:
958:, occurring approximately one month later. Andreas Nordberg proposes that Yule was celebrated on the full moon of the second Yule month in the
7507:
7314:
3953:
2054:
1850:
7388:
5602:
3827:
3074:
7117:
6832:
6177:
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3648:
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8716:
8651:
7186:
6975:
6546:
6372:
5686:
4727:
4467:
4349:
2614:
2130:
1498:
1083:
915:(a ghostly procession in the winter sky), the god Odin (who is attested in Germanic areas as leading the Wild Hunt and bears the name
85:
691:
8666:
7448:
4798:
4758:
3372:
2031:
2008:
1827:
1808:
1789:
7363:
706:. In these sources, the tradition takes place on Yule-evening and consists of people placing their hands on a pig referred to as a
8661:
7588:
7383:
7278:
5763:
710:
before swearing solemn oaths. In the latter text, some manuscripts explicitly refer to the pig as holy, that it was devoted to
8696:
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7961:
7292:
6675:
6454:
5758:
5296:
2656:
1702:
627:
is similarly attested, the Old Norse corpus also contains numerous references to an event by the Old Norse form of the name,
3897:
220:) celebrate Yule independently of the Christian festival. Scholars have connected the original celebrations of Yule to the
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8275:
8069:
7213:
7000:
6995:
6509:
6300:
5796:
2637:
2123:
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when
Christians celebrated Christmas Eve, has been seen as further evidence of a fertility event during the Yule period.
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1726:
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1406:
1082:
differ in both origin and practice, these representations of Yule can vary considerably despite the shared name. Some
795:
3064:
2974:
6147:† dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic
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3675:
3182:
2944:
2543:
2064:
1979:
3907:
1381:
8671:
7954:
7524:
7513:
7433:
7285:
7206:
7025:
6782:
6670:
6384:
6345:
5609:
4831:
3832:
1842:
728:
173:
7540:
7326:
7248:
7166:
7159:
7062:
6945:
6367:
6199:
5789:
5208:
5132:
5112:
4945:
4930:
3700:
2701:
2488:
217:
177:
118:
6665:
4230:
3812:
3785:
3780:
3720:
3695:
2894:
667:
8721:
8554:
8289:
7488:
7473:
7408:
7358:
7353:
7262:
7243:
7127:
6847:
6396:
6170:
5691:
5170:
5062:
4900:
4612:
1717:
959:
420:
213:
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5047:
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2000:
244:
26:
This article is about the ancient pagan festival and its modern revivals. For the
Christian festival, see
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5203:
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5002:
4992:
4977:
4462:
2361:
967:
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431:
20:
3924:
3715:
1781:
2097:
1747:
8615:
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8062:
7503:
7458:
7107:
7082:
7047:
7037:
7032:
7010:
6797:
6767:
6722:
6697:
5769:
5223:
4854:
4672:
4029:
2806:
2146:
942:
645:
490:), which was borrowed into English in the 14th century as 'jolly', is itself borrowed from Old Norse
340:
8589:
8268:
8212:
8097:
7478:
7453:
7393:
7299:
7265:
7233:
7122:
7102:
7097:
7087:
7077:
7067:
7057:
7015:
7005:
6489:
6305:
5748:
5702:
5696:
5676:
4895:
4774:
3837:
3571:
3430:
2924:
2409:
2389:
2046:
543:
229:
4525:
3725:
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3327:
8656:
8524:
8157:
7933:
7438:
7052:
6935:
6874:
6869:
6852:
6812:
6320:
6227:
6163:
5876:
5666:
5644:
5268:
5037:
4793:
4245:
3267:
2679:
2483:
1935:
1909:
1891:
1883:
656:
466:, a poetic name for the gods. In Old Norse poetry, the word is found as a term for 'feast', e.g.
416:
360:
334:
93:
5980:
4372:
4295:
4260:
4255:
3337:
3167:
2776:
2731:
2456:
570:
8610:
8574:
8529:
8449:
8261:
8254:
8222:
8177:
8147:
8075:
7593:
7583:
7443:
7348:
7254:
7199:
6896:
6762:
6742:
6655:
6464:
6391:
6362:
6350:
6213:
5952:
5585:
5439:
5399:
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4581:
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3934:
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2538:
2503:
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2216:
2186:
2072:
2050:
2027:
2004:
1846:
1823:
1804:
1785:
1698:
1106:
1087:
923:), and increased supernatural activity, such as the Wild Hunt and the increased activities of
252:
104:
3973:
3842:
2109:
941:, an event focused on collective female beings attested by Bede as having occurred among the
8579:
8385:
8328:
8172:
8167:
8152:
7999:
7977:
7766:
7624:
7553:
7498:
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6827:
6817:
6752:
6568:
6469:
6103:
5938:
5872:
5841:
5671:
5630:
5616:
5263:
5122:
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5057:
5027:
5022:
4864:
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4452:
4165:
3710:
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3425:
3282:
3107:
2864:
2706:
2563:
2427:
2318:
2293:
2023:
1873:
1132:
1109:
varies by practitioner. Some have private ceremonies at home, while others do so with their
1035:
760:
743:
393:
364:
248:
201:
81:
7563:
4300:
3822:
1490:
8564:
8403:
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8107:
8057:
7881:
7761:
7719:
7699:
7684:
7403:
7398:
7378:
7171:
7154:
7144:
6930:
6862:
6822:
6757:
6707:
6640:
6325:
6113:
6069:
5956:
5928:
5923:
5896:
5812:
5781:
5753:
5731:
5726:
5623:
5510:
5366:
5331:
5193:
5117:
5107:
5042:
5032:
4972:
4849:
4662:
3870:
3618:
2683:
2518:
2313:
2303:
2288:
2211:
1686:
1410:
1211:, the birth of the sun, is an ancient Turkic festival that celebrates the winter solstice.
1186:
1152:
1128:
1098:
1079:
955:
790:
It was ancient custom that when sacrifice was to be made, all farmers were to come to the
739:
585:
576:
549:
389:
345:
167:
77:
6598:
6494:
6134:
6109:
6073:
4586:
4215:
4150:
3993:
3877:
3347:
3297:
3287:
3212:
2069:
An
Icelandic-English Dictionary: Based on the Ms. Collections of the Late Richard Cleasby
8504:
8227:
8202:
8187:
8117:
8112:
8040:
8034:
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7674:
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7493:
7423:
7373:
7220:
6940:
6908:
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6792:
6732:
6573:
6541:
6479:
6449:
6379:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5372:
5243:
5175:
5092:
5087:
5072:
4982:
4967:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4880:
4815:
4576:
4571:
4440:
4323:
4318:
4275:
4205:
4200:
4120:
4009:
3983:
3968:
3807:
3460:
3322:
3157:
2846:
2252:
1202:
1162:
983:
In modern
Germanic language-speaking areas and some other Northern European countries,
791:
406:
2989:
8726:
8646:
8640:
8620:
8514:
8469:
8296:
8192:
8137:
8122:
8022:
8016:
7876:
7797:
7735:
6842:
6837:
6717:
6712:
6635:
6357:
6315:
6268:
6220:
5738:
5535:
5480:
5326:
5316:
5248:
4540:
4520:
4505:
4447:
4395:
4280:
4270:
4240:
4210:
4175:
4145:
4110:
3978:
3917:
3892:
3817:
3795:
3705:
3653:
3566:
3187:
3027:
2979:
2588:
2414:
2115:
1939:
1895:
1694:
1135:
groups celebrate Yule at the same time as the
Christian holiday in a secular manner.
1020:
901:
894:
707:
701:
329:
151:
34:
3177:
3122:
2761:
8534:
8484:
8444:
8370:
7871:
7819:
7654:
7413:
6913:
6787:
6444:
6335:
6295:
6241:
6037:
6031:
5835:
5713:
5383:
5321:
5102:
5082:
5007:
4997:
4905:
4885:
4844:
4362:
3690:
2648:
1167:, an event attested from Old Norse sources as having occurred among the pagan Norse
1024:
1016:
870:
108:
7901:
7578:
7573:
6059:
4265:
4225:
4105:
4090:
3730:
3611:
3445:
3435:
3207:
3132:
3059:
2841:
2781:
936:
835:
234:
766:
A description of heathen Yule practices is provided (notes are
Hollander's own):
504:
480:
372:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8237:
8217:
8197:
8142:
8028:
7993:
7911:
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7807:
7787:
7782:
7756:
7709:
7689:
7639:
7020:
6807:
6747:
6727:
6687:
6682:
6603:
6553:
6015:
5970:
5932:
5886:
5708:
5555:
5341:
5306:
5233:
5198:
5097:
5017:
4910:
4591:
4530:
4500:
4410:
4377:
4250:
4220:
4180:
4160:
4140:
4115:
4044:
4034:
3939:
3576:
3262:
3172:
3137:
3127:
3092:
2433:
2403:
2323:
2196:
1205:, an Iranian festival celebrated on the "longest and darkest night of the year".
823:
601:
306:
288:
284:
54:
419:
remains uncertain, though numerous speculative attempts have been made to find
8559:
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8474:
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8232:
7649:
7614:
7463:
6950:
6891:
6857:
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6583:
6578:
6474:
6439:
6429:
6206:
6083:
5862:
5845:
5743:
5495:
5434:
5361:
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5351:
5301:
5238:
5228:
5218:
5153:
5012:
4987:
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4697:
4417:
4313:
4305:
4185:
4130:
4085:
4080:
4065:
3882:
3581:
3222:
3147:
3142:
3097:
2443:
2438:
2375:
2368:
2076:
1878:
1861:
1194:
1142:
1105:, who is viewed as the newborn solstice sun. The method of gathering for this
1102:
905:
879:
637:
476:
268:
3802:
3317:
2766:
522:
259:. Furthermore, some present-day Christmas customs and traditions such as the
8509:
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7669:
7664:
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5545:
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5429:
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5311:
5158:
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4335:
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3112:
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2092:
1730:
1357:
988:
912:
887:
875:
772:
756:
264:
221:
205:
155:
147:
27:
7714:
6886:
5419:
4657:
4330:
4019:
3912:
3420:
3410:
3380:
3357:
2929:
2816:
2710:
2308:
2171:
1146:
1086:, for example, celebrate in a way as close as possible to how they believe
486:
397:
2104:
8499:
8408:
8393:
8102:
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7568:
7468:
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6514:
6499:
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6089:
6049:
6043:
6021:
5974:
5570:
5565:
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5127:
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3740:
3660:
3395:
3332:
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2801:
2771:
2756:
2746:
2578:
2573:
2508:
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1208:
1170:
883:
443:
344:
referred to the period after Yule (January). Both words are cognate with
260:
1973:
1887:
1403:
8479:
8398:
8335:
7840:
7835:
7740:
7704:
7629:
7598:
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6290:
5900:
5560:
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5530:
5444:
5424:
5409:
5336:
5278:
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4235:
4155:
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3988:
3865:
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3596:
3415:
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3087:
3082:
3039:
2899:
2856:
2836:
2791:
2751:
2723:
2523:
2478:
2449:
2382:
2344:
2267:
2161:
1373:
1176:
715:
368:
89:
4743:
7845:
7802:
7792:
7428:
7306:
6802:
6772:
6558:
6504:
6285:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5490:
5485:
5414:
4095:
4060:
3770:
3680:
3670:
3623:
3465:
3405:
3117:
3054:
3017:
2969:
2884:
2553:
2283:
2262:
2237:
2181:
1905:"Celebrations; It's Solstice, Hanukkah, Kwannza: Let There Be Light!"
926:
747:
4491:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
3606:
3450:
3252:
2999:
2994:
2934:
2826:
2206:
652:
584:
Yule is attested early in the history of the Germanic peoples; in a
7946:
1576:
1417:, Oxford University Press, December 2019. Accessed 9 December 2019.
540:
as unlikely. The French word is first attested in the Anglo-Norman
7644:
6330:
6093:
6077:
6053:
6011:
5964:
5960:
5948:
5882:
5721:
5575:
5500:
5454:
5253:
5213:
4692:
4682:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4550:
4075:
3902:
3847:
3755:
3750:
3685:
3633:
3586:
3470:
3455:
3352:
3302:
3292:
3272:
3257:
3242:
3237:
3202:
3152:
3102:
3049:
3032:
3022:
3009:
2954:
2939:
2879:
2874:
2796:
2741:
2736:
2568:
2558:
2498:
2328:
2242:
2191:
2176:
2166:
1182:
1110:
1094:
963:
843:
711:
664:
271:, and others may have connections to older pagan Yule traditions.
616:
corresponding to either modern December or December and January.
7866:
7530:
5890:
5866:
5831:
5580:
4617:
4430:
4403:
3860:
3855:
3591:
3440:
3362:
3277:
2919:
2909:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2786:
2593:
2548:
2473:
2396:
2221:
2201:
1199:, an ancient Roman winter festival in honour of the deity Saturn
934:
611:
605:
597:
323:
317:
311:
232:
225:
7950:
6159:
5785:
4747:
2652:
2119:
911:
Scholars have connected the month event and Yule period to the
535:
497:
338:
referred to the period before the Yule festival (December) and
255:
to describe Christmas and other festivals occurring during the
3638:
2949:
2869:
2298:
1752:
588:
calendar of the 5–6th century CE it appears in the month name
6155:
1862:"Modern Pagan Festivals: A Study in the Nature of Tradition"
530:
and several other French dictionaries of etymology. But the
423:
cognates outside the Germanic group, too. The compound noun
3541:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
332:"), the latter indicating the month of "Yule", whereby
8626:
The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
1233:
For a brief overview of the proposed etymologies, see
409:
200:) is a winter festival historically observed by the
8598:
8427:
8384:
8320:
8246:
8090:
8050:
8009:
7986:
7859:
7828:
7775:
7749:
7728:
7607:
7552:
7539:
7337:
7232:
7143:
6974:
6696:
6617:
6528:
6405:
6259:
6123:
6004:
5910:
5855:
5824:
5654:
5594:
5468:
5392:
5287:
5184:
5141:
4958:
4873:
4830:
4823:
4781:
4715:
4605:
4564:
4483:
4476:
4386:
4348:
4053:
4002:
3961:
3952:
3559:
3481:
3371:
3073:
3008:
2855:
2722:
2699:
2607:
2466:
2353:
2337:
2276:
2230:
2154:
454:is interpreted as coming from one of Odin's names,
143:
135:
124:
114:
99:
72:
64:
47:
1820:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
1048:
541:
427:('Yule-time') is first attested from around 1475.
596:, and, in the 8th century, the English historian
574:Illustration of an ancient Nordic Yule festival (
548:, or "History of the English People", written by
328:indicate the 12-day festival of "Yule" (later: "
1712:Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898).
1518:
1516:
1473:
1471:
1160:
1115:
1029:
924:
917:
892:
850:
841:
833:
816:
808:
800:
783:
730:
699:
676:
643:
629:
621:
491:
467:
461:
455:
449:
441:
435:
383:
243:and cognates are still used in English and the
1932:The Swine in Old Nordic Religion and Worldview
1354:Dictionnaire historique de la langue française
1268:
1064:
979:Relationship with Christmas in Northern Europe
528:Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
7962:
6171:
5797:
4759:
2664:
2131:
1040:
1009:
1001:
993:
798:also; and all the blood from them was called
377:
8:
8343:Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey
1839:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
1691:The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology
590:
515:
509:
434:), the long-bearded god Odin bears the name
400:
354:
4393:
2693:Mythological Norse people, items and places
1360:), édition Le Robert, t. 2, 2012, p. 1805ab
1192:
1056:
865:Significance and connection to other events
415:. Whether the term existed exterior to the
33:"Joulu" redirects here. For the album, see
8317:
7969:
7955:
7947:
7549:
6178:
6164:
6156:
5804:
5790:
5782:
4827:
4766:
4752:
4744:
4480:
3958:
2719:
2671:
2657:
2649:
2138:
2124:
2116:
1841:. Translated by Lee M. Hollander. Austin:
1748:"5 things you didn't know about Satanists"
1609:
1256:
53:
44:
3491:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
1949:"Like Magic, Witchcraft Charms Teenagers"
1877:
1727:"Wiccans, pagans ready to celebrate Yule"
1645:
1577:"Jul, disting och förkyrklig tideräkning"
1522:
1477:
1330:
1173:, the modern Scandinavian Christmas feast
1972:OED Online (December 2022). "yule, n.".
1669:
1657:
1633:
1462:
1318:
714:and that after the oath-swearing it was
569:
210:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
1562:
1550:
1438:
1368:
1366:
1249:
1226:
178:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
129:
2421:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
1903:Kannapell, Andrea (21 December 1997).
1621:
7508:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1982:from the original on 27 December 2022
1959:from the original on 28 December 2007
1746:Escobedo, Tricia (11 December 2015).
1581:Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi
1546:
1534:
1491:"Saga Hákonar góða – heimskringla.no"
1450:
1426:
405:, and are thought to be derived from
212:. In present times adherents of some
7:
5603:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
1872:(3). Taylor & Francis: 251–273.
1725:Buescher, James (15 December 2007).
1501:from the original on 16 October 2023
1342:
1276:
1272:
1234:
1097:, this holiday is celebrated at the
814:, the vessel holding the blood; and
304:, sometimes plural. The Old English
3551:named weapons, armour and treasures
1997:Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
1947:La Ferla, Ruth (13 December 2000).
1822:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1803:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1384:from the original on 24 August 2022
931:—undead beings who walk the earth.
742:who ruled from 934 to 961 with the
8606:An Interview with Peter H. Gilmore
5687:Left-hand path and right-hand path
4728:Heathenry (new religious movement)
1729:. Lancaster Online. Archived from
1591:from the original on 14 March 2023
1300:from the original on 12 March 2017
698:provide accounts of the custom of
14:
1917:from the original on 31 July 2009
1780:. Translated by Anthony Faulkes.
1760:from the original on 7 March 2019
655:are given; one is "Yule-beings" (
7929:
7928:
7384:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
7279:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
6092:°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (
5342:Spellwork / Incantation
4814:
3391:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
2633:
2632:
2103:
2091:
2043:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
2020:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
1860:Hutton, Ronald (December 2008).
1374:"JOLI : Etymologie de JOLI"
1145:
1036:in Iceland and the Faroe Islands
448:, composed in the 12th century,
5764:Witchcraft Research Association
1837:Hollander, Lee M., ed. (2007).
1294:Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka
991:holiday season. In addition to
619:While the Old Norse month name
460:, closely related to Old Norse
7364:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
7293:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
6676:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
6455:Legend of the Christmas Spider
5759:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
5171:Holly King / Oak King
3828:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1776:Faulkes, Anthony, ed. (1995).
1:
8276:The Secret Life of a Satanist
7315:Christmas television specials
7214:The New Oxford Book of Carols
6301:Annunciation to the shepherds
2045:. Translated by Angela Hall.
1007:in English, examples include
822:, the sacrificial twigs [
768:
604:calendar included the months
239:("Mothers' Night"). The term
7369:Christmas and holiday season
5662:List of Wiccan organisations
1080:contemporary pagan religions
987:and its cognates denote the
496:(with the Old French suffix
355:
4860:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
3898:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
1978:. Oxford University Press.
1269:Bosworth & Toller (1898
755:spent most of this time in
204:that was incorporated into
8743:
6281:Adoration of the Shepherds
6038:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
4891:Church and School of Wicca
4812:
4565:Festivals and holy periods
1575:Nordberg, Andreas (2006).
1179:, a Slavic winter festival
682:, referring to the event.
651:, different names for the
566:Months, heiti and kennings
534:sees this explanation for
348:
59:Hauling a Yule log in 1832
32:
25:
18:
8717:Events in Norse mythology
8652:Christmas-linked holidays
8336:Satanis: The Devil's Mass
7924:
7525:WWE Tribute to the Troops
7286:A Visit from St. Nicholas
7207:The Oxford Book of Carols
6783:Feast of the Seven Fishes
6346:Massacre of the Innocents
6195:
6144:
5610:The Meaning of Witchcraft
3833:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
3546:named animals and plants
2690:
2628:
1975:Oxford English Dictionary
1879:10.1080/00155870802352178
1843:University of Texas Press
1714:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
1002:
994:
900:, still reflected in the
882:." The traditions of the
777:
771:
696:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks
692:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
532:Oxford English Dictionary
475:It has been thought that
130:§ Date of observance
52:
8667:Early Germanic festivals
8475:Carpe diem, carpe noctem
7327:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
5209:Wiccan views of divinity
4946:Universal Eclectic Wicca
3654:Black elves (Svartálfar)
2489:Early Germanic calendars
1930:Kovářová, Lenka (2011).
279:The modern English noun
218:Modern Germanic paganism
180: instead of letters.
8662:Early Germanic calendar
8163:Stanisław Przybyszewski
7489:Small Business Saturday
7359:Black Friday (shopping)
7354:Black Friday (partying)
6848:Nine Lessons and Carols
6778:Events and celebrations
5692:Cunning folk in Britain
4536:Sacred trees and groves
3776:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
3649:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
2155:Gods and divine figures
2018:Orel, Vladimir (2003).
1718:Oxford University Press
1549::180–181, 379–380) and
1409:16 October 2023 at the
1161:
1103:Great horned hunter god
1088:ancient Germanic pagans
1062:in the Netherlands and
974:Contemporary traditions
960:Early Germanic calendar
935:
925:
918:
893:
851:
842:
834:
817:
809:
801:
784:
740:King Haakon I of Norway
731:
700:
677:
660:
644:
635:. In chapter 55 of the
630:
622:
612:
606:
591:
552:between 1136 and 1140.
542:
536:
521:
503:
498:
492:
479:
472:(→ 'a raven's feast').
468:
462:
456:
450:
442:
436:
411:
339:
333:
324:
318:
312:
305:
287:
233:
214:new religious movements
8311:The Satanic Scriptures
8304:Letters from the Devil
7133:Post-War United States
5476:Magical tools in Wicca
5048:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
4394:
3644:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
3293:Narfi (father of Nott)
2096:Quotations related to
2041:Simek, Rudolf (2007).
1995:Orchard, Andy (1997).
1193:
1120:
1101:as the rebirth of the
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1030:
1010:
778:Hollander translation
722:Saga of Hákon the Good
581:
516:
510:
508:"easy", Modern French
485:
401:
384:
378:
371:
245:Scandinavian languages
166:This article contains
8697:Northumbrian folklore
8692:Modern pagan holidays
8585:Social stratification
8357:Satan Takes a Holiday
7182:Hit singles in the US
7177:Hit singles in the UK
6738:Carols by Candlelight
6666:Santa Claus' daughter
6274:Adoration of the Magi
5682:Witch-cult hypothesis
5638:Charge of the Goddess
5379:Solitary practitioner
5297:Drawing down the Moon
5078:Cerridwen Fallingstar
4799:Wicca and LGBT people
3786:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
3065:Sister-wife of Njörðr
2376:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
2362:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2065:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur
1356:(sous la direction d'
968:Thietmar of Merseburg
668:Eyvindr skáldaspillir
573:
502:; compare Old French
440:('the Yule one'). In
432:List of names of Odin
257:winter holiday season
21:Yule (disambiguation)
8682:December observances
8290:The Devil's Notebook
8208:Benjamin De Casseres
8063:First Satanic Church
7474:Santa's Candy Castle
6798:Google Santa Tracker
5879:° (African American)
4855:Central Valley Wicca
4556:Wetlands and islands
3676:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
2608:Modern pagan revival
2584:Wetlands and islands
2434:Old English language
2147:Anglo-Saxon paganism
2112:at Wikimedia Commons
1818:Hoad, T. F. (1996).
1799:Hoad, T. F. (1993).
1404:jolly, adj. and adv.
1127:Some members of the
943:heathen Anglo-Saxons
526:), according to the
19:For other uses, see
8687:January observances
8590:Universal Darwinism
8269:The Satanic Rituals
8213:Arthur Schopenhauer
8128:Niccolò Machiavelli
8098:Friedrich Nietzsche
8091:Influential figures
7479:Santa Claus Village
7394:Christmas Mountains
7300:Journey of the Magi
6306:Baptism of the Lord
5703:Malleus Maleficarum
5697:European witchcraft
5677:Neopagan witchcraft
4832:British Traditional
4775:Neopagan witchcraft
3838:Narfi (son of Loki)
2985:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
2467:Society and culture
2410:Finnesburg Fragment
2390:De temporum ratione
2071:. Clarendon Press.
1733:on 29 December 2007
1687:Barnhart, Robert K.
544:Estoire des Engleis
230:heathen Anglo-Saxon
94:atheistic Satanists
8702:Religious holidays
8525:Jungian psychology
8428:Ideas and concepts
8158:Maria de Naglowska
7589:Twelve-dish supper
7439:Jews and Christmas
7389:Christmas Lectures
7118:American Civil War
6853:NORAD Tracks Santa
6229:Saint Nicholas Day
5718:Magical alphabets
5667:Bricket Wood coven
5645:Enchanted Feminism
5038:Zsuzsanna Budapest
4794:Etymology of Wicca
4484:Religious practice
4458:Old Norse language
3925:Váli (son of Loki)
3813:Líf and Lífthrasir
3721:Árvakr and Alsviðr
3716:Horses of the Æsir
3696:Hati Hróðvitnisson
2837:Váli (son of Odin)
2680:Old Norse religion
1953:The New York Times
1910:The New York Times
949:Date of observance
860:Academic reception
582:
417:Germanic languages
78:Northern Europeans
68:Yuletide, Yulefest
8707:Scottish folklore
8677:Germanic paganism
8634:
8633:
8611:Sigil of Baphomet
8575:Self-preservation
8530:Law of the jungle
8450:Balance of nature
8380:
8379:
8262:The Satanic Witch
8255:The Satanic Bible
8223:Bernardino Nogara
8178:Benjamin Franklin
8148:William Mortensen
7944:
7943:
7920:
7919:
7584:Thirteen desserts
7504:Virginia O'Hanlon
7349:Advent Conspiracy
7263:Films (Christmas,
7255:A Christmas Carol
7200:Carols for Choirs
6743:Cavalcade of Magi
6723:Boar's Head Feast
6392:Star of Bethlehem
6363:Nativity of Jesus
6351:flight into Egypt
6236:St. Stephen's Day
6153:
6152:
6148:
6030:: Roman Empire° (
5929:Deygān, Maidyarem
5779:
5778:
5400:Wheel of the Year
5053:Patricia Crowther
4954:
4953:
4840:Alexandrian Wicca
4805:Dettmer v. Landon
4741:
4740:
4733:Nordic Bronze Age
4723:Germanic paganism
4711:
4710:
4582:Germanic calendar
4546:Temple at Uppsala
4344:
4343:
3948:
3947:
3908:Þjálfi and Röskva
3852:Personifications
2715:and other figures
2646:
2645:
2504:Germanic paganism
2258:Hengist and Horsa
2217:Wayland the Smith
2108:Media related to
2056:978-0-85991-513-7
1852:978-0-292-73061-8
1801:English Etymology
1610:OED Online (2022)
1257:OED Online (2022)
1093:In most forms of
830:
829:
663:). A work by the
556:Germanic paganism
174:rendering support
161:
160:
8734:
8672:English folklore
8580:Social Darwinism
8386:Satanic holidays
8329:The Satanic Mass
8318:
8283:We Are Satanists
8173:Grigori Rasputin
8168:Helena Blavatsky
8153:Aleister Crowley
8000:Peter H. Gilmore
7980:
7979:LaVeyan Satanism
7971:
7964:
7957:
7948:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7767:Redcurrant sauce
7556:
7550:
7545:
7519:Winter festivals
7269:Christmas horror
7236:
7147:
6978:
6833:Meals and feasts
6753:Christmas jumper
6700:
6671:Santa's reindeer
6623:
6569:Father Christmas
6533:
6490:Santa's workshop
6411:
6373:in later culture
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6189:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6157:
6146:
6133:°: New Zealand (
6024:: Ancient Greece
5806:
5799:
5792:
5783:
5749:Witches' Sabbath
5672:New Forest coven
5631:Witchcraft Today
5617:The Spiral Dance
5164:Spirit of nature
5123:Silver RavenWolf
5068:Scott Cunningham
5058:Vivianne Crowley
5028:Raymond Buckland
4896:Cochrane's Craft
4865:Gardnerian Wicca
4828:
4818:
4789:History of Wicca
4768:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4481:
4399:
4166:Grove of fetters
3959:
3666:Fjalar (rooster)
3426:Fjalar and Galar
2720:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2636:
2635:
2428:Nine Herbs Charm
2140:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2095:
2080:
2060:
2037:
2024:Brill Publishers
2014:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1943:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1899:
1881:
1856:
1833:
1814:
1795:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1721:
1708:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1646:Kannapell (1997)
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1370:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1198:
1166:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1133:LaVeyan Satanist
1123:LaVeyan Satanism
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1033:
1013:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
940:
930:
921:
898:
854:
847:
839:
820:
812:
804:
787:
769:
744:Christianization
734:
705:
680:
649:
633:
625:
615:
609:
594:
547:
539:
519:
513:
501:
495:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
439:
414:
404:
398:Norwegian Bokmål
387:
381:
358:
352:
327:
321:
315:
238:
202:Germanic peoples
82:Germanic peoples
73:Observed by
57:
45:
8742:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8594:
8565:Psychic vampire
8423:
8376:
8350:The Black Flame
8316:
8242:
8183:H. P. Lovecraft
8108:Herbert Spencer
8086:
8081:Council of Nine
8070:The Black House
8058:Church of Satan
8046:
8005:
7982:
7978:
7975:
7945:
7940:
7934:
7916:
7882:Pickled herring
7855:
7824:
7771:
7762:Cranberry sauce
7745:
7724:
7700:Red velvet cake
7685:Poppy seed roll
7603:
7554:
7543:
7541:
7535:
7514:White Christmas
7404:Christmas truce
7399:Christmas seals
7379:Christmas creep
7341:
7339:
7333:
7234:
7228:
7145:
7139:
6976:
6970:
6823:Lord of Misrule
6758:Christmas Peace
6708:Advent calendar
6698:
6692:
6641:Knecht Ruprecht
6621:
6619:
6613:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6413:
6409:
6401:
6326:Herod the Great
6261:
6255:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6154:
6149:
6140:
6119:
6070:Montol Festival
6000:
5971:Sanghamitta Day
5957:Makar Sankranti
5906:
5851:
5844:: West Africa (
5820:
5813:Winter solstice
5810:
5780:
5775:
5754:Flying ointment
5650:
5624:What Witches Do
5590:
5511:Book of Shadows
5464:
5388:
5367:Rite of passage
5332:Herbal medicine
5289:
5283:
5194:Wiccan morality
5186:
5180:
5137:
5118:Rosaleen Norton
5113:Frederic Lamond
5108:Philip Heselton
5063:Robert Cochrane
5043:Charles Cardell
5033:Eddie Buczynski
5003:Victor Anderson
4973:Doreen Valiente
4960:
4950:
4869:
4850:Blue Star Wicca
4819:
4810:
4777:
4772:
4742:
4737:
4707:
4663:Norse cosmology
4601:
4560:
4472:
4468:Later influence
4382:
4340:
4054:Other locations
4049:
3998:
3944:
3871:Sumarr and Vetr
3555:
3477:
3367:
3168:Gjálp and Greip
3069:
3004:
2851:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2647:
2642:
2624:
2603:
2529:Metrical charms
2462:
2349:
2333:
2272:
2226:
2150:
2144:
2088:
2083:
2063:
2057:
2040:
2034:
2026:. p. 205.
2017:
2011:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1902:
1859:
1853:
1836:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1775:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1711:
1705:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1670:Escobedo (2015)
1668:
1664:
1658:La Ferla (2000)
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1634:Buescher (2007)
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1523:Hollander (2007
1521:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1495:heimskringla.no
1489:
1488:
1484:
1478:Hollander (2007
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1411:Wayback Machine
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1331:Vigfússon (1874
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1187:winter solstice
1153:Holidays portal
1151:
1144:
1141:
1129:Church of Satan
1125:
1099:winter solstice
1076:
1074:Modern paganism
981:
976:
956:winter solstice
951:
867:
862:
724:
688:
600:wrote that the
586:Gothic language
577:Die Gartenlaube
568:
563:
558:
550:Geoffrey Gaimar
277:
183:
182:
181:
172:Without proper
144:Related to
119:Winter festival
60:
41:
31:
24:
17:
16:Winter festival
12:
11:
5:
8740:
8738:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8722:Eating parties
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8639:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8599:Related topics
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8505:Grotesque body
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8404:Walpurgisnacht
8401:
8396:
8390:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8322:
8315:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8228:Basil Zaharoff
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8203:Ambrose Bierce
8200:
8195:
8190:
8188:Edward Bernays
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8118:Charles Darwin
8115:
8113:Arthur Desmond
8110:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8065:
8060:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8043:(2002–present)
8041:Peggy Nadramia
8038:
8035:Blanche Barton
8032:
8026:
8020:
8013:
8011:
8010:High Priestess
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
8002:(2001–present)
7997:
7990:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7813:Smoking Bishop
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7751:
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7744:
7743:
7738:
7732:
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7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7547:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7501:
7496:
7494:Super Saturday
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7424:Giving Tuesday
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7374:Christmas club
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7345:
7343:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7272:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7240:
7238:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:Piae Cantiones
7217:
7210:
7203:
7193:
7187:Music charts (
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7151:
7149:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6982:
6980:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6656:Père Fouettard
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6622:Saint Nicholas
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6574:Grandpa Indian
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6542:Saint Nicholas
6538:
6536:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6480:Old Man Winter
6477:
6472:
6467:
6465:Miner's figure
6462:
6457:
6452:
6450:Kallikantzaros
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6380:Nativity scene
6377:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6215:Children's Day
6211:
6204:
6201:Blue Christmas
6196:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6097:
6087:
6081:
6067:
6057:
6047:
6041:
6040:: Roman Empire
6035:
6025:
6019:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5988:
5978:
5968:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5921:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5880:
5870:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5586:Witch's ladder
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Chalice/Goblet
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5373:Eko Eko Azarak
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5244:The Summerland
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5176:Mother goddess
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5149:Triple Goddess
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Raven Grimassi
5090:
5088:Stewart Farrar
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Phyllis Curott
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Maxine Sanders
4980:
4975:
4970:
4968:Gerald Gardner
4964:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4926:Odyssean Wicca
4923:
4921:Georgian Wicca
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:1734 Tradition
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:Æsir–Vanir War
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Hoddmímis holt
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Körmt and Örmt
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3461:Sons of Ivaldi
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
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2294:Dwarf (Dweorh)
2291:
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2231:Heroic figures
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2086:External links
2084:
2082:
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2038:
2032:
2015:
2009:
1992:
1969:
1944:
1927:
1900:
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1463:Kovářová (2011
1455:
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1431:
1419:
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1362:
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1335:
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1319:Barnhart (1995
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1054:in Friesland,
980:
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858:
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792:heathen temple
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687:
684:
646:Skáldskaparmál
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
407:Proto-Germanic
367:and Norwegian
359:); Old Norse,
350:𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃
283:descends from
276:
273:
247:as well as in
176:, you may see
164:
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105:Germanic pagan
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8621:Hellfire Club
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8515:Individualism
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8470:Carnivalesque
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8364:Strange Music
8361:
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8340:
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8325:
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8297:Satan Speaks!
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8287:
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8284:
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8193:H. L. Mencken
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8141:
8139:
8138:Wilhelm Reich
8136:
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8123:Sigmund Freud
8121:
8119:
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8051:Organizations
8049:
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8030:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8017:Diane Hegarty
8015:
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7860:Meat and fish
7858:
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7798:Hot chocolate
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7499:Ugly sweaters
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7409:Controversies
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7244:In literature
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7113:United States
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6843:Moravian star
6841:
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6838:Midnight Mass
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6731:
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6728:Candle arches
6726:
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6721:
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6718:Advent wreath
6716:
6714:
6713:Advent candle
6711:
6709:
6706:
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6620:Companions of
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6532:Gift-bringers
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6511:
6508:
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6404:
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6397:Twelfth Night
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6382:
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6378:
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6369:
6366:
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6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:Nativity Fast
6356:
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6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
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6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:Christmastide
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Angel Gabriel
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6269:Biblical Magi
6267:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6222:Christmas Eve
6219:
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6205:
6203:
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6194:
6190:
6181:
6176:
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6136:
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6129:
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6126:
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6115:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:°: Cornwall (
6075:
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6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:: Sri Lanka (
5972:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5939:Dōngzhì, Tōji
5937:
5934:
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5927:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5902:
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5807:
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5795:
5793:
5788:
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5784:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Witching hour
5737:
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5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
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5704:
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5698:
5695:
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5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
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5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
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5587:
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5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
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5567:
5564:
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5549:
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5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:Paraphernalia
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Cone of power
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Fivefold kiss
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Reincarnation
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Rule of Three
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5133:Joseph Wilson
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Jack Bracelin
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Coven of Atho
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Öndvegissúlur
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Heitstrenging
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Völsung Cycle
4451:
4449:
4448:Tyrfing Cycle
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:Gesta Danorum
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Fróði's Peace
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Shield-maiden
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Ask and Embla
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Ingunar-Freyr
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Wilweorthunga
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:Franks Casket
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:and mythology
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2033:90-04-12875-1
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2010:0-304-34520-2
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1829:0-19-283098-8
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1810:0-19-283098-8
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1791:0-460-87616-3
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:HarperCollins
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:Hutton (2008)
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:Orchard (1997
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:Orchard (1997
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:Faulkes (1995
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1006:
998:
990:
986:
978:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
948:
946:
944:
939:
938:
932:
929:
928:
922:
920:
914:
909:
907:
903:
902:Christmas ham
899:
897:
896:
890:, Yule boar (
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
864:
859:
857:
855:
853:
846:
845:
838:
837:
825:
821:
819:
813:
811:
805:
803:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
781:
774:
770:
767:
764:
762:
758:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
733:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
703:
702:heitstrenging
697:
693:
686:Heitstrenging
685:
683:
681:
679:
673:
672:names of Odin
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
648:
647:
640:
639:
634:
632:
626:
624:
617:
614:
608:
603:
599:
595:
593:
592:fruma jiuleis
587:
579:
578:
572:
565:
560:
555:
553:
551:
546:
545:
538:
533:
529:
525:
524:
518:
512:
507:
506:
500:
494:
489:
488:
483:
482:
478:
473:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
445:
438:
433:
428:
426:
422:
421:Indo-European
418:
413:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
380:
375:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:
331:
330:Christmastide
326:
320:
314:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
267:, Yule boar,
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:(also called
187:
179:
175:
171:
169:
157:
153:
152:Christmastide
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
46:
43:
39:
37:
29:
22:
8712:Quarter days
8535:Lex talionis
8485:Epicureanism
8445:Antihumanism
8418:
8371:Death Scenes
8369:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8309:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8080:
8074:
8068:
7872:Gefilte fish
7820:Ponche crema
7655:Melomakarono
7523:
7414:Cyber Monday
7319:
7284:
7253:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7195:Music books
7188:
7026:Nazi Germany
6918:
6914:Secret Santa
6901:
6788:Flying Santa
6495:Tió de Nadal
6445:Korvatunturi
6296:Annunciation
6262:Christianity
6248:
6243:Sol Invictus
6110:Ziemassvētki
6099:
6074:Mummer's Day
5981:Şeva Zistanê
5770:Fluffy Bunny
5714:Cunning folk
5709:Granny woman
5701:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5449:
5384:Spiral dance
5371:
5322:Magic circle
5103:Yvonne Frost
5083:Janet Farrar
4998:Margot Adler
4978:Alex Sanders
4906:Dianic Wicca
4886:Celtic Wicca
4845:Algard Wicca
4803:
4596:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4373:Hjaðningavíg
4151:Glæsisvellir
3691:Gullinbursti
3338:Útgarða-Loki
2732:Almáttki áss
2598:
2457:Wið færstice
2455:
2448:
2426:
2419:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2277:Other beings
2100:at Wikiquote
2068:
2047:D. S. Brewer
2042:
2019:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1974:
1961:. Retrieved
1952:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1908:
1869:
1865:
1838:
1819:
1800:
1777:
1769:
1762:. Retrieved
1751:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1713:
1690:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1584:
1580:
1570:
1558:
1542:
1530:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1414:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1378:www.cnrtl.fr
1377:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1264:
1252:
1229:
1185:, a Punjabi
1126:
1116:
1092:
1077:
1070:in Estonia.
1063:
1055:
1047:
1046:in Finland,
1039:
1028:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
982:
952:
933:
916:
910:
906:Yule singing
891:
871:Rudolf Simek
868:
849:
831:
815:
807:
799:
765:
753:
727:
725:
689:
675:
642:
636:
628:
620:
618:
589:
583:
575:
561:Attestations
531:
527:
474:
429:
424:
341:æftera ġēola
301:
297:
293:
280:
278:
269:Yule singing
240:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
165:
115:Significance
109:modern pagan
42:
35:
8550:Misanthropy
8545:Meritocracy
8540:Materialism
8321:Other media
8238:John Milton
8218:Max Stirner
8198:Jack London
8143:P.T. Barnum
8037:(1997–2002)
8031:(1990–1999)
8029:Karla LaVey
8025:(1985–1990)
8023:Zeena LaVey
8019:(1966–1985)
7996:(1966–1997)
7994:Anton LaVey
7987:High Priest
7887:Roast goose
7808:Mulled wine
7788:Champurrado
7783:Apple cider
7757:Bread sauce
7710:Szaloncukor
7690:Pumpkin pie
7640:Gingerbread
7594:Smörgåsbord
7235:Other media
7073:Philippines
7063:New Zealand
6946:Twelve Days
6903:Räuchermann
6858:Nutcrackers
6808:Las Posadas
6768:Decorations
6748:Christingle
6688:Zwarte Piet
6683:Snegurochka
6604:Sinterklaas
6554:Santa Claus
6064:Anglo-Saxon
6062:: England (
6046:°: Scotland
5933:Zoroastrian
5897:We Tripantu
5307:Handfasting
5234:White magic
5199:Wiccan Rede
5098:Gavin Frost
5018:Lois Bourne
4911:Faery Wicca
4531:Reginnaglar
4463:Orthography
4436:Jómsvíkinga
4411:Poetic Edda
4324:Urðarbrunnr
4319:Mímisbrunnr
4251:Singasteinn
4181:Hindarfjall
4161:Gnipahellir
4141:Ginnungagap
4116:Fyrisvellir
4111:Fornsigtuna
4045:Vimur River
4035:Slidr River
3808:Jörmungandr
3218:Hrímgrímnir
2847:Vili and Vé
2404:Ealuscerwen
2345:Middangeard
2309:Eoten/Thurs
1986:27 December
1963:21 December
1921:21 December
1737:21 December
1679:Works cited
1587:: 155–156.
1547:Simek (2007
1535:Simek (2007
1451:Simek (2007
1427:Simek (2007
1343:Hoad (1993)
1203:Yaldā Night
880:Bronze Ages
818:hlautteinar
602:Anglo-Saxon
285:Old English
208:during the
170:characters.
65:Also called
8641:Categories
8560:Pragmatism
8555:Naturalism
8520:Iconoclasm
8247:Literature
8233:Mark Twain
8067:(see also
7615:Candy cane
7564:Joulupöytä
7464:Pikkujoulu
7128:New Mexico
6977:By country
6951:Wassailing
6892:Poinsettia
6699:Traditions
6651:Mrs. Claus
6631:Belsnickel
6584:Julemanden
6579:Joulupukki
6510:Wenceslaus
6475:North Pole
6440:Jack Frost
6430:Christkind
6385:Neapolitan
6208:Boxing Day
6112:: Baltic (
6090:Wren's Day
6084:Saturnalia
5943:East Asian
5863:Inti Raymi
5842:Dzon'ku Nu
5744:Witch-hunt
5595:Literature
5576:Tarot deck
5435:Lughnasadh
5362:Initiation
5357:Invocation
5352:Divination
5302:Great rite
5290:and ritual
5269:Watchtower
5239:Otherworld
5229:Witchcraft
5219:Craft name
5154:Horned God
5013:Gavin Bone
4988:Sybil Leek
4941:Stregheria
4931:Reclaiming
4824:Traditions
4698:Viking Age
4673:Philosophy
4541:Sonargöltr
4426:Runestones
4418:Prose Edda
4363:Fimbulvetr
4314:Hvergelmir
4281:Valaskjálf
4241:Sessrúmnir
4211:Jötunheimr
4186:Hlidskjalf
4176:Himinbjörg
4146:Glaðsheimr
4131:Gastropnir
4086:Bilskirnir
4066:Amsvartnir
3979:Gjallarbrú
3962:Underworld
3918:Landvættir
3818:Loddfáfnir
3796:Svaðilfari
3781:Hófvarpnir
3726:Blóðughófi
3706:Hildisvíni
3582:Aurvandill
3343:Vafþrúðnir
3328:Þrúðgelmir
3188:Harðgreipr
2444:Sutton Hoo
2439:Spong Hill
2077:1077900672
2022:. Leiden:
1716:. Oxford:
1704:0062700847
1537::379–380).
1465::195–196).
1453::180–181).
1415:OED Online
1277:Orel (2003
1273:Hoad (1996
1235:Orel (2003
1216:References
1195:Saturnalia
1131:and other
895:Sonargöltr
824:aspergills
810:hlautbolli
716:sacrificed
708:sonargöltr
638:Prose Edda
520:"feast" +
484:(→ French
477:Old French
469:hugins jól
335:ǣrra ġēola
292:, earlier
228:, and the
224:, the god
103:Cultural,
8657:Christmas
8510:Hierarchy
8495:Egotheism
8465:Carnality
8460:Burlesque
8455:Blasphemy
8440:Animalism
8435:Amorality
8414:Halloween
8409:Solstices
8399:Equinoxes
8133:Carl Jung
7902:Tourtière
7892:Romeritos
7829:Dumplings
7776:Beverages
7680:Pecan pie
7670:Panettone
7665:Pampushka
7660:Mince pie
7635:Fruitcake
7579:Réveillon
7459:NFL games
7454:NBA games
7449:In August
7419:Economics
7189:Billboard
7043:Indonesia
6986:Australia
6961:Yule goat
6936:Stockings
6870:Ornaments
6599:Père Noël
6594:Olentzero
6589:Noel Baba
6564:Ded Moroz
6520:Yule Lads
6460:Mari Lwyd
6311:Bethlehem
6188:Christmas
6060:Mōdraniht
6032:Christian
6028:Christmas
5918:Amaterasu
5899:: Chile (
5877:Caribbean
5865:°: Peru (
5819:festivals
5817:midwinter
5546:Parchment
5460:Wild Hunt
5430:Midsummer
5347:Banishing
5312:Wiccaning
5159:Green Man
4936:Seax-Wica
4653:Mead hall
4587:Þorrablót
4441:Legendary
4336:Yggdrasil
4296:Víðbláinn
4291:Vanaheimr
4266:Þrymheimr
4261:Þrúðvangr
4256:Þrúðheimr
4226:Munarvágr
4216:Mímameiðr
4191:Hnitbjorg
4106:Fólkvangr
4091:Brávellir
4040:Vadgelmir
4025:Kerlaugar
3994:Niðafjöll
3954:Locations
3930:Valkyries
3878:Sæhrímnir
3766:Gulltoppr
3731:Falhófnir
3629:Einherjar
3612:Landdísir
3446:Mótsognir
3436:Hreiðmarr
3348:Víðblindi
3298:Sökkmímir
3288:Mögþrasir
3248:Hyrrokkin
3213:Hrímgerðr
3208:Hræsvelgr
3198:Helreginn
3193:Helblindi
3113:Bergelmir
2777:Ítreksjóð
2684:mythology
2620:Seax-Wica
2615:Heathenry
2534:Moot hill
2338:Locations
2248:Eormenric
1940:154250096
1896:145003549
1388:24 August
1358:Alain Rey
1245:Citations
1058:Joelfeest
989:Christmas
937:Mōdraniht
913:Wild Hunt
888:Yule goat
773:Old Norse
757:Trondheim
657:Old Norse
361:Icelandic
294:geoh(h)ol
275:Etymology
265:Yule goat
235:Mōdraniht
222:Wild Hunt
216:(such as
206:Christmas
156:Christmas
148:Midwinter
136:Frequency
28:Christmas
8500:Eugenics
8394:Birthday
8103:Ayn Rand
7935:Category
7906:meat pie
7897:Stuffing
7851:Varenyky
7720:Yule log
7695:Qurabiya
7569:Julebord
7542:Food and
7469:SantaCon
7434:El Gordo
7321:Yule Log
7093:Scotland
7006:Ethiopia
6991:Colombia
6966:Yule log
6920:Spanbaum
6897:Pyramids
6763:Crackers
6661:Sack Man
6547:folklore
6515:Yule cat
6420:Badalisc
6410:folklore
6321:Epiphany
6131:Matariki
6104:Germanic
6050:Korochun
6044:Hogmanay
6022:Brumalia
5993:: Iran (
5975:Buddhist
5873:Jonkonnu
5856:Americas
5834:: Mali (
5571:Talisman
5551:Pentacle
5521:Cauldron
5405:Solstice
5393:Holidays
5274:Familiar
5264:Summoner
5187:concepts
5128:Starhawk
4716:See also
4638:Hamingja
4592:Vetrnætr
4577:Dísablót
4572:Álfablót
4378:Ragnarök
4286:Valhalla
4276:Útgarðar
4221:Myrkviðr
4206:Járnviðr
4201:Iðavöllr
4121:Gálgviðr
4101:Fensalir
4010:Élivágar
3984:Náströnd
3974:Éljúðnir
3843:Níðhöggr
3791:Sleipnir
3761:Gullfaxi
3661:Fimafeng
3577:Auðumbla
3396:Billingr
3323:Þrívaldi
3308:Suttungr
3263:Járnsaxa
3233:Hrungnir
3163:Gillingr
3158:Geirröðr
3138:Fárbauti
3128:Býleistr
3093:Angrboða
3045:Gullveig
2757:Heimdall
2747:Dellingr
2638:Category
2574:Weregild
2494:Folkmoot
2324:Wælcyrge
2067:(1874).
1980:Archived
1957:Archived
1915:Archived
1888:40646468
1866:Folklore
1782:Everyman
1758:Archived
1689:(1995).
1595:26 March
1589:Archived
1505:26 March
1499:Archived
1407:Archived
1382:Archived
1304:11 March
1298:Archived
1209:Nardoqan
1189:festival
1171:Julebord
1163:Dísablót
1139:See also
1084:Heathens
1050:Joelfest
1003:yuletide
884:Yule log
869:Scholar
738:credits
735:the Good
729:Saga of
425:Yuletide
298:geh(h)ol
261:Yule log
253:Estonian
86:Heathens
76:Various
8570:Realism
8480:Elitism
7841:Pierogi
7836:Hallaca
7741:Borscht
7705:Stollen
7675:Pavlova
7650:Makówki
7630:Cozonac
7599:Wigilia
7484:Scrooge
7444:In July
7342:society
7274:Poetry
7108:Ukraine
7083:Romania
7048:Ireland
7038:Iceland
7033:Hungary
7021:Germany
7011:Finland
7001:England
6996:Denmark
6956:Windows
6887:Piñatas
6875:Parades
6828:Markets
6813:Letters
6803:Hampers
6646:Krampus
6485:Perchta
6425:Caganer
6124:Oceania
5995:Persian
5985:Kurdish
5924:Choimus
5920:: Japan
5901:Mapuche
5655:Related
5561:Scourge
5541:Incense
5516:Candles
5445:Samhain
5425:Beltane
5410:Equinox
5337:Scrying
5279:Animism
5259:Skyclad
5142:Deities
5008:Artemis
4961:figures
4959:Notable
4782:History
4668:Numbers
4648:Kenning
4521:Worship
4477:Society
4387:Sources
4306:Vingólf
4301:Vígríðr
4271:Uppsala
4236:Okolnir
4156:Glitnir
4126:Gandvik
4081:Bifröst
4071:Andlang
3989:Niflhel
3935:Völundr
3883:Skírnir
3823:Móðguðr
3619:Dragons
3602:Byggvir
3431:Gandalf
3416:Dvalinn
3386:Andvari
3223:Hrímnir
3178:Gunnlöð
3148:Fornjót
3143:Fjölvar
3123:Bölþorn
3098:Aurboða
3088:Alvaldi
3040:Gersemi
2857:Ásynjur
2762:Hermóðr
2752:Forseti
2702:Deities
2524:Maypole
2450:Widsith
2383:Beowulf
2369:Æcerbot
2354:Sources
2268:Waldere
2001:Cassell
1764:6 March
1275::550);
1271::424);
1177:Koliada
1021:Denmark
927:draugar
580:, 1880)
412:jehwlą-
394:Swedish
369:Nynorsk
365:Faroese
356:jiuleis
249:Finnish
90:Wiccans
38:(album)
8490:Egoism
8076:Grotto
7912:Turkey
7846:Tamale
7803:Kissel
7793:Eggnog
7750:Sauces
7736:Menudo
7715:Turrón
7625:Cookie
7608:Sweets
7574:Kūčios
7555:Dinner
7429:Grinch
7340:modern
7307:Tomten
7266:Santa,
7249:novels
7167:Operas
7155:Carols
7123:Hawaii
7103:Sweden
7098:Serbia
7088:Russia
7078:Poland
7068:Norway
7058:Mexico
7016:France
6931:Stamps
6926:Szopka
6818:Lights
6773:Didukh
6609:Others
6559:Befana
6505:Vertep
6368:in art
6336:Joseph
6286:Advent
6114:Romuva
6086:: Rome
6005:Europe
5953:Pongal
5885:: US (
5846:Papaws
5825:Africa
5732:Hebrew
5727:Theban
5566:Statue
5526:Censer
5506:Boline
5491:Athame
5486:Amulet
5420:Ostara
5415:Imbolc
4511:Horses
4350:Events
4331:Ýdalir
4310:Wells
4246:Sindri
4231:Nóatún
4096:Brimir
4061:Asgard
4020:Ífingr
4003:Rivers
3913:Vættir
3771:Gyllir
3681:Fylgja
3671:Fenrir
3624:Draugs
3560:Others
3483:Heroes
3466:Brokkr
3421:Fáfnir
3411:Dúrnir
3406:Durinn
3381:Alvíss
3373:Dwarfs
3358:Vörnir
3268:Laufey
3133:Eggþér
3118:Bestla
3075:Jötnar
3060:Njörðr
3055:Kvasir
3018:Freyja
2970:Snotra
2930:Njörun
2885:Gefjon
2842:Víðarr
2782:Lóðurr
2711:jötnar
2707:dwarfs
2554:Symbel
2514:Horses
2484:Burial
2479:Blōtan
2289:Dragon
2284:Cofgod
2263:Sceafa
2197:Saxnot
2187:Hretha
2182:Gefjon
2172:Ēostre
2075:
2053:
2030:
2007:
1938:
1894:
1886:
1849:
1826:
1807:
1788:
1701:
1565::187).
1553::187).
1525::107).
1480::106).
1441::133).
1429::379).
1333::326).
1321::896).
1279::205).
1237::205).
1111:covens
1107:sabbat
1066:jõulud
1025:Norway
1023:, and
1017:Sweden
919:Jólnir
836:Njörðr
806:, and
796:horses
761:things
748:Norway
678:Jólnir
661:jólnar
511:festif
463:jólnar
457:Jólnir
437:Jólnir
396:, and
390:Danish
346:Gothic
313:ġēohol
300:, and
168:Gothic
139:Annual
7645:Kutia
7544:drink
7172:Songs
7146:Music
7053:Italy
6909:Seals
6863:dolls
6793:Gifts
6733:Cards
6636:Elves
6500:Turoń
6470:Nisse
6435:Grýla
6331:Jesus
6135:Māori
6094:Celts
6078:Celts
6054:Slavs
6016:Saami
6012:Beiwe
5991:Yalda
5965:Hindu
5961:India
5949:Lohri
5883:Soyal
5836:Dogon
5722:Runes
5556:Runes
5501:Besom
5481:Altar
5455:Esbat
5440:Mabon
5288:Rites
5254:Karma
5224:Magic
5214:Coven
4874:Other
4703:Völva
4693:Skald
4688:Seiðr
4683:Runes
4678:Rings
4643:Heiti
4628:Galdr
4623:Félag
4613:Death
4606:Other
4516:Hörgr
4431:Sagas
4171:Heiðr
4136:Gimlé
4076:Barri
4015:Gjöll
3940:Vörðr
3903:Troll
3888:Sköll
3848:Norns
3756:Grani
3751:Glenr
3741:Glaðr
3711:Hjúki
3686:Garmr
3639:Elves
3634:Eldir
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