123:
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814:
802:
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778:
347:), published in Belarusian, omitted the wrongdoings inflicted on the Catholic Church altogether; it mentioned the abolition of the union in the sixth issue, and that after detailing various other acts of wrongdoing committed by the imperial government. However, this was done in an especially persuasive way. The faith of the ancestors, the Uniate faith, the gazette asserted, is the true religion, while the Orthodoxy imposed by the tsar is false. A follower "will die like a dog and suffer in Hell after death". God will punish those who abandon the true faith, "send them to Hell for eternal suffering, devils will tear the soul into pieces, and tar will boil in your guts. You will then learn about your fate; but once in Hell, it will be too late; you will not win over the righteous God, and your suffering will be everlasting". In this issue, then, Belarusian peasants were invited to fight for freedom, which also meant the freedom to profess their religion.
936:
537:
720:
431:, which is variously realized in stressed syllables preceded by unstressed syllables and stressed syllables followed by unstressed syllables – it appears before the word stress in 94.8% (addaci, Kaściuszku, Maskale, padatki, sakiery and swoju, zlitowania), after hissing consonants and p, dominated by lexemes with preserved e (czeho, piereprosisz), but an a appears sporadically as well (czaławiekowi, zaprahaje); in the last stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable о is preserved (aszukaństwo, Jaśko, widno), but in the 7th issue of the newspaper okanne prevails in 99% (bohatyi, pobor, oddać), with akanne in the remaining 1% of cases (adzin, hramada, polskamu); yakanne, which appears in
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be launched. The governor of Grodno reported to the minister of internal affairs on 17 September 1962 that "... inflammatory letters appeared almost exclusively in the poviats of the Grodno governorate located on the border of the
Kingdom of Poland." At least one man, 44 year old peasant Maciej Tiuchnia, was executed for the dissemination of the illegal newspaper, another one, 26 year old former student of St. Petersburg university Josef Gorczak, was sent to
609:
633:
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22:
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334:), the unlawful and unfair actions of civil servants, and the Emancipation of 1861, which failed to meet the expectations of the peasants. The abolition of the Uniate Church and the "true" Uniate faith was reported alongside the illicit actions of the imperial Russian regime. The repression of the Catholic Church was occasionally mentioned too.
665:, 1867, who dated it as 1862 or 1864. Their authorship is disputed. Giller claimed that Kalinowski was the author, though it is probably based only on the pseudonym "Jaska haspadar s pad Wilni" used by Kalinowski. Fajnhauz noted that there is no significant difference between the themes raised in the letter and in the seventh issue of
1497:
Wexler, Paul (1982). "Pawstan'ne Na
Belarusi 1863 Hodu: "Mužyckaja Prawda" J "Listy Z-Pad Šybenicy." Tėksty J Kamėntary./The 1863 Uprising In Byelo-Russia: "Peasants' Truth" and "Letters From Beneath the Gallows." Texts And Commentaries. By Jan Zaprudnik and Thomas E. Bird. Byelorussian Institute of
435:
sporadically (dziaciuki mixed with dzieciuki, dziarżem sia) and much more often in letters, where the forms of yakanne in comparison with the forms of yekanne appear in the 2:1 ratio (biaz sudu, ciapier, jana, siabie, wajawaci / jeny, niechaj, pierojdzie); tsekanne and dzekanne (dalacieła, dziwowaci
234:
Printing and distributing of the newspaper was prosecuted. The Grodno governor informed on August 10, 1862, that the peasants of the village
Jasieniówki, Podbórze and Radowieze of the Brest region found four copies of the first issue of the newspaper. The ministry ordered a vigorous investigation to
229:
proved to be very popular among the people and consequently attracted the full fury of the
Tsarist regime. The Imperial authorities were aware of the preparations for an uprising, and in order to forestall it they drafted a levy of recruits for the army in October 1862. The youth of military age at
293:
newspaper as follows: restoration of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth to its state independence within the borders from 1772, enfranchisement, democratisation of societal principles, the abolition of the tsarist regime by military action, solidarity between all social groups and an alliance with
122:
440:
there are verb forms in which a labial consonant is followed by a ы > у transition (adbuwali, nie buło); the verb of the I conjugation in the 3rd person singular with the -ць ending, optionally using forms without a -ць (budzić / budzie); personal forms of reflexive verbs with the -сь postfix
374:: "We have nothing to expect from anyone, for only he who sows can reap. So, my friends, when the time comes, let us sow with full hands, not sparing any labour so that the peasant may be free, as men are the whole world over. God will help us!" Historian Dawid Fajnhauz wrote that "the task of
351:
She concluded, that "freedom was the ultimate value promoted in
Belarusian texts. It was understood as personal freedom and freedom of conscience; but, more importantly, it was also understood as social freedom and the right to own land. In general, social issues predominated in the Belarusian
1431:
ogromem poruszanych zagadnień, wysunięciem bodajże po raz pierwszy w piśmie przeznaczonym dla chłopów w sposób zdecydowany postulatów o żywotnej dla nich wadze, wybitnie wyróżnia się spośród innych gazet rewolucyjnych tego okresu. Dla poznania zaś ideologii lewego skrzydła "czerwonych" jest
436:
sia); lack of consonant prolonging in the intervocalic position (poustanie, sumlenie); the replacement of the f phoneme with the п, хв phonemes (Prancuz, manichwest); the -ць / -ці infinitive if the stem ends with a vowel (hawaryć, hłumić and pałażyci, rabici), only in the 7th issue of
389:
was touched by a lot issues, putting forward probably for the first time in a letter intended for peasants in a decisive manner postulates in their importance, it stands out from other revolutionary newspapers of that period. In order to learn about the ideology of the left wing of the
363:, authors wrote that Kalinowski's texts "contrasted an idealized image of the ancient self-governing peasant communities to the subsequent periods of feudal oppression, and fused the programs of social and national liberation, deploring the Russian "yoke" but also describing the Polish
548:
58:
in a form of letters. Seven issues were printed, all under a pseudonym "Jaśko haspadar z pad Wilni" ("Jaśko, landowner from near Vilna" or "Jaśko, yeoman from near Vilna"). The newspaper was called illegal, revolutionary, "clandestine antitsarist newspaper", and manifesto.
330:" ...social issues being the main focus. The social injustice imposed by the Russian government on Belarusian peasants was especially highlighted: high taxes, conscription, the prohibition on moving to another landlord (this freedom was a reality during the period of the
672:
Belarusian researcher Adam
Stankievich argues that Kalinowski couldn't call to the people with the words "We, who eat Polish bread, who live on the Polish land, we are Poles from the beginning of time". Another argument, supported by Michas Bic and Fajnhauz, is that the
183:
First issue was probably published in June 1862, second in early
September 1862, issues 3, 4, 5 in the period up to January 1863, issue 6 at the beginning of 1863, issue 7 in the spring 1863. June is an assumed date of publication because the Grodno governor,
355:
In issue six, Kalinowski wrote that the Tsar, "bribing many Popes, told us to enter the schism, he paid money so that we could only convert to
Orthodoxy, and like this Antichrist he took our righteous Uniate faith from us and he lost us to God on centuries."
926:, in 1989. As noted by Smalianchuk, the draft "invoked an uprising against the "Moscow Tsar". It considered peasants and petty bourgeoisie to be the main force and urged not to trust landlords". This text was not published during the uprising.
1728:
466:
manifest ), akane, affrication of *t', d', and north- west dialectalism." The language of
Kalinowski's texts didn't have a significant influence on the shaping of modern Belarusian literary language in the beginning of the 20th century.
753:) were written by Kalinowski after he was arrested and waited for trial. There are three unnumbered and signed by "Jasko haspadar s pad Wilni"; the document got the name after a publication by Agaton Giller in 1867 in a book
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801:
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Though the paper was written by a collective, researchers identified Kalinowski as the main author. Linguist Nina Barszczewska analyzed the language of newspaper, and wrote in detail about unique features observed there:
195:, wrote on September 17, 1862, to the Russian minister that issue one of this newspaper "... is in circulation among peasants for about two months, and the other for about two weeks". There were also unnumbered copies of
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449:
with the dialect of the Mastavlyany village, where K. Kalinoŭski was born. It also exhibits a similar linguistic randomness. This is an additional argument which indicates that K. Kalinoŭski was the author or editor of
190:
935:
536:
415:, published in the Latin alphabet in 1862–1863 and edited mainly by Kastuś Kalinoŭski – only the 7th issue of the newspaper is completely different from the previous ones. The language of the six issues of
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January uprising broke out on 23 January 1863. The last issue of the newspaper was printed during the uprising. When it was suppressed, Kalinowski was arrested and imprisoned in Vilnius; he wrote there his
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719:
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Issues were distributed in Grodno and Białystok regions by members of the revolutionary organizations. Wróblewski himself rode horse around the villages at night, scattering there copies of
180:. Exact place were the newspaper was printed in unknown; it was probably done in various cities, most likely in Białystok, Grodno and Vilnius. Pisarski claimed that it was printed in Minsk.
1852:
765:). Because of this letter, Kalinowski is often seen as a hero and martyr of the Belarusian land. In the letter Kalinowski urges people to continue the fight against "Moscow yoke".
1890:
322:
Historian Zita Medišauskienė wrote that Belarusian press of the uprising time contain very few religious motives; its main themes were social injustice and oppression by the
677:
has a National Government stamp, that was unusual for Kalinowski's newspaper. Another researcher, Henadz Kisialiou, believes that kalinowski was the author; he called the
88:
family. After graduating from a local school in Świsłocz in 1855, Kalinowski entered the faculty of Medicine of the University of Moscow. After one semester he moved to
171:
1837:
1625:
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150:"Jaśko haspadar z pad Wilni" ("Jaśko, landowner from near Vilna" or "Jaśko, yeoman from near Vilna"). He worked on newspaper together with forestry officer
206:. The audience were peasants ("to whom he promised land in their own language") and believers of the Uniate Church (abolished by the authorities in 1839).
278:). The intended audience of both these newspaprs was nobility; both also lack any "contentious social slogans slogans that emanated out of the periodical
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uprising press. This situation could have been partly due to the fact that Kalinoŭski was the author or editor of most of the publications."
454:(No. 1–6), considering the changes that have occurred in the dialect for more than 150 years since the first publication of the newspaper.
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for leading the revolt against Russia and sentenced to death. On 22 March 1864, at the age 26, Kastus Kalinowski was publicly executed on
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After being refused a place in civil service, Kalinowski organized a movement for liberation of his country. As a preparation for the
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96:. Along with his brother Victor, he got himself involved in Polish students' conspiracies and secret cultural societies, headed by
1667:"Where Are You, Kastuś Kalinoŭski?": Overt and Covert References to Kalinoŭski and His Fate in the Work of Young Belarusian Poets"
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378:
was ... to strip the peasantry of the illusion of a good tsar and the capture of the village for Polish revolutionary movement".
1556:
1666:
1377:
A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Volume I: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Long Nineteenth Century'
331:
1609:
524:
512:
1375:
1061:"Poglądy społeczno-polityczne Waleriana Wróblewskiego : szkic do obrazu działalności politycznej rodziny Wróblewskich"
1821:
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959:
947:
1403:, p. 67, "...odarcia chłopstwa z iluzji co do dobrego cara oraz zdobycia wsi dla po'lskiego ruchu rewolucyjnego..."
93:
458:
It was noted that "Kalinowski's language is rich in colloquial Belorussian features, including p, xi, for nonnative f (
151:
1639:
690:
620:
596:
584:
572:
560:
488:
1793:
The 1863 Uprising in Byelorussia: 'Peasants' Truth' and 'Letters from beneath the Gallows.' Texts and Commentaries
1885:
55:
1204:, p. 73, "Tiuchnię rozstrzelano na mocy decyzji sądu wojennego w Grodnie, Gooczaka zaś zesłano na katorgę."
608:
101:
500:
391:
51:
632:
1243:
1374:
Trencsényi, Balázs; Janowski, Maciej; Baar, Monika; Falina, Maria; Kopecek, Michal (26 February 2016).
1323:
Zita Medišauskienė (2020). "Religion in the Rhetoric of the 1863–64 Uprising". In Aoshima, Yoko (ed.).
311:
253:
Two illegal Polish language were also printed either by Kalinowski or under his approval or patronage,
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166:
995:
424:
177:
155:
67:
1325:
Entangled Interactions between Religions and National Identities in the Eastern Borderland of Europe
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135:
97:
47:
1133:, p. 64, "...jest w obiegu między chłopami około dwóch miesięcy, a drugi około dwóch tygodni"
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authorities. The sixth issue is completely consecrated to the defence of the old Byelorussian
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131:
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71:
1244:"Polish-Language Clandestine Press Published under the Patronage of Kanstancin Kalinoŭski"
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once began to take to the woods and form bands, so hastening the outbreak of the uprising.
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1215:"Cмерць за "Мужыцкую праўду". Або чаму Міхаіл Мураўёў пастанавіў расстраляць Мацею Цюхну"
326:. She also highlighted that the propagandist press of that time was "highly persuasive".
289:
According to historian Dorota Michaluk, "The programme of the Reds was formulated in the
759:
A letter to Belarusian people. Letters from beneath the Gallows, by Konstanty Kalinowski
470:
Full text of the newspaper was first published in Soviet Union in 1928, in S. Agurski's
323:
222:
154:, who was a link between the revolutionary movements in Grodno and Białystok, geometer
89:
75:
21:
272:
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307:
441:(dobiliś, kłanialiś). Interesting results are obtained by comparing the language of
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991:
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is devoted to unveiling the true facts about the plundering of the villages by the
1862:
1763:
1467:
1857:
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1262:
1013:
1848:
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1833:
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1764:"Prasa konspiracyjna powstania styczniowego na Litwie i Białorusi (1861-1864)"
79:
1271:
1021:
147:
1214:
996:"Kastus Kalinouski: Leader of the National Uprising in Byelorussia 1863-64"
1816:
681:"an example of how difficult it was to Belarusian Idea to carve its way".
1643:
209:
Historian Leo Horosko described the newspaper and authorities' response:
84:
1557:"Kastuś Kalinoŭski and the Belarusian National Idea: Research Problems"
1519:
763:
Do Ludu Bialoruskiego. Pismo z pod szubienicy Konstantego Kalinowskiego
655:
Letter from Jaska yeoman from near Vilna to peasants of the Polish land
236:
105:
50:
newspaper printed in 1862-1863 by a collective led by a revolutionary
1498:
Arts and Sciences. New York: The Krèčéuski Foundation, 1980. 71 pp".
472:
Ocherki po istorii revolutsionnogo dvizheniya v Belorussii, 1863-1917
428:
1511:
1451:"Роля пісьменнікаў у развіцці беларускае мовы ў XIX – пачатку XX ст"
241:
121:
20:
218:
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Pismo ad Jaska Haspadara s pad Wilni da mużykow Ziemli Polskoj
1700:""Мужыцкая праўда" №6 (1862). Рукапіс неапублікаванай газеты"
92:, where his brother was and joined the faculty of Law at the
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1529:
361:
A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe
108:
where he unsuccessfully applied to join the civil service.
1114:
1112:
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by K. Kalinoŭski corresponds to the Hrodna dialects. The
1153:
1151:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1729:"Ненадрукаваны нумар "Мужыцкай праўды" — Народная Воля"
1611:
Historja powstania narodu polskiego w 1861-1864 r. T. 1
663:
Historja powstania narodu polskiego w 1861-1864 r. T. 1
381:
Fajnhauz wrote about the importance of the newspaper:
134:, he started to issue first newspaper in the modern
1858:All issues of the newspaper in Cyrillic Belarusian
104:. After graduating in 1860, Konstanty traveled to
755:Historja powstania narodu polskiego w 1861—1864
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1548:
1546:
1544:
1185:Rise and Fall of Belarusian National Identity
8:
1640:"Канстанцін Каліноўскі ў сьвятле дакумэнтаў"
1851:has original text related to this article:
1836:has original text related to this article:
1603:
1601:
1555:Smaliancuk, Aliaksandr (30 December 2015).
1237:
1235:
1891:Newspapers published in the Russian Empire
1642:. Arche. 15 September 2009. Archived from
1624:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1118:
1091:
1796:. New York: The Kreceuski Foundation, Inc
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986:
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367:(lord) as the enemy of the common folk."
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1424:
1412:
1400:
1380:. Oxford University Press. p. 308.
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1201:
1157:
1142:
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1103:
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1449:Barszczewska, Nina (30 December 2019).
1444:
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1314:
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823:
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370:Kalinoūski wrote in the third issue of
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398:is a document of unquestionable value.
1242:Michaluk, Dorota (11 December 2015).
924:Church of St. Francis and St. Bernard
25:Konstanty Kalinowski, main author of
7:
1191:(MA thesis). Dublin City University.
914:Unpublished draft of the sixth issue
685:Pismo ad Jaska Haspadara s pad Wilni
645:Pismo ad Jaska Haspadara s pad Wilni
1427:, p. 71, "Trzeha przyznać, że
1436:dokumentem niewątpliwej wartości."
14:
1561:The Journal of Belarusian Studies
1001:The Journal of Belarusian Studies
483:All seven issues of the newspaper
1864:Letters from beneath the Gallows
1842:
1827:
1815:
958:
946:
934:
904:
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886:
877:
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832:
828:from Agaton Giller's book (1867)
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771:Letters from beneath the Gallows
751:Letters from beneath the Gallows
742:Letters from Beneath the Gallows
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403:Authorship and language analysis
300:Letter from Beneath the Gallows
1881:Belarusian-language newspapers
1735:. 20 June 2018. Archived from
332:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1249:Journal of Belarusian Studies
922:was found in Vilnius, in the
16:Belarusian language newspaper
1786:Kalinoŭski, Kastusʹ (1980).
918:Draft of the sixth issue of
359:In an Oxford-published book
94:University of St. Petersburg
70:was born in Mastaŭliany, in
1468:10.17951/sb.2019.13.281-296
1059:Tarkowski, Mikołaj (2014).
1907:
1790:; Bird, Thomas E. (eds.).
1614:. Paris. pp. 327–335.
1574:10.30965/20526512-00703004
1263:10.30965/20526512-00703005
1014:10.30965/20526512-00101005
739:
115:
1698:Смалянчук, Алесь (2019).
1674:Studia Białorutenistyczne
1665:McMillin, Arnold (2014).
1455:Studia Białorutenistyczne
728:from Agaton Giller's book
713:from Agaton Giller's book
56:Belarusian Latin alphabet
1762:Fajnhauz, Dawid (1963).
1182:Parfenov, Denis (2005).
930:Draft of the sixth issue
447:Letters Under the Gallow
421:Letters Under the Gallow
294:the Russian democrats."
1608:Giller, Agaton (1867).
769:The second letter from
1866:in Cyrillic Belarusian
1068:Studia Prawnoustrojowe
747:Listy s pad szubienicy
735:Listy s pad szubienicy
456:
400:
349:
304:Pismo z-pad szybienicy
250:
232:
127:
30:
1293:""Chorągiew Swobody""
826:Do Ludu Bialoruskiego
410:
383:
328:
306:). He was tried by a
245:
213:The greatest part of
211:
125:
24:
1853:Лісты з-пад шыбеніцы
1824:at Wikimedia Commons
994:(16 December 1965).
68:Konstanty Kalinowski
1771:Rocznik Białostocki
284:The Flag of Freedom
282:". Three issues of
255:The Flag of Freedom
136:Belarusian language
98:Zygmunt Sierakowski
48:Belarusian language
425:following features
385:I must admit that
263:The Voice of Litva
251:
128:
102:Jarosław Dąbrowski
31:
1847: Belarusian
1832: Belarusian
1820:Media related to
1387:978-0-19-105695-6
1334:978-1-64469-357-5
1327:. Brookline, MA.
657:) was printed by
291:Chorągiew Swobody
259:Chorągiew Swobody
247:Chorągiew Swobody
178:Bronisław Szwarce
152:Walery Wróblewski
126:Walery Wróblewski
52:Kastuś Kalinoŭski
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1886:January Uprising
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452:Mużyckaja Prauda
443:Mużyckaja Prauda
438:Mużyckaja Prauda
433:Mużyckaja Prauda
427:appear in them:
417:Mużyckaja Prauda
413:Mużyckaja Prauda
396:Mużyckaja Prauda
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