896:
779:
53:
912:
225:
2338:
213:
2352:
630:
1142:
Goiter, resulting primarily from iodine deficiency, has historically been a widespread condition with significant health and social implications. Advances in nutrition and public health have greatly reduced its prevalence, but understanding its historical context helps in appreciating the development
1070:
In various regions around the world, particularly in mountainous areas, the prevalence of goiter was linked to iodine deficiency in the diet. For example, the Alps, the
Himalayas, and the Andes had high rates of goiter due to the iodine-poor soil. In these regions, iodine deficiency led to widespread
769:
The discovery of iodine's importance in thyroid function and its role in preventing goiter marked a significant medical breakthrough. The introduction of iodized salt in the early 20th century became a key public health initiative, effectively reducing the prevalence of goiter in previously affected
1133:
In some historical contexts, goiters were so prevalent that they became normalized within the culture. For instance, in certain Alpine regions, large goiters were sometimes considered a sign of beauty. Conversely, in other areas, individuals with goiters faced social stigma, which could lead to
923:(618–907) were the first to successfully treat patients with goitre by using the iodine-rich thyroid gland of animals such as sheep and pigs—in raw, pill, or powdered form. This was outlined in Zhen Quan's (d. 643 AD) book, as well as several others. One Chinese book,
1414:
Abraham-Nordling M, Törring O, Hamberger B, Lundell G, Tallstedt L, Calissendorff J, Wallin G (November 2005). "Graves' disease: a long-term quality-of-life follow up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery".
962:
also independently reported the same constellation of symptoms in 1840, while earlier reports of the disease were also published by the
Italians Giuseppe Flajani and Antonio Giuseppe Testa, in 1802 and 1810 respectively, and by the English physician
2426:
2407:
2380:
652:
A goitre may be classified either as nodular or diffuse. Nodular goitres are either of one nodule (uninodular) or of multiple nodules (multinodular). Multinodular goiter (MNG) is the most common disorder of the thyroid gland.
876:. Before iodine enrichment programs, goiters were common in areas with repeated flooding or glacial activities, which erodes the topsoil. It is endemic in populations where the intake of iodine is less than 10 ÎĽg per day.
679:. These nodules grow up at varying rates and secrete thyroid hormone autonomously, thereby suppressing TSH-dependent growth and function in the rest of gland. Inactive nodules in the same goitre can be malignant.
1480:
Bukvic BR, Zivaljevic VR, Sipetic SB, Diklic AD, Tausanovic KM, Paunovic IR (August 2014). "Improvement of quality of life in patients with benign goiter after surgical treatment".
1658:
Gandolfi PP, Frisina A, Raffa M, Renda F, Rocchetti O, Ruggeri C, Tombolini A (August 2004). "The incidence of thyroid carcinoma in multinodular goiter: retrospective analysis".
1289:
2278:
491:
Remission with treatment, but still lower quality of life for 14 to 21 years after treatment, with lower mood and lower vitality, regardless of the choice of treatment
1108:. Scientists said that, absent an environmental cause, the odds of both a husband and wife having Graves' disease might be 1 in 100,000 or as low as 1 in 3,000,000.
1775:
1260:
869:
Goitre is more common among women, but this includes the many types of goitre caused by autoimmune problems, and not only those caused by simple lack of iodine.
2610:
2653:
2515:
895:
2699:
2620:
2217:
1724:
1464:
1312:
900:
183:, an increase in oxygen consumption, metabolic changes in protein metabolism, immunologic stimulation of diffuse goitre, and ocular changes (
2256:
2296:"Plagues and Peoples - William H. McNeill: Plagues and Peoples. (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, Doubleday, 1976. Pp. 369. $ 10.00.)"
2207:
883:, etc. As reported in 1923, all the domestic animals have goiter in some of the glacial valleys of Southern Alaska. It was so severe in
206:
According to the WHO classification of goitre by palpation, the severity of goitre is currently graded as grade 0, grade 1, grade 2.
2675:
2120:
1859:
1244:
2778:
977:(1493–1541) was the first person to propose a relationship between goitre and minerals (particularly lead) in drinking water.
1339:
147:, may be present with symptoms of the underlying disorder. For hyperthyroidism, the most common symptoms are associated with
1404:
By Roy E Weiss and Samuel
Refetoff. Last literature review version 19.1: January 2011. This topic last updated: July 2, 2009
2572:
2508:
1364:
Babademez MA, Tuncay KS, Zaim M, Acar B, KaraĹźen RM (November 2010). "Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroid gland anomalies".
782:
568:
224:
1196:
2773:
2763:
2037:
2874:
464:
433:
414:
327:
1043:
Goitre had been prevalent in the alpine countries for a long time. Switzerland reduced the condition by introducing
778:
2796:
2648:
390:
253:
879:
Examples of such regions include the alpine regions of
Southern Europe (such as Switzerland), the Himalayans, the
770:
regions. This measure was one of the earliest and most successful examples of mass preventive health campaigns.
2839:
2741:
2597:
2550:
2274:
1093:
672:
322:
2234:
1746:
1401:
2884:
2501:
2441:
1985:
1176:
1013:
1549:
2806:
2665:
2567:
2342:
959:
212:
2801:
2790:
2064:
935:
2783:
641:
371:
1685:
2000:"VI. Some experiments and observations on a new substance which becomes a violet coloured gas by heat"
1290:"Goitre as a determinant of the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders in populations"
2834:
2768:
2719:
537:
1776:
Goitre as a determinant of the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders in populations
2709:
2430:
1105:
1052:
964:
955:
249:
2734:
2106:
2019:
1622:
1505:
1254:
1017:
734:
395:
2724:
2714:
2688:
1999:
1097:
943:
911:
454:
931:
was used to treat goitre patients by the 1st century BC, but this book was written much later.
671:
Multinodular goitre: multiple nodules; can likewise be inactive or toxic, the latter is called
52:
2643:
2615:
2602:
2540:
2481:
2452:
2393:
2315:
2213:
2181:
2163:
2155:
2084:
1968:
1902:
1855:
1827:
1809:
1720:
1667:
1614:
1579:
1497:
1460:
1432:
1381:
1308:
1240:
1214:
1089:
884:
880:
746:
738:
712:
Class III: the goitre is very large and is retrosternal (partially or totally lying below the
603:
478:
427:
257:
241:
105:
72:
2401:
2397:
2389:
1450:
2879:
2704:
2580:
2307:
2203:
2147:
2076:
2011:
1958:
1950:
1817:
1801:
1712:
1606:
1489:
1424:
1373:
1056:
993:
982:
939:
750:
730:
618:
546:
331:
188:
180:
172:
954:, the major medical dictionary of its time. The disease was later named after Irish doctor
2635:
2524:
2101:
1122:
1101:
1067:(struma band) which was used to hide either the goitre or the remnants of goitre surgery.
1021:
676:
634:
470:
176:
144:
2080:
1925:
1880:
2851:
2846:
2829:
2729:
2660:
2532:
1963:
1938:
1822:
1162:
1079:
In the 1920s wearing bottles of iodine around the neck was believed to prevent goitre.
1037:
680:
665:
520:
460:
336:
303:
260:, which is particularly common in tropical countries where people eat the cyanide-rich
140:
2435:
2337:
702:
Class I: the goitre in normal posture of the head cannot be seen; it is only found by
2868:
2670:
2562:
2023:
1167:
1118:
1001:
968:
758:
726:
668:; can be either inactive, or active (toxic) – autonomously producing thyroid hormone.
77:
1626:
1509:
2585:
1641:"Toxic multinodular goitre - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"
1328:
1278:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1152:
1044:
1033:
1025:
947:
920:
502:
245:
200:
192:
184:
168:
156:
124:
17:
160:
2446:
2356:
1920:
1704:
1377:
2755:
2476:
1716:
1640:
1575:
1009:
988:
Goitre was previously common in many areas that were deficient in iodine in the
687:
598:
593:
496:
296:
152:
61:
2295:
1954:
1875:
1610:
2457:
2311:
1493:
1005:
974:
946:
after noting the association of goitre and a displacement of the eye known as
613:
482:
399:
317:
Increased size of thyroid may be permanent if untreated for around five years
252:
is also considered a contributing factor. In countries that use iodized salt,
148:
101:. A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly.
2319:
2159:
2041:
1813:
1428:
757:, thyroid supplements are used as treatment. Sometimes a partial or complete
2545:
2420:
2416:
2135:
1789:
1020:
regions. The condition is now practically absent in affluent nations, where
928:
703:
409:
351:
2167:
2151:
2136:"Damaged Reproduction: The Most Important Consequence of Iodine Deficiency"
2015:
1831:
1805:
1671:
1618:
1583:
1501:
1436:
1385:
2351:
1972:
1906:
2557:
2088:
1747:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
1171:
196:
1523:
683:
is identified in 13.7% of the patients operated for multinodular goitre.
958:, who described a case of goitre with exophthalmos in 1835. The German
873:
754:
713:
629:
261:
136:
98:
65:
2372:
2411:
2384:
1852:
The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of
Science, Discovery, and Invention
1156:
1121:
showed a man "afflicted with a large goitre", an apparent pun on the
1060:
1048:
978:
904:
742:
164:
120:
116:
1239:(4., aktualisierte und erw. Aufl ed.). Berlin. pp. 15–37.
737:
is given to the patient to shrink the gland. If goitre is caused by
398:
in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Infiltration of
2590:
2493:
1029:
910:
894:
777:
686:
Diffuse goitre: the whole thyroid appearing to be enlarged due to
628:
109:
1597:
Frilling A, Liu C, Weber F (2004). "Benign multinodular goiter".
135:
A goitre can present as a palpable or visible enlargement of the
1276:
Essentials of pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states
1100:
and goitres, within two years of each other. The disease caused
1071:
hormonal imbalances, particularly affecting thyroid function.
989:
608:
507:
Can be hyperthyroidism initially, but progress to hypothyroidism
94:
2497:
1939:"Caleb Hillier Parry 1755-1822: a notable provincial physician"
1155:
conducted substantial research on the treatment of goitre with
199:
and may undergo weight gain. However, these symptoms are often
2257:"The Doctor's World; A White House Puzzle: Immunity Ailments"
785:
for iodine deficiency per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
753:
are given. If the goitre is associated with an underactive
2004:
1059:
regions, which appeared in the 19th century, includes a
709:
Class II: the goitre is palpable and can be easily seen.
2283:. New York and London: Benjamin Blom, Inc. p. 413.
2104:, article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., December 16, 2006,
2102:"In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"
2065:"Kentucky Appalachian Goiter Without Iodine Deficiency"
1237:
SchilddrĂĽsenkrankheiten
Leitfaden fĂĽr Praxis und Klinik
256:
is the most common cause. Goitre can also result from
2140:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
139:
at the base of the neck. A goitre, if associated with
1854:. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. pp. 134–5.
1550:"Nodular Goiter - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
488:
Will develop in about 0.5% of males and 3% of females
2362:
887:
that it was difficult to raise young animals there.
2817:
2754:
2687:
2634:
2531:
2467:
2366:
187:). Hypothyroid people commonly have poor appetite,
71:
42:
37:
915:Woman in Miesbacher Tracht wearing a goitre choker
104:Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by
1303:Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).
725:Goitre is treated according to the cause. If the
872:Iodine mainly accumulates in the sea and in the
1402:Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas.
1230:
1228:
1117:The coat of arms and crest of Die Kröpfner, of
299:of thyroid to compensate for decreased efficacy
244:, commonly seen in countries that scarcely use
240:Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is
175:. Clinical manifestations are often related to
2280:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory
2134:Dunn, John T.; Delange, Francois (June 2001).
1845:
1843:
1841:
1143:of endocrinology and public health measures.
314:Constitutes over 90% cases of goitre worldwide
2509:
8:
925:The Pharmacopoeia of the Heavenly Husbandman
1711:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 25–31,
1397:
1395:
127:), though they may be potentially harmful.
27:Neck swelling due to enlarged thyroid gland
2684:
2516:
2502:
2494:
2363:
1259:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
266:
51:
34:
2654:Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
2235:"A White House Puzzle: Immunity Ailments"
1962:
1821:
716:), pressure results in compression marks.
644:in an individual suspected of having it.
2069:American Journal of Diseases of Children
1943:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1307:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1883:– the history and naming of the disease
1274:Porth CM, Gaspard KJ, Noble KA (2011).
1188:
208:
1252:
436:, almost always by a pituitary adenoma
1574:Feingold, K. R.; et al. (2000).
901:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
540:of 85% for females and 74% for males
7:
2700:Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter
2081:10.1001/archpedi.1977.02120210044010
1134:marginalization and discrimination.
1028:. However, it is still prevalent in
942:, provided the first description of
2184:. Nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. 30 September 2011
1366:The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
1329:"Toxicological Profile For Cyanide"
765:Medical and scientific developments
2243:Doctors Say Bush Is in Good Health
2063:Hollingsworth, Dorothy R. (1977).
1778:, World Health Organization - 2014
1292:. World Health Organization. 2014.
179:(increased metabolism), excessive
25:
2676:Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis
2294:Norling, Bernard (October 1977).
1794:American Journal of Public Health
1790:"The Prevention of Simple Goiter"
1705:"The Iodine Deficiency Disorders"
1345:from the original on 28 July 2004
952:Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm
2350:
2336:
2119:Wissen, Planet (16 March 2017).
1998:Davy, Humphry (1 January 1814).
1893:Ljunggren JG (August 1983). "".
1788:Kimball, O. P. (February 1923).
1482:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery
1455:GrĂĽnwald F, Biersack HJ (2005).
223:
211:
2233:Altman LK (14 September 1991).
1599:Scandinavian Journal of Surgery
1197:"Thyroid Nodules and Swellings"
2212:. HarperCollins. p. 158.
640:Goitre may be diagnosed via a
419:Prevalence: 1 to 1.5 in a 1000
203:and make diagnosis difficult.
1:
2341:The dictionary definition of
2182:"ARCHIVED – Why take iodine?"
1876:Basedow's syndrome or disease
996:, the condition was known as
783:Disability-adjusted life year
575:Secretional hyperthyroidism,
569:Thyroid hormone insensitivity
457:—also called Basedow syndrome
230:Goitre Class III, WHO grade 2
2209:Women and Autoimmune Disease
1449:Numbers from EUROCARE, from
1378:10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181f43e32
971:) in the late 18th century.
927:, asserted that iodine-rich
463:(TSHR-Ab) that activate the
218:Goitre Class II, WHO grade 2
1717:10.1007/978-1-4899-1245-9_3
1709:Iodine Deficiency in Europe
434:thyroid stimulating hormone
415:Thyroid hormone replacement
97:resulting from an enlarged
2901:
2649:Thyroid hormone resistance
2206:, Yalof I (20 July 2004).
1955:10.1177/014107689809100618
1611:10.1177/145749690409300405
1201:British Thyroid Foundation
1004:, goitre was found in the
985:in 1811 from seaweed ash.
919:Chinese physicians of the
729:is producing an excess of
577:Symptomatic hypothyroidism
276:Resultant thyroid activity
2840:Toxic multinodular goiter
2598:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
2573:Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome
2551:Congenital hypothyroidism
2312:10.1017/s0034670500025043
2255:Altman LK (28 May 1991).
1754:World Health Organization
1703:Hetzel, Basil S. (1993),
1494:10.1007/s00423-014-1221-7
1096:were both diagnosed with
673:toxic multinodular goitre
422:Remission with treatment
332:thyroid hormone synthesis
323:Congenital hypothyroidism
264:root as the staple food.
59:
50:
1429:10.1089/thy.2005.15.1279
1177:Thyroid hormone receptor
1125:for the word ("Kropf").
1026:supplemented with iodine
981:was later discovered by
907:, copper engraving, 1815
285:Incidence and prevalence
169:increased blood pressure
155:(increased heart rate),
2666:Thyrotoxicosis factitia
2568:Euthyroid sick syndrome
1305:Robbins Basic Pathology
960:Karl Adolph von Basedow
664:Uninodular goitre: one
553:Usually hyperthyroidism
391:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
254:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
119:. Most goitres are not
108:. The term is from the
93:, is a swelling in the
2742:Graves' ophthalmopathy
2300:The Review of Politics
2152:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7611
2016:10.1098/rstl.1814.0007
1806:10.2105/ajph.13.2.81-a
1215:"Goitre - NHS Choices"
1088:Former U.S. President
1047:in 1922. The Bavarian
992:. For example, in the
936:Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani
916:
908:
866:
637:
372:Adverse drug reactions
2680:Hyperthyroid myopathy
2607:Hypothyroid myopathy
1576:"Multinodular Goiter"
1554:www.sciencedirect.com
934:In the 12th century,
914:
898:
781:
642:thyroid function test
632:
2835:Toxic nodular goiter
2779:Subacute lymphocytic
2359:at Wikimedia Commons
1937:Hull G (June 1998).
1645:bestpractice.bmj.com
1459:. Berlin: Springer.
1203:. 11 September 2019.
675:and associated with
538:5-year survival rate
2696:Signs and symptoms
2577:Signs and symptoms
2044:on 18 November 2022
2038:"Iodine Deficiency"
1106:cardiac dysrhythmia
1075:Society and culture
965:Caleb Hillier Parry
956:Robert James Graves
863: more than 800
797: fewer than 50
250:Selenium deficiency
18:Multinodular goiter
2875:Endocrine diseases
2735:Pretibial myxedema
2468:External resources
2261:The New York Times
2239:The New York Times
2107:The New York Times
1690:The New York Times
1235:Hörmann R (2005).
1221:. 19 October 2017.
917:
909:
867:
735:radioactive iodine
638:
556:Usually uninodular
529:Usually uninodular
479:Antithyroid agents
432:Hypersecretion of
396:Autoimmune disease
131:Signs and symptoms
2862:
2861:
2750:
2749:
2644:Hyperthyroxinemia
2616:Hoffmann syndrome
2603:Pickardt syndrome
2581:Queen Anne's sign
2541:Iodine deficiency
2491:
2490:
2355:Media related to
2219:978-0-06-008149-2
1850:Temple R (1986).
1726:978-1-4899-1247-3
1686:"Goiter – Simple"
1530:. 19 October 2017
1466:978-3-540-22309-2
1314:978-1-4160-2973-1
1090:George H. W. Bush
940:Persian physician
885:Pemberton Meadows
881:Great Lakes basin
741:, small doses of
739:iodine deficiency
604:Hydatidiform mole
590:
589:
547:thyroid neoplasms
536:Overall relative
501:Acute or chronic
444:Pituitary surgery
428:Pituitary disease
293:Iodine deficiency
258:cyanide poisoning
242:iodine deficiency
106:iodine deficiency
83:
82:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2892:
2764:Acute infectious
2710:Dalrymple's sign
2685:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2364:
2354:
2340:
2324:
2323:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2146:(6): 2360–2363.
2131:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2040:. Archived from
2034:
2028:
2027:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1934:
1928:
1921:Giuseppe Flajani
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1193:
994:English Midlands
983:Bernard Courtois
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
731:thyroid hormones
619:Pendred syndrome
563:Mostly harmless
467:-receptor (TSHR)
267:
227:
215:
189:cold intolerance
173:heat intolerance
55:
35:
21:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2885:Thyroid disease
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2813:
2746:
2725:Griffith's sign
2715:Stellwag's sign
2689:Graves' disease
2683:
2636:Hyperthyroidism
2630:
2527:
2525:Thyroid disease
2522:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2463:
2462:
2375:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:"Planet Wissen"
2118:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1901:(32–33): 2902.
1892:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1660:Acta Bio-Medica
1657:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1423:(11): 1279–86.
1413:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1251:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1115:
1102:hyperthyroidism
1098:Graves' disease
1085:
1077:
998:Derbyshire Neck
944:Graves' disease
893:
865:
864:
860:
858:
854:
852:
848:
846:
842:
840:
836:
834:
830:
828:
824:
822:
818:
816:
812:
810:
806:
804:
800:
798:
794:
792:
788:
776:
767:
745:in the form of
723:
677:hyperthyroidism
650:
627:
576:
471:Hyperthyroidism
455:Graves' disease
273:Pathophysiology
238:
231:
228:
219:
216:
181:thyroid hormone
177:hypermetabolism
145:hyperthyroidism
133:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:Colloid nodule
2847:Thyroid nodule
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Endemic goitre
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Hashitoxicosis
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2533:Hypothyroidism
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2423:
2404:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:Classification
2361:
2360:
2348:
2332:
2331:External links
2329:
2326:
2325:
2306:(4): 557–560.
2286:
2266:
2247:
2225:
2218:
2195:
2173:
2126:
2111:
2094:
2075:(8): 866–869.
2055:
2029:
1990:
1978:
1929:
1912:
1895:Läkartidningen
1885:
1867:
1860:
1837:
1780:
1768:
1759:
1738:
1725:
1695:
1677:
1650:
1632:
1589:
1578:. MDText.com.
1566:
1541:
1515:
1472:
1465:
1457:Thyroid cancer
1442:
1406:
1391:
1356:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1281:
1266:
1245:
1224:
1206:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1163:Endemic goitre
1160:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:Social Impacts
1127:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1038:Central Africa
892:
889:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
786:
775:
772:
766:
763:
747:Lugol's iodine
722:
719:
718:
717:
710:
707:
699:
698:
696:
692:
691:
684:
681:Thyroid cancer
669:
666:thyroid nodule
661:
660:
658:
657:Growth pattern
649:
646:
626:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
588:
587:
585:
583:
581:
578:
573:
571:
565:
564:
561:
559:
557:
554:
551:
549:
542:
541:
534:
532:
530:
527:
525:
523:
521:Thyroid cancer
517:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
505:
499:
493:
492:
489:
486:
476:
473:
468:
461:Autoantibodies
458:
451:
450:
448:
445:
442:
439:
437:
430:
424:
423:
420:
417:
412:
406:
405:Hypothyroidism
403:
393:
387:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
368:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
348:
347:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:Hypothyroidism
334:
325:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
304:hypothyroidism
300:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:Growth pattern
277:
274:
271:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
222:
220:
217:
210:
141:hypothyroidism
132:
129:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:De Quervain's
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Boston's sign
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Thyroid storm
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2625:Atrophic type
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Myxedema coma
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:at Wiktionary
2346:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2275:Fox-Davies AC
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:Who Named It?
1923:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:Who Named It?
1878:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:0-671-62028-2
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:(4): 278–81.
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:(6): 755–64.
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:(6): 1807–9.
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1336:Atsdr.cdc.gov
1330:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1246:3-936072-27-2
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:Struma ovarii
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1138:Summarization
1137:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:and his wife
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:Notable cases
1082:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Intermountain
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:United States
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
969:Edward Jenner
967:(a friend of
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
913:
906:
902:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
870:
857: 500–800
851: 450–500
845: 400–450
839: 350–400
833: 300–350
827: 250–300
821: 200–250
815: 150–200
809: 100–150
791: no data
784:
780:
773:
771:
764:
762:
761:is required.
760:
759:thyroidectomy
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:(T3 and T4),
732:
728:
727:thyroid gland
720:
715:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
655:
654:
647:
645:
643:
636:
635:toxic adenoma
631:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
586:
584:
582:
579:
574:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
560:
558:
555:
552:
550:
548:
544:
543:
539:
535:
533:
531:
528:
526:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
513:
511:
509:
506:
504:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
353:
350:
349:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
335:
333:
329:
328:Inborn errors
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
305:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
235:
226:
221:
214:
209:
207:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:stimulation:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:thyroid gland
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
102:
100:
99:thyroid gland
96:
92:
88:
79:
78:Endocrinology
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2824:
2586:Woltman sign
2475:
2451:
2440:
2425:
2406:
2379:
2343:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2208:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2176:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2032:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1986:"Paracelsus"
1981:
1949:(6): 335–8.
1946:
1942:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1874:
1870:
1851:
1800:(2): 81–87.
1797:
1793:
1783:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1741:
1730:, retrieved
1708:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1666:(2): 114–7.
1663:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1456:
1445:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1335:
1323:
1304:
1298:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1236:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1153:David Marine
1141:
1132:
1116:
1094:Barbara Bush
1078:
1069:
1064:
1045:iodized salt
1042:
1034:Central Asia
997:
987:
973:
951:
948:exophthalmos
933:
924:
921:Tang dynasty
918:
878:
871:
868:
803: 50–100
774:Epidemiology
768:
724:
651:
639:
633:Goitre with
503:inflammation
408:Diffuse and
246:iodized salt
239:
205:
201:non-specific
193:constipation
185:exophthalmos
157:palpitations
134:
112:
103:
90:
86:
84:
29:
2818:Enlargement
2797:Hashimoto's
2756:Thyroiditis
2730:Möbius sign
2477:MedlinePlus
2048:27 February
1219:NHS Choices
1170:—a kind of
1010:Great Lakes
1006:Appalachian
899:Goitre and
751:KI solution
688:hyperplasia
599:Amyloidosis
594:Sarcoidosis
497:Thyroiditis
483:radioiodine
400:lymphocytes
297:Hyperplasia
161:nervousness
153:tachycardia
62:hyperplasia
43:Other names
2869:Categories
2802:Postpartum
2791:Autoimmune
2453:DiseasesDB
2188:1 November
1988:Britannica
1183:References
1022:table salt
975:Paracelsus
614:Acromegaly
302:Can cause
288:Prognosis
149:adrenergic
115:, meaning
2793:/chronic
2784:Palpation
2546:Cretinism
2320:0034-6705
2204:Lahita RG
2160:0021-972X
2024:109845199
2010:: 74–93.
1814:0271-4353
1255:cite book
1065:Kropfband
1063:, dubbed
1032:, China,
1000:. In the
929:sargassum
721:Treatment
704:palpation
625:Diagnosis
485:, surgery
447:Very rare
410:lobulated
354:ingestion
352:Goitrogen
282:Treatment
121:cancerous
73:Specialty
2807:Riedel's
2769:Subacute
2591:Myoedema
2558:Myxedema
2277:(1904).
2168:11397823
1832:18010882
1732:6 August
1672:15481700
1627:38834260
1619:15658668
1584:25905424
1534:27 March
1524:"Goitre"
1510:34137703
1502:25002182
1437:16356093
1386:21119426
1349:16 March
1340:Archived
1172:teratoma
1147:See also
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1057:Salzburg
1053:Miesbach
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2020:S2CID
1750:(xls)
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1506:S2CID
1343:(PDF)
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1030:India
648:Types
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270:Cause
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2621:LEMS
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1351:2017
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