1257:
38:
582:
287:
2123:
Tang, J; Zeng, C; Cox, TM; Li, C; Son, YM; Cheon, IS; Wu, Y; Behl, S; Taylor, JJ; Chakaraborty, R; Johnson, AJ; Shiavo, DN; Utz, JP; Reisenauer, JS; Midthun, DE; Mullon, JJ; Edell, ES; Alameh, MG; Borish, L; Teague, WG; Kaplan, MH; Weissman, D; Kern, R; Hu, H; Vassallo, R; Liu, SL; Sun, J (28 October
2013:
Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research
Network Consortium; Proctor, Lita M.; Creasy, Heather H.; Fettweis, Jennifer M.; Lloyd-Price, Jason; Mahurkar, Anup; Zhou, Wenyu; Buck, Gregory A.; Snyder, Michael P.; Strauss, Jerome F.; Weinstock, George M.; White, Owen; Huttenhower, Curtis (May 2019).
2328:
Wild C, Wallner M, Hufnagl K, Fuchs H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Breiteneder H, et al. (January 2007). "A recombinant allergen chimer as novel mucosal vaccine candidate for prevention of multi-sensitivities".
290:
The nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and Peyer’s patches of the small intestine generate IgA immunity. Both use M cells to transport antigen inside the body so that immune responses can be mounted .
622:
into the underlying tissue. Antigen sampling is a key function of Peyer’s patches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a much thinner mucus layer that helps the antigen sampling. Specialized
127:, and defense mechanisms that prevent the invasion of microorganisms and harmful foreign substances into the body. These defense mechanisms can be divided into physical barriers (
1271:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (September 13, 2023).
2222:
Mao, T; Israelow, B; Peña-Hernández, MA; Suberi, A; Zhou, L; Luyten, S; Reschke, M; Dong, H; Homer, RJ; Saltzman, WM; Iwasaki, A (27 October 2022).
2437:
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357:
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318:
210:
Mucosal barrier integrity physically stops pathogens from entering the body. Barrier function is determined by factors such as age,
2457:
685:
497:
599:
31:
676:
If mucosal barrier homeostasis has not been violated and invasive pathogens are not present, dendritic cells induce
1402:"The Immune Fulcrum: Regulatory T Cells Tip the Balance Between Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Outcomes upon Infection"
878:
411:
2098:
1526:"Mucosal tissue regulatory T cells are integral in balancing immunity and tolerance at portals of antigen entry"
105:
634:
of the Peyer’s patches, can transport antigenic material across the intestinal barrier through the process of
1956:
Wesemann DR, Portuguese AJ, Meyers RM, Gallagher MP, Cluff-Jones K, Magee JM, et al. (September 2013).
655:
643:
430:
415:
407:
724:
681:
670:
607:
555:
148:
57:
870:
803:
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614:
and in small mucosal lymphoid aggregates called cryptopatches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a layer of
2072:
2027:
1969:
1475:
1211:
505:
353:
61:
2224:"Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine elicits protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses"
1093:
Brandtzaeg P (2009). Brandtzaeg P, Isolauri E, Prescott SL (eds.). "'ABC' of mucosal immunology".
2354:
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341:
183:
120:
65:
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1995:
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1985:
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1462:
Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, et al. (March 2011).
1431:
1413:
1372:
1364:
1312:
1227:
1219:
1198:
Shan M, Gentile M, Yeiser JR, Walland AC, Bornstein VU, Chen K, et al. (October 2013).
1170:
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311:
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231:
124:
97:
89:
37:
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1200:"Mucus enhances gut homeostasis and oral tolerance by delivering immunoregulatory signals"
952:
894:
846:
842:
827:
532:
445:
392:
247:
235:
194:
179:
53:
1958:"Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria"
1684:
Mörbe UM, Jørgensen PB, Fenton TM, von Burg N, Riis LB, Spencer J, Agace WW (July 2021).
2031:
1973:
1648:
1623:
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1215:
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2015:
1990:
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345:
275:
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239:
2296:
321:(MALT), provides the organism with an important first line of defense. Along with the
2451:
2342:
2265:
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1719:
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920:
914:
858:
850:
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799:
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485:
457:
160:
69:
49:
991:
2358:
1334:
882:
728:
666:
635:
521:
223:
101:
93:
1686:"Human gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT); diversity, structure, and function"
1417:
262:
offer protection from components on the mucosa by static shielding and limit the
96:
microbes and benign environmental substances. Disruption of this balance between
1907:"Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance"
862:
807:
720:
535:
525:
387:, these cells initiate their effector functions, resulting in faster removal of
365:
326:
286:
227:
140:
17:
2389:
2191:
2174:
2141:
1702:
1685:
1541:
1468:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2039:
1868:
1639:
1590:
1165:
1044:
936:
890:
854:
838:
810:. The damaged tissue is healed and everything returns to its natural state of
795:
752:
732:
631:
615:
376:
349:
307:
299:
243:
128:
1923:
1905:
Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN (2015-01-13).
1805:
1754:
1575:"Functional interactions between innate lymphoid cells and adaptive immunity"
1368:
550:
into the body's tissues and prevent the penetration of potentially dangerous
2239:
1488:
1223:
948:
932:
866:
865:
and determine the future immune system settings, i.e. its susceptibility to
623:
619:
172:
109:
2407:
2350:
2314:
2257:
2200:
2159:
2057:
1999:
1942:
1886:
1824:
1773:
1711:
1657:
1608:
1559:
1507:
1464:"Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome"
1445:
1386:
1326:
1241:
1184:
1124:
1062:
1353:"Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes: Sentinels of the Mucosal Barrier"
581:
759:
736:
547:
539:
509:
489:
481:
449:
403:
388:
211:
198:
100:
and deprivation of pathogens can lead to pathological conditions such as
85:
81:
2126:"Respiratory mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccination"
1981:
2281:"Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission"
1317:
1300:
924:
902:
571:
551:
384:
330:
295:
267:
187:
168:
73:
1106:
654:
in Peyer’s patches can extend their dendrites through M cell-specific
2427:
1275:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 21.5 The immune response against pathogens.
874:
823:
380:
322:
136:
77:
1029:"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease"
1624:"Rethinking mucosal antibody responses: IgM, IgG and IgD join IgA"
712:, which affects other immune cells in the lamina propria toward a
580:
294:
Because the mucosa surfaces are in constant contact with external
285:
259:
255:
251:
219:
215:
132:
36:
1738:"M Cells: Intelligent Engineering of Mucosal Immune Surveillance"
433:
423:
419:
399:
through various functions, especially through the production of
310:
are found in the mucous membranes. These immune cells reside in
1299:
Torow N, Marsland BJ, Hornef MW, Gollwitzer ES (January 2017).
928:
798:
are attracted to the affected area and begin to perform their
531:
The adaptive mucosal immune system is involved in maintaining
426:
on their surfaces. In addition, only negligible levels of the
372:
2175:"Operation Nasal Vaccine-Lightning speed to counter COVID-19"
923:, the mucosal immune system is being investigated for use in
1789:"Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Health and Gut Inflammation"
1524:
Traxinger BR, Richert-Spuhler LE, Lund JM (November 2021).
1149:"Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by mucosal barriers"
986:
984:
982:
980:
774:
which activate more immune cells and direct them towards a
144:
1346:
1344:
218:
present on the mucosa, interactions between immune cells,
1406:
Progress in
Molecular Biology and Translational Science
618:, which together with the mucus form a barrier against
1095:
Nestle
Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme
747:
released from epithelial cells activate immune cells.
1622:
Chen K, Magri G, Grasset EK, Cerutti A (July 2020).
802:. After the ongoing infection has been removed, the
538:
through a mechanism of immune exclusion mediated by
314:, largely distributed through the mucosal surfaces.
306:
are required. For example, approximately 3/4 of all
68:. The mucous membranes are in constant contact with
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
841:composition stabilizes around the age of 3. In the
1900:
1898:
1896:
755:are activated in this environment and produce key
379:. These cells do not need primary activation like
2073:"The Covid Vaccine We Need Now May Not Be a Shot"
1519:
1517:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1351:Olivares-VillagĂłmez D, Van Kaer L (April 2018).
638:. The material transported in this way from the
992:"Mucosal immunology - Latest research and news"
1731:
1729:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1457:
1455:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1097:. Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series.
665:. Dendritic cells then present the antigen to
2374:"Mucosal vaccines - fortifying the frontiers"
927:for various afflictions, including COVID-19,
857:is critical. During this interaction various
658:pores and they can also capture translocated
8:
1857:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
1294:
1292:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
919:Because of its front-line status within the
1573:Sonnenberg GF, Hepworth MR (October 2019).
1027:Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E (June 2020).
881:is regulated by extracellular signals from
546:) that inhibit the penetration of invasive
508:are abundant in the mucosa where via rapid
238:. The mucosal barrier is formed due to the
2016:"The Integrative Human Microbiome Project"
684:due to induction of Tregs by secretion of
452:and the type of molecules involved in the
395:and play an important role in maintaining
2397:
2304:
2247:
2190:
2149:
2047:
1989:
1932:
1922:
1876:
1814:
1804:
1763:
1753:
1701:
1647:
1598:
1549:
1497:
1487:
1435:
1376:
1316:
1231:
1174:
1164:
1052:
610:are found in dome-like structures called
80:, the mucosal immune system protects the
2173:Topol, EJ; Iwasaki, A (12 August 2022).
1851:Tordesillas L, Berin MC (October 2018).
897:protects the body from the induction of
2279:Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A (2019-04-12).
976:
861:arms are educated. They contribute to
448:by the production of certain types of
2099:"The End of Vaccines at 'Warp Speed'"
1147:Okumura R, Takeda K (December 2018).
7:
1400:Richert-Spuhler LE, Lund JM (2015).
833:are relatively undeveloped and need
741:danger-associated molecular patterns
692:. These Tregs further travel to the
358:mucosal-associated invariant T cells
739:is activated and begins to produce
516:signals, they act as regulators of
230:. Barrier integrity depends on the
167:First line of defense from harmful
41:Components of mucosal immune system
2071:Mandavilli, Apoorva (2 Feb 2022).
1101:: 23–38, discussion 38–43, 251–7.
25:
2372:Lavelle EC, Ward RW (July 2021).
2297:10.2174/1573395514666180605092054
2097:Mueller, Benjamin (18 Nov 2022).
837:colonies to promote development.
444:determine the type of subsequent
371:Intraepithelial T cells, usually
319:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
2343:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01245.x
1260: This article incorporates
1255:
590:Basic immune response in the gut
566:to prevent local and peripheral
410:(APCs) in healthy people show a
2429:Immunology for Medical Students
383:. Instead, upon recognition of
163:provides three main functions:
1853:"Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance"
1736:Dillon A, Lo DD (2019-07-02).
600:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
562:mechanisms mediated mainly by
436:are normally present on these
333:and MALT are considered to be
143:, etc.) and chemical factors (
1:
1301:"Neonatal mucosal immunology"
1153:Inflammation and Regeneration
642:can then be presented by the
1418:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.015
456:. For example production of
391:. Tregs are abundant on the
232:immunosuppressive mechanisms
32:Mucosal Immunology (journal)
1474:(Supplement_1): 4578–4585.
901:, which is associated with
885:that affect the intestinal
806:must be stopped to restore
360:, intraepithelial T cells,
2474:
2390:10.1038/s41577-021-00583-2
2378:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2285:Current Immunology Reviews
2192:10.1126/sciimmunol.add9947
2142:10.1126/sciimmunol.add4853
1703:10.1038/s41385-021-00389-4
1628:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1579:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1542:10.1038/s41385-021-00471-x
912:
602:(GALT). A large number of
512:production in response to
364:(Treg), and IgA secreting
29:
2040:10.1038/s41586-019-1238-8
1911:Frontiers in Microbiology
1869:10.1007/s12016-018-8680-5
1640:10.1038/s41577-019-0261-1
1591:10.1038/s41577-019-0194-8
1166:10.1186/s41232-018-0063-z
1045:10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7
998:. Springer Nature Limited
889:repertoire. Diversity of
630:, which are found in the
558:is the implementation of
556:adaptive mucosal immunity
375:, reside between mucosal
335:secondary lymphoid tissue
312:secondary lymphoid tissue
254:on the cell surface. The
2426:Helbert M (2016-06-17).
1924:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00781
1806:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02883
1755:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01499
1369:10.1016/j.it.2017.11.003
1273:Anatomy & Physiology
644:antigen-presenting cells
408:antigen-presenting cells
250:and the presence of the
106:irritable bowel syndrome
52:responses that occur at
2240:10.1126/science.abo2523
1793:Frontiers in Immunology
1787:Stagg AJ (2018-12-06).
1742:Frontiers in Immunology
1489:10.1073/pnas.1000081107
1224:10.1126/science.1237910
735:in direct contact with
704:. There, Tregs produce
554:. Another mechanism of
2458:Branches of immunology
671:mesenteric lymph nodes
586:
344:is composed mostly of
291:
193:Regulates appropriate
149:antimicrobial peptides
141:intestinal peristalsis
42:
1412:. Elsevier: 217–243.
871:inflammatory diseases
804:inflammatory response
778:state. The activated
719:However, damging the
584:
506:Innate lymphoid cells
412:tolerogenic phenotype
354:innate lymphoid cells
289:
117:mucosal immune system
40:
30:For the journal, see
1357:Trends in Immunology
1264:available under the
849:interaction of host
540:secretory antibodies
276:dendritic cells (DC)
108:, susceptibility to
92:towards non-harmful
72:, food, and inhaled
2032:2019Natur.569..641I
1982:10.1038/nature12496
1974:2013Natur.501..112W
1480:2011PNAS..108.4578K
1216:2013Sci...342..447S
873:. For example, the
604:immune system cells
406:. Mucosal resident
234:implemented on the
84:against infectious
2234:(6622): eabo2523.
2179:Science Immunology
2130:Science Immunology
2103:The New York Times
2077:The New York Times
1690:Mucosal Immunology
1530:Mucosal Immunology
1318:10.1038/mi.2016.81
1305:Mucosal Immunology
883:commensal microbes
800:effector functions
620:microbial invasion
587:
552:exogenous proteins
504:induce tolerance.
362:regulatory T cells
342:cellular component
292:
184:commensal bacteria
178:Prevents systemic
121:cellular component
66:respiratory system
46:Mucosal immunology
43:
2439:978-0-7020-6801-0
2026:(7758): 641–648.
1968:(7465): 112–115.
1427:978-0-12-803415-6
1282:978-1-947172-04-3
1210:(6157): 447–453.
1116:978-3-8055-9167-6
1107:10.1159/000235781
955:and many others.
879:intestinal mucosa
727:barrier leads to
714:tolerogenic state
702:lymphatic vessels
560:immunosuppressive
401:anti-inflammatory
272:anti-inflammatory
129:epithelial lining
54:mucosal membranes
16:(Redirected from
2465:
2443:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2276:
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2269:
2251:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2185:(74): eadd9947.
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2136:(76): eadd4853.
2120:
2114:
2113:
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2109:
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1195:
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1128:
1090:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1024:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:Nature Portfolio
988:
909:Mucosal vaccines
835:intestinal flora
776:pro-inflammatory
757:pro-inflammatory
663:immune complexes
640:intestinal lumen
632:epithelial layer
624:phagocytic cells
616:epithelial cells
598:is dispersed in
568:hypersensitivity
446:immune responses
393:mucous membranes
377:epithelial cells
244:epithelial cells
206:Physical barrier
195:immune responses
180:immune responses
125:humoral immunity
88:and maintains a
62:urogenital tract
48:is the study of
21:
18:Mucosal immunity
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2425:
2421:
2419:Further reading
2416:
2415:
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2221:
2220:
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2081:
2079:
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2012:
2011:
2007:
1955:
1954:
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1904:
1903:
1894:
1850:
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1786:
1785:
1781:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1585:(10): 599–613.
1572:
1571:
1567:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1428:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1117:
1092:
1091:
1070:
1026:
1025:
1010:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
978:
973:
961:
953:vibrio cholerae
917:
911:
895:early childhood
847:early childhood
843:neonatal period
820:
749:Dendritic cells
745:Alarm molecules
652:dendritic cells
650:. In addition,
648:Peyer’s patches
612:Peyer’s patches
596:lymphoid tissue
592:
442:dendritic cells
418:do not express
381:classic T cells
346:dendritic cells
284:
282:Active immunity
270:by inducing an
240:tight junctions
208:
171:structures and
157:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2384:(4): 236–250.
2364:
2320:
2291:(1): 102–122.
2271:
2214:
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264:immunogenicity
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646:present in
536:homeostasis
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350:macrophages
340:The MALT's
327:lymph nodes
308:lymphocytes
214:, types of
1002:2016-11-08
971:References
937:poliovirus
913:See also:
891:microbiota
867:infections
855:microbiome
839:Microbiota
822:At birth,
733:epithelium
725:intestinal
608:intestines
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300:microbiota
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110:infections
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678:tolerance
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548:pathogens
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