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238:) in 1897. In 1895, derived from his company's invention and production of direct current elevator control systems, Frank Sprague invented a multiple unit controller for electric train operation. This accelerated the construction of electric traction railways and trolley systems worldwide. Each car of the train has its own traction motors: by means of motor control relays in each car energized by train-line wires from the front car all of the traction motors in the train are controlled in unison.
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492:. Due to the lack of need for it, the rapid decoupling system was excluded. From 1973, trolleybuses in Riga also used the coupling of Skoda 9Tr trolleybuses. They would be the longest working coupled Skoda trolleybuses, used until 2001. In 1976, a three trolleybus coupling was tested in Kyiv, but due to sufficient transport, it did not receive further development. With the transition to the next generation of trolleybuses, the
40:
465:, increased capacity in public transport was necessary, but the local industry had not developed sufficiently to match world trends, such as by the production of articulated trolleybuses, the first of which was the SVARZ-TS, built in 1959 to 1967. It was not until 1963 that the next articulated trolleybus was produced, the
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system, and an electrical cable for the control of the traction equipment. The largest hose, located next to the coupler, is the main air brake line or "train line". Additional hoses link the air compressors on the locomotives and control the brakes on the locomotives independently of the rest of the
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The design of the rotating joint was similar to that of a tram with rods and hinges; both trolleybuses would have their motors and brakes controlled by the driver in the front. They also allowed for coupling and decoupling in 3–5 minutes, which was intended such that at the end of peak hours, the
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are now delivered equipped for MU operation, allowing a consist (set) of locomotives to be operated from one cab. Not all MU connections are standardized between manufacturers, thus limiting the types of locomotives that can be used together. However, in North
America there is a high level of
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passenger cars or a set of locomotives—with only a control signal transmitted to each unit. This contrasts with arrangements where electric motors in different units are connected directly to the power supply switched by a single control mechanism, thus requiring the full traction power to be
348:, e.g. "switchers" in hump yards, may be controlled by a stationary operator. These types of remote control systems often use the AAR MU standard which allows any locomotive using the AAR MU standard to be easily "MU'ed" to a control receiver and thus capable of becoming remote-controlled.
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Locomotive with image edited to illustrate the location and functions of the various receptacles and hoses featured on many AAR Standard North
American locomotives. The communication jumpers (outermost yellow) are exclusive to passenger locomotives and are omitted from freight
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in the 1920s; however, these early control connections were entirely pneumatic. Today's modern MU control utilizes both pneumatic elements for brake control and electric elements for throttle setting, dynamic braking, and fault lights.
340:, long trains, e.g. ore trains on mining lines, may have locomotives at each end and at intermediate locations in the train to reduce the maximum drawbar load. The locomotives are often radio-controlled from the lead locomotive by the
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that provides mechanical, electrical and pneumatic connections between vehicles. These couplers permit trains to be connected and disconnected automatically without the need for human intervention on the ground.
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So the invention by
Veklich was borrowed by many trolleybus companies, in particular, Donetsk, Kherson, Nikolaev, Minsk, Tallinn, Riga, Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Novosibirsk and many other cities.
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trolleybuses. Although other cities had tried to engineer similar systems, their solutions often resulted in rapid wear of traction motors, due to the vehicles never being intended for such use.
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In the early days of diesel electric MUing there were numerous systems; some were compatible with one another, but others were not. For example, when first delivered, many
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This is one of the original motor coaches which has electric motors mounted beneath the floor, a driving cab at one end and third class accommodation with wooden seats.
469:. Hence, during this period, to satisfy passenger demand, research started to produce trolleybuses connected in multiple working, which had first successfully run in
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lacked MU cables on their noses, allowing only for MUing through the rear of the locomotive. That meant that if a train needed four locomotives and there were four
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are in use (and some locomotive classes were never fitted for MU working), but more modern diesel locomotives used on
British railways use the standard
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opened in 1893 with two-car electric multiple units, controllers in cabs at both ends directly controlling the traction current to motors on both cars.
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trolleybuses could be split again into two. However, due to the abundance of trolleybuses and electricity, there was rarely a need to do so.
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309:(AAR) system which allows any modern locomotive in North America to be connected to any other modern North American locomotive. In the
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met constant delays. Although 810 trains were created in various Soviet republics, not a single one has survived in original state.
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operating with a standard locomotive at one end only. Control signals are either received from the cab as normal, or from a
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US term for train formation e.g. 'This vehicle was in the consist'. Now heard in the UK amongst trendy railway people.
812:"История развития новосибирского наземного электротранспорта :: О предприятии :: МКП "ГорЭлектроТранспорт""
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Terms used in North
America are A unit and B unit where the B or "booster" unit does not have a control cab;
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South Side
Elevated Railroad car #1, one of the cars that Frank Sprague converted to MU operation in Chicago
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Modern locomotive MU systems can be easily spotted due to the large MU cables to the right and left of the
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With the retirement of the MTB-82 trolleybuses, the system was also adapted to the Skoda 9Tr and the
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on June 12, 1966. This system was designed by
Ukrainian engineer Vladimir Veklich, and connected two
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train. There are sometimes additional hoses that control the application of sand to the rails.
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at the other end that is connected to the locomotive by cables through the intermediate cars.
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units. A control car remote control locomotive has remote control but not traction equipment.
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where the B unit has traction motors powered by the "mother" unit via extra connections; and
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788:"Самаратранс.info: Самара троллейбус поезда — Общественный транспорт Самарской области"
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There are a few designs of fully automatic couplers in use worldwide, including the
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This article is about the train control technology. For multiple unit vehicles, see
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Throughout its use, the implementation of trolleybus trains have been used in
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often operates one to three diesel locomotives on routes outside the
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standardization between all railroads and manufacturers using the
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A set of vehicles under multiple unit control is referred to as a
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The
Evolution of the Diesel Locomotive in the United States
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The multiple unit traction control system was developed by
688:"US Locomotive MU Control | The Railway Technical Website"
713:"Троллейбусные поезда: советская транспортная экзотика"
630:"Liverpool Overhead Railway motor coach number 3, 1892"
450:trolleybuses operating in multiple-unit control in
144:trains operating in multiple-unit train control in
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
583:(mode of operation for locomotive-hauled trains)
364:trains operating in multiple-unit train control
202:Multiple unit train control was first used in
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415:Multiple control technology is also used in
258:Sprague's MU system was adopted for use by
613:"Glossary | The Railway Technical Website"
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
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170:from a single location—whether it is a
836:"1988 год. Первый троллейбусный поезд"
376:vehicles often utilise a specialised
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661:"Mr Sprague answers Mr Westinghouse"
230:and first applied and tested on the
62:adding citations to reliable sources
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319:Association of American Railroads
307:Association of American Railroads
764:""Одесса на колёсах". ЗиУ-9/682"
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179:transmitted through the train.
49:needs additional citations for
210:The Liverpool Overhead Railway
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73:"Multiple-unit train control"
352:Passenger train applications
232:South Side Elevated Railroad
260:diesel-electric locomotives
158:, sometimes abbreviated to
156:Multiple-unit train control
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634:National Museums Liverpool
577:(the system as used in UK)
346:Remote control locomotives
216:Liverpool Overhead Railway
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434:with only one operator.
408:in appearance), and the
877:Electric rail transport
396:, used in the UK), the
242:Locomotive applications
204:electric multiple units
174:comprising a number of
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426:In the United States,
370:electric multiple unit
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186:in the United States.
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406:Scharfenberg couplers
392:hybrids (such as the
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313:several incompatible
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386:Scharfenberg coupler
374:diesel multiple unit
264:electric locomotives
58:improve this article
659:(18 January 1902).
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295:switcher locomotive
18:Multiple-unit train
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432:Northeast corridor
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302:diesel locomotives
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768:odessatrolley.com
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402:Dellner couplings
398:Wedglock coupling
338:distributed power
234:(now part of the
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47:This article
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29:Multiple unit
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840:the original
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410:BSI coupling
404:(similar to
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56:Please help
51:verification
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549:Chelyabinsk
521:Novosibirsk
236:Chicago 'L'
871:Categories
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816:get-nsk.ru
797:2021-07-09
773:2021-07-09
749:2021-07-09
724:2021-07-09
639:2011-01-21
599:References
388:, various
362:Shinkansen
315:MU systems
114:April 2009
84:newspapers
581:Push-pull
557:Krasnodar
452:Leningrad
394:Tightlock
330:air brake
251:EMD F40PH
146:Bielefeld
743:fakty.ua
563:See also
553:Nikolaev
541:Kemerovo
344:system.
342:Locotrol
321:system.
291:cow-calf
672:16 June
533:Kharkiv
513:Donetsk
494:ZiU-682
475:MTB-82D
467:ZiU-683
461:In the
421:cab car
390:knuckle
378:coupler
368:Modern
326:coupler
280:B units
278:and no
276:A units
272:F units
190:Origins
184:consist
150:Germany
98:scholar
537:Moscow
517:Samara
428:Amtrak
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509:Odesa
490:ZiU-5
448:ZiU-9
336:With
168:train
142:ICE 2
105:JSTOR
91:books
674:2012
555:and
545:Sumy
525:Omsk
471:Kyiv
463:USSR
456:USSR
446:Two
372:and
293:for
287:slug
262:and
214:The
140:Two
77:news
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