1965:
2177:"The apostle sent letters with his companions and sent them to the kings inviting them to Islam. He sent Diḥya b. Khalīfa al-Kalbī to Caesar, king of Rūm; ʿAbdullah b. Ḥudhāfa to Chosroes, king of Persia; ʿAmr b. Umayya al-Ḍamrī to the Negus, king of Abyssinia; Ḥāṭib b. Abū Baltaʾa to the Muqauqis, king of Alexandria;...al-ʿAlā' b. al-Ḥaḍramī to al-Mundhir b. Sāwā al-ʿAbdī, king of Baḥrayn; Shujāʿ b. Wahb al-Asdī to al-Ḥārith b. Abū Shimr al-Ghassānī, king of the Roman border."
1786:
1024:. Extending this analogy, Watt argues that the functioning of the community resembled that of a tribe, such that it would not be incorrect to call the community a kind of "super-tribe". The signing of the constitution itself displayed a degree of diplomacy on part of Muhammad, as although he envisioned a society eventually based upon a religious outlook, practical consideration was needed to be inclusive instead of exclusive of the varying social elements.
1554:
1977:
731:
561:
1570:
357:
3082:"the original of the letter was discovered in 1858 by Monsieur Etienne Barthelemy, member of a French expedition, in a monastery in Egypt and is now carefully preserved in Constantinople. Several photographs of the letter have since been published. The first one was published in the well-known Egyptian newspaper Al-Hilal in November 1904" Muhammad Zafrulla Khan,
631:. The Negus, seemingly impressed, consequently allowed the migrants to stay, sending back the emissaries of Quraysh. It is also thought that the Negus may have converted to Islam. The Christian subjects of the Negus were displeased with his actions, accusing him of leaving Christianity, although the Negus managed to appease them in a way which, according to
1866:
1687:
649:
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2133:
Thereafter, verily I call you two to the call of
Submission ("Islam"). Submit (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe I, in fact, am the apostle of God to mankind in its entirety, "that he may warn whoever is alive Then indeed you two: if you consent unto Submission to Allah, I shall patronize you. But if
1661:
at the time. Asked by
Heraclius about the man claiming to be a prophet, Abu Sufyan responded, speaking favorably of Muhammad's character and lineage and outlining some directives of Islam. Heraclius was seemingly impressed by what he was told of Muhammad, and felt that Muhammad's claim to prophethood
2754:
Footnote of the El-Cheikh (1999) reads: "Opposed to its authenticity is R. B. Sejeant "Early Arabic Prose: in Arabic
Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, ed. A. E L. Beeston et a1 ... (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 141–2. Suhaila aljaburi also doubts the authenticity of the document; "Ridlat al-nabi
711:
and the angels of the mountains surrounding Ta'if, and was told by them that if he willed, Ta'if would be crushed between the mountains in revenge for his mistreatment. Muhammad is said to have rejected the proposition, saying that he would pray in the hopes of succeeding generations of Ta'if coming
1593:
suggests that
Heraclius may never have received it. He also advances that more positive sub-narratives surrounding the letter contain little credence. According to Nadia El Cheikh, Arab historians and chroniclers generally did not doubt the authenticity of Heraclius' letter due to the documentation
1106:
was chosen as an envoy to convene with the leaders in Mecca, on account of his high regard amongst the
Quraysh. On his entry into Mecca, rumours ignited among the Muslims that 'Uthman had subsequently been murdered by the Quraysh. Muhammad responded by calling upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not
1040:
had progressively converted to Islam, although the latter had been more enthusiastic than the former; at the second pledge of al-'Aqaba, 62 Khazrajis were present, in contrast to the three members of the Aws; and at the Battle of Badr, 175 members of the
Khazraj were present, while the Aws numbered
843:
had at times formed their own alliances with either one of the Arab tribes. The oppressive policy of the
Khazraj who at the time had assumed control over Medina, forced the Jewish tribes, Nadir and Qurayza, into an alliance with the Aws, who had been significantly weakened. The culmination of this
1422:
The treaty was set to expire after 10 years, but was broken after only 10 months. According to the terms of the treaty of
Hudaybiyyah, the Arab tribes were given the option to join either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish. Should any of these tribes face aggression, the party to which it was
688:
In rejection of his message, and fearing that there would be reprisals from Mecca for having hosted
Muhammad, the groups involved in meeting with Muhammad began to incite townsfolk to pelt him with stones. Having been beset and pursued out of Ta'if, the wounded Muhammad sought refuge in a nearby
1518:
opines that the letters are forgeries and were designed to promote both the 'notion that
Muhammad conceived of Islam as a universal religion and to strengthen the Islamic position against Christian polemic.' He further argues the unlikelihood of Muhammad sending such letters when he had not yet
2798:
Footnote of the El-Cheikh (1999) reads: "Hamidullah discussed this controversy and tried to prove the authenticity of Heraclius' letter in his "La lettre du Prophete P Heraclius et le sort de I'original: Arabica 2(1955), pp. 97–1 10, and more recently, in Sir originaw des lettms du prophbte de
1192:
the animals they had brought for it, and proceeded to return to Medina. It was only later that Muhammad's followers would realise the benefit behind this treaty. These benefits, according to Islamic historian Welch Buhl, included the inducing of the Meccans to recognise Muhammad as an equal; a
851:
Although formal combat between the two clans had ended, hostilities between them continued even up until Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Muhammad had been invited by some Medinans, who had been impressed by his religious preaching and manifest trustworthiness, as an arbitrator to help reduce the
750:
travelling from Medina came into contact with Muhammad. Having been impressed by his message and character, and thinking that he could help bring resolution to the problems being faced in Medina, five of the six men returned to Mecca the following year bringing seven others. Following their
1008:
could be achieved. The constitution, although recently signed, was soon to be rendered obsolete due to the rapidly changing conditions in Medina, and with the exile of two of the Jewish tribes and the execution of the third after having been accused of breaching the terms of agreement.
1670:
saying, "If you desire salvation and the orthodox way so that your empire remain firmly established, then follow this prophet," to the rejection of the council. Heraclius eventually decided against conversion but the envoy was returned to Medina with the felicitations of the emperor.
1000:, while at the same time having a religious character. Watt argues that Muhammad's authority had not extended over the entirety of Medina at this time, such that in reality he was only the religious leader of Medina, and his political influence would only become significant after the
1594:
of such letters in the majority of both early and later sources. Furthermore, she notes that the formulation and the wordings of different sources are very close and the differences are ones of detail: They concern the date on which the letter was sent and its exact phrasing.
852:
prevailing factional discord. Muhammad's task would thus be to form a united community out of these heterogeneous elements, not only as a religious preacher, but as a political and diplomatic leader who could help resolve the ongoing disputes. The culmination of this was the
1805:
consider the currently preserved copy to be a forgery, and Öhrnberg considers the whole narrative concerning the Muqawqis to be "devoid of any historical value". Muslim historians, in contrast, generally affirm the historicity of the reports. The text of the letter (sent by
587:, one of the main clans that formed the Quraysh), some of his followers were not in such a position. Several Muslims were mistreated by the Quraysh; some were reportedly beaten, imprisoned, or starved. In 615, Muhammad resolved to send fifteen Muslims to emigrate to the
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with His Hand. And I verily call you to the one God with no partner to Him, and adherence upon His obedience, and that you follow me and believe in that which came to me, I, in fact, am the Apostle of God and verily call you and your hosts toward God, Might and
1823:
Then "O People of the Scripture, come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none but God and associate with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords apart from God. But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are Submitters
1095:). On hearing of the Muslims travelling to Mecca for pilgrimage, the Quraysh sent out a force of 200 fighters in order to halt the approaching party. In no position to fight, Muhammad evaded the cavalry by taking a more difficult route through the hills north of
1674:
Scholarly historians disagree with this account, arguing that any such messengers would have received neither an imperial audience or recognition, and that there is no evidence outside of Islamic sources suggesting that Heraclius had any knowledge of Islam.
635:, could be described as favourable towards Islam. Having established friendly relations with the Negus, it became possible for Muhammad to send another group of migrants, such that the number of Muslims living in Abyssinia totalled around one hundred.
478:
upon his arrival; a document which regulated interactions between the different factions, including the Arabian Jews of Medina, to which the signatories agreed. This was a different role for him, as he was only a religious leader during his time in
1624:, come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none but God and associate with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords apart from God. But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we peace makers."
1820:
And thereafter, verily I call you to the call of Submission ("Islam"). Submit (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe God shall compensate your reward two-folds. But if you turn away, then upon you will be the guilt of the
1773:
in absentia for the Negus upon his death. However, there is no evidence for these claims with even some Muslim historians questioning them. It is possible that another letter was sent to the successor of the late Negus.
1649:. Islamic sources say that after the letter was read to him, he was so impressed by it that he gifted the messenger of the epistle with robes and coinage. Alternatively, he also put it on his lap. He then summoned
684:
that passed through Ta'if from Meccan control. The reason for Muhammad directing his efforts towards Ta'if may have been due to the lack of positive response from the people of Mecca to his message until then.
1909:
Peace unto whoever follows the guided path, and believes in God and His apostle, and bears witness that there is no god but the one God with no partner to Him and that Muhammad is His servant and His apostle!
1435:
at al-Wateer in Sha'baan 8 AH and it was revealed that the Quraish helped Banu Bakr with men and arms taking advantage of the cover of the night. Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza‘ah sought the
927:'Charter of Medina'). This document was a unilateral declaration by Muhammad, and deals almost exclusively with the civil and political relations of the citizens among themselves and with the outside.
1187:
Some of Muhammad's followers were upset by this agreement, as they had insisted that they should complete the pilgrimage they had set out for. Following the signing of the treaty, Muhammad and the pilgrims
1146:
Allah's Good Pleasure was on the Believers when they swore Fealty to thee under the Tree: He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down Tranquillity to them; and He rewarded them with a speedy Victory;
2729:
2727:
2725:
1617:
Thereafter, verily I call you to submit your will to God. Submit your will to God and you will be safe. God shall compensate your reward two-folds. But if you turn away, then upon you will sins of the
599:
in Muslim sources. Emigration was a means through which some of the Muslims could escape the difficulties and persecution faced at the hands of the Quraysh and it also opened up new trading prospects.
1173:
Soon afterwards, with the rumour of Uthman's slaying proven untrue, negotiations continued and a treaty was eventually signed between the Muslims and Quraysh. Conditions of the treaty included:
1217:
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and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a ibn Mughira in order to pursue the fleeing Muslims. The Muslims reached Axum before they could capture them, and were able to seek the safety of the Negus in
1931:, delivered it to the Khosrau. Upon reading it Khosrow II reportedly tore up the document, saying, "A pitiful slave among my subjects dares to write his name before mine" and commanded
2447:
1183:
a promise by Muhammad to return any member of Quraysh (presumably a minor or woman) fleeing from Mecca without the permission of their parent or guardian, even if they be Muslim.
615:. The Qurayshis appealed to the Negus to return the Muslims and they were summoned to an audience with the Negus and his bishops as a representative of Muhammad and the Muslims,
1732:
Thereafter, verily to you I make praise of God, but Whom there is no god, the King, the Holy One, the Peace, the Giver of Faith, the Giver of Security. And I bear witness that
2100:. The 'Azd subsequently played a major role in the ensuant Islamic conquests. They were one of the five tribal contingents that settled in the newly founded garrison city of
755:
and attested belief in Muhammad as the messenger of God, the twelve men pledged to obey him and to stay away from a number of Islamically sinful acts. This is known as the
433:) in early Arabia and his correspondences with the rulers of other nations in and around Arabia. This period was marked by the change from the customs of the period of
2012:, who replied that he would only convert if he were given a position of authority within Muhammad's government, a proposition which Muhammad was unwilling to accept.
1598:, an Islamic research scholar, argues for the authenticity of the letter sent to Heraclius, and in a later work reproduces what is claimed to be the original letter.
1051:
The result was Muhammad's increasing influence in Medina, although he was most probably only considered a political force after the Battle of Badr, more so after the
970:
all the signatories would unite as one in the defense of the city of Medina, declared the Jews of Aws equal to the Muslims, as long as they were loyal to the charter.
1210:
1193:
cessation of military activity, boding well for the future; and gaining the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the incorporation of the pilgrimage rituals.
1535:, contends that dismissing the letters sent by Muhammad as forgeries is "unjustified", pointing to recent research establishing the historicity of the letter to
4199:
1943:(Muhammad) to him. When Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi told Muhammad how Khosrow had torn his letter to pieces, Muhammad is said to have stated, "May God
2134:
you refuse, then indeed your reign is fleeting, and my horsemen shall invade into your courtyard, and my prophethood shall become dominate your kingdom.
1646:
1203:
2970:
1243:
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was purported by some Muslim sources to accept Islam in a reply he wrote to Muhammad. According to Islamic tradition, the Muslims in Medina prayed the
3675:
770:, 75 Medinan Muslims came as pilgrims to Mecca and secretly convened with Muhammad in June 621, meeting him at night. The group made to Muhammad the
3053:
2444:
789:
argues that there must have been several meetings between the pilgrims and Muhammad on which the basis of his move to Medina could be agreed upon.
1749:
4378:
1440:, but here too, their lives were not spared, and Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chasing them in the sanctified area, massacred his adversaries.
1055:
where he was clearly in political ascendency. To attain complete control over Medina, Muhammad would have to exercise considerable political and
1041:
only 63. Subsequently, the hostility between the Aws and Khazraj gradually diminished and became unheard of after Muhammad's death. According to
676:). The main dialogue during this visit is thought to have been the invitation by Muhammad for them to accept Islam, while contemporary historian
2458:
1548:
1107:
to flee (or to stick with Muhammad, whatever decision he made) if the situation descended into war with Mecca. This pledge became known as the
75:
3453:
3228:
2949:
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the establishment of a system of prisoner exchange in which the rich were no longer treated differently from the poor (as was the custom in
219:
779:
2708:
778:. The people of Medina agreed to the conditions of the first pledge, with new conditions including included obedience to Muhammad, the
502:; Muhammad intended to spread the message of Islam outside of Arabia. Instances of preserved written correspondence include letters to
399:
1759:
And thus I have informed and sincerely admonished. So accept my sincere admonition. "And Peace unto whoever follows the guided path."
1448:
There are instances according to Islamic tradition where Muhammad is thought to have sent letters to other heads of state during the
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99:
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in 617, in which the Khazraj and their allies, the Qaynuqa, had been soundly defeated by the coalition of Aws and its supporters.
3644:
2021:
1363:
1048:, the 'spirit of brotherhood' as insisted by Muhammad amongst Muslims was the means through which a new society would be shaped.
1042:
3992:
2338:
1313:
1227:
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It was at Hudaybiyyah that a number of envoys went to and fro in order to negotiate with the Quraysh. During the negotiations,
4024:
665:
1924:
1911:
And I call you to the call of God, in fact I am the apostle of God to mankind in its entirety, "To warn whoever is alive”.
1012:
The signing of the constitution could be seen as indicating the formation of a united community, in many ways, similar to a
839:. Medinan society, for perhaps decades, had been scarred by feuds between the two main Arab tribes and their sub-clans. The
212:
146:
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3705:
3668:
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1323:
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in 622, having escaped the forces of Quraysh. They were given shelter by members of the indigenous community known as the
580:
4204:
3433:
1338:
474:, Muhammad was accepted as the common leader of Medina by the Aws and Khazraj and he addressed this by establishing the
4189:
2004:. He reportedly accepted Islam along with some of his subjects, but some of them did not. A similar letter was sent to
1666:
to confirm if Muhammad's claim of prophethood was legitimate, and, after receiving the reply to his letter, called the
2109:
1406:
1056:
266:
117:
4385:
3087:
1797:
There has been conflict amongst scholars about the authenticity of aspects concerning the letter sent by Muhammad to
1020:
clans and tribes, as the signatories were bound together by solemn agreement. The community, however, now also had a
1004:
in 624. Lewis opines that Muhammad's assumption of the role of statesman was a means through which the objectives of
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by Islamic historians. Following the pledge, Muhammad decided to dispatch a Muslim ambassador to Medina and he chose
616:
499:
179:
2847:
4019:
3731:
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1318:
1084:(lesser pilgrimage), and so prepared to travel with his followers to Mecca in the hopes of fulfilling this vision.
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522:
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3887:
3747:
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1993:
1969:
1944:
1932:
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1602:
1258:
1045:
487:, as well as the political supremacy of Muhammad, along with the beginning of a ten-year long diplomatic career.
261:
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Muhammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy, Nadia Maria El-Cheikh, Studia Islamica, No. 89. (1999), pp. 5–21.
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514:, among other leaders. Although it is likely that Muhammad had initiated contact with other leaders within the
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pronunciation). They embraced Islam peacefully on 628 AD upon receiving the letter sent from Muhammad through
785:
Some western academics are noted to have questioned whether or not a second pledge had taken place, although
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4064:
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Thereby I call you to that you believe in the one God with no partner to Him your kingship remains yours.
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1711:
1515:
1343:
1303:
840:
677:
324:
226:
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Al-Ghassani reportedly reacted less than favourably to Muhammad's correspondence, viewing it as an insult.
782:. They also agreed to help Muhammad in war and asked of him to declare war on the Meccans, but he refused.
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After the pledges at al-'Aqaba, Muhammad received promises of protection from the people of Medina and he
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1988:. Above is the original manuscript, below are modern printing characters for writing the same manuscript.
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The Letter of the Prophet Mohammad to the People of Oman - Advisor to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs
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1985:
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So submit (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe . But if you refuse, then verily will the guilt of the
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Purported letter sent by Muhammad to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium; original version of the letter.
1328:
1085:
752:
135:
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I'lslam (Paris, 1985), pp. 149.172, in which he reproduces what purports to be the original letter."
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Apart from the aforementioned personalities, there are other reported instances of correspondence.
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In the final years before his death, Muhammad established communication with other leaders through
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Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Sultanate of Oman - Advisor to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs
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Six originaux des lettres du Prophète de l'islam: étude paléographique et historique des lettres
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Journey to Mecca performed by Muslims during which they perform rites such as circumambulation (
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154:
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1498:). There has been controversy amongst academic scholars as to their authenticity. According to
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34:
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2815:"Sahih al-Bukhari 2940, 2941 - Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad) - كتاب الجهاد والسير"
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1976:
1846:. The Muqawqis is reported in Islamic tradition as having presided over the contents of the
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1578:
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1378:
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1103:
588:
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3162:, Vol. V, ed. C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis and C. Pellat, (E.J.Brill, 1980), 185.
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Muhammad's commencement of public preaching brought him stiff opposition from the leading
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Serjeant also drAus the attention to anachronisms such as the mention of the payment of
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With the slow but steady conversion of persons from both the Aws and Khazraj present in
763:
for the position, in order to teach people about Islam and invite them to the religion.
579:. Although Muhammad himself was safe from persecution due to protection from his uncle,
466:, had been battling each other for the control of Medina for more than a century before
443:
to an early Islamic system of governance, while also setting the defining principles of
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4014:
3924:
3919:
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2005:
1722:. According to Hamidullah, the former may be more likely. The letter is translated as:
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1298:
1268:
1089:
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619:
acted as the ambassador of the Muslims and spoke of Muhammad's achievements and quoted
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3294:
3285:
A. Abu Ezzah, The political situation in Eastern Arabia at the Advent of Islam" p. 55
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to his court, at the time an adversary to Muhammad but a signatory to the then-recent
17:
4581:
4491:
4369:
4351:
4319:
3914:
3546:
3411:
2097:
993:
951:
879:
871:
845:
628:
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1752:, and she was impregnated with Jesus by His Spirit and His blow like how He created
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1947:," while reacting to the Caesar's behavior saying, "May God preserve his kingdom."
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624:
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2000:, was apparently an addressee, with a letter having been delivered to him through
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The Muqawqis responded by sending gifts to Muhammad, including two female slaves,
1613:
From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to Heraclius, premier of the Romans:
3252:
3218:
704:
According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad on his way back to Mecca was met by the
4562:
4526:
4501:
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El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (1999). "Muhammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy".
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1798:
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681:
680:
observes the plausibility of an additional discussion about wresting the Meccan
669:
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271:
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Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah - The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume
1816:
From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to al-Muqawqis, premier of Egypt:
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writes the community at Medina became a new kind of tribe with Muhammad as its
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4521:
4511:
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3825:
3805:
3753:
2998:. Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)
2911:. Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)
2821:. Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)
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Peace unto whoever follows the guided path and believe in God and is sincere !
2045:
1878:
1870:
1569:
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832:
592:
518:, some have questioned whether letters had been sent beyond these boundaries.
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607:
The Quraysh, on hearing the attempted emigration, dispatched a group led by
503:
495:
3485:
1177:
the Muslims' postponement of the lesser pilgrimage until the following year
1139:
2129:
From Muhammad, Apostle of God to Jayfar and ʿAbd , the sons of al-Julandī:
4450:
4184:
4179:
4040:
3684:
3220:
MOHAMMED (S) THE MESSENGER OF ALLAH: محمد رسول الله (ص) [إنكليزي]
2855:
2041:
1981:
1939:, to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from
1839:
1790:
1507:
1476:
1231:
1189:
1033:
980:
816:
809:
808:
The demography of Medina before Muslim migration consisted mainly of two
653:
459:
42:
1662:
was valid. Later reportedly he wrote to a certain religious official in
1195:
4455:
4405:
4396:
4174:
4143:
3331:
1997:
1928:
1728:
From Muhammad, Apostle of God to the Negus, premier of the Abyssinians:
1703:
1691:
1609:
1160:
1037:
947:
820:
747:
708:
690:
596:
576:
289:
251:
4445:
4268:
4240:
4209:
4169:
4164:
4052:
3987:
3892:
3090:). The drawing of the letter published in Al-Hilal was reproduced in
2755:
ila hiraql malik al-~m,H" amdard Islamicus 1 (1978) no. 3, pp. 15–49"
2158:
1524:
997:
957:
883:
767:
713:
521:
The main defining moments of Muhammad's career as a diplomat are the
484:
467:
448:
424:
299:
94:
63:
3323:
1865:
1686:
992:
The source of authority was transferred from public opinion to God.
648:
4440:
4245:
3961:
3790:
3191:
3071:
3041:
2904:
2814:
2704:
2642:
2637:
2101:
1963:
1940:
1936:
1864:
1851:
1784:
1766:
1733:
1699:
1642:
1568:
1552:
1481:
1453:
1096:
1080:
1017:
936:
812:
746:
In the summer of 620 during the pilgrimage season, six men of the
729:
694:
647:
612:
572:
559:
538:
507:
480:
429:
142:
483:. The result was the eventual formation of a united community in
423:– 8 June 632) encompasses Muhammad's leadership over the growing
4046:
2655:
2085:
2062:
From Muhammad, Apostle of God to al-Ḥāriṯ the son of ʾAbū Šamir:
1753:
1663:
1457:
1156:
824:
735:
620:
444:
294:
3657:
2991:
1199:
4058:
3637:
Muhammad Husayn Haykal: "The Life of Muhammad"; Online version
3223:. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية.
2081:
698:
1078:
In March 628, Muhammad saw himself in a dream performing the
668:
in order to convene with its chieftains, and mainly those of
3575:
The Life of Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources
1907:
From Muhammad, Apostle of God to Khosrow, premier of Persia:
1710:, although it is not known if the letter had been sent with
1647:
Byzantine defeat of the Persians and reconquest of Jerusalem
1423:
allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence,
3653:
2848:"The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration - The Message"
2088:
in collaboration with Persian governance, were sons of the
1923:
According to Muslim tradition, the letter was sent through
1810:) according to Islamic tradition is translated as follows:
1088:
with a group of around 1,400 pilgrims (in the traditional
537:
on letters sent to other notable leaders which he sent as
3257:(in Arabic). Musṭạfā al-Bābī al-Hạlabī. pp. 300–306.
2645:
and briskly walking back and forth between the hills of
2540:
Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaayah wa an-Nihaayah, Vol. II, p. 279.
896:, he set about the establishment of a pact known as the
602:
1748:
that He cast into the Virgin Mary, the immaculate the
2393:
Vaglieri. Dja'far b. Abī Tālib; Encyclopaedia of Islam
1706:
king of Ethiopia/Abyssinia, to Islam had been sent by
1577:
A letter was sent from Muhammad to the emperor of the
1099:, thereby reaching al-Hudaybiyya, just west of Mecca.
470:. With the pledges of al-Aqaba, which took place near
2942:
When the Moon Split (A Biography of Prophet Muhammad)
1896:
1126:
1059:, alongside religious skills over the coming years.
915:
4535:
4484:
4433:
4426:
4395:
4368:
4329:
4267:
4260:
4223:
4152:
4033:
3980:
3952:
3907:
3853:
3844:
3771:
3740:
3719:
3698:
3691:
3448:. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-Us-Salam Publications.
2048:Arabs (comparable though superior in status to the
1510:had assumed correspondence with leaders within the
1180:
a pact of mutual non-aggression between the parties
3545:
3343:
3254:Insān al-ʻuyūn: fī sīrat al-Amīn al-Maʼmūn (Vol.3)
2992:"Sahih al-Bukhari 7 - Revelation - كتاب بدء الوحى"
2497:Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 454
2127:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
2060:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
1905:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
1814:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
1726:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
1633:According to Islamic reports, Muhammad dispatched
1610:In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
664:In early June 619, Muhammad set out from Mecca to
2092:Juland (frequently spelt Al Julandā based on the
2080:Jayfar and 'Abd, princes of the powerful ruling '
1842:, with some sources reporting that she was later
3267:Wilkinson, Arab-persian Land relationships p. 40
2339:Haykal (1993) Section: "The Prophet's Delegates"
2131:Then peace unto whoever follows the guided path!
1452:of his life. Amongst others, these included the
1073:
979:that the declaration of war can only be made by
3251:al-Hạlabī, ʻAlī ibn Ibrāhīm Nūr al-Dīn (1964).
3021:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
2905:"Mishkat al-Masabih 3926 - Jihad - كتاب الجهاد"
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2659:", which is regarded as the greater pilgrimage.
2384:van Donzel. al-Nadjāshī; Encyclopaedia of Islam
2380:
2378:
2376:
2125:
2058:
1903:
1812:
1724:
1607:
1144:
930:The Constitution, among other terms, declared:
2733:
1678:This letter is mentioned in Sahih Al Bukhari.
652:Road to Ta'if in the foreground, mountains of
3669:
3372:. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications.
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2252:Buhl; Welch. Muhammad; Encyclopaedia of Islam
1960:The Sassanid governors of Bahrain and Yamamah
1557:Purported letter sent by Muhammad to Emperor
1211:
603:Ja'far ibn Abu Talib as Muhammad's ambassador
393:
8:
3086:, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1980 (
2195:
1861:Letter to Khosrau II of the Sassanid Kingdom
1506:, although he argues that it is likely that
3615:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3552:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3110:Öhrnberg; Mukawkis. Encyclopaedia of Islam.
2044:. He hailed from the Ghassanian dynasty of
2032:"north country, the Levant" in contrast to
1951:This letter was mentioned in Sahih Muslim.
1818:Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!
1730:Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!
1615:Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!
1543:Letter to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire
1502:, academics have treated some reports with
1074:Muhammad's attempt at performing the 'Umrah
458:The two primary Arab tribes of Medina, the
4430:
4264:
3850:
3695:
3676:
3662:
3654:
3496:, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (Ed.),
2899:
2897:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2686:Watt. al-Hudaybiya; Encyclopaedia of Islam
1777:This letter is mentioned in Sahih Muslim.
1561:; reproduction taken from Majid Ali Khan,
1218:
1204:
1196:
400:
386:
29:
3526:. UK: Little, Brown (Time Warner books).
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2475:
2473:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2112:; they also took part in the conquest of
1901:) is translated by Muslim historians as:
4200:Muhammad's letters to the heads of state
3577:. Ta-Ha publishers Ltd, United Kingdom.
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2419:
2417:
1975:
1857:, although he did not convert to Islam.
1685:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2591:
2589:
2548:
2546:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2212:
2170:
1793:, which was discovered in Egypt in 1858
1565:Islamic Book Service, New Delhi (1998).
41:
2527:
2525:
2357:
2355:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2271:
2269:
2267:
1549:Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)
934:the formation of a nation of Muslims (
780:enjoinment of good and forbidding evil
3203:
3201:
3199:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2022:al-Ḥārith bin ʾAbī Shamir al-Ghassānī
882:. After having established the first
7:
3754:Abu Salama Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Asad
3128:Buhl. Māriya; Encyclopaedia of Islam
2224:Watt. al-Aus; Encyclopaedia of Islam
1431:joined Muhammed. Banu Bakr attacked
539:invitations to the religion of Islam
533:. Muhammad reportedly used a silver
2196:
1984:to Al-Mundhir bin Sawa reserved in
1972:(reproduction of a manuscript copy)
1886:
1116:
905:
3418:. US: Princeton University Press.
2040:") based in Bosra, alternatively
1138:The incident was mentioned in the
701:, seeking comfort and protection.
498:, or by visiting them personally,
25:
4119:(Khadija's slave and Adopted son)
3524:The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography
3480:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
3217:Reda, Mohammed (1 January 2013).
3207:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) pp. 421–424
2617:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) pp. 227–229
2423:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) pp. 163–166
1718:or at a later date following the
1444:Correspondence with other leaders
2056:). The letter reads as follows:
1789:Drawing of Muhammad's letter to
1765:Having received the letter, the
793:Muhammad as the leader of Medina
591:to receive protection under the
367:
355:
3548:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
3192:https://sunnah.com/muslim:2092e
3072:https://sunnah.com/muslim:2092e
3042:https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2938
3019:Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium
1781:Letter to the Muqawqis of Egypt
1493:
1469:
960:) and other Muslims of Yathrib.
892:) and obtaining residence with
4236:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)
4089:Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib
3434:al-Mubarakpuri, Saif-ur-Rahman
3096:Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
3084:Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets
2854:. Al-Islam.org. Archived from
2653:" is not to be confused with "
2608:azradj; Encyclopaedia of Islam
2136:Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
2068:Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
1919:Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
1826:Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
1761:Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
1601:The account as transmitted by
639:Pre-Hijra invitations to Islam
1:
4077:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
3706:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
2123:The letter reads as follows:
1927:who, through the governor of
697:, it is here that he invoked
581:Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
417:
414:diplomatic career of Muhammad
4205:Names and titles of Muhammad
3492:P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis,
3446:Islamic University of Medina
3146:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 417
3137:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 416
3119:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 415
2981:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 420
2695:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 402
2668:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 398
2488:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 187
2402:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 162
2303:al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p. 412
1834:and Sirin. Maria became the
1641:" through the government of
1587:Dihyah bin Khalifah al-Kalbi
1563:Muhammad The Final Messenger
1028:Union of the Aws and Khazraj
973:the protection of Jews from
3741:Foster brothers and sisters
3611:Watt, M Montgomery (1981).
3346:Muhammad: A Short Biography
3017:Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003).
2944:. Darussalam Publications.
2938:Mubarakpuri, Safi ar-Rahman
1897:
1682:Letter to the Negus of Axum
1585:, through the Muslim envoy
1407:Military career of Muhammad
1127:
916:
267:Hadith of the pen and paper
4609:
4558:Mosque with the two Qiblas
4020:Aqaba pledge of allegiance
3393:The Leadership of Muhammad
3160:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
2890:. Oxford University Press.
2432:Muir (1861) Vol. II p. 202
2411:Muir (1861) Vol. II p. 200
2110:al-Muhallab ibn Abu Sufrah
2020:Muhammad sent a letter to
1629:: Muhammad, Apostle of God
1605:is translated as follows:
1546:
1404:
1066:
988:Impact of the Constitution
863:
796:
772:Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba
726:Second pledge at al-Aqabah
723:
548:
545:Early invitations to Islam
4345:Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah
4025:Muhammad's visit to Ta'if
3898:Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi
3888:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
3748:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
3573:Al-Ismail, Tahia (1998).
3505:Brill Academic Publishers
2745:El-Cheikh (1999) pp. 5–21
2285:American Oriental Society
1994:Munzir ibn Sawa al-Tamimi
1708:Amr bin 'Umayyah ad-Damri
1657:, who was trading in the
1637:to carry the epistle to "
1402:
1239:
804:Pre-Hijra Medinan society
757:First Pledge of al-'Aqaba
27:Aspect of Muhammad's life
4386:Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya
4071:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib
3759:Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith
3642:Letters sent by Muhammad
3092:David Samuel Margoliouth
2519:; Encyclopaedia of Islam
2329:Forward (1998) pp. 28–29
1917:("Magians") be upon you.
1801:. Some scholars such as
1427:joined Quraish, and the
4231:Possessions of Muhammad
4195:Family tree of Muhammad
4061:(son-in-law and cousin)
3836:Maymunah bint al-Harith
3732:Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb
3366:Haykal, Muhammad Husayn
3175:al-ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar
2287:, Vol 106, No. 3, p.531
1622:People of the Scripture
1516:Robert Bertram Serjeant
1418:Violation of the Treaty
1109:Pledge of Good Pleasure
76:After Conquest of Mecca
4215:Muhammad and the Bible
4190:Tala' al Badru 'Alayna
4101:Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
3883:Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
3868:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad
3781:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
3499:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3276:Rogerson (2003) p. 202
2884:Guillaume, A. (1955).
2574:Watt (1974) pp. 95, 96
2138:
2108:; under their general
2070:
1989:
1973:
1945:tear apart his kingdom
1935:, his vassal ruler of
1921:
1874:
1828:
1808:Hatib bin Abu Balta'ah
1794:
1763:
1716:migration to Abyssinia
1695:
1631:
1574:
1566:
1166:
898:Constitution of Medina
866:Constitution of Medina
860:Constitution of Medina
854:Constitution of Medina
743:
661:
627:, including some from
568:
556:Migration to Abyssinia
551:Migration to Abyssinia
527:Constitution of Medina
476:Constitution of Medina
262:Companions of Muhammad
100:Milestones and records
18:Muhammad as a diplomat
4160:Muhammad in the Quran
3967:Splitting of the Moon
3826:Ramla bint Abi Sufyan
3438:al-Raheeq al-Makhtoom
2734:al-Mubarakpuri (2002)
2595:Watt (1974) pp. 94–95
2554:The Arabs in History,
2370:Watt (1974) pp. 67–68
2261:Watt (1974) pp. 93–96
2194:He is referred to as
2183:The Life of Muhammad.
1986:Yemen Military Museum
1979:
1968:Muhammed's letter to
1967:
1869:Muhammed's letter to
1868:
1850:and storing it in an
1788:
1720:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1690:Muhammad's letter to
1689:
1655:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1572:
1556:
1533:Georgetown University
1405:Further information:
1169:Signing of the Treaty
1133:Pledge Under The Tree
1069:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1063:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
975:religious persecution
823:; and at least three
733:
674:'Abd-Ya-Layl ibn 'Amr
651:
623:related to Islam and
563:
531:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
445:Islamic jurisprudence
162:Splitting of the Moon
4593:Treaties of Muhammad
4359:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum
4065:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
3935:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
3878:Zainab bint Muhammad
3873:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
3816:Jawairia bint Harith
3801:Zaynab bint Khuzayma
3590:Hamidullah, Muhammad
3370:The Life of Muhammad
3350:. Oxford: Oneworld.
2719:Forward (1998) p. 28
2531:Forward (1998) p. 19
2361:Forward (1998) p. 15
2349:Forward (1998) p. 14
1698:The letter inviting
1324:1st Daumat al-Jandal
1022:religious foundation
940:) consisting of the
874:with a group of his
774:, also known as the
720:Pledges at al-'Aqaba
617:Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib
523:Pledges at al-Aqabah
374:Biography portal
4548:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
4107:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
3998:Farewell Pilgrimage
3831:Safiyya bint Huyayy
3477:The Life of Mahomet
2104:at the head of the
2002:al-'Alaa al-Hadrami
1651:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
1596:Muhammad Hamidullah
1523:, professor of the
894:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
753:conversion to Islam
719:
656:in the background (
447:in accordance with
318:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
83:Farewell Pilgrimage
4507:Mina, Saudi Arabia
4413:Dala'il al-Khayrat
4112:Waraqah ibn Nawfal
3940:Umamah bint Zainab
3863:Qasim ibn Muhammad
3647:2017-09-24 at the
3613:Muhammad at Medina
3542:Watt, M Montgomery
3396:. Claritas Books.
3098:, London (1905),
3059:2011-08-22 at the
2583:Lewis (1984) p. 12
2464:2010-08-20 at the
2450:2010-05-26 at the
2279:to the end of the
2200:"premier of Bosra"
2084:tribe which ruled
2008:, the governor of
1996:, the governor of
1990:
1974:
1875:
1795:
1696:
1575:
1567:
1529:Islamic literature
1364:3rd Wadi al-Qurra'
965:pre-Islamic Arabia
917:Sahifat ul-Madinah
872:migrated to Medina
799:Muhammad in Medina
744:
714:Islamic monotheism
693:. Resting under a
662:
583:, a leader of the
569:
468:Muhammad's arrival
441:pre-Islamic Arabia
220:Medieval Christian
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4422:
4421:
4292:Sunan al-Tirmidhi
4123:Hassan ibn Thabit
4117:Zayd ibn Harithah
3948:
3947:
3821:Maria al-Qibtiyya
3811:Zaynab bint Jahsh
3767:
3766:
3596:. Paris: Tougui.
3520:Rogerson, Barnaby
3455:978-1-59144-071-0
3416:The Jews of Islam
3230:978-2-7451-8113-8
3052:Sahih al-Bukhari
2951:978-603-500-060-4
2626:Watt (1974) p. 96
2506:Watt (1974) p. 84
2479:Watt (1974) p. 83
2317:Watt (1974) p. 81
2283:, Journal of the
2277:Arabic literature
2075:
2028:(called by Arabs
1925:Abdullah as-Sahmi
1895:
1844:freed and married
1832:Maria al-Qibtiyya
1603:Muslim historians
1519:mastered Arabia.
1512:Arabian Peninsula
1462:Byzantine emperor
1414:
1413:
1128:Bay'at ar-Ridhwān
1125:
926:
914:
761:Mus'ab ibn 'Umair
595:ruler called the
516:Arabian Peninsula
453:Islamic theocracy
410:
409:
16:(Redirected from
4600:
4588:Life of Muhammad
4431:
4406:Durod e Ibrahimi
4338:Sirat Ibn Hisham
4278:Sahih al-Bukhari
4265:
4252:Seal of Muhammad
3851:
3786:Sawda bint Zamʿa
3696:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3626:
3607:
3563:
3551:
3537:
3489:
3467:
3429:
3407:
3383:
3361:
3349:
3335:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2966:Sahih al-Bukhari
2962:
2956:
2955:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2858:on 5 August 2012
2852:www.al-islam.org
2844:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2772:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
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2018:
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2016:The Ghassanids
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2006:Haudha ibn Ali
1970:Munzir b. Sawa
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1877:The letter to
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1046:al-Mubarakpuri
1043:Muslim scholar
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3494:C.E. Bosworth
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3405:
3403:9781905837489
3399:
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3388:Hayward, Joel
3385:
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3379:0-89259-137-4
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3357:1-85168-131-0
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3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:, M. Morony,
3157:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3028:0-521-81459-6
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2958:
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2947:
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2923:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2898:
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2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2853:
2849:
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2837:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
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2778:
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2771:
2767:
2761:
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2698:
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2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2658:
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2644:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
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2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
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2435:
2429:
2426:
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2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
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2379:
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2364:
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2335:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
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2306:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2069:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1955:Other letters
1954:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:("Muslims")."
1811:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1693:
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1679:
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1656:
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1636:
1630:
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1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
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1588:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1542:
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1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:Medinan phase
1443:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1433:Banu Khuza'ah
1430:
1429:Banu Khuza‘ah
1426:
1417:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Dhat ar-Riqa'
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Banu Qaynuqa'
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1142:in Surah 48:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Bernard Lewis
987:
982:
978:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
954:
949:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
931:
928:
924:
918:
912:
906:صحيفة المدينة
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
859:
857:
855:
849:
847:
842:
841:Jewish tribes
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
803:
800:
792:
790:
788:
783:
781:
777:
776:Pledge of War
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
717:
715:
710:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
655:
650:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
555:
552:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
415:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
383:
381:
380:
375:
365:
363:
353:
352:
351:
350:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4517:Mount Arafat
4411:
4404:
4384:
4377:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4285:Sahih Muslim
4283:
4276:
4055:(son-in-law)
3612:
3593:
3574:
3547:
3523:
3497:
3476:
3441:
3437:
3415:
3391:
3369:
3345:
3318:(89): 5–21.
3315:
3311:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3253:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3219:
3212:
3187:
3179:Fatḥ al-Bārī
3178:
3169:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3095:
3083:
3078:
3067:
3048:
3037:
3018:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2995:
2986:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2941:
2913:. Retrieved
2908:
2886:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2851:
2823:. Retrieved
2818:
2794:
2769:
2766:the poll tax
2760:
2750:
2741:
2715:
2700:
2691:
2664:
2654:
2650:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2553:
2536:
2516:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2456:Sahih Muslim
2437:
2428:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2366:
2345:
2334:
2257:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2106:Persian Gulf
2094:Perso-Arabic
2079:
2071:
2059:
2033:
2029:
2024:, who ruled
2019:
1991:
1949:
1922:
1915:Zoroastrians
1904:
1876:
1829:
1813:
1796:
1776:
1764:
1725:
1697:
1677:
1673:
1632:
1608:
1600:
1576:
1562:
1521:Irfan Shahid
1475:
1447:
1421:
1334:Banu Qurayza
1186:
1172:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1117:بيعة الرضوان
1108:
1101:
1090:
1079:
1077:
1050:
1031:
1011:
991:
956:of Yathrib (
952:
941:
935:
929:
888:
869:
850:
827:tribes: the
815:tribes; the
807:
784:
775:
771:
765:
756:
745:
739:pilgrims at
734:
703:
687:
682:trade routes
663:
658:Saudi Arabia
629:Surah Maryam
625:Christianity
606:
570:
520:
489:
457:
434:
428:
413:
411:
257:Ghadir Khumm
197:Perspectives
122:
4563:Quba Mosque
4502:Jabal Thawr
4330:Books about
3993:Expeditions
3846:Descendants
2736:, p. .
2118:Transoxania
2090:client king
1980:Message of
1799:Al-Muqawqis
1589:, although
1349:Hudaybiyyah
1344:Banu Lahyan
1339:al-Muraysi'
1006:prophethood
670:Banu Thaqif
585:Banu Hashim
427:community (
325:Possessions
272:Ahl al-Bayt
227:Historicity
4582:Categories
4522:Green Dome
4512:Muzdalifah
4497:Mount Uhud
3806:Umm Salama
3304:References
3088:chapter 12
2996:sunnah.com
2909:sunnah.com
2819:sunnah.com
2046:Hellenized
1879:Khosrow II
1871:Khosrau II
1821:Egyptians.
1645:after the
1547:See also:
1504:skepticism
1489:Khosrau II
1309:Banu Nadir
1190:sacrificed
1163:), ayah 18
1086:He set out
1014:federation
797:See also:
712:to accept
695:grape vine
529:, and the
512:Khosrau II
436:Jahiliyyah
421: 570
245:Succession
185:Christians
123:Diplomatic
4466:Abyssinia
4461:Jerusalem
4379:Ash-Shifa
4139:Umm Ayman
4083:Abu Lahab
3900:(Adopted)
3727:Thuwaybah
3692:Relatives
3513:1573-3912
3464:228097547
3236:14 August
3002:19 August
2915:19 August
2862:25 August
2825:18 August
2641:) of the
2208:Citations
2179:Guillaume
2038:the Yemen
1892:romanized
1848:parchment
1836:concubine
1618:peasants.
1583:Heraclius
1559:Heraclius
1537:Heraclius
1465:Heraclius
1425:Banu Bakr
1289:Dhu 'Amar
1228:Campaigns
1153:Yusuf Ali
1131:) or the
1122:romanized
1032:Both the
946:from the
943:Muhajirun
911:romanized
876:followers
672:(such as
633:Ibn Ishaq
593:Christian
504:Heraclius
232:Criticism
4527:Al-Baqi'
4485:Symbolic
4185:Al-Burda
4103:(cousin)
4067:(cousin)
4041:Abu Bakr
3954:Miracles
3855:Children
3685:Muhammad
3645:Archived
3592:(1985).
3544:(1974).
3522:(2003).
3474:(1861).
3436:(2002).
3414:(1984).
3390:(2021).
3368:(1993).
3342:(1998).
3181:. Cairo.
3177:(1428).
3057:Archived
3054:5.58.220
2940:(2002).
2770:Loc cit.
2556:page 43.
2462:Archived
2448:Archived
2445:4.54.454
2143:See also
2114:Khurasan
2076:The 'Azd
2042:Damascus
2034:al-Yaman
2030:ash-Shām
1982:Muhammad
1840:Muhammad
1791:Muqauqis
1757:Majesty.
1620:Then "O
1508:Muhammad
1484:and the
1477:Muqawqis
1232:Muhammad
1149:—
981:Muhammad
844:was the
819:and the
462:and the
136:Miracles
118:Military
43:Muhammad
35:a series
33:Part of
4536:Mosques
4456:Khaybar
4248:(Camel)
4144:Gabriel
4091:(uncle)
4085:(uncle)
4079:(uncle)
4073:(uncle)
3750:(Uncle)
3699:Parents
3486:3265081
3444:].
3332:1596083
2649:. The "
2459:19.4425
2010:Yamamah
1998:Bahrain
1929:Bahrain
1894::
1887:كِسْرٰى
1803:Nöldeke
1740:is the
1736:son of
1714:on the
1704:Axumite
1692:Najashi
1474:), the
1359:Khaybar
1161:Al-Fath
1124::
1038:Khazraj
1018:nomadic
948:Quraysh
925:
913::
837:Qurayza
829:Qaynuqa
821:Khazraj
748:Khazraj
709:Gabriel
691:orchard
597:Najashi
577:Quraysh
492:letters
464:Khazraj
451:and an
312:Related
290:Salawat
252:Saqifah
213:Judaism
4446:Medina
4434:Cities
4427:Places
4397:Durood
4269:Hadith
4241:Pulpit
4210:Hadith
4175:Durood
4165:Mawlid
4125:(poet)
4053:Uthman
4034:People
3981:Events
3893:Fatima
3619:
3600:
3581:
3556:
3530:
3511:
3501:Online
3484:
3462:
3452:
3422:
3400:
3376:
3354:
3330:
3227:
3100:p. 365
3025:
2948:
2707:
2604:Watt.
2185:p. 789
2159:Sharia
1933:Badhan
1883:Arabic
1855:casket
1750:immune
1742:Spirit
1712:Ja'far
1702:, the
1639:Caesar
1591:Shahid
1460:, the
1379:Hunayn
1369:Mu'tah
1329:Trench
1294:Bahran
1249:Safwan
1244:Al-‘Īṣ
1140:Qur'an
1113:Arabic
998:sheikh
958:Medina
950:, the
902:Arabic
884:mosque
835:, and
825:Jewish
768:Medina
525:, the
506:, the
496:envoys
485:Medina
449:Sharia
425:Muslim
330:Relics
300:Mawlid
284:Praise
112:Career
95:Hadith
69:Medina
64:Hijrah
4476:Tabuk
4471:Mutah
4451:Ta'if
4441:Mecca
4261:Books
4246:Qaswa
4180:Salam
3988:Hijra
3962:Quran
3791:Aisha
3773:Wives
3440:[
3328:JSTOR
3156:Kisra
2971:1:1:6
2709:48:18
2705:Quran
2651:Umrah
2643:Kaaba
2638:tawaf
2181:, A.
2165:Notes
2102:Basra
1941:Hejaz
1937:Yemen
1898:Kisrá
1852:ivory
1767:Negus
1734:Jesus
1700:Armah
1643:Bosra
1482:Egypt
1454:Negus
1394:Ta'if
1389:Autas
1384:Tabuk
1374:Mecca
1354:Fidak
1279:Sawiq
1264:Abwa'
1254:Buwat
1097:Mecca
1091:ihram
1081:Umrah
953:Ansar
937:Ummah
880:Ansar
833:Nadir
810:pagan
706:angel
654:Ta'if
644:Ta'if
613:Harar
573:tribe
508:Negus
481:Mecca
430:Ummah
208:Bible
203:Islam
174:Views
143:Quran
59:Mecca
4170:Naat
4047:Umar
3617:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3554:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3509:ISSN
3482:OCLC
3460:OCLC
3450:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3238:2021
3225:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3004:2021
2946:ISBN
2917:2021
2864:2013
2827:2021
2656:Hajj
2116:and
2086:Oman
1754:Adam
1746:Word
1738:Mary
1664:Rome
1627:Seal
1527:and
1458:Axum
1299:Uhud
1274:Kudr
1269:Badr
1159:48 (
1157:Sura
1093:garb
1036:and
923:lit.
813:Arab
741:Mina
736:Hajj
535:seal
510:and
472:Mina
412:The
335:Seal
295:Naat
180:Jews
52:Life
4059:Ali
3320:doi
2082:Azd
2052:of
1838:of
1531:at
1480:of
1456:of
1230:of
1034:Aws
1016:of
817:Aws
699:God
460:Aws
439:in
4584::
3503:.
3458:.
3326:.
3316:89
3314:.
3198:^
3094:,
2994:.
2969:,
2925:^
2907:.
2896:^
2872:^
2850:.
2835:^
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