59:
1222:
1213:
464:. A major accident occurred on 25 July 1979 when a test was conducted at half the usual depth because the nuclear device got stuck halfway down the 800 metre shaft. It was detonated and caused a large submarine landslide on the southwest rim of the atoll, causing a significant chunk of the outer slope of the atoll to break loose and causing a tsunami affecting Mururoa and injuring workers. The blast caused a 2 kilometre long and 40 cm wide crack to appear on the atoll.
1738:
428:
308:
420:
40:
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66:
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himself was present at
Moruroa on 10 September 1966 when a test was conducted, using a device suspended from a balloon. Most of these tests were conducted on the western end of the atoll, designated as Dindon. Smaller blasts were detonated on the northern end of the atoll, designated as Denise. Three
340:
Early
European explorers found that the atoll was not continuously inhabited. In 1826 Beechey found it empty. A visit in 1832 found "dwellings but no inhabitants". A visiting ship in 1834 killed all but three of the inhabitants it found there, and it was unclaimed in 1847. It was briefly inhabited by
487:
The test site at
Mururoa was dismantled following France's last nuclear test to date, which took place on 27 January 1996 on Fangataufa. In total, 181 explosions took place at Moruroa, 41 of which were atmospheric. However, the total number has been variously reported: nuclear scientists working at
524:
published a report entitled "Nuclear tests and health - Consequences in French
Polynesia". The objective of this study was to establish an assessment of the available international scientific knowledge on the health consequences of the atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by France in French
394:
states in a 21st-century study that the explosion sucked all the water from the lagoon, "raining dead fish and mollusks down on the atoll", and that it spread contamination across the
Pacific as far as Peru and New Zealand. President
483:
threatened to suspend France. These tests were meant to provide France with enough data to improve further nuclear technology without needing additional series of tests. The last nuclear test on
Moruroa occurred on 27 December 1995.
1106:
Operation
Pilaster: The Story of the Voyages by the Frigates HMNZ Ships Otago and Canterbury, Supported by the Australian Naval Tanker, HMAS Supply, to Protest Against the French Atmospheric Nuclear Tests at Mururoa Atoll in
456:. Shafts were drilled deep into the volcanic rocks underlying the atolls where nuclear devices were detonated. This practice created much controversy as cracking of the atolls was discovered, resulting in fears that the
1034:
516:
A report from 2012 suggested that only 11 of the 20 monitoring system sensors are actually functional, which could mean the atoll could potentially collapse without forewarning of the monitoring system.
612:
58:
371:(DIRCEN) was established to administer the nuclear testing. This followed with the construction of various infrastructures on the atoll commencing in May 1963. The atoll of
1053:
977:
435:
France abandoned atmospheric nuclear testing in 1974 and moved to underground testing in the midst of intense world pressure which was sparked by the
556:
299:, causing international protests, notably in 1974 and 1995. The number of tests performed on Moruroa has been variously reported as 175 and 181.
581:
551:
436:
1047:
889:
839:
773:
739:
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472:
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material trapped under the atolls would eventually escape and contaminate the surrounding ocean and neighbouring atolls, a case of so-called
368:
1148:
956:
1844:
1185:
1114:
926:
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copra workers in the late nineteenth century, and again from 1942 to 1943 and 1950–52, but has had no permanent inhabitation since.
1221:
1212:
379:(450 km; 280 mi) to the north-west of Mururoa, was chosen as a support base for the nuclear tests and other operations.
104:
1839:
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561:
1084:
383:
1762:
1007:
1520:
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1002:
471:'s decision to run a nuclear test series at Mururoa on 5 September and 2 October 1995, just one year before the
1163:
1153:
461:
440:
1757:
1334:
1178:
372:
363:
358:
1158:
190:
1134:
Archives sur le Centre d'Expérimentations Nucléaires du
Pacifique (C.E.P.) Ă Mururoa, Hao et Fangataufa
367:. The atoll was officially established as a nuclear test site by France on 21 September 1962, when the
589:
453:
292:
353:
KH-7 satellite reconnaissance image of the
Mururoa Atomic Test Site in French Polynesia, 26 May 1967
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539:
480:
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252:
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between 1966 and 1996, as well as the site of numerous protests by various vessels, including the
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1721:
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505:
476:
448:
214:
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885:
881:
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735:
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268:
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831:
731:
534:
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256:
202:
195:
1144:
An
Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview with various nuclear scientists on Moruroa
416:. A total of 41 atmospheric nuclear tests were conducted at Mururoa between 1966 and 1974.
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1803:
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152:
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Greenpeace: How a Group of Ecologists, Journalists, and Visionaries Changed the World
870:
504:, due to the high levels of radioactive contamination. The atoll is still guarded by
376:
260:
92:
386:, the first nuclear test was conducted on 2 July 1966, code named Aldebaran, when a
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1453:
1438:
877:
501:
327:. Carteret named Mururoa "Bishop of Osnaburgh Island". In 1792, the British whaler
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916:
763:
648:
1443:
1345:
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Polynesia, on the general population and former civilian and military workers.
520:
In February 2021, the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research
1500:
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1479:
1329:
1276:
865:
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As of October 2005, it is still prohibited to visit Moruroa, according to the
391:
296:
280:
119:
106:
17:
1701:
1675:
1640:
1525:
1468:
1428:
1418:
1407:
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284:
613:"Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known"
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39:
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405:
349:
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1371:
1307:
1302:
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918:
Testimonies: witnesses of French nuclear testing in the South Pacific
521:
409:
357:
Mururoa, and its sister atoll Fangataufa, were the site of extensive
276:
272:
264:
219:
1133:
687:"The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa"
1139:
Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Paix et les Conflits
1660:
1630:
1423:
1366:
1260:
488:
the site claim 175 explosions in total took place in the Pacific.
426:
418:
401:
348:
306:
263:. It is located about 1,250 kilometres (780 mi) southeast of
248:
1665:
1557:
1484:
1356:
1265:
1036:
Essais nucléaires et santé – Conséquences en Polynésie française
44:
1167:
1149:
Classification of the French Polynesian atolls by Salvat (1985)
1240:
978:"High levels of radioactive contamination in French Polynesia"
1154:
France finally agrees to pay damages to nuclear test victims
479:
of French wine. Riots took place across Polynesia, and the
475:
was to be signed, caused worldwide protests, including an
333:
was wrecked here, and it became known as Matilda's Rocks.
1138:
1042:. Expertise Collective (in French). Paris: EDP Sciences.
547:
Gambier Islands § Effects of French nuclear testing
910:
908:
642:
640:
638:
586:
Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française
1745:
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369:
Direction des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires
230:
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213:
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189:
175:
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159:
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135:
98:
88:
83:
1083:
1003:"NUCLEAIRE - Moruroa réclame 'le droit de savoir'"
869:
315:The first recorded visit this atoll was Commander
797:"Environmental Effects of French Nuclear Testing"
323:in 1767, just a few days after he had discovered
1085:"Olympic Surfing Comes to a 'Poisoned' Paradise"
267:. Administratively Moruroa Atoll is part of the
243:(Mururoa, Mururura), also historically known as
149:148 km (57 sq mi) (lagoon)
382:Despite objections from some 30 members of the
1082:Beech, Hannah; Ferguson, Adam (30 July 2024).
1179:
1028:
1026:
819:
817:
815:
813:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
8:
860:
858:
543:crew; an outspoken critic of nuclear testing
400:nuclear explosive devices were detonated on
32:
915:Biedermann, Andy; Mills, Stephanie (1990).
1233:
1186:
1172:
1164:
765:After Moruroa: France in the South Pacific
38:
31:
953:"Mururoa. How safe are the French tests?"
647:Douglas, Ngaire; Douglas, Norman (1989).
390:fission bomb was exploded in the lagoon.
921:. Greenpeace International. p. 21.
762:Maclellan, Nic; Chesneaux, Jean (1998).
439:, which sent two frigates in July 1973,
681:
679:
677:
573:
557:List of nuclear weapons tests by France
947:
945:
552:France and weapons of mass destruction
295:between 1966 and 1996 at Moruroa and
7:
957:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
408:, and the rest were suspended from
824:Stanley, David (3 December 2004).
437:New Zealand Government of the time
151:15 km (5.8 sq mi) (
25:
1796:Archipelagos of French Polynesia:
724:Stanley, David (1 January 2000).
617:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1736:
1220:
1211:
452:, to the atoll in protest for a
64:
57:
384:Polynesian Territorial Assembly
275:, which includes the atolls of
65:
404:, three were air dropped from
345:French nuclear weapons testing
1:
562:New Zealand nuclear-free zone
473:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
827:Moon Handbooks South Pacific
692:. IAEA. 1998. pp. 23–24
423:The lagoon of Mururoa, 1972
1861:
1109:. Auckland: Gerry Wright.
203:Administrative subdivision
1845:French nuclear test sites
1791:
1734:
1715:
1236:
1209:
1011:(in French). 1 April 2012
830:. David Stanley. p.
730:. David Stanley. p.
650:Pacific Islands Year Book
359:nuclear testing by France
335:Frederick William Beechey
180:
163:28 km (17.4 mi)
52:
37:
29:Atoll in French Polynesia
653:. Pacific Publications.
251:which forms part of the
171:11 km (6.8 mi)
47:picture of Moruroa Atoll
462:tired mountain syndrome
1840:Atolls of the Tuamotus
1104:Wright, Gerry (2015).
727:South Pacific Handbook
432:
424:
354:
312:
1724:administration centre
431:View on Mururoa, 2005
430:
422:
352:
310:
191:Overseas collectivity
611:Young, J.L. (1899).
454:nuclear free Pacific
337:visited it in 1826.
293:nuclear weapon tests
1195:Tuamotu Archipelago
481:South Pacific Forum
291:. France undertook
253:Tuamotu Archipelago
116: /
34:
1763:Duke of Gloucester
1090:The New York Times
868:(6 October 2004).
537:, a member of the
433:
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355:
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234:Uninhabited (2012)
120:21.833°S 138.833°W
1827:
1826:
1732:
1731:
1049:978-2-7598-2472-4
891:978-1-59486-106-2
841:978-1-56691-411-6
775:978-1-876175-05-4
741:978-1-56691-172-6
660:978-0-207-16114-8
467:French president
397:Charles de Gaulle
238:
237:
125:-21.833; -138.833
16:(Redirected from
1852:
1740:
1234:
1224:
1215:
1203:French Polynesia
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1181:
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1159:Mururoa Veterans
1132:
1120:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1052:. Archived from
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1030:
1021:
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1018:
1016:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
974:
968:
967:
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592:on 29 March 2020
588:. Archived from
578:
535:Bengt Danielsson
498:French Polynesia
259:in the southern
257:French Polynesia
196:French Polynesia
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42:
35:
21:
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1787:
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1199:Gambier Islands
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1117:
1103:
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1078:
1076:Further reading
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1072:
1062:
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1059:on 6 March 2021
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1033:INSERM (2020).
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1758:Disappointment
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1454:Matureivavao
1439:Marutea Nord
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1061:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1035:
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623:(4): 264–268
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590:the original
585:
582:"Population"
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502:Oscar Temaru
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226:Demographics
182:
26:
1768:King George
1444:Marutea Sud
1346:Hereheretue
1282:Anuanurunga
1272:Angakauitai
1131:(in French)
866:Weyler, Rex
802:25 February
696:25 February
458:radioactive
153:above water
136:Archipelago
123: /
99:Coordinates
1834:Categories
1773:Two Groups
1501:Nukutepipi
1495:Nukutavake
1480:Nengonengo
1330:Fangataufa
1277:Anuanuraro
1008:La Depeche
880:. p.
568:References
512:Monitoring
443:Canterbury
392:Greenpeace
297:Fangataufa
281:Fangataufa
231:Population
1814:Societies
1809:Marquesas
1702:Vairaatea
1676:Totegegie
1641:Tenarunga
1526:Puka Puka
1469:Motutunga
1429:Maria Est
1419:Manuhangi
1408:Mangareva
1095:12 August
982:NZ Herald
627:7 January
596:9 October
492:Aftermath
388:plutonium
285:Tematangi
247:, is an
84:Geography
1819:Tuamotus
1804:Gambiers
1799:Australs
1783:Raeffsky
1778:Palliser
1707:Vanavana
1697:Vahitahi
1636:Tenararo
1626:Tematagi
1621:Tekokota
1610:Tatakoto
1589:Takapoto
1569:Rekareka
1553:Ravahere
1537:Rangiroa
1324:Fangatau
1318:Fakarava
1313:Fakahina
1226:Gambiers
1217:Tuamotus
540:Kon-Tiki
529:See also
414:balloons
289:Vanavana
208:Tuamotus
140:Tuamotus
111:138°50′W
89:Location
1722:commune
1692:Vahanga
1681:Tuanake
1671:Tokorua
1656:Tikehau
1605:Taravai
1594:Takaroa
1579:Tahanea
1564:Reitoru
1532:Pukarua
1464:Moruroa
1449:Mataiva
1434:Marokau
1397:Makatea
1392:Makaroa
1377:Kaukura
1351:Hikueru
1341:Haraiki
1292:Aratika
1287:Apataki
1251:Akamaru
1063:6 March
1015:22 July
987:3 April
962:22 July
934:22 July
897:22 July
847:22 July
781:22 July
747:22 July
666:22 July
477:embargo
412:filled
406:bombers
330:Matilda
321:Swallow
319:on HMS
311:Moruroa
303:History
269:commune
241:Moruroa
215:Commune
108:21°50′S
72:Moruroa
33:Moruroa
1753:Acteon
1686:Tureia
1616:Tauere
1600:Takume
1584:Taiaro
1574:Taenga
1548:Raroia
1543:Raraka
1521:Pinaki
1516:Puaumu
1511:Paraoa
1506:Papuri
1490:Nihiru
1474:Napuka
1459:Morane
1413:Manihi
1402:Makemo
1387:Makapu
1382:Kouaku
1372:Kauehi
1362:Kamaka
1308:Faaite
1303:Aukena
1297:Arutua
1256:Akiaki
1246:Ahunui
1113:
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888:
878:Rodale
838:
772:
738:
657:
522:INSERM
441:HMNZS
410:helium
402:barges
375:, 245
277:Tureia
273:Tureia
265:Tahiti
245:Aopuni
220:Tureia
183:France
160:Length
1661:Tikei
1631:Temoe
1424:Manui
1367:Katiu
1261:Amanu
1057:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
449:Otago
249:atoll
168:Width
1666:Toau
1558:Reao
1485:Niau
1357:Hiti
1266:Anaa
1197:and
1111:ISBN
1107:1973
1097:2024
1065:2021
1044:ISBN
1017:2012
989:2022
964:2012
936:2012
923:ISBN
899:2012
886:ISBN
849:2012
836:ISBN
804:2021
783:2012
770:ISBN
749:2012
736:ISBN
698:2021
668:2012
655:ISBN
629:2015
598:2014
446:and
287:and
146:Area
45:NASA
1335:Hao
1241:Ahe
1201:of
882:134
832:115
732:262
373:Hao
271:of
255:in
1836::
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