Great Sphinx of Giza - Knowledge (XXG)

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predated the quarries (and thus, the pyramids). He points towards the larger cyclopean stones in part of the Sphinx Temple, as well as the causeway alignment with the pyramids and the break in the quarries, as evidence that the pyramids took the alignment with some pre-existing structure, such as the sphinx, into consideration when they were constructed, and that the sphinx temple was built in two distinct phases. He contends that such erosion could have occurred relatively rapidly and suggests that the sphinx was no more than a few centuries older than present archaeology would suggest, suggesting a late

1719: 950: 1950: 1731: 1353: 1683: 1669: 551:, i.e. a ridge of bedrock that had been sculpted by the wind. These can sometimes achieve shapes that resemble animals. El-Baz suggests that the "moat" or "ditch" around the Sphinx may have been quarried out later to allow for the creation of the full body of the sculpture. The stones cut from around the Sphinx's body were used to construct a temple in front of it; however, neither the enclosure nor the temple were ever completed, and the relative scarcity of Old Kingdom cultural material suggests that a Sphinx cult was not established at the time. 794: 1065: 1967: 973: 1084: 806: 1707: 67: 1046: 1027: 1511: 1541: 1100: 989: 60: 47: 878:

once admired, is now expressionless. Yet grand in its loneliness, – veiled in the mystery of unnamed ages, – the relic of Egyptian antiquity stands solemn and silent in the presence of the awful desert – symbol of eternity. Here it disputes with Time the empire of the past; forever gazing on and on into a future which will still be distant when we, like all who have preceded us and looked upon its face, have lived our little lives and disappeared.

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from a distance. The truth is, however, that it was hewn from the solid rock; and, from a feeling of veneration, the face of the monster is coloured red. The circumference of the head, measured round the forehead, is one hundred and two feet, the length of the feet being one hundred and forty-three, and the height, from the belly to the summit of the asp on the head, sixty-two.

4920: 4900: 4257: 752:. A monumental stairway—more than 12 metres (39 ft) wide—was erected, leading to a pavement in front of the paws of the Sphinx. At the top of the stairs, a podium was positioned that allowed a view into the Sphinx sanctuary. Farther back, another podium neighbored several more steps. The stairway was dismantled during the 1931–32 excavations by 1383:(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the animal up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. 1850: 1227:, the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886. He concluded that because the Dream Stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line 13, it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors—possibly 1214:, a purposeful fake, created by the local priests as an attempt to imbue the contemporary Isis temple with an ancient history it never had. Such acts became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priests' domains were fighting for political attention and for financial and economic donations. 919:, 1556) described the Sphinx as "the head of a colossus, caused to be made by Isis, daughter of Inachus, then so beloved of Jupiter". He, or his artist and engraver, pictured it as a curly-haired monster with a grassy dog collar. Athanasius Kircher (who never visited Egypt) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue ( 1153:

In the beginning of the year 1887, the chest, the paws, the altar, and plateau were all made visible. Flights of steps were unearthed, and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures. The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet, and the space between the

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Over the centuries, writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx. The vast majority were concerned with a general description, often including a mixture of science, romance and mystique. A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers

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Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this, the world's most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation: that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre, so sound as it may appear, we must

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At the top of the back it measures up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) in width. Baraize, in 1926, sealed the sides and roofed it with iron bars, limestone and cement, and installed an iron trap door at the top. The sides of the fissure might have been artificially squared; however, the bottom is irregular

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In order to construct the temple, the northern perimeter-wall of the Khafre Valley Temple had to be deconstructed, hence it follows that the Khafre funerary complex preceded the creation of the Sphinx and its temple. Furthermore, the angle and location of the south wall of the enclosure suggests the

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Geologist Colin Reader suggests that water runoff from the Giza plateau is responsible for the differential erosion on the walls of the sphinx enclosure. Because the hydrological characteristics of the area were significantly changed by the quarries, he contends this suggests that the sphinx likely

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It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it, for in itself it has no charms. The desert's waves have risen to its breast, as if to wrap the monster in a winding-sheet of gold. The face and head have been mutilated by Moslem fanatics. The mouth, the beauty of whose lips was

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The lower part descends steeply into the bedrock toward northeast, for a distance of approximately 4 metres (13 ft) and a depth of 5 metres (16 ft). It terminated in a cul-de-sac pit at groundwater level. At the entrance it is 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) wide, narrowing to about 1.07 metres

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were hammered into the nose area, one down from the bridge and another beneath the nostril, then used to pry the nose off towards the south, resulting in the one-metre wide nose still being lost to date. Many folk tales exist regarding the destruction of its nose, aiming to provide an answer as to

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responded to Dobrev saying that: "It is not implausible. But I would need more explanation, such as why he thinks the pyramid at Abu Roash is a sun temple, something I'm sceptical about. I have never heard anyone suggest that the name in the graffiti at Zawiyet el-Aryan mentions Djedefre. I remain

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wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion of the age of the Khafre Valley Temple, and by extension the Sphinx: "The date of the Granite Temple has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty, that it may seem rash to dispute the point. Recent discoveries, however, strongly

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In front of these pyramids is the Sphinx, a still more wondrous object of art, but one upon which silence has been observed, as it is looked upon as a divinity by the people of the neighbourhood. It is their belief that King Harmaïs was buried in it, and they will have it that it was brought there

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The upper part ascends to a height of 4 metres (13 ft) above the ground-floor at a northwest direction. It runs between masonry veneer and the core body of the Sphinx and ends in a niche 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide and 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) high. The ceiling of the niche consists of modern

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At the ledge of the Sphinx enclosure, a square shaft is located opposite the northern hind paw. It was cleared during excavation in 1978 by Hawass and measures 1.42 by 1.06 metres (4.7 by 3.5 ft) and about 2 metres (6.6 ft) deep. Lehner interprets the shaft to be an unfinished tomb and

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In 1931, engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx. Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck. This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck, creating an

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Vyse noted in his diary (February 27 and 28, 1837) that he was "boring" near the tail, which indicates him as the creator of the passage, as no other tunnel has been identified at this location. Another interpretation is that the shaft is of ancient origin, perhaps an exploratory tunnel or an

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is thought to have been attached, although this may have been added in later periods after the original construction. Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev has suggested that had the beard been an original part of the Sphinx, it would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling.

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in 1837 to drill a tunnel in the back of the Sphinx, just behind the head. The boring rods became stuck at a depth of 27 feet (8.2 m), Attempts to blast the rods free caused further damage. The hole was cleared in 1978. Among the rubble was a fragment of the Sphinx's

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Kitâb el mawâ'is wa 'l i'tibâr bidhikri 'lchitat wa 'l athâr d. h. Buch der Unterweisungen und der Betrachtung in der Geschichte der Länderstriche und Denkmale: Eine histor. und topogr. Beschreibung Ägyptens von Takieddîn Ahmed ben Ali ben Abdelkâder ben Mohammed

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Residues of red pigment are visible on areas of the Sphinx's face and traces of yellow and blue pigment have also been found elsewhere on the Sphinx, leading Mark Lehner to suggest that the monument "was once decked out in gaudy comic book colours".

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Richard Pococke's Sphinx was an adoption of Cornelis de Bruijn's drawing of 1698, featuring only minor changes, but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous. The print versions of Norden's drawings for his

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More than fifty years later, the existence of the passage was recalled by three elderly men who had worked during the clearing as basket carriers. This led to the rediscovery and excavation of the rump passage, in 1980.

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In 1926 the Sphinx was cleared of sand under direction of Baraize, which revealed an opening to a tunnel at floor-level at the north side of the rump. It was subsequently closed by masonry veneer and nearly forgotten.

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Numerous ideas have been suggested to explain or reinterpret the origin and identity of the Sphinx, that lack sufficient evidential support and/or are contradicted by such, and are therefore considered part of

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causeway connecting Khafre's Pyramid and Valley Temple already existed before the Sphinx was planned. The lower base level of the Sphinx temple also indicates that it does not pre-date the Valley Temple.

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The damaged nose has also been attributed by some 10th century Arab authors stating that it was a result of iconoclastic attacks. Besides this, there was also mention of the damage being the work of the

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and Khafre's father. He supports this by suggesting Khafre's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.

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Johann Helffrich visited the Sphinx during his travels in 1565–1566. He describes that a priest went into the head of the Sphinx, and when he spoke it was as if the Sphinx itself was speaking.

1258:(1904): "This marvelous object was in existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the 741:

In Graeco-Roman times, Giza had become a tourist destination—the monuments were regarded as antiquities—and some Roman Emperors visited the Sphinx out of curiosity, and for political reasons.

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came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are likely accurate, this passage is contradicted by archaeological evidence, thus considered to be

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creators gave the Sphinx is unknown, as the Sphinx temple, enclosure, and possibly the Sphinx itself was not completed at the time, and thus cultural material was limited. In the

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Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology; INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EGYPTOLOGISTS, Lyla Pinch Brock; American University in Cairo Press, 2003; pages 70-71

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treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx.

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slab (possibly a repurposed door lintel from one of Khafre's temples). When the stele was discovered, its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete. An excerpt reads:

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in the 14th century. According to Ibn Qadi Shuhba, Muhammad ibn Sadiq ibn al-Muhammad al-Tibrizi al-Masri (d. 1384), desecrated the sphinxes of "Qanatir al-Siba", built by

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of Sa'id al-Su'ada in 1378, who found local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest and therefore defaced the Sphinx in an act of

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From the 16th to the 19th centuries, European observers described the Sphinx having the face, neck and breast of a woman. Examples included Johannes Helferich (1579),

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named it "Keyhole Shaft", because of cuttings in the ledge above the shaft that are shaped like the lower part of a traditional (Victorian era) keyhole, upside down.

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from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author, and usually now lost. Seven years after visiting Giza, André Thévet (

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The circumstances surrounding the Sphinx's nose being broken off are uncertain, but close inspection suggests a deliberate act using rods or chisels. Contrary to a

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It is possible that the entire passage was cut top down, beginning high up on the rump, and that the current access point at floor-level was made at a later date.

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attributed the Sphinx to the Middle Kingdom, arguing that the particular features seen on the Sphinx are unique to the 12th dynasty and that the Sphinx resembles

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Kurtzer und warhafftiger Bericht, Von der Reis aus Venedig nach Hierusalem, Von dannen in Aegypten, auff den Berg Sinai, und folgends widerumb gen Venedig

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and other monuments in the area. Egyptian geologist Farouk El-Baz has suggested that the head of the Sphinx may have been carved first, out of a natural

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A number of "dead-end" shafts are known to exist within and below the body of the Great Sphinx, most likely dug by treasure hunters and tomb robbers.

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in Egypt and one of the most recognizable statues in the world. The archaeological evidence suggests that it was created by ancient Egyptians of the

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The Wonders of the Ancients: Arab-Islamic Representations of Ancient Egypt, Mark Fraser Pettigrew, page 201, University of California, Berkeley

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A stela dated to 166 AD commemorates the restoration of the retaining walls surrounding the Sphinx. The last Emperor connected with the monument is

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A 1925 photograph shows a man standing below floor level in a niche in the Sphinx's core body. It was closed during the 1925–1926 restorations.

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was discovered, recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx.

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Many New Kingdom stelae depict the Sphinx wearing a crown. If it in fact existed, the hole could have been the anchoring point for it.

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Until the early 20th century, it was suggested that the face of the Sphinx had "Negroid" characteristics, as part of the now outdated

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Reader, C. D. (February 2001). "A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis, with Implications for the Development of the Site".

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cement, which likely spilled down from the filling of the gap between masonry and core bedrock, some 3 metres (9.8 ft) above

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Excavations at Giza 8: 1936-1937. The Great Sphinx and its Secrets. Historical Studies in the Light of the Recent Excavations

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with the head of a woman, a falcon, a cat, or a sheep and the body of a lion with the wings of an eagle (although, like most

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by academia, because no textual or archaeological evidence supports this to be the reason for the orientation of the Sphinx

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altered profile. Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s, and then redone in the 1990s.

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The Sphinx is oriented from west to east, towards the rising sun, in accordance with the ancient Egyptian solar cult. The

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in Cairo announced he had uncovered new evidence that the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known pharaoh

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Early Egyptologists and excavators were of divided opinion regarding the age of the Sphinx and the associated temples.

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12), by S. Rappoport

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paws was found to be thirty-five feet long and ten feet wide. Here there was formerly an altar; and a stele of

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There is a long history of speculation about hidden chambers beneath the Sphinx, by esoteric figures such as

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where it went or what happened to it. One tale erroneously attributes it to cannonballs fired by the army of

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more convinced by the traditional argument of it being Khafre or the more recent theory of it being Khufu."

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evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive

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The passage consists of an upper and a lower section, which are angled roughly 90 degrees to each other:

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Top-down plan of the rump passage. Lower part labeled "Sub-Floor Shaft", upper part "Core-Body Trench".

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Another hole might have been at floor level in the large masonry box on the south side of the Sphinx.

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The archaeological evidence suggests that the Great Sphinx was created around 2500 BC for the pharaoh

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S. Rappoport, The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present, Volume 12

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with the head of a human and the body of a lion. Facing directly from west to east, it stands on the

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bedrock, about 1 metre (3.3 ft) above the outside floor. A very narrow crack continues deeper.

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to complete Khafre's name. When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to

337: 2646: 1446:, writing in the early 15th century, attributes the loss of the nose to Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr, a 5741: 5695: 5518: 5512: 5470: 5311: 5173: 4757: 4720: 4619: 4341: 3274: 3264: 3220: 2326: 2207: 2010: 1825: 1420: 1251: 1070: 853: 555:, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, made note of this circumstance: 209: 5566: 5004: 4987: 3575:"F.L. Norden. Travels in Egypt and Nubia, 1757. Plate 47, Profil de la tête colossale du Sphinx" 3489:"The Great Sphinx | Geology of a Statue | Dating the Sphinx | Ancient Egypt Research Associates" 2694: 1571:

A major natural fissure in the bedrock cuts through the waist of the Sphinx, first excavated by

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which we bring for him: oxen ... and all the young vegetables; and we shall give praise to

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in 1365 was divine retribution for Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr's breaking off the nose of a sphinx.

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Archaeological fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public

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stated that those wishing to obtain bureaucratic positions in the Egyptian government gave

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Major fissure running through the waist of the Sphinx, before modern restorations in 1926.

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origin, when Ancient Egyptians already were known to be capable of sophisticated masonry.

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describes the face of the Sphinx being colored red and gives measurements for the statue:

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associates the Sphinx with Khafre. However, this part of the text is not entirely intact:

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reasoned that the Sphinx was erected after the completion of the Khafre pyramid complex.

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Rear view of the Sphinx in 2014, showing some of the restoration work up to that time.

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show that it was really not built before the reign of Khafre, in the fourth dynasty."

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in 1737 already show the nose missing, predating Napoleon's arrival by sixty years.

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Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings

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Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings

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Early Egyptologists were inconsistent in their transliteration of pharaonic names:

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One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was

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The Sphinx was cleared of sand again in the first century AD in honor of Emperor

5606: 4429: 4238: 3096: 2126: 1893: 1787: 1551: 1284: 1155: 1142: 959: 908: 703: 641: 607: 603: 584: 515: 326: 322: 297: 251: 86: 4161: 3750: 3075: 1402: 5454: 5407: 5336: 5128: 4853: 3438: 3068:"A Brief History of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA): 1858 to present" 1863: 1455: 1443: 1373: 929:; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet, while 845: 684: 396: 3652: 3190:. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 11, 125. 3186:

Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

2947: 2599: 123: 110: 5464: 5417: 5387: 5361: 5301: 5104: 4098: 1879: 1477: 1376: 688: 325:(1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) specifically referred to it as such in his 198: 172: 4321: 4256: 3605: 3159:

The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments

2504: 2291: 1238:. Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt". 5397: 5158: 5148: 4725: 3459: 1901: 1867: 1829: 1309: 912: 841: 536: 269: 3634:

Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson

3100: 2929:

Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson

2620: 2529: 848:

describes it as the "talisman of the Nile" that the locals believed the

5402: 5316: 5306: 4767: 4514: 1700:

Inside the passage, looking up, seeing entrance stones and upper tunnel

1662:

Profile of the rump passage with upper part (1+2) and lower part (3+4).

1494: 1451: 1415: 1380: 829: 611: 548: 520: 236: 229: 4282: 3979:. Routledge. pp. 20, 38–40, 100–103, 127, 197–201, 238, 241–255. 2416: 1849: 1075:

Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia

5422: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5275: 5239: 5193: 5138: 4424: 4414: 4312: 4299: 1912: 926: 833: 825: 619: 540: 528: 467: 375: 363: 345: 341: 333: 232: 205: 201: 4221: 4140:

The Sphinx Mystery: The Forgotten Origins of The Sanctuary of Anubis

3331: 384:), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer 348:, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings). The English word 3946:

The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind

1911:

proposes that the Sphinx was originally a statue of the jackal god

1843:

during the vernal equinox around 10,500 BC. The idea is considered

1379:

of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to

1297:(2589–2566 BC), known to the Greeks as Cheops, builder of the 824:

Some ancient non-Egyptians saw the Sphinx as a likeness of the god

5427: 5412: 5377: 5326: 5270: 5198: 4419: 1848: 1560: 1539: 1509: 1472: 1401: 1393: 1294: 1289: 1204: 1129: 1121: 713:, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the sun god 578: 514: 301: 225: 96: 3311:"NOVA | Transcripts | Riddles of the Sphinx | PBS" 1514:

Man standing in the hole on top of the head of the Sphinx (1925).

539:

carved from the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the

5530: 5346: 5331: 5321: 5291: 5260: 4357: 1839:

posits that it was instead aligned to face the constellation of

1447: 1362:

Panoramic view of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza, 2010

745: 658: 627: 498:, "The Terrifying One"; literally "Father of Dread") which is a 392: 221: 217: 5077: 4938: 4518: 4330: 3106: 2777:

Stadelmann, Rainer (2001). "Giza". In Redford, Donald B. (ed),

4976: 3904: 3610:. Ithaca, New York, US: Cornell University Press. p. 16. 3315: 1410:

before Napoleon's time (sketches made 1737 AD, published 1755)

982:, Institut de France, 1971 (Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3) 706:(1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation. 5073: 3683:"British Museum - Fragment of the beard of the Great Sphinx" 3631:

Joseph E Lowry; Shawkat M Toorawa; Everett K Rowson (2017).

2926:

Joseph E Lowry; Shawkat M Toorawa; Everett K Rowson (2017).

2740: 2312:

Dunford, Jane; Fletcher, Joann; French, Carole (ed., 2007).

2013:(seated, far right) with others in front of the Sphinx, 1871 828:. The cult of the Sphinx continued into medieval times. The 787:

Side view of the Sphinx with the Roman stairway on the right

470:

with whom the Sphinx was identified. It is also rendered as

1423:. This is considered false since drawings of the Sphinx by 1313: 1254:

agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre's reign, writing in

623: 2600:"Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten" 2163: 2161: 1547:

behind neck of the Sphinx. Part of headdress on the right.

5727:

Buildings and structures completed in the 27th century BC

2292:"Sphinx Project « Ancient Egypt Research Associates" 1414:

Examination of the Sphinx's face shows that long rods or

799:

Top of the Roman stairway before dismantling in 1931–1932

3839: 3837: 3270:

The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology

1853:

Weathering on the Sphinx's body (north-eastern exposure)

1674:

Rump of the Sphinx, with passage entrance at floor-level

4326: 3816:

Operations carried on at the pyramids of Gizeh in 1837

3751:"Accessions of the Griffith Institute Archive in 2009" 1603:

Trap-door access to major fissure, after restorations.

1058:(1665), note the two different displays of the Sphinx. 907:

Most early Western images were book illustrations in

3367:"I have solved riddle of the Sphinx, says Frenchman" 2362:

The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries

5441: 5370: 5284: 5253: 5207: 5111: 4476: 4438: 4407: 4391: 4364: 183: 178: 168: 163: 155: 147: 139: 102: 92: 82: 4030:"Scholars Dispute Claim That Sphinx Is Much Older" 3919:Race and practice in archaeological interpretation 3365: 980:Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589, 1590 & 1591 933:'s Sphinx had a rounded hairdo with bulky collar. 691:used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph 228:. The face of the Sphinx appears to represent the 4212:Archaeology of an Image: The Great Sphinx of Giza 3359: 3357: 2494:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 145–146 2025:The Great Sphinx partly under the sand, ca. 1870s 1462:was retribution for al-Dahr's act of defacement. 869:throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by 30:"The Sphinx" redirects here. For other uses, see 3921:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 73. 3121: 3119: 235:. The original shape of the Sphinx was cut from 1151: 943:, 1755 clearly show that the nose was missing. 875: 764: 646: 616: 557: 4142:(Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2009). 3893:Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert (2000-12-14). 1688:Closeup of the entrance hole of the rump shaft 1126:The Great Sphinx partially excavated, ca. 1878 5089: 4950: 4530: 4342: 2968: 2966: 2964: 1748:Lower part of rump passage, before excavation 239:, and has since been restored with layers of 8: 3134:. Vol. 9. pp. 5–21. Archived from 2729:The Stele of Thothmes IV: A Translation 2670:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1896:specifically predicted in the 1930s that a " 1532:closed the hole with a metal hatch in 1926. 1203:, c. 664–525 BC), which tells how 66: 39: 4059:The Age of the Sphinx? Reader versus Schoch 3439:"HISTORY OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE SPHINX" 2617:"Sphinx Project: Why Sequence is Important" 1149:, uncovered the Sphinx's chest completely. 268:, it was not broken off by cannonfire from 5096: 5082: 5074: 4957: 4943: 4935: 4537: 4523: 4515: 4349: 4335: 4327: 3225:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3044:. The Grolier Society Publishers, London. 1736:Looking down the upper part from chamber 1 999:A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610 38: 5762:3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt 1466:(1443–1527) meanwhile mentioned that the 1306:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 840:. Arab authors described the Sphinx as a 725:) or "Horus-at-the-Horizon". The Pharaoh 4112:MacDonald, Sally; Rice, Michael (2003). 3942:Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert (1997). 2779:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 2578:Le Sphinx de Guizeh - énigmes - théories 1991:Second Japanese Embassy to Europe (1863) 3184:Die Pyramidenanlagen der Königinnen (= 3132:Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 2157: 2118: 1977:, Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823) 1960:, Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823) 1945: 1678: 1640: 1581: 1480:fragments of the Sphinx's beard in the 945: 844:that guarded the area from the desert. 777: 635:The Stele of Thothmes IV: A Translation 3881: 3855: 3843: 3828: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3737: 3297: 3251: 3239: 3218: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2714: 2663: 2440: 2346: 1830:Atlantis § Atlantis pseudohistory 811:Map of the area east of the Sphinx by 27:Limestone statue of a reclining sphinx 4322:ARCE Sphinx Project 1979–1983 Archive 3483: 3481: 2640: 2638: 2392:"What happened to the Sphinx's nose?" 2127:Thutmose IV#Dates and length of reign 671:Jason Colavito, Who Built the Sphinx? 493: 474:on a depiction of the Sphinx made by 7: 5507:Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius 4899: 4118:. UCL Press. pp. 180–181, 190. 4010:from the original on 4 February 2016 3380:from the original on 11 January 2022 2286: 2284: 1774:Gap under southern large masonry box 4919: 4288:What happened to the Sphinx's nose? 4036:. Associated Press. 9 February 1992 3161:. Grove/Atlantic Inc. p. 212. 2973:Okasha El Daly (12 November 2005). 2892:Okasha El Daly (12 November 2005). 2645:Zuberbühler, Franz Löhner, Teresa. 1195:in Cairo, unearthed the much later 911:form, elaborated by a professional 435: 424: 412: 368:) apparently from the verb σφίγγω ( 4278:Egypt—The Lost Civilization Theory 4195:, Columbia University Press, p. 11 3706:"Uncovering Secrets of the Sphinx" 3038:Rappoport, S. (17 December 2005). 3007:Stoddard, John L. (1 March 2009). 2204:A Visitor's Guide to Ancient Egypt 2102:List of colossal sculpture in situ 25: 4647:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 4003:Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza 3818:. Vol. 1. pp. 173, 175. 3364:Fleming, Nic (14 December 2004). 3213:The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh 3048:from the original on 4 March 2016 1930:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 399:, call the Sphinx by an Arabized 5691: 5690: 5058: 5057: 4918: 4908: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4877: 4840: 4504:Green Land International Schools 4494:Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule 4255: 3704:Evan Hadingham (February 2010). 3604:Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2004). 3514:Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2002). 3332:"Giza Before the Fourth Dynasty" 3128:"Giza Before the Fourth Dynasty" 2236:"Saving the Sphinx – NOVA | PBS" 2063: 2051: 2030: 2018: 1998: 1982: 1965: 1948: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1596: 1584: 1493:In addition to the lost nose, a 1351: 1316:in order to restore respect for 1283:in Cairo, examined the distinct 1098: 1082: 1063: 1044: 1025: 1006: 987: 971: 948: 804: 792: 780: 296:, the Sphinx was revered as the 65: 58: 45: 5533:, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE) 4909: 4167:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 4159:Regier, Willis G., ed. (2004). 3975:Fagan, Garrett G., ed. (2006). 3869:"360° photograph of the Sphinx" 3765:"360° photograph of the Sphinx" 3549:. Thames & Hudson. p. 2009:(seated, far left) and Emperor 1862:contends that the main type of 1860:Sphinx water erosion hypothesis 1281:German Archaeological Institute 1180:Opinions of early Egyptologists 1145:dig, supervised by the Italian 1089:Johanne Baptista Homann (map), 1014:François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz 931:François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz 699:flaked off and were destroyed. 587:between the paws of the Sphinx. 476:François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz 246:The Sphinx is the oldest known 5669:Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue 5582:Liberty Enlightening the World 4222:"The Passage Under the Sphinx" 3950:. Three Rivers Press. p. 3013:. Wildside Press LLC. p. 2572:Chartier, Marc (22 May 2013). 2315:Egypt: Eyewitness Travel Guide 2145:are both references to Khafre. 2058:The Sphinx in profile in 2016 1304:In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the 836:saw it as the burial place of 1: 3637:. Boston Brill. p. 264. 3607:Sphinx: History of a Monument 3516:Sphinx: History of a Monument 2932:. Boston Brill. p. 263. 2762:Lost Civilizations Discovered 2267:. Author House. p. 148. 1900:", containing knowledge from 1232: 596: 255: 5772:Tourist attractions in Egypt 5478:Winged Victory of Samothrace 2459:Atlas of Ancient Archaeology 2264:Pyramids of the Giza Plateau 2173:Ancient History Encyclopedia 1993:in front of the Sphinx, 1864 1398:The Sphinx in profile (2023) 1272:Modern dissenting hypotheses 438:), which in turn comes from 376: 364: 254:during the reign of Khafre ( 5752:Sculptures of ancient Egypt 4832:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 4652:Population history of Egypt 4273:Egyptian and Greek Sphinxes 3010:John L. Stoddard's Lectures 2396:www.smithsonianjourneys.org 2043:Bonaparte Before the Sphinx 1820:Ancient Astronauts/Atlantis 1760:Lower part after excavation 1712:Looking up the upper tunnel 1172:, a French Director of the 1134:The Sphinx circa 1880s, by 1110:Voyage d'Égypte et de Nubie 1018:Les Voyages et Observations 940:Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie 883:John L. Stoddard's Lectures 32:The Sphinx (disambiguation) 18:Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr 5803: 4378:2011 Imbaba church attacks 4243:. Cairo: Government Press. 4000:Schoch, Robert M. (1992). 3917:Orser, Charles E. (2003). 3723:Helffrich, Johann (1579). 3275:Courier Dover Publications 2169:"The Great Sphinx of Giza" 1927: 1823: 1495:ceremonial pharaonic beard 1199:(estimated to be from the 1147:Giovanni Battista Caviglia 1141:In 1817, the first modern 978:Jan Sommer, (unpublished) 750:Tiberius Claudius Balbilus 748:and the Governor of Egypt 519:Natural rock formation at 272:'s troops during his 1798 29: 5732:Colossal statues in Egypt 5686: 5053: 4973: 4872: 4849: 4838: 4576: 4553: 4191:Irwin, Graham W. (1977). 3727:(in German). p. 195. 3211:Petrie, Flinders (1883). 3157:Verner, Miroslav (2007). 2996:– via Google Books. 2915:– via Google Books. 1519:Hole in the Sphinx's head 1368:Degradation and violation 1279:, former director of the 1256:The Gods of the Egyptians 964:Cairus, quae olim Babylon 593:First Intermediate Period 535:at Giza. The Sphinx is a 381: 310: 53: 44: 4884:Ancient Egypt portal 3520:Cornell University Press 3460:"How old is the Sphinx?" 2756:Colavito, Jason (2001). 2492:The Reign of Thutmose IV 2464:McGraw-Hill Book Company 2261:Rigano, Charles (2014). 2206:. Saffron Hill, London: 2092:African lions in culture 1936:historical race concepts 1872:René Schwaller de Lubicz 1837:Orion correlation theory 1782:Space behind Dream Stele 1056:Description de l'Afrique 656:... the statue made for 488:ʼabu alhōl / ʼabu alhawl 342:Greek mythological beast 332:The commonly used name " 216:on the west bank of the 5154:Environmental sculpture 5119:Architectural sculpture 4226:Hommages à Jean Leclant 4115:Consuming Ancient Egypt 4099:10.1111/1475-4754.00009 3399:Popular Science Monthly 2758:"Who Built the Sphinx?" 2735:7 November 2014 at the 2695:"Who Built the Sphinx?" 2509:Encyclopædia Britannica 2490:Bryan, Betsy M. (1991) 2390:Journeys, Smithsonian. 2107:List of tallest statues 1974:Description de l'Egypte 1957:Description de l'Egypte 1766:Niche in northern flank 1724:Ceiling of upper tunnel 1638:unfinished tomb shaft. 500:phono-semantic matching 459: 447: 143:73 metres (240 ft) 4372:Battle of the Pyramids 4237:Hassan, Selim (1953). 3215:. London. p. 133. 3182:Jánosi, Peter (1996). 3126:Colin, Reader (2002). 2619:. 2007. Archived from 1924:Racial characteristics 1854: 1548: 1515: 1485: 1411: 1406:The Sphinx as seen by 1399: 1212:historical revisionism 1166: 1138: 1127: 917:Cosmographie de Levant 894:Johann Michael Vansleb 886: 769: 674: 638: 588: 568: 524: 311:"Horus of the Horizon" 288:The original name the 159:20 metres (66 ft) 151:19 metres (62 ft) 5561:Kamagaya Great Buddha 5285:Traditional materials 5254:Elements in sculpture 4558:Glossary of artifacts 4489:Cairo Japanese School 4313:The Age of the Sphinx 4220:Lehner, Mark (1994). 4209:Lehner, Mark (1991). 4138:Robert K. G. Temple, 3896:Atlantis Reborn Again 3814:Vyse, Howard (1840). 3546:The Complete Pyramids 3543:Lehner, Mark (1997). 3401:, July 1931, page 56. 2359:Lehner, Mark (1997). 2198:Sims, Lesley (2000). 2005:French archaeologist 1928:Further information: 1852: 1824:Further information: 1786:The space behind the 1543: 1513: 1476: 1425:Frederic Louis Norden 1408:Frederic Louis Norden 1405: 1397: 1299:Great Pyramid of Giza 1136:Beniamino Facchinelli 1133: 1125: 1106:Frederic Louis Norden 1033:Balthasar de Monconys 704:Ramesses II the Great 591:Some time around the 582: 531:, the builder of the 518: 336:" was given to it in 124:29.97528°N 31.13778°E 5747:Art of ancient Egypt 5737:Giza pyramid complex 5722:Great Sphinx of Giza 5646:The Motherland Calls 5495:(c. 200 BCE – 70 CE) 5492:Laocoön and His Sons 5481:(c. 2nd century BCE) 5449:Great Sphinx of Giza 4305:Al Maqrizi's account 4300:Sphinx photo gallery 4268:Riddle of the Sphinx 4264:at Wikimedia Commons 4262:Great Sphinx of Giza 3710:Smithsonian Magazine 3345:Riddle of the Sphinx 2979:. Psychology Press. 2898:. Psychology Press. 2505:"sphinx | mythology" 2200:"The Great Pyramids" 1535: 1518: 1201:Twenty-sixth Dynasty 871:John Lawson Stoddard 502:of the Coptic name. 248:monumental sculpture 195:Great Sphinx of Giza 40:Great Sphinx of Giza 5787:Iconoclasm in Egypt 5777:Sculptures of lions 5638:Christ the Redeemer 5630:Shrine of Democracy 5584:, Statue of Liberty 5208:Styles of sculpture 4704:Cursive hieroglyphs 4461:Pyramid of Menkaure 4293:16 May 2014 at the 3907:. Aired 2000-12-14. 3884:, pp. 160–163. 3804:, pp. 202–203. 3792:, pp. 204–205. 3693:on 18 October 2015. 3522:. pp. 99–100. 3373:The Daily Telegraph 3265:Wallis Budge, E. A. 3138:on 10 December 2013 2842:The Natural History 2726:Mallet, Dominique, 2417:"The Sphinx's Nose" 2294:. 10 September 2009 1909:Robert K. G. Temple 1468:Alexandrian Crusade 1442:The Arab historian 1341:Recent restorations 1236: 2575–2467 BC 1174:Antiquities Service 1037:Journal des voyages 864:Early modern period 838:Hermes Trismegistus 737:Graeco-Roman period 495:[ʔabulhoːl] 395:writers, including 338:classical antiquity 321:), and the pharaoh 259: 2558–2532 BC 120: / 41: 5614:Jules Verne's tomb 5513:Buddhas of Bamiyan 5471:Colossus of Rhodes 5455:Abu Simbel temples 5451:(c. 2558–2532 BCE) 5442:Notable sculptures 5112:Types of sculpture 4677:Funerary practices 4163:Book of the Sphinx 4034:The New York Times 3466:. 11 February 1999 3078:on 17 October 2016 2781:. Volume II, p. 29 2704:. 18–1: 2–6. 2017. 2651:cheops-pyramide.ch 2421:www.catchpenny.org 2327:Dorling Kindersley 2321:2009-02-18 at the 2208:Usborne Publishing 2011:Pedro II of Brazil 1855: 1826:Ancient astronauts 1549: 1516: 1486: 1484:, 14th century BC. 1421:Napoleon Bonaparte 1412: 1400: 1252:E. A. Wallis Budge 1139: 1128: 1118:Modern excavations 1071:Cornelis de Bruijn 854:Muhammad al-Idrisi 589: 525: 187:Partially restored 129:29.97528; 31.13778 74:Shown within Egypt 5767:Limestone statues 5709: 5708: 5599:The Golden Virgin 5591:The Gates of Hell 5525:Konark Sun Temple 5521:(c. 1194–1250 CE) 5519:Chartes Cathedral 5169:Kinetic sculpture 5071: 5070: 4967:Ancient Near East 4932: 4931: 4687:Great Royal Wives 4657:Prehistoric Egypt 4512: 4511: 4456:Pyramid of Khafre 4283:The Sphinx's Nose 4260:Media related to 4178:978-0-8032-3956-2 4148:978-1-59477-271-9 4125:978-1-84472-003-3 3986:978-0-415-30593-8 3961:978-0-517-88852-0 3928:978-0-8122-3750-4 3687:britishmuseum.org 3617:978-0-8014-8954-9 3560:978-0-500-05084-2 3529:978-0-8014-3962-9 3495:. 13 October 2009 3284:978-0-486-22055-0 3024:978-1-4344-5271-9 2839:Pliny the Elder. 2454:Hawkes, Jacquetta 2367:Thames and Hudson 2335:978-0-7566-2875-8 2087:Sphinx of Taharqo 2082:Sphinx of Memphis 1876:John Anthony West 1845:pseudoarchaeology 1814:pseudoarchaeology 1506:Holes and tunnels 1277:Rainer Stadelmann 1191:, founder of the 1091:Aegyptus hodierna 898:Benoît de Maillet 860:to the monument. 773:Septimius Severus 602:, when the young 462:), a name of the 374: 362: 346:Egyptian sphinxes 274:Egyptian campaign 210:mythical creature 191: 190: 16:(Redirected from 5794: 5694: 5693: 5654:Fallen Astronaut 5371:Modern materials 5235:Modern sculpture 5164:Installation art 5098: 5091: 5084: 5075: 5061: 5060: 4965:Timeline of the 4959: 4952: 4945: 4936: 4922: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4844: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4516: 4499:El Alsson School 4484:Cairo University 4383:2022 church fire 4351: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4309: 4259: 4244: 4233: 4216: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4062:. 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Archived from 2165: 2146: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2067: 2055: 2038:Jean-Léon Gérôme 2034: 2022: 2007:Auguste Mariette 2002: 1986: 1969: 1952: 1890:H. Spencer Lewis 1883:Robert M. Schoch 1757: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1600: 1588: 1573:Auguste Mariette 1450:Muslim from the 1355: 1242:Ludwig Borchardt 1237: 1234: 1189:Auguste Mariette 1164: 1102: 1086: 1067: 1048: 1029: 1010: 991: 975: 952: 902:Elliot Warburton 884: 858:incense offering 808: 796: 784: 672: 636: 601: 598: 583:The New Kingdom 566: 565:Hassan, page 164 497: 492: 456:Ancient Egyptian 444:Ancient Egyptian 437: 426: 414: 383: 379: 369: 367: 357: 312: 260: 257: 241:limestone blocks 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 69: 68: 62: 49: 42: 21: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5682: 5676:Statue of Unity 5628:Mount Rushmore 5621:Abraham Lincoln 5574:Lion of Belfort 5567:Nelson's Column 5485:Terracotta Army 5437: 5366: 5280: 5249: 5203: 5107: 5102: 5072: 5067: 5049: 5048: 5046: 4969: 4963: 4933: 4928: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4845: 4836: 4572: 4549: 4543: 4513: 4508: 4472: 4446:Pyramid complex 4434: 4403: 4387: 4360: 4355: 4307: 4295:Wayback Machine 4252: 4247: 4236: 4219: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4193:Africans abroad 4190: 4186: 4179: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4066:on 30 June 2016 4055: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3585:on 6 April 2016 3579:Brooklyn Museum 3573: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3418:. 17 April 2017 3410: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3330:Reader, Colin. 3329: 3328: 3324: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3277:. p. 361. 3263: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3217: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2940: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2737:Wayback Machine 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2623:on 26 July 2010 2615: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2323:Wayback Machine 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2179:on 12 June 2018 2167: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2097:Lion (heraldry) 2078: 2071: 2068: 2059: 2056: 2047: 2035: 2026: 2023: 2014: 2003: 1994: 1989:Members of the 1987: 1978: 1970: 1961: 1953: 1944: 1932: 1926: 1898:Hall of Records 1832: 1822: 1805: 1796: 1784: 1776: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1701: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1675: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1569: 1538: 1521: 1508: 1491: 1392: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1343: 1322:Nigel Strudwick 1274: 1235: 1218:Flinders Petrie 1197:Inventory Stela 1193:Egyptian Museum 1182: 1165: 1162: 1120: 1113: 1103: 1094: 1087: 1078: 1068: 1059: 1049: 1040: 1030: 1021: 1011: 1002: 992: 983: 976: 967: 953: 885: 882: 866: 852:depended upon. 822: 815: 809: 800: 797: 788: 785: 768: 760:Pliny the Elder 739: 673: 670: 637: 634: 610:, an inscribed 599: 577: 567: 564: 513: 508: 490: 480:Egyptian Arabic 352:comes from the 286: 258: 204:of a reclining 128: 126: 122: 119: 114: 111: 109: 107: 106: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 70: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5800: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5666: 5662:Mother Ukraine 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266:Negative space 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5230:Jain sculpture 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5189:Soft sculpture 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5054: 5051: 5050: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4251: 4250:External links 4248: 4246: 4245: 4234: 4217: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4184: 4177: 4151: 4131: 4124: 4104: 4093:(1): 149–165. 4077: 4056:White, Chris. 4047: 4021: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3960: 3934: 3927: 3909: 3886: 3874: 3860: 3858:, p. 298. 3848: 3846:, p. 215. 3833: 3821: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3780:, p. 187. 3770: 3756: 3742: 3740:, p. 363. 3730: 3715: 3696: 3674: 3665: 3643: 3623: 3616: 3596: 3566: 3559: 3535: 3528: 3506: 3477: 3451: 3437:Hawass, Zahi. 3429: 3403: 3391: 3353: 3337: 3322: 3302: 3290: 3283: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3203: 3197:978-3700122074 3196: 3174: 3168:978-0802198631 3167: 3149: 3115: 3089: 3059: 3030: 3023: 2999: 2985: 2960: 2938: 2918: 2904: 2884: 2882:, p. 124. 2872: 2870:, p. 125. 2860: 2858:, p. 123. 2848: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2793:, p. 119. 2783: 2770: 2749: 2719: 2717:, p. 164. 2707: 2686: 2677: 2634: 2608: 2590: 2564: 2546: 2534:al-maktaba.org 2521: 2496: 2483: 2476: 2445: 2433: 2408: 2382: 2375: 2369:. p. 11. 2351: 2339: 2305: 2280: 2273: 2253: 2242:. January 2010 2227: 2220: 2190: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1905: 1886: 1856: 1821: 1818: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1642: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1583: 1568: 1565: 1545:Perring's Hole 1537: 1536:Perring's Hole 1534: 1520: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1490: 1487: 1482:British Museum 1437:Sultan Baybars 1391: 1388: 1369: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1335:Early Dynastic 1273: 1270: 1260:archaic period 1229:Fourth Dynasty 1225:Gaston Maspero 1181: 1178: 1170:Eugène Grébaut 1160: 1143:archaeological 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1097: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1012: 1005: 1003: 993: 986: 984: 977: 970: 968: 954: 947: 880: 865: 862: 821: 818: 817: 816: 810: 803: 801: 798: 791: 789: 786: 779: 765: 738: 735: 680:, finding the 668: 632: 600: 1400 BC 576: 573: 562: 533:Second Pyramid 512: 509: 507: 504: 371:transliterated 359:transliterated 285: 282: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 73: 64: 63: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5799: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5631: 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5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144:Gas sculpture 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5052: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4925: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Egyptologists 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4546:Ancient Egypt 4540: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4451:Great Pyramid 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317:Brian Dunning 4314: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4170: 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