2508:
5689:, but even their liturgy differed from the "Sephardic" in only a few details such as the order of the hymns on Rosh Hashanah. Some differences between the two main prayer books published in Aleppo in the early twentieth century may reflect Sephardi/Musta'arabi differences, but this is not certain: current Syrian rite prayer books are based on both books.
5658:, both of which presupposed a Sephardic (and specifically Castilian) prayer text; for this reason a basically "Sephardic" type of text replaced many of the local Near and Middle Eastern rites over the course of the 16th to 19th centuries, subject to a few characteristic local customs retained in each country. (See
5681:
As details of the oral tradition faded from memory, the liturgy in use came still nearer to the "Livorno" standard. Nevertheless, a distinction persisted between the "Sephardic" rite (based on the
Livorno siddurim) and the "Musta'arabi" rite (basically similar, but retaining some features derived
5673:
countries, there was no attempt to print a Siddur containing the actual usages of the community, as this would not generally be commercially viable. Major publishing centres, principally
Livorno, and later Vienna, would produce standard "Sephardic" prayer books suitable for use in all communities,
5157:
Due to the persecution of the rural Jewish population since the
Islamic period into the Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods, the Musta'arabim decreased from a majority of the Galilee's population to its smallest minority.. In many of them, there were indigenous Jewish villagers until the Ottoman
5118:
The Musta'arabi Jews in the Land of Israel were descendants of the ancient
Hebrews who never left the Land of Israel, instead remaining there through the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD to the First Aliyah in 1881, prior to the onset of Zionist immigration. Under the rule of the
5722:
however, were “overwhelmingly or its neighbor Syria, only there was the Hebrew language sufficiently cultivated that it could be managed with stylistic correctness, and only there could it be made to speak so expressively.” The earliest Eretz
Yisrael prayer manuscripts, found in the
5490:). In a broad sense, it falls within the "Sephardi" rather than the "Ashkenazi" family of rituals, but has resemblances to non-standard Sephardi rites such as the Catalan rather than to the normative Castilian rite. It also contains some archaic features which it shares with the
5123:
in the mid-16th century, there were no more than 10,000 Jews divided between numerous groups of congregations in all of
Ottoman-Syria. Within the Jewish community at this time, there was some conflict between the Musta'arabim and Jews who had immigrated to Israel from
5806:
The Syrian Musta'arabim have completely assimilated with the
Sephardic Jews and are no longer a distinct entity. Certain families identify as "Sephardim" in the narrower sense, and are distinguished by their practice of lighting an extra candle on
5170:, where most of them are living today. The synagogues and cemeteries of Musta'arabi Jews, as in Peki'in, are considered the oldest in the Jewish world and can be dated largely to the Talmudic period but also to Mishnaic and Second Temple period.
5574:. At dawn of Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays, special Seliḥot prayers were recited. There were different seliḥot prayers, piyyutim, and Biblical verses to be recited for each week of that month. Syrian Jews, like other Sephardim, still recite
110:. The general tendency, however, was for both the communities and their customs to amalgamate, adopting a mostly Sephardic liturgy. This pattern was found in most Musta'arabi communities in Arab countries. A typical example is in the
5448:
The Musta'arabim have assimilated into mainstream
Sephardic Israeli life and it is unknown how many Israeli Jews of Musta'arabi descent there are. In America, they follow the general Syrian traditions, and have mainly settled in
19:
This article is about Jews who lived in North Africa and the Middle East prior to the arrival and integration of Jews from Spain and
Portugal. For Israeli security unit who assimilate among the local Arab population, see
5818:(USA), the last time the Musta'arabi liturgy was officially used was during the 1930s. Shelomo Salem Zafrani, of Aleppo, held daily services in the Musta'arabi Jewish rite, until his departure to the
1146:
5822:
in the early 1930s. After his departure, there is no known public usage of this liturgy even in Aleppo itself. Today, Syrian Jews, with the exception of a few individuals living in
1724:
2591:
1379:
1074:
1266:
6020:
A description of the
Murishkes is cited in וזה שער השמים from שאלי שלום ירושלים, whose author participated in the "Hasid's" Aliyah. Rabbi Shlomo Suzen, from the times of the
5304:, and the area that surrounds them saw an increase in population, in 1500 it is estimated that over 10,000 Jews were living in the Safed Region. Jews started to move towards
5245:
populations. Many were forced to convert but instead opted to commit suicide. At Ashkelon, 1191, the Jews were forced out by the crusaders, many of them moved to Jerusalem.
106:
In many Arab countries, Sephardi immigrants and the established Musta'arabi communities maintained separate synagogues and separate religious rituals, but often had a common
5578:
during the entire month of Elul. However, the seliḥot recited by the Syrian Jews are standardized and do not vary from day to day as do the seliḥot of the Aram Soba Maḥzor.
5678:
commissioned a series of prayer-books from Livorno, which were printed in 1878: these were "pan-Sephardic" in character, with some notes referring to "minhag Aram Soba".)
5646:
evolved containing elements from the customs of both communities, but with the Sephardic element taking an ever-larger share. One reason for this was the influence of the
2474:
5743:
thereby gives evidence that he is no scholar". Accordingly, scholars classifying the liturgies of later periods usually hold that, the more a given liturgy makes use of
238:
5140:). From 1839 onward, Jewish subjects of the Ottoman Empire, including the Musta'arabim, were represented by a locally nominated rabbi, whose appointment to serve as a
1261:
6227:
Other shared features are the practice of reciting Psalm 8 at the beginning of the evening service on Shabbat and festivals (Fleischer, above) and the wording of the
1509:
5674:
and particular communities such as the Syrians would order these in bulk, preserving any special usages by oral tradition. (For example, Ḥacham Abraham Hamaoui of
5685:
In the early years of the twentieth century, the "Sephardic" rite was almost universal in Syria. The only exception (in Aleppo) was a "Musta'arabi" minyan at the
5384:
The main Jewish population center moves away from the Galilee and towards Jerusalem. Still, the Ladino-speaking Jews dominate Jewish life. New arrivals from the
1763:
748:
711:
5559:, called Alpha-Beta, which consists of reciting Psalm 119-134 before the Evening Services on Motzaei Shabbat: this also appears in the prayer book of the
6447:
4394:
5906:
5731:, as these were the parts of the liturgy that required to be written down: the wording of the basic prayers was generally known by heart. The use of
2706:
1687:
4982:
1710:
6036:
A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America
1060:
5163:
5971:
The Western Sephardim: the history of some of the communities formed in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the New World after the expulsion of 1492
4369:
2467:
1637:
1572:
1454:
6184:
6070:
758:
5189:, the vast majority of those indigenous Jews who would come to be known as Musta'arabim lived in small villages, especially in the north or
5052:, Syria and the surrounding region was brought under Arab rule in the first half of the seventh century, and the Jews of the land, like the
3758:
1196:
5257:, the Jews generally saw a decline in status and demographics. Jews started to move out of small villages and into larger ones such as:
4374:
4136:
3300:
1464:
1281:
1271:
511:
6249:
5811:. (This is said to be in gratitude for their acceptance by the older community. It is not shared with Sephardim in other countries.)
5739:
made every effort to discourage it and restore what they regarded as the statutory wording of the prayers, holding that "any who uses
5132:. Later on, there was also conflict between Jewish citizens of the Ottoman Empire and those who held foreign passports (the so-called
4379:
1860:
1810:
1775:
1469:
1334:
1201:
5630:
A facsimile edition has recently been published by Yad HaRav Nissim, using pages from the best surviving copies of the 1527 edition.
5173:
Unlike the majority of the Jewish communities, Musta'arabi Jews of Israel remained mostly rural farmers as in the ancient periods of
6369:
6109:
6043:
6005:
5978:
5953:
3723:
2460:
1552:
1514:
1489:
1409:
1394:
1241:
1181:
1136:
5616:
1845:
1827:
1733:
1627:
1479:
1474:
1399:
1364:
1231:
5150:" required approval from the Ottoman authorities. This hierarchical system paralleled one previously established for Christian
4235:
2920:
2363:
2262:
1817:
1800:
1753:
1652:
1562:
1499:
1449:
1429:
1424:
1344:
1318:
1293:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1131:
1126:
6452:
6442:
3816:
1836:
1822:
1790:
1770:
1738:
1682:
1657:
1632:
1612:
1602:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1519:
1434:
1419:
1339:
1298:
1251:
1246:
1166:
1111:
118:
5049:
4111:
2257:
1795:
1780:
1743:
1705:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1647:
1642:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1567:
1533:
1504:
1404:
1389:
1313:
1303:
1221:
1191:
1116:
1102:
738:
5552:
There was a tradition to recite 72 different verses from the Bible immediately after the Amidah of the Morning Services.
5372:. In some respects, the Musta'arabim in the four holy cities ceased being a distinct group; only in rural areas such as
4975:
4656:
3718:
2517:
1865:
1785:
1748:
1672:
1617:
1484:
1459:
1384:
1359:
1349:
1288:
1211:
1206:
1186:
1176:
1156:
1141:
1034:
502:
497:
111:
5515:
The following prayers are worded differently (while still preserving the same message of the prayer): Baruch She’Amar,
6331:
5866:
5747:, the more likely it is to reflect Eretz Yisrael as opposed to Babylonian influence. This, if correct, would put the
5686:
5560:
4544:
4302:
4297:
4240:
3811:
1855:
1850:
1805:
1758:
1444:
1414:
1374:
1369:
1226:
532:
134:
5615:
posted a scanned PDF of the 1560 Venetian edition of the "Maḥzor Aram Soba" to the "Archives" section of its site. A
5474:
The Aleppo Musta'arabim in Syria originally had a distinct way of worship, set out in a distinct prayer book called
4426:
4307:
3374:
2631:
2329:
2174:
1882:
1276:
472:
462:
198:
6074:
819:
6437:
5659:
4359:
4354:
3821:
3728:
2967:
2861:
2443:
2136:
1987:
1928:
5945:
The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God
5995:
5943:
4225:
3305:
3092:
2146:
2126:
1236:
716:
257:
5021:" (mozárabe in Spanish, borrowed from Arabic) to refer to Arabized (but not Islamized) Christian Spaniards in
4861:
4621:
5775:, rather than expanding on and partially replacing core parts of the prayers. Accordingly, the prevalence of
5718:, was not limited to the Syrian Musta'arabi community, but occurred in most Jewish communities. The earliest
5368:. Along with the Musta'arabim adopting some Sephardic practices, they also intermarried extensively with the
6457:
4968:
4292:
3036:
2962:
2915:
2287:
2277:
2242:
2121:
2111:
1894:
1065:
1007:
841:
520:
477:
192:
5571:
4474:
4389:
4101:
4051:
3700:
3688:
3270:
2538:
2406:
2141:
2055:
1121:
673:
292:
262:
61:
5063:
Musta'arabim, in the Arabized Hebrew of the day, was used to refer to Arabic-speaking Jews native to the
668:
5597:
5491:
4439:
4364:
4041:
2533:
2491:
2297:
2292:
2237:
2025:
940:
655:
550:
267:
4584:
3826:
2833:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2528:
2368:
2320:
2060:
1918:
731:
596:
585:
543:
5819:
4574:
4499:
4188:
4131:
4121:
4091:
4056:
4036:
2850:
2656:
2626:
2563:
2421:
794:
661:
564:
557:
487:
375:
250:
100:
6264:
5815:
5780:
5601:
5479:
5458:
5345:
5234:
4514:
4449:
4434:
4404:
4203:
4198:
4183:
4076:
4071:
3765:
3738:
3733:
2925:
2895:
2272:
2222:
2169:
2164:
2078:
1948:
1216:
1045:
804:
724:
578:
144:
5045:(which also underwent cultural and linguistic Arabization following the Muslim conquest there).
6125:
5115:. The latter were a minority whose numbers shrank further due to intermarriage with Sephardim.
2507:
6365:
6180:
6105:
6066:
6039:
6001:
5974:
5949:
5535:
5057:
4690:
4671:
4217:
4178:
4126:
4116:
4106:
4081:
4066:
4029:
3915:
3660:
3044:
2930:
2788:
2416:
2358:
2338:
2155:
1715:
1354:
814:
685:
615:
492:
405:
272:
88:
5786:
Following the dominance in Syria of the Sephardic rite, which took the Geonic disapproval of
5846:
5771:. Also, they are generally placed in a block at the beginning of the service, like today's
5589:
at night and not in the morning: Syrian Jews still recite it before rather than after Arbit.
5450:
5349:
5202:
5084:
4661:
4646:
4631:
4579:
4484:
4384:
4287:
4250:
4193:
4173:
4168:
4141:
4061:
3920:
3683:
3591:
3481:
3476:
3260:
3165:
3103:
3068:
3060:
2910:
2900:
2881:
2803:
2636:
2386:
2267:
2227:
2191:
1889:
1439:
950:
706:
610:
525:
415:
207:
4706:
6339:
5814:
According to Joey Mosseri, a Sephardic historian living in the Syrian Jewish community in
5619:
of the work is also available. For further links to both the 1527 and 1560 editions, see
5546:
5482:
rather than Babylonian traditions in certain respects, in particular in the prominence of
5416:
Zionists from Eastern Europe angered the Arab-Islamic ruling class. Relations between the
5317:
5186:
4938:
4811:
4594:
4559:
4459:
4349:
4255:
4230:
4096:
3900:
3491:
3357:
3347:
3310:
3076:
2743:
2686:
2676:
2348:
2307:
2302:
2282:
2204:
2198:
2131:
2083:
1923:
1904:
1055:
784:
696:
679:
223:
107:
96:
92:
50:
35:
4666:
5826:, live outside of Syria, and do not distinguish between Musta'arabi and Sephardic Jews.
5424:
also suffered at times. Musta'arabim either joined sides with the Zionists, fighting in
5056:
majority at that time, became culturally Arabized, adopting many of the ways of the new
170:
5647:
5539:
5528:
5120:
5112:
5100:
5068:
5064:
4851:
4636:
4611:
4282:
4163:
4155:
3955:
3885:
3601:
3429:
3379:
3327:
3265:
3210:
3113:
2977:
2935:
2798:
2783:
2691:
2666:
2611:
2601:
2448:
2247:
2116:
2102:
1982:
1961:
1938:
1933:
1911:
1899:
1494:
975:
909:
874:
852:
789:
627:
605:
467:
446:
422:
188:
81:
21:
6431:
6358:
6098:
5841:
5764:
5670:
5582:
5534:
The Kaddish has a long set of “messianic references in the second verse” (unlike the
5337:
5254:
5108:
4893:
4731:
4676:
4454:
3980:
3962:
3636:
3471:
3133:
3052:
3007:
2945:
2940:
2866:
2396:
2391:
1597:
1524:
1050:
899:
894:
889:
879:
857:
809:
571:
410:
315:
277:
228:
126:
99:
exiles moved into the Middle East and North Africa (among other countries around the
84:
69:
6139:
6063:
One a day: an anthology of Jewish historical anniversaries for every day of the year
5997:
Religion und Nation, Nation und Religion: Beiträge zu einer unbewältigten Geschichte
5083:" (Easterners) or a Ladino word meaning "like Moors" or "Moorish" (compare with the
3975:
3967:
5871:
5836:
5724:
5389:
5142:
5026:
4923:
4846:
4736:
4641:
4524:
4317:
3705:
3678:
3596:
3526:
3506:
3342:
3337:
3295:
3255:
3244:
3029:
2992:
2758:
2499:
2426:
2252:
2093:
2088:
2046:
1999:
1093:
960:
945:
904:
869:
482:
324:
77:
65:
3846:
5759:
resemble those of the Spanish school rather than the work of early Eretz Yisrael
6021:
5851:
5655:
5556:
5433:
5147:
4933:
4888:
4786:
4626:
3990:
3611:
3566:
3501:
3409:
3332:
3185:
3180:
2987:
2950:
2905:
2876:
2871:
2726:
2411:
2353:
2018:
924:
919:
914:
884:
73:
6153:
5881:
5876:
5596:
for the three pilgrim festivals is very long, and resembles that found in the
5495:
5454:
5421:
5417:
5373:
5333:
5261:
5159:
5104:
5053:
5022:
4898:
4826:
4806:
4801:
4399:
4265:
4086:
3895:
3673:
3626:
3621:
3606:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3553:
3419:
3322:
2972:
2828:
2763:
2748:
2651:
2596:
2069:
1083:
1012:
970:
799:
779:
338:
245:
165:
6296:
Goldschmidt, D, "Machzor for Rosh Hashana" p.xxxi. Leo Baeck Institute, 1970.
5166:
they were forced to evacuate their ancestral historic village and to move to
5025:. "Musta'arabi" was also used by medieval Jewish authors to refer to Jews in
6216:
Eretz-Israel Prayer and Prayer Rituals: as portrayed in the Geniza documents
5409:
5397:
5369:
5353:
5341:
5276:
5230:
5218:
5194:
4878:
4741:
4569:
4534:
4509:
4409:
4312:
4270:
4260:
3195:
3143:
3108:
2818:
2621:
2586:
2232:
2217:
1307:
1255:
1017:
965:
955:
636:
632:
622:
537:
297:
4908:
3910:
3851:
3434:
985:
6237:
From a Sacred Source: Genizah Studies in Honour of Professor Stefan C Reif
5861:
5856:
5823:
5808:
5795:
5772:
5651:
5575:
5524:
5361:
5329:
5301:
5271:
5198:
5014:
4943:
4856:
4836:
4821:
4776:
4771:
4716:
4616:
4589:
3985:
3945:
3905:
3439:
3220:
3175:
3128:
3118:
3002:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2671:
2401:
2011:
1943:
774:
282:
233:
46:
25:
5004:, meaning "those who live among the Arabs", are derived from the Arabic
5768:
5767:: for example, they are in strict Arabic metres and make little use of
5715:
5643:
5623:. In addition, a weekday version of Maḥzor Aram Soba 1560 can be found
5593:
5516:
5505:
5437:
5425:
5413:
5385:
5206:
5190:
5088:
5080:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5018:
4948:
4918:
4873:
4841:
4796:
4791:
4781:
4726:
4721:
4651:
4606:
4564:
4444:
4046:
3873:
3787:
3748:
3743:
3424:
3384:
3352:
3170:
3138:
2778:
2377:
2343:
2212:
2006:
995:
990:
862:
753:
648:
644:
640:
389:
384:
361:
343:
218:
213:
203:
181:
156:
6335:
6327:
6232:
5736:
5710:
5675:
5624:
5520:
5502:
5483:
5365:
5321:
5320:
and in 1497 King Manuel I Decree converted or expelled all Jews from
5281:
5242:
5238:
5174:
5167:
5151:
5129:
4928:
4913:
4903:
4756:
4711:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4519:
4469:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3890:
3856:
3804:
3797:
3782:
3777:
3713:
3667:
3641:
3631:
3531:
3516:
3511:
3496:
3486:
3461:
3449:
3444:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3290:
3275:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3148:
3123:
3012:
2997:
2982:
2823:
2793:
2773:
2768:
2753:
2731:
2661:
2037:
2032:
1992:
1977:
1088:
980:
400:
366:
352:
287:
5201:. They suffered extreme oppression and frequent massacres under the
3646:
3466:
3362:
16:
Arabic-speaking pre-Sephardic Jewish communities of the Middle East
5735:
was always considered an Eretz Yisrael speciality: the Babylonian
5666:
5639:
5586:
5429:
5357:
5325:
5305:
5297:
5286:
5266:
5226:
5222:
5125:
5042:
4953:
4883:
4816:
4766:
4761:
4746:
4701:
4529:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4464:
4332:
4322:
4245:
3995:
3930:
3772:
3753:
3616:
3571:
3561:
3536:
3521:
3394:
3285:
3230:
3225:
3190:
3160:
2813:
2808:
2681:
2646:
2606:
2581:
2576:
1000:
429:
333:
302:
5566:
There was also an important tradition pertaining to the month of
5162:
there was a Musta'arabi population that has survived. Due to the
5567:
5501:
The following are some of the differences that stand out in the
5393:
5291:
5079:
by the Sephardi immigrants. This may be either a corruption of "
4831:
4751:
4504:
4337:
4327:
3841:
3792:
3389:
3280:
2696:
2641:
2616:
152:
6283:(1915) is thought to reflect the Sephardic rite: Abraham Ades,
5794:
were eliminated from the prayer book. Some of them survive as
6422:
6381:
The Legend of Safed: Life and Fantasy in the City of Kabbalah
6177:
The Legend of Safed: Life and Fantasy in the City of Kabbalah
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
5324:. Many of these settled in the 2 main cities of the Galilee,
121:, there was a strong and enduring social distinction between
5512:
The order of the Psalms in the morning service is different.
5432:, or left the Ottoman Empire entirely, joining the waves of
5929:, Zev Vilnay, Karṭa, Israel Universities Press, 1968, p. 91
5612:
5344:
practices, and the start of a golden age of Jewish life in
6417:
6279:(1907) is thought to reflect the Musta'arabi rite, while
5783:, though such a link may be argued for on other grounds.
5000:
The word "Mustaʿrabi" itself, and its Hebrew equivalent
6322:
For example, the Mahzor Aram Soba does not contain the
6388:
Abramovitch, Ilana; Galvin, Seán; Galvin, Seǹ (2002).
6200:
Abramovitch, Ilana; Galvin, Seán; Galvin, Seǹ (2002).
6154:"Jewish Virtual Library, Jews in the Mamluk Sultanate"
6126:"Jewish Virtual Library, Jews in the Byzantine Empire"
5348:. This golden age happened almost exclusively in the
6305:
R. Nahshon, cited in R. Johanan's commentary on the
5103:
constituted one of the three main components of the
2016:
1997:
420:
6357:
6140:"Jewish Virtual Library, Jews during the Crusades"
6097:
5969:Barnett, Richard David; Schwab, Walter M. (1989).
5751:firmly in the Eretz Yisrael camp. However, the
5107:(Jewish community of Israel), together with the
5714:, which was very prominent on the holidays and
5340:. This had two major outcomes: the adoption of
6263:This is thought to have been a feature of the
5549:, a practice no longer in place anywhere else.
6024:, was known as a descendant of the Murishkes.
5779:does not of itself establish a link with the
5555:There is a tradition, still followed by many
4976:
2468:
8:
6038:(3rd, revised ed.). Ktav. p. 369.
5937:
5935:
5900:
5898:
5029:, in what would become the modern states of
5005:
5948:. Princeton University Press. p. 287.
5908:Volume 2, The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia
5217:The Jews in Palestine defended against the
712:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6251:Maḥzor le-nosaḥ Barcelona minhag Catalonia
5927:The New Israel Atlas: Bible to Present Day
5545:Psalm 8 was recited each night before the
5376:did the Musta'arabi Jews remain dominant.
4983:
4969:
4395:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
2486:
2475:
2461:
2325:
1966:
1039:
846:
451:
320:
139:
5994:Geyer, Michael; Lehmann, Hartmut (2004).
5237:, from 1099 to 1291, murdered the native
5922:
5920:
5918:
80:prior to the arrival and integration of
24:. For the Christians of al-Andalus, see
6057:
6055:
5894:
5071:". These Musta'arabim were also called
2498:
2376:
2328:
2154:
2101:
2068:
2045:
1969:
1835:
1723:
1697:
1532:
1326:
1101:
1073:
932:
766:
695:
595:
510:
454:
374:
351:
323:
151:
5642:following the expulsion, a compromise
4370:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
103:), and settled among the Musta'arabi.
6364:. William Morrow & Company, Inc.
6104:. William Morrow & Company, Inc.
5570:, the month of repentance before the
5519:, Kedushah, certain blessings of the
5478:. This ritual is thought to reflect
7:
5400:traditions over the Musta'arabim's.
95:in 1492. Following their expulsion,
5638:After the immigration of Jews from
5006:
4375:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
4030:National literatures of Arab States
54:
39:
6326:or poetic expansion of the second
5487:
5332:, notable Jewish Scholars such as
5308:exportation and Rabbinic studies.
4380:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
14:
6448:Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Syria
6235:(B Outhwaite and S Bhayro (eds),
6000:. Wallstein Verlag. p. 279.
5660:Sephardic law and customs#Liturgy
5620:
5538:where it is much shorter and the
5060:rulers, including the language.
503:Historical population comparisons
6179:. Wayne State University Press.
5973:. Gibraltar Books. p. 315.
2506:
1147:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1061:Historical population by country
6383:. Wayne State University Press.
6065:, KTAV Publishing House, 1987,
5634:Influence of the Sephardic rite
6239:(Leiden 2011), pp 132 and 135.
6034:Dobrinsky, Herbert C. (1986).
1:
5050:Muslim conquest of the Levant
718:Christianity and Judaism
6379:Yassif, Eli (May 20, 2019).
5820:British Mandate of Palestine
5209:, but many were illiterate.
5099:The Musta'arabi Jews in the
112:history of the Jews in Syria
6360:The Atlas of Jewish History
6332:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
6100:The Atlas of Jewish History
5942:Peters, Francis E. (2005).
5867:Central Synagogue of Aleppo
5798:, used extra-liturgically.
5687:Central Synagogue of Aleppo
5682:from the older tradition).
5561:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
5067:who were, "like Arabs" or "
4545:One Thousand and One Nights
2017:
1998:
1725:Latin America and Caribbean
421:
6474:
6418:Sephardic Pizmonim Project
6218:(Jerusalem 1988) pp 202ff.
5911:. Varda Books. p. 81.
5613:Sephardic Pizmonim Project
5585:, they only read Megillat
5205:. They continued to speak
5069:culturally Arabic-oriented
5017:”. Compare with the term "
4308:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
3375:Andalusian classical music
3301:Arabic musical instruments
2632:Islamic geometric patterns
2330:Jewish political movements
2027:Conversion to Judaism
18:
6142:. Jewish Virtual Library.
6128:. Jewish Virtual Library.
5790:seriously, most of these
5697:Approximately 30% of the
5542:rite where it is absent).
4355:The Theology of Aristotle
3822:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
3719:Love in Arabic literature
2968:Arabic geometric patterns
2931:Islamic hardstone carving
2862:Ancient South Arabian art
733:Hinduism and Judaism
6356:Gilbert, Martin (1969).
6156:. Jewish Virtual Library
6096:Gilbert, Martin (1969).
5464:
5164:Arab revolt in the 1930s
5023:Arab ruled Islamic Spain
3724:Arabic erotic literature
2921:Palestinian wood carving
559:Temple in Jerusalem
252:Bar and bat mitzvah
137:from Italy to Tunisia).
6075:M1 Google Print, p. 278
5905:Landman, Isaak (2009).
5465:Syrian Musta'arabi rite
5193:, but also many around
5181:Roman and Byzantine era
4231:Islamic Aristotelianism
4226:Early Arabic Philosophy
521:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5611:On March 9, 2009, the
5408:The arrival of mainly
5058:foreign elite minority
4868:South Arabian deities
4390:Theologus Autodidactus
3271:Rhythm in Arabic music
6453:Cultural assimilation
6443:Jewish Syrian history
5598:Siddur of Saadia Gaon
5492:Siddur of Saadia Gaon
4697:North Arabian deities
4601:Fictional Arab people
4440:Atlantis of the Sands
4365:The Book of the Apple
2946:Islamic ivory carving
1267:São Tomé and Príncipe
1262:Republic of the Congo
656:Second Temple Judaism
527:Kingdom of Judah
498:Modern historiography
6405:The Aram Soba Mahzor
6334:on the first day of
6313:, Berachot no. 179).
6281:Seder Olat ha-Shaḥar
6175:Yassif, Eli (2019).
5781:old Palestinian rite
5531:(grace after meals).
5233:, occupying most of
3827:Modern Arabic poetry
3502:Gnawa (North Africa)
3343:Classical Arab music
2369:World Agudath Israel
1510:United Arab Emirates
597:Second Temple period
587:Babylonian captivity
93:expulsion from Spain
62:Arabic-speaking Jews
6400:: Bene Berak, 1990.
6267:: Fleischer, above.
5727:, often consist of
4500:Iram of the Pillars
3759:Mirrors for princes
3306:Great Book of Music
3039:(Arabian Peninsula)
2627:Islamic calligraphy
662:Hellenistic Judaism
240:Land of Israel
199:Principles of faith
101:Mediterranean Basin
72:, who lived in the
6330:blessing, used by
6265:Palestinian minhag
6061:Abraham P. Bloch,
5662:for more detail.)
5498:' laws of prayer.
5197:, and even toward
4622:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
4450:Beast of the Earth
4405:Sicilian Questions
4236:Islamic Platonism
4189:Arabic mathematics
3739:Arabic short story
3734:Literary_criticism
2926:Islamic embroidery
2896:Arabic calligraphy
2223:Jewish Koine Greek
1765:Dominican Republic
1046:Judaism by country
725:Jews and Christmas
580:Assyrian captivity
91:, following their
6407:: New York, 2006.
6186:978-0-8143-4110-0
6071:978-0-88125-108-1
4993:
4992:
4293:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
4204:Arabic technology
4199:Arabic psychology
4184:Arabic Golden Age
2951:Islamic Metalwork
2707:Stucco decoration
2485:
2484:
2434:
2433:
2182:
2181:
1929:Reconstructionist
1873:
1872:
1025:
1024:
832:
831:
669:Jewish–Roman wars
617:Hasmonean dynasty
533:Kingdom of Israel
437:
436:
125:(the established
89:Iberian Peninsula
6465:
6438:Arab Jews topics
6393:
6390:Jews of Brooklyn
6384:
6375:
6363:
6343:
6320:
6314:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6277:Seder Olat Tamid
6274:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6254:, Salonica 1527.
6246:
6240:
6231:blessing of the
6225:
6219:
6214:Ezra Fleischer,
6212:
6206:
6205:
6202:Jews of Brooklyn
6197:
6191:
6190:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6103:
6093:
6078:
6059:
6050:
6049:
6031:
6025:
6018:
6012:
6011:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5939:
5930:
5924:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5847:Palestinian Jews
5757:Mahzor Aram Soba
5749:Mahzor Aram Soba
5699:Mahzor Aram Soba
5572:Days of Judgment
5476:Maḥzor Aram Soba
5350:Four Holy Cities
5225:, especially at
5158:period. Only in
5009:
5008:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4662:Princess Jasmine
4647:Layla and Majnun
4632:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4580:She-Camel of God
4575:Shams al-Ma'arif
4385:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4251:Sufi metaphysics
4179:Arabic geography
4174:Arabic astronomy
4169:Arabic astrology
4164:Arabic chemistry
3729:Arabic grimoires
3709:
3482:Chaabi (Morocco)
3477:Chaabi (Algeria)
3261:Arab tone system
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
2911:Arabic miniature
2637:Islamic ornament
2510:
2487:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2326:
2207:
2028:
2022:
2003:
1967:
1914:
1861:New Zealand
1813:
1776:El Salvador
1766:
1698:Northern America
1690:
1284:
1040:
951:Crimean Karaites
847:
825:
823:
744:
742:
734:
728:
719:
707:Rabbinic Judaism
688:
682:
676:
664:
652:
618:
611:Maccabean Revolt
588:
581:
575:
567:
560:
554:
546:
528:
452:
426:
321:
253:
241:
140:
117:In contrast, in
56:
41:
32:Musta'arabi Jews
6473:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6428:
6427:
6414:
6403:Betesh, David,
6396:Ades, Abraham,
6387:
6378:
6372:
6355:
6352:
6350:Further reading
6347:
6346:
6340:Shemini Atzeret
6321:
6317:
6311:Otzar ha-Geonim
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6275:
6271:
6262:
6258:
6247:
6243:
6226:
6222:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6095:
6094:
6081:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6019:
6015:
6008:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5925:
5916:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5882:Margalit Zinati
5832:
5804:
5701:is composed of
5695:
5636:
5547:Evening Service
5472:
5470:Old Aleppo rite
5467:
5446:
5406:
5382:
5318:Alhambra Decree
5314:
5312:Galilee Revival
5251:
5215:
5187:Roman Palestine
5183:
5154:in the empire.
5138:Señores Francos
5097:
5065:region of Syria
4998:
4989:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4862:Isāf and Nā'ila
4693:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4595:Zarqa al Yamama
4460:Book of Wonders
4429:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4350:Liber de Causis
4256:Sufi philosophy
4220:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4194:Arabic medicine
4158:
4148:
4147:
4146:
3707:
3701:Epic literature
3663:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3492:Fann at-Tanbura
3311:Kitab al-Aghani
3247:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
2901:Arabic graffiti
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2744:Albarrana tower
2687:Reflecting pool
2677:Nagash painting
2569:
2520:
2481:
2436:
2435:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2303:Judeo-Malayalam
2283:Judaeo-Georgian
2203:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2084:Yiddish theatre
2026:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1912:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1811:
1764:
1688:
1282:
1066:Genetic studies
1037:
1027:
1026:
844:
834:
833:
821:
820:
740:
739:
732:
722:
717:
699:and Middle Ages
697:Rabbinic period
684:
678:
671:
659:
630:
616:
586:
579:
570:
562:
558:
549:
544:in Judaism
541:
526:
449:
439:
438:
318:
308:
307:
251:
239:
184:
108:Chief Rabbinate
97:Sephardi Jewish
82:Ladino-speaking
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6471:
6469:
6461:
6460:
6458:Land of Israel
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6412:External links
6410:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6315:
6309:(B. M. Lewin,
6298:
6289:
6269:
6256:
6248:For this, see
6241:
6220:
6207:
6192:
6185:
6167:
6145:
6131:
6117:
6110:
6079:
6051:
6044:
6026:
6013:
6006:
5986:
5979:
5961:
5954:
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5914:
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5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5803:
5800:
5694:
5691:
5648:Shulchan Aruch
5635:
5632:
5609:
5608:
5590:
5579:
5564:
5553:
5550:
5543:
5536:Sephardic rite
5532:
5529:Birkat Hamazon
5513:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5445:
5442:
5436:emigrating to
5405:
5402:
5396:also cemented
5381:
5378:
5313:
5310:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5250:
5247:
5214:
5211:
5182:
5179:
5121:Ottoman Empire
5113:Ashkenazi Jews
5101:Land of Israel
5096:
5093:
5048:Following the
4997:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
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4876:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
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4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
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4784:
4779:
4774:
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4764:
4759:
4754:
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4729:
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4714:
4709:
4704:
4695:
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4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4637:Kara Ben Nemsi
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Abdul Alhazred
4609:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
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4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
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4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4412:
4410:Fusus al-Hikam
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Al-aql al-faal
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
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4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3956:Arabic prosody
3952:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3708:(ryhmed prose)
3703:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
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3614:
3609:
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3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Qudud Halabiya
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Andalusi nubah
3377:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:Arabic hip hop
3325:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Algerian scale
3263:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Robe of honour
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:Tarboush (fez)
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:(North Africa)
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Damascus steel
2975:
2970:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Islamic garden
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Arabic pottery
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Medina quarter
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Multifoil arch
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Horseshoe arch
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2500:Arabic culture
2496:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:Territorialism
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Judaeo-Spanish
2245:
2243:Judaeo-Iranian
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:United Kingdom
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Bilad-el-Sudan
1119:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1075:Land of Israel
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
935:
934:
933:Related groups
930:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
866:
865:
860:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
830:
829:
828:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:Jewish atheism
787:
782:
777:
769:
768:
764:
763:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:Islamic–Jewish
736:
729:
714:
709:
701:
700:
693:
692:
691:
690:
666:
653:
625:
620:
613:
608:
606:Yehud Medinata
600:
599:
593:
592:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
555:
547:
535:
530:
523:
515:
514:
512:Ancient Israel
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
468:Land of Israel
465:
457:
456:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
423:Shulchan Aruch
418:
413:
408:
403:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
379:
378:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
356:
355:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
328:
327:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
248:
243:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
201:
196:
189:God in Judaism
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
160:
159:
149:
148:
135:Livornese Jews
43:al-Mustaʿribīn
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6470:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:Derech Ere"tz
6395:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6371:0-688-12264-7
6367:
6362:
6361:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6168:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6113:
6111:0-688-12264-7
6107:
6102:
6101:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6045:0-88125-031-7
6041:
6037:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6007:3-89244-668-7
6003:
5999:
5998:
5990:
5987:
5982:
5980:0-948466-11-1
5976:
5972:
5965:
5962:
5957:
5955:0-691-12373-X
5951:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Judaeo-Arabic
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5765:Eleazar Kalir
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5725:Cairo Genizah
5721:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5693:Use of Piyyut
5692:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5671:North African
5668:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5650:, and of the
5649:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5480:Eretz Yisrael
5477:
5469:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5338:Eretz Yisrael
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:Mamluk period
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5229:in 1100. The
5228:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:Sephardi Jews
5106:
5102:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5003:
4995:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4677:Talia al Ghul
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Book of Idols
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Aql bi-l-fi'l
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Islamic Logic
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Egyptian folk
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3077:Arab Maghreb
3075:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3055:(Mesopotamia)
3051:
3049:
3045:Arab Mashriq
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Pseudo-Arabic
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Islamic glass
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Nabataean art
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Judeo-Aramaic
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Judeo-Italian
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Ghardaïa Sign
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:Denominations
1879:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:United States
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Guinea-Bissau
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Lists of Jews
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
931:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
837:
826:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:The Holocaust
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
737:
735:
730:
726:
720:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
698:
694:
687:
681:
675:
670:
667:
663:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
598:
594:
589:
584:
582:
577:
573:
569:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
545:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
513:
509:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
442:
431:
428:
425:
424:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Mishneh Torah
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:
377:
373:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
354:
350:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:
326:
322:
317:
312:
311:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
249:
247:
244:
242:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:
177:
172:
171:Who is a Jew?
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
138:
136:
132:
128:
127:Tunisian Jews
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Sephardi Jews
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Maghrebi Jews
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
27:
23:
6423:Aleppo Codex
6404:
6397:
6389:
6380:
6359:
6324:Tefillat Tal
6323:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6292:
6285:Derekh Erets
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6259:
6250:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6223:
6215:
6210:
6201:
6195:
6176:
6170:
6158:. Retrieved
6148:
6134:
6120:
6099:
6062:
6035:
6029:
6016:
5996:
5989:
5970:
5964:
5944:
5926:
5907:
5872:Aleppo Codex
5837:Mizrahi Jews
5813:
5805:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5684:
5680:
5664:
5637:
5629:
5610:
5602:
5500:
5475:
5473:
5447:
5407:
5390:North Africa
5383:
5316:In 1492 the
5315:
5296:
5252:
5216:
5184:
5172:
5156:
5143:hakham bashi
5141:
5137:
5133:
5117:
5098:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5047:
5027:North Africa
5010:
5001:
4999:
4924:Dhul Khalasa
4867:
4866:
4696:
4691:Spirituality
4667:Ra's al Ghul
4642:King Marsile
4600:
4599:
4525:Magic carpet
4414:
4343:
4342:
4276:
4275:
4112:Saudi Arabia
4028:
4027:
3954:
3953:
3879:
3878:
3832:
3831:
3803:
3802:
3764:
3763:
3694:
3693:
3666:
3541:
3467:Algerian Raï
3455:
3454:
3368:
3367:
3316:
3315:
3296:Quarter tone
3256:Arabic maqam
3250:
3154:
3153:
3098:
3017:
2993:Hedwig glass
2956:
2955:
2889:
2888:
2856:
2838:
2759:Caravanserai
2737:
2736:
2570:
2568:
2523:
2518:Architecture
2427:Post-Zionism
2298:Judeo-Berber
2293:Judeo-Arabic
2253:Judeo-Gascon
2000:Pidyon haben
1919:Conservative
1465:Saudi Arabia
1283:South Africa
1272:Sierra Leone
1094:Israeli Jews
1008:Mosaic Arabs
961:Kaifeng Jews
822:Arab–Israeli
795:Emancipation
674:Great Revolt
483:Anti-Judaism
478:Antisemitism
473:Name "Judea"
268:Baal teshuva
130:
122:
116:
105:
78:North Africa
66:Mizrahi Jews
57:
42:
31:
30:
6022:Beth Yoseph
5852:Syrian Jews
5708:The use of
5656:Isaac Luria
5652:Kabbalistic
5557:Syrian Jews
5434:Syrian Jews
5380:Ottoman Era
5336:settled in
5253:During the
5148:chief rabbi
5013:, meaning “
5002:mistaʿrevim
4627:Battal Gazi
3812:Anthologies
3612:Raqs Sharqi
3567:Belly dance
3410:Iraqi maqam
3338:Arabic jazz
3333:Arabic rock
3186:Fouta towel
2988:Girih tiles
2906:Arab carpet
2877:Fatimid art
2872:Islamic art
2727:Windcatcher
2592:Arabic dome
2422:Revisionist
2412:Neo-Zionism
2019:Zeved habat
1812:Puerto Rico
1638:Netherlands
1470:South Korea
1455:Philippines
1335:Afghanistan
1202:Ivory Coast
976:Crypto-Jews
941:Bnei Anusim
920:Bene Israel
885:Beta Israel
842:Communities
749:Middle Ages
488:Persecution
263:Bereavement
133:(immigrant
74:Middle East
60:) were the
58:Mustaʿravim
55:מוּסְתערבים
22:Mista'arvim
6432:Categories
6287:p. 224 ff.
6160:8 February
5889:References
5877:Israelites
5761:payyetanim
5654:usages of
5607:tradition.
5583:Tisha B'ab
5540:Ashkenazic
5527:, and the
5496:Maimonides
5459:Washington
5455:California
5422:New Yishuv
5418:Old Yishuv
5334:Yosef Caro
5203:Byzantines
5105:Old Yishuv
4996:Background
4899:Dhat-Badan
4827:Theandrios
4807:Baalshamin
4802:Atarsamain
4657:Palamedes
4400:Muqaddimah
4360:Al-isharat
4266:Avicennism
4218:Philosophy
4087:Mauritania
3896:Muwashshah
3861:Khamriyyah
3661:Literature
3607:Ouled Nail
3420:Muwashshah
3323:Arabic pop
2882:Mamluk art
2829:Well house
2764:Bimaristan
2652:Mashrabiya
2407:Maximalism
2359:Secularism
2339:Autonomism
2156:Literature
1949:Humanistic
1553:Azerbaijan
1515:Uzbekistan
1490:Tajikistan
1410:Kyrgyzstan
1395:Kazakhstan
1242:Mozambique
1217:Madagascar
1137:Cape Verde
1089:New Yishuv
1084:Old Yishuv
1035:Population
1013:Subbotniks
971:Samaritans
910:Romanyotim
853:Ashkenazim
800:Old Yishuv
780:Sabbateans
767:Modern era
759:Golden Age
686:Bar Kokhba
406:Beit Yosef
273:Philosophy
64:, largely
40:المستعربين
5503:Aram Soba
5410:socialist
5398:Sephardic
5370:Sephardim
5354:Jerusalem
5346:Palestine
5342:Sephardic
5277:Jerusalem
5235:Palestine
5231:Crusaders
5219:Crusaders
5195:Jerusalem
5095:In Israel
5081:Mashriqis
5073:Murishkes
5054:Christian
5011:mustaʿrib
4742:Al-Kutbay
4570:Shadhavar
4535:Mount Qaf
4510:Karkadann
4427:Mythology
4313:Asabiyyah
4271:Averroism
4102:Palestine
4024:Mutadārik
4021:Mutaqārib
4012:Mujtathth
3864:Tardiyyah
3684:Classical
3627:Schikhatt
3592:Khaleegy
3369:Art music
3196:Jellabiya
3109:Battoulah
2963:Arabesque
2957:Features
2819:Shadirvan
2622:Hypostyle
2587:Arabesque
2571:Features
2539:Nabataean
2417:Religious
2273:Zarphatic
2263:Bukharian
2233:Judeo-Tat
2218:Yeshivish
2192:Languages
2147:Sephardic
2137:Israelite
2127:Ethiopian
2117:Ashkenazi
2056:Religious
1846:Australia
1828:Venezuela
1734:Argentina
1716:Greenland
1628:Lithuania
1480:Sri Lanka
1475:Singapore
1400:Kurdistan
1365:Indonesia
1355:Hong Kong
1308:Abayudaya
1232:Mauritius
966:Igbo Jews
956:Krymchaks
875:Sephardim
743:relations
637:Sadducees
633:Pharisees
623:Sanhedrin
538:Jerusalem
298:Synagogue
166:Etymology
6307:Sheeltot
5862:Baqashot
5857:Pizmonim
5830:See also
5824:Damascus
5816:Brooklyn
5809:Hanukkah
5796:pizmonim
5792:piyyutim
5773:Baqashot
5763:such as
5753:piyyutim
5745:piyyutim
5729:piyyutim
5720:piyyutim
5711:piyyutim
5703:piyyutim
5669:, as in
5605:Yemenite
5600:and the
5525:Tachanun
5451:New York
5420:and the
5362:Tiberias
5352: :
5330:Tiberias
5302:Tiberias
5272:Tiberias
5213:Crusades
5199:Ramallah
5185:In late
5077:Moriscos
5015:arabized
4857:Yarhibol
4837:Malakbel
4707:Al-‘Uzzá
4617:Ali Baba
4590:Zulfiqar
4277:Concepts
4261:Farabism
4052:Djibouti
4009:Muqtaḍab
4003:Munsariħ
3946:Ghinnawa
3921:Riddles
3906:Mathnawi
3668:Language
3622:Shamadan
3587:Hagallah
3440:Tahmilah
3221:Takchita
3181:Durra'ah
3176:Djellaba
3155:Clothing
3129:Madhalla
3119:Keffiyeh
3099:Headwear
3053:Mashriq
3047:(Levant)
3003:Muqarnas
2722:Voussoir
2717:Vaulting
2712:Tadelakt
2702:Socarrat
2672:Muqarnas
2492:a series
2490:Part of
2444:Category
2402:Kahanism
2349:Feminism
2321:Politics
2205:Biblical
2175:American
2122:Bukharan
2112:American
2012:Shidduch
1988:Clothing
1944:Haymanot
1890:Orthodox
1818:Suriname
1801:Paraguay
1754:Colombia
1653:Portugal
1563:Bulgaria
1500:Thailand
1450:Pakistan
1430:Mongolia
1425:Malaysia
1345:Cambodia
1319:Zimbabwe
1294:Tanzania
1172:Eswatini
1162:Ethiopia
1152:Djibouti
1132:Cameroon
1127:Botswana
1056:Diaspora
1018:Noahides
991:Marranos
915:Cochinim
900:Bukharim
890:Gruzinim
880:Teimanim
870:Mizrahim
858:Galician
824:conflict
785:Hasidism
775:Haskalah
680:Diaspora
551:timeline
463:Timeline
376:Rabbinic
283:Kabbalah
258:Marriage
234:Tzedakah
224:Holidays
182:Religion
145:a series
143:Part of
47:Mozarabs
26:Mozarabs
6392:. UPNE.
6338:and on
6204:. UPNE.
5769:Midrash
5755:in the
5716:Shabbat
5644:liturgy
5594:Kiddush
5576:Seliḥot
5517:Kaddish
5438:America
5426:Haganah
5414:secular
5404:Zionism
5386:Balkans
5374:Peki'in
5262:Peki'in
5249:Mamluks
5207:Aramaic
5191:Galilee
5160:Peki'in
5152:bishops
5134:Francos
5089:Morisco
5085:Spanish
5039:Tunisia
5035:Algeria
5031:Morocco
5019:Mozarab
4949:Yaghūth
4919:Basamum
4874:Almaqah
4842:Orotalt
4797:Al-Qaum
4792:Aglibol
4727:Chaabou
4722:Dushara
4672:Sindbad
4652:Othello
4607:Aladdin
4565:Shaddad
4445:Bahamut
4156:Science
4132:Tunisia
4117:Somalia
4092:Morocco
4077:Lebanon
4047:Comoros
4042:Bahrain
4037:Algeria
4015:Muḍāriʿ
3950:Humayni
3874:Hamasah
3766:Islamic
3749:Tezkire
3744:Tabaqat
3637:Tanoura
3577:Deheyeh
3472:Bedouin
3425:Qasidah
3385:Bashraf
3358:Khaliji
3353:Al Jeel
3206:Macawis
3171:Burnous
3139:Tantour
3134:Taqiyah
3071:(Sudan)
3069:Mawset
3063:(Egypt)
3061:Mawset
3037:Khalij
3030:Cuisine
2973:Banna'i
2779:Madrasa
2749:Alcázar
2602:Gardens
2597:Banna'i
2559:Moorish
2554:Fatimid
2549:Abbasid
2544:Umayyad
2529:Islamic
2387:General
2378:Zionism
2354:Leftism
2344:Bundism
2268:Knaanic
2228:Yevanic
2213:Yiddish
2170:Yiddish
2165:Israeli
2142:Mizrahi
2132:Israeli
2103:Cuisine
2079:Ancient
2061:Secular
2007:Kashrut
1983:Wedding
1970:Customs
1962:Culture
1939:Science
1934:Renewal
1924:Karaite
1905:Hasidic
1837:Oceania
1823:Uruguay
1791:Jamaica
1771:Ecuador
1739:Bolivia
1683:Ukraine
1658:Romania
1633:Moldova
1613:Hungary
1603:Germany
1598:Georgia
1588:Finland
1583:Estonia
1578:Denmark
1573:Czechia
1558:Belarus
1548:Austria
1543:Armenia
1520:Vietnam
1435:Myanmar
1420:Lebanon
1340:Bahrain
1299:Tunisia
1277:Somalia
1252:Nigeria
1247:Namibia
1237:Morocco
1167:Eritrea
1112:Algeria
996:Neofiti
905:Italkim
895:Juhurim
805:Zionism
754:Khazars
649:Sicarii
645:Zealots
641:Essenes
628:Schisms
493:Leaders
455:General
447:History
390:Tosefta
385:Midrash
362:Mishnah
344:Ketuvim
339:Nevi'im
288:Customs
219:Shabbat
214:Halakha
206: (
204:Mitzvot
191: (
157:Judaism
131:L'grana
119:Tunisia
87:of the
6368:
6336:Pesach
6328:Amidah
6233:Amidah
6183:
6108:
6069:
6042:
6004:
5977:
5952:
5788:piyyut
5741:piyyut
5737:Geonim
5733:piyyut
5676:Aleppo
5617:mirror
5603:Baladi
5521:Amidah
5506:Maḥzor
5484:piyyut
5457:, and
5392:, and
5366:Hebron
5364:, and
5322:Iberia
5282:Hebron
5243:Muslim
5239:Jewish
5175:Israel
5168:Hadera
5130:Sicily
5111:, and
5007:مستعرب
4929:Haukim
4914:Qaynan
4909:Ta'lab
4904:Haubas
4894:Salman
4889:Athtar
4757:Azizos
4712:Al-Lat
4585:Wāḳwāḳ
4555:Qutrub
4550:Qareen
4540:Nasnas
4520:Luqman
4515:Kujata
4470:Dandan
4435:Ababil
4137:U.A.E.
4072:Kuwait
4067:Jordan
4006:Khafīf
3996:Rajaz
3941:Nabati
3936:Mawwal
3926:Kharja
3916:Nasīb
3911:Ruba'i
3901:Urjūza
3891:Qasida
3886:Diwan
3867:Khawal
3857:Ghazal
3847:Rithā'
3833:Genres
3805:Poetry
3798:Aqidah
3783:Hadith
3778:Tafsir
3714:Maqama
3689:Modern
3642:Yowlah
3632:Tahtib
3602:Mizmar
3582:Guedra
3532:Shaabi
3517:Mezwed
3512:Mawwal
3497:Fijiri
3462:Ataaba
3450:Waslah
3445:Taqsim
3435:Sama'i
3415:Mawwal
3405:Malhun
3400:Layali
3317:Genres
3291:Teslim
3276:Taqsim
3251:Theory
3216:Sirwal
3201:Kaftan
3149:Turban
3124:Litham
3013:Zellij
2998:Kiswah
2983:Damask
2857:Styles
2834:Zawiya
2824:Tekyeh
2794:Mosque
2774:Kasbah
2769:Hammam
2754:Bazaar
2732:Zellij
2662:Mosaic
2564:Mamluk
2534:Yemeni
2524:Styles
2449:Portal
2308:Domari
2238:Shassi
2199:Hebrew
2094:Humour
2038:Hiloni
2033:Aliyah
1993:Niddah
1978:Minyan
1913:Reform
1900:Haredi
1895:Modern
1796:Mexico
1781:Guyana
1744:Brazil
1706:Canada
1678:Sweden
1668:Serbia
1663:Russia
1648:Poland
1643:Norway
1623:Latvia
1608:Greece
1593:France
1568:Cyprus
1534:Europe
1505:Turkey
1495:Taiwan
1405:Kuwait
1390:Jordan
1380:Israel
1314:Zambia
1304:Uganda
1222:Malawi
1192:Guinea
1182:Gambia
1117:Angola
1103:Africa
986:Dönmeh
981:Anusim
925:Berber
863:Litvak
815:Israel
721:
658:
572:Second
540:
401:Targum
367:Gemara
353:Talmud
325:Tanakh
278:Ethics
229:Prayer
129:) and
123:Tuansa
51:Hebrew
36:Arabic
6229:Modim
5802:Today
5777:piyut
5667:Syria
5640:Spain
5621:below
5587:Eicha
5488:below
5486:(see
5444:Today
5430:Irgun
5358:Safed
5326:Safed
5306:etrog
5298:Safed
5287:Haifa
5267:Safed
5227:Haifa
5223:Arabs
5221:with
5126:Spain
5087:word
5043:Libya
4954:Yatha
4944:Ya'uq
4884:Anbay
4822:Suwa'
4817:Hubal
4787:Abgal
4777:Manāt
4772:Manāt
4767:Quzah
4762:Bajir
4747:Asira
4732:Manaf
4717:Manāt
4702:Allah
4530:Marid
4495:Ifrit
4490:Houri
4480:Ghoul
4475:Falak
4465:Buraq
4344:Texts
4333:Qadar
4323:Irfan
4303:Peace
4298:Dhati
4246:Kalam
4142:Yemen
4127:Syria
4122:Sudan
4107:Qatar
4082:Libya
4057:Egypt
4018:Sarīʿ
4000:Ramal
3991:Hazaj
3986:Wāfir
3981:Kamil
3976:Basīṭ
3972:Madīd
3968:Ṭawīl
3931:Zajal
3880:Forms
3870:Fakhr
3838:Madih
3817:Poets
3773:Quran
3754:Rihla
3695:Prose
3679:Paleo
3617:Samri
3572:Dabke
3562:Ardah
3554:Dance
3537:Zajal
3522:Samri
3395:Dulab
3348:Opera
3286:Lazma
3245:Music
3231:Tiraz
3226:Thawb
3191:Izaar
3166:Bisht
3161:Abaya
3093:Dress
2890:Types
2814:Sabil
2809:Ribat
2804:Qalat
2789:Mazar
2784:Maqam
2738:Types
2692:Riwaq
2682:Qadad
2647:Liwan
2607:Girih
2582:Alfiz
2577:Ablaq
2397:Labor
2392:Green
2089:Dance
2047:Music
1866:Palau
1786:Haiti
1749:Chile
1673:Spain
1618:Italy
1525:Yemen
1485:Syria
1460:Qatar
1440:Nepal
1385:Japan
1360:India
1350:China
1289:Sudan
1212:Libya
1207:Kenya
1187:Ghana
1177:Gabon
1157:Egypt
1142:Benin
1001:Xueta
946:Lemba
565:First
430:Zohar
334:Torah
316:Texts
303:Rabbi
293:Rites
193:names
6366:ISBN
6181:ISBN
6162:2020
6106:ISBN
6067:ISBN
6040:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5975:ISBN
5950:ISBN
5625:here
5592:The
5568:Elul
5494:and
5412:and
5394:Iraq
5328:and
5292:Akko
5241:and
5146:or "
5128:and
5041:and
4934:Nasr
4852:Sa'd
4847:Ruda
4832:Wadd
4782:A'ra
4752:Awal
4737:Nuha
4560:Roc
4505:Jinn
4485:Hinn
4338:Qalb
4328:Nafs
4097:Oman
4062:Iraq
3963:Bayt
3852:Waṣf
3842:Hija
3793:Fiqh
3788:Sīra
3706:Saj
3674:Old
3597:Liwa
3527:Sawt
3507:Liwa
3456:Folk
3390:Dawr
3281:Jins
3114:Haik
3104:Agal
2697:Sahn
2657:Riad
2642:Iwan
2617:Howz
1856:Guam
1851:Fiji
1806:Peru
1759:Cuba
1445:Oman
1415:Laos
1375:Iraq
1370:Iran
1327:Asia
1256:Igbo
1227:Mali
246:Brit
155:and
153:Jews
76:and
68:and
5665:In
5581:On
5508:.
5428:or
5136:or
5091:).
5075:or
4939:Sīn
4879:Amm
4812:Bēl
4318:Hal
3647:Zār
3363:Raï
2851:Art
2070:Art
416:Tur
208:613
49:";
6434::
6082:^
6073:,
6054:^
5934:^
5917:^
5897:^
5705:.
5627:.
5523:,
5461:.
5453:,
5440:.
5388:,
5360:,
5356:,
5300:,
5177:.
5037:,
5033:,
2494:on
683:,
677:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
635:,
147:on
114:.
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6374:.
6342:.
6189:.
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6114:.
6077:.
6048:.
6010:.
5983:.
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1258:)
1254:(
727:)
723:(
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672:(
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651:)
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