542:
242:
369:
385:
357:
140:
345:
527:
tracking radars can also be used to predict the range error of individual rockets. Trajectory-correcting munitions may then benefit from this, as a directional radio may send a coded message to the rocket to deploy air brakes at just the right time to correct most of the range error. This requires that the rockets were originally aimed too far, as the range can only be shortened by the air brakes, not extended.
43:
329:
389:
392:
391:
387:
386:
393:
390:
257:
289:
long and the striking distance reached 300 to 400 paces. The
Chinese also enhanced rocket tips with poison and made sure that the launchers were mobile. They designed a multiple rocket launcher to be carried and operated by a single soldier. Various forms of MRLs evolved, including a launcher mounted on a wheelbarrow.
325:. These were explosive steel-cased bombardment rockets with minimal launchers. European navies developed naval multiple launcher mounts with steadily improving explosive rockets for light and coastal vessels. These weapons were largely replaced by conventional light artillery during the late nineteenth century.
570:
previously dispersion had made rockets too inefficient and often too dangerous to friendly troops at long ranges. Long-range MRL missiles often fly a higher quasi-ballistic trajectory than shorter-ranged rockets and thus pose a de-confliction challenge, as they might collide with friendly aircraft in the air.
518:
such as GPS) for quick and accurate positioning. The accurate determination of the battery position previously required such effort that making a dispersed operation of the battery was at times impractical. MRL systems with GPS can have their MRLs dispersed and fire from various positions at a single
499:
by adding or removing propellant increments. Simple MRL rocket types have a rather long minimum firing range for the same reason. An approach to lessen this limit is the addition of drag rings to the rocket nose. The increased drag slows the rocket down relative to a clean configuration and creates a
288:
Chinese militaries later created multiple rocket launchers that fired up to 100 small fire-arrow rockets simultaneously. The typical powder section of the arrow-rockets was 1/3 to 1/2 ft (10 to 15 cm) long. Bamboo arrow shafts varied from 1.5 ft (45 cm) to 2.5 ft (75 cm)
526:
to determine winds or to track special rockets that self-destruct in the air. The tracking allows determination of the influence of winds and propellant temperatures on the rockets' flight paths. These observations can then be factored into the firing solution for the rocket salvo for effect. Such
477:
With containers, pods or modules that can be removed from the launcher and quickly replaced with same or different types of rockets and calibers. They are usually reloaded at a factory or within specially-equipped army workshops. These are more modern types of weapons as they are not necessarily
473:
With tubes or pipes, usually made of steel, non-removable from launcher, with options to be reloaded on the battlefield with rockets loaded manually or semi-automatically. This was the most usual type until the 21st century. It is more convenient for battlefield usage because it does not require
569:
of hundreds of meters at dozens of kilometers' range to just a few meters and largely independent of the range of the round (except for INS, as INS navigation creates a small dispersion that is about proportional to range). This in turn made great increases of rocket (or missile) ranges useful;
433:, called the "Screaming Mimi" by the Allies. The system was developed before the war to skirt the limitations of the Treaty of Versailles. Later in the war, 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41s were mounted on modified Opel Maultier "Mule" halftracks, becoming
444:
Another German halftrack MRL system was inspired by the
Russian BM-13. Keeping the Soviet 82 mm rocket caliber as well as the launch and rocket stabilisation designs, it was developed into a system of two rows of 12 guide rails mounted to a
212:
Unguided rocket artillery is notoriously inaccurate and slow to reload compared to gun artillery. A multiple rocket launcher helps compensate for this with its ability to launch multiple rockets in rapid succession, which, coupled with the large
478:
related to just one type of rocket and give more options to commanders in the field to deal with different tactical situations using different types of rockets or to quickly reload. They are also easier to upgrade for different types of rockets.
487:
Like all artillery, MRLs have a reputation of devastating morale on ill-disciplined or already-shaken troops. The material effect depends on circumstances, as well-covered field fortifications may provide reasonable protection.
388:
420:
and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern MRLs. The
Americans mounted tubular launchers atop
541:
778:
429:
rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the
Katyusha. The Germans began using a towed six-tube multiple rocket launcher during World War II, the
534:) correction of the rocket's flight path with steering by fins or nose thrusters. The latter is more common with systems which can be used to upgrade old rockets and the IMI
878:
302:) made of 100 to 200 holes containing rocket arrows placed on a two-wheeled cart. The range of the fired arrows is estimated to have been 2,000 meters. The
317:
European armies preferred relatively large single-launch rockets prior to World War II. Napoleonic armies of both sides followed the
British adoption of
771:
307:
449:
chassis, each row providing the capacity for 24 rockets, underslung as well as on top of the rails, for 48 rockets total. This vehicle was designated
60:
873:
834:
441:("heavy military transport", sWS) halftrack to a configuration similar to the Panzerwerfer 42 4/1, mounting the 10-barreled 15 cm Nebelwerfer.
453:(8 cm multiple rocket launcher). As the launch system was inspired by and looked similar to the BM-13, which the Germans had nicknamed "
107:
863:
731:
704:
680:
649:
601:
31:
79:
126:
803:
500:
less flat trajectory. Pre-packaged MRL munitions do not offer this option but some MRL types with individually loaded rockets do.
86:
64:
721:
530:
A more sophisticated system makes use of radar data and a one-way radio datalink to initiate a two dimensional (range and
241:
93:
883:
611:
858:
450:
438:
281:
was fixed backward on a pike or arrow and shot at an enemy as early as 1180. This form of rocket was used during the
245:
An illustration of a handheld multiple rocket launcher constructed of basketry, as depicted in the 11th century book
75:
566:
558:
554:
53:
230:
596:
562:
413:
406:
349:
772:"Improvised Employment of S-5 Air-to-Surface Rockets in Land Warfare: A brief history and technical appraisal"
368:
282:
868:
838:
437:
42 4/1s. Another version produced in limited numbers towards the end of the war was a conversion of the
100:
515:
430:
377:
508:
474:
special tools to reload modules and test them before using them on launchers as with other types.
190:
553:
Fin-stabilised rockets also allow for easy course corrections using rudders or minute charges.
727:
700:
676:
645:
641:
635:
356:
311:
226:
574:
492:
333:
318:
175:
167:
139:
590:
523:
511:") are often seen in civil wars when rebels make use of captured launchers and munitions.
322:
218:
194:
179:
171:
573:
The differences between an MRL missile and a large anti-tank guided missile, such as the
186:. Rockets are self-propelled in flight and have different capabilities than conventional
810:
557:
have been introduced to exploit this. Guidance principles such as satellite navigation,
17:
606:
503:
Improvised MRLs based on helicopter or aircraft-mounted rocket pods (typically of 57–80
293:
246:
344:
852:
668:
549:
MRL capable of using thermobaric warheads, mounted on a T-72 tank chassis, in action
519:
target, just as previously multiple batteries were often united on one target area.
581:(guided unitary multiple launch rocket system), which passed flight tests in 2014.
434:
426:
417:
410:
398:
361:
274:
250:
214:
27:
Rocket artillery system capable of launching multiple rockets in quick succession
143:
42:
495:
because it is more difficult to determine the trajectory compared to that of a
422:
278:
273:
The first multiple rocket launchers were invented during the medieval
Chinese
183:
578:
373:
328:
187:
496:
446:
205:
than a similarly sized gun artillery platform, or even carrying multiple
535:
531:
314:, in which 40 hwachas were deployed to repel 30,000 Japanese soldiers.
206:
202:
298:
265:
261:
198:
30:"MLRS" redirects here. For the U.S. Army system known as "MLRS", see
491:
MRLs are still unable to properly engage reverse slope positions in
804:"Israel Military Industries exhibits reborn Accular guided rocket"
546:
540:
457:" or "Stalin-Organ", the Vielfachwerfer soon became known as the "
367:
355:
343:
327:
256:
255:
240:
138:
229:
to combine the advantages of rockets with the higher accuracy of
146:
launching a GMLRS rocket at the White Sands
Missile Range in 2005
837:(Press release). Lockheed Martin. 11 August 2014. Archived from
673:
Blazing the Trail: The Early
History of Spacecraft and Rocketry
507:
mm caliber) especially on light trucks and pickups (so-called "
296:
of Korea used an expanded variant of such a launcher (called a
514:
Modern MRL systems can use modern land navigation (especially
222:
36:
306:
was used to great effect against invading armies during the
749:
Katyusha
Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941-Present
269:
multiple rocket launcher (designed in 1409) in a museum
723:
Tools of War: History of
Weapons in Early Modern Times
577:, have blurred due to guided MRL missiles such as the
332:
A painting showing the British forces confronted with
634:
James, Peter J.; Thorpe, Nick; Thorpe, I. J. (1995).
221:
over a target area. However, modern rockets can use
675:. American Institute of Aeronautics. pp. 5–6.
565:are used for this. This improves dispersion from a
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
761:Jane's Armour and Artillery 2011-2012 data sheets
8:
697:What Life was Like in the Land of the Dragon
663:
661:
409:MRLs—and arguably the most famous—was the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
383:
629:
627:
623:
7:
879:Military history of the Song dynasty
777:. Armament Research Services. 2014.
217:of each warhead, can easily deliver
65:adding citations to reliable sources
376:captured by the British during the
602:List of U.S. Army rocket launchers
469:There are two main types of MRLs:
401:in Russian service, 23 August 2018
32:M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
25:
699:(1st ed.). Time-Life. 1998.
201:, typically considerably higher
41:
874:Self-propelled rocket launchers
784:from the original on 2014-09-24
751:. Osprey Publishing. p. 4.
308:Japanese invasions of 1592–1598
52:needs additional citations for
170:system that contains multiple
1:
160:multiple launch rocket system
835:"Guided MLRS Unitary Rocket"
640:. Ballantine Books. p.
612:Transporter erector launcher
364:(designed in 1943) in action
174:which are fixed to a single
559:inertial navigation systems
522:Radar may be used to track
451:8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer
439:Schwerer Wehrmachtschlepper
900:
555:Precision-guided munitions
545:Heavy flamethrower system
231:precision-guided munitions
182:in a fashion similar to a
76:"Multiple rocket launcher"
29:
864:Multiple rocket launchers
563:semi-active laser seekers
597:List of rocket artillery
593: – Type of firework
152:multiple rocket launcher
18:Multiple Rocket Launcher
747:Prenatt, Jamie (2016).
461:", or "Himmler-Organ".
283:Mongol siege of Kaifeng
277:, in which the Chinese
550:
402:
381:
372:A German Panzerwerfer
365:
353:
352:(in service from 1939)
336:
270:
253:
147:
720:Ramsey, Syed (2016).
544:
396:
371:
359:
347:
331:
259:
244:
142:
516:satellite navigation
425:tanks to create the
416:, first used during
378:Invasion of Normandy
61:improve this article
884:Crew served weapons
310:, most notably the
859:Chinese inventions
802:Richardson, Doug.
637:Ancient Inventions
551:
403:
382:
366:
354:
337:
271:
254:
148:
726:. Alpha Edition.
394:
312:Battle of Haengju
227:inertial guidance
193:, such as longer
178:, and shoots its
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
891:
843:
842:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
815:
809:. Archived from
808:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
783:
776:
768:
762:
759:
753:
752:
744:
738:
737:
717:
711:
710:
693:
687:
686:
665:
656:
655:
631:
524:weather balloons
506:
493:mountain warfare
397:Video of firing
395:
334:Mysorean rockets
319:Mysorean rockets
168:rocket artillery
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:
890:
889:
888:
849:
848:
847:
846:
833:
832:
828:
819:
817:
813:
806:
801:
800:
796:
787:
785:
781:
774:
770:
769:
765:
760:
756:
746:
745:
741:
734:
719:
718:
714:
707:
695:
694:
690:
683:
667:
666:
659:
652:
633:
632:
625:
620:
591:Cake (firework)
587:
538:is an example.
504:
485:
467:
384:
342:
323:Congreve rocket
239:
219:saturation fire
195:effective range
180:rocket ordnance
166:) is a type of
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
897:
895:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
851:
850:
845:
844:
841:on 2014-08-11.
826:
794:
763:
754:
739:
733:978-9386101679
732:
712:
706:978-0783554587
705:
688:
682:978-1563477058
681:
669:Gruntman, Mike
657:
651:978-0345401021
650:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
609:
607:Rouketopolemos
604:
599:
594:
586:
583:
484:
481:
480:
479:
475:
466:
463:
414:BM-13 Katyusha
407:self-propelled
341:
338:
294:Joseon dynasty
247:Wujing Zongyao
238:
235:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
896:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Salvo weapons
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
840:
836:
830:
827:
816:on 2015-07-15
812:
805:
798:
795:
780:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:
750:
743:
740:
735:
729:
725:
724:
716:
713:
708:
702:
698:
692:
689:
684:
678:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
653:
647:
643:
639:
638:
630:
628:
624:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
543:
539:
537:
533:
528:
525:
520:
517:
512:
510:
501:
498:
494:
489:
483:Current usage
482:
476:
472:
471:
470:
464:
462:
460:
459:Himmler-Orgel
456:
452:
448:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
415:
412:
408:
400:
379:
375:
370:
363:
358:
351:
346:
339:
335:
330:
326:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
268:
267:
263:
258:
252:
248:
243:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
839:the original
829:
818:. Retrieved
811:the original
797:
786:. Retrieved
766:
757:
748:
742:
722:
715:
696:
691:
672:
636:
572:
552:
529:
521:
513:
502:
490:
486:
468:
458:
455:Stalin-Orgel
454:
443:
435:Panzerwerfer
427:T34 Calliope
418:World War II
404:
399:BM-27 Uragan
362:T34 Calliope
340:World War II
316:
303:
297:
291:
287:
275:Song dynasty
272:
264:
251:Song dynasty
211:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
431:Nebelwerfer
144:M142 HIMARS
117:August 2014
853:Categories
820:2014-08-18
788:2014-08-17
618:References
509:technicals
423:M4 Sherman
405:The first
279:fire lance
184:volley gun
87:newspapers
579:M31 GMLRS
374:Sd.Kfz. 4
360:American
215:kill zone
188:artillery
172:launchers
779:Archived
671:(2005).
585:See also
497:howitzer
447:Maultier
350:Katyusha
207:warheads
197:, lower
176:platform
536:ACCULAR
532:azimuth
380:in 1944
321:as the
260:Korean
249:of the
237:History
203:payload
101:scholar
730:
703:
679:
648:
575:Nimrod
547:TOS-1A
505:
411:Soviet
348:BM-13
304:hwacha
299:hwacha
266:hwacha
262:Joseon
199:recoil
191:shells
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
814:(PDF)
807:(PDF)
782:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
465:Types
158:) or
108:JSTOR
94:books
728:ISBN
701:ISBN
677:ISBN
646:ISBN
561:and
292:The
164:MLRS
80:news
642:238
567:CEP
225:or
223:GPS
156:MRL
63:by
855::
660:^
644:.
626:^
285:.
233:.
209:.
150:A
823:.
791:.
736:.
709:.
685:.
654:.
162:(
154:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
