68:
have become of most concern because they have been reported by hospitals all around the United States. There are many factors which could be contributed to the existence and spread of MDR gram-negative bacteria such as the: overuse or misuse of existing antimicrobial agents, which has led to the
77:
Although there is currently a shortage of new drugs in the antimicrobial realm, there are a few antibiotics currently being studied and tested for the treatment of serious Gram-negative bacterial infections. These include cephalosporins, ceftobiprole, ceftarolin and FR-264205. The lack of newly
78:
emerging antimicobrial drugs have resulted in the revisit of old antibiotic drugs such as colistin (Polymyxins) and fosfomycin, which are traditionally considered to be toxic but have gained a principal role in the treatment of the most problematic MDR Gram-negative pathogens including
69:
development of adaptive resistance mechanisms by bacteria; a lack of responsible antimicrobial stewardship such that the use of multiple broad-spectrum agents has helped perpetuate the cycle of increasing resistance; and a lack of good infection control practices.
191:
Cerceo, Elizabeth; Deitelzweig, Steven B.; Sherman, Bradley M.; Amin, Alpesh N. (1 July 2016). "Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative
Bacterial Infections in the Hospital Setting: Overview, Implications for Clinical Practice, and Emerging Treatment Options".
142:
2010 Annual
Meeting. A study of MDRGN in long-term care facilities, reported in 2010, concluded that patients with severe dementia who require assistance with the activities of daily life are at high risk of MDRGN co-colonization and may be the
102:
with various mechanisms of resistance. A review of investigational antibiotics shows that several new agents will become available in the coming years, even though the pace of antimicrobial research has proven far too slow.
94:. Also, there has been interest in the drug Tigecycline, which is from the class of antibiotics called glycylcyclines, for treating MDRGN infections. This drug shows promise in infections from multi-drug resistant
129:
isolates. Subsequently, carbapenems are sometimes not active against those serious infections. That is why clinicians around the world have reconsidered the use of older antimicrobial agents, including
238:
Vergidis, Paschalis I.; Falagas, Matthew E. (1 February 2008). "Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: the emerging threat and potential novel treatment options".
107:
Overuse of antimicrobial agents and problems with infection control practices have led to the development of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. We used to use
50:
These bacteria pose a great threat to public health due to the limited treatment options available as well as lack of newly developed antimicrobial medications. MDR strains of
38:. Infections caused by MDR strains are correlated with increased morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. Thus, not only do these bacteria pose a threat to
111:
as the main option in several countries for those severe infections; however, now there are several mechanisms of resistance, including carbapenemase production among
1218:
400:
139:
492:
457:
34:. They can cause bacteria infections that pose a serious and rapidly emerging threat for hospitalized patients and especially patients in
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1176:
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609:
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649:
839:
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31:
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Risk
Factors for Co-Colonization with Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Long-Term Care Facility
902:
664:
659:
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64:
1038:
799:
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58:
39:
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1181:
1043:
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1091:
979:
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477:
35:
1061:
1011:
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917:
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217:
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1101:
989:
984:
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1141:
1016:
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804:
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161:
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1111:
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872:
614:
559:
144:
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113:
27:
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967:
891:
769:
452:
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275:"Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: what are the treatment options?"
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1003:
895:
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363:. Atlanta: International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections
332:"The Increasing Threat of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections"
138:
The above quote was taken from an interview by Luke F. Chen, at the
824:
717:
713:
515:
382:
378:
98:(K. pneumoniae carbapenemase - and ESBL-producing strains) and
357:
Graham M., Snyder; O'Fallon, E; D'Agata, EMC (21 March 2010).
42:, but also create a significant burden to healthcare systems.
16:
Gram-negative bacteria with resistance to multiple antibiotics
273:
Giamarellou, Helen; Poulakou, Garyphallia (1 October 2009).
1164:
1124:
1080:
1029:
1002:
966:
929:
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881:
817:
762:
753:
692:
637:
586:
548:
539:
470:
425:
416:
105:
394:
8:
194:Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)
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1121:
1026:
999:
963:
926:
887:
814:
759:
689:
634:
583:
545:
467:
422:
401:
387:
379:
20:Multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria
290:
240:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs
178:
140:Infectious Diseases Society of America
7:
233:
231:
186:
184:
182:
1187:Minimum bactericidal concentration
330:Chen, Luke F. (23 November 2010).
32:resistance to multiple antibiotics
14:
1177:Minimum inhibitory concentration
292:10.2165/11315690-000000000-00000
147:" of MDRGN in these facilities.
1117:WHO list of essential medicines
610:Non-specific effect of vaccines
1172:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
1:
1219:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
1097:Functional analog (chemistry)
650:Hill equation (biochemistry)
92:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
1235:
1165:Antimicrobial pharmacology
645:Dose–response relationship
575:Desensitization (medicine)
1087:Coinduction (anesthetics)
1152:Multiple drug resistance
1125:Tolerance and resistance
493:Physiological antagonist
167:Multiple drug resistance
134:. — Matthew Falagas, MD.
903:Neuropsychopharmacology
665:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
660:Del Castillo Katz model
587:Other effects of ligand
570:Receptor (biochemistry)
488:Irreversible antagonist
84:Acinetobacter baumannii
65:Acinetobacter baumannii
1039:Classical pharmacology
800:Plasma protein binding
775:Volume of distribution
483:Competitive antagonist
136:
80:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
59:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1147:Antibiotic resistance
939:Clinical pharmacology
458:Physiological agonist
418:Ligand (biochemistry)
336:Medscape Medical News
206:10.1089/mdr.2015.0220
157:Antibiotic resistance
88:Klebsiella pneumoniae
1044:Reverse pharmacology
954:Pharmacoepidemiology
795:Biological half-life
675:Ligand binding assay
549:Activity at receptor
443:Irreversible agonist
40:global public health
36:intensive care units
1092:Combination therapy
980:Pharmacoinformatics
949:Medicinal chemistry
555:Mechanism of action
1062:Immunopharmacology
1012:Pharmacotoxicology
913:Psychopharmacology
705:Intrinsic activity
605:Pleiotropy (drugs)
526:Agonist-antagonist
438:Endogenous agonist
100:Enterobacteriaceae
53:Enterobacteriaceae
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1160:
1159:
1057:Photopharmacology
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1051:
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1024:
998:
997:
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961:
925:
924:
918:Electrophysiology
908:Neuropharmacology
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862:
813:
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748:
736:Therapeutic index
688:
687:
633:
632:
582:
581:
511:
510:
466:
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285:(14): 1879–1901.
73:Treatment options
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1102:Polypharmacology
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990:Pharmacogenomics
985:Pharmacogenetics
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927:
888:
815:
785:Rate of infusion
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755:Pharmacokinetics
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635:
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541:Pharmacodynamics
521:Neurotransmitter
503:Enzyme inhibitor
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423:
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26:) are a type of
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805:Bioavailability
790:Onset of action
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498:Inverse agonist
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1182:Bacteriostatic
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246:(2): 176–183.
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30:bacteria with
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1137:Tachyphylaxis
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624:Neurotoxicity
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593:Selectivity (
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531:Pharmacophore
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114:Acinetobacter
110:
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96:K. pneumoniae
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29:
28:Gram-negative
25:
21:
1206:
1107:Chemotherapy
1067:Cell biology
968:Biochemistry
892:Neuroscience
840:Distribution
770:Loading dose
453:Superagonist
410:Pharmacology
365:. Retrieved
359:
352:
340:. Retrieved
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23:
19:
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1192:Bactericide
868:Compartment
679:Patch clamp
655:Schild plot
120:Pseudomonas
109:carbapenems
1072:Physiology
1004:Toxicology
896:psychology
845:Metabolism
835:Absorption
829:Liberation
671:Organ bath
599:Functional
478:Antagonist
471:Inhibitory
426:Excitatory
367:1 December
342:1 December
173:References
132:polymyxins
126:Klebsiella
854:Clearance
850:Excretion
669:Methods (
301:1179-1950
252:1472-4472
214:1931-8448
1213:Category
972:genetics
944:Pharmacy
931:Medicine
741:Affinity
700:Efficacy
638:Analysis
620:Toxicity
309:19747006
260:18246520
222:26866778
151:See also
882:Related
825:(L)ADME
779:Initial
763:Metrics
710:Potency
693:Metrics
595:Binding
565:Binding
433:Agonist
338:. WebMD
317:5967112
884:fields
315:
307:
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123:, and
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1081:Other
818:LADME
313:S2CID
279:Drugs
970:and
894:and
730:TD50
726:LD50
722:ED50
718:IC50
714:EC50
516:Drug
369:2010
344:2010
305:PMID
297:ISSN
256:PMID
248:ISSN
218:PMID
210:ISSN
90:and
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287:doi
202:doi
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